25 October 2014

Bio-Data

Name:

Somefun Oluwasegun Ayokunle

Age:

19 years old (29-06-1994)

University:

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo

State.

Country of Origin:

Nigeria

Email Address:

oluwasegun.somefun@yahoo.co.uk

Telephone Number:

(+234)08185002263

Pages: 7pages

Word Count: about 3476 words

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ i

Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ii

Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index Table ........................................... iii

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................. 1

3.0 Causes of Corruption ........................................................................................................... 2

4.0 Manifestations of Corruption ............................................................................................... 3

4.1 Corruption Stories ............................................................................................................ 4 4.1.1 Case 1 ........................................................................................................................ 4 4.1.2 Case 2 ........................................................................................................................ 4

4.1.3 Case 3 ........................................................................................................................ 5 4.1.4 Case 4 ........................................................................................................................ 5 4.1.5 Case 5 ........................................................................................................................ 5

5.0 Impact of Corruption............................................................................................................ 5

6.0 Making Corruption Unattractive .......................................................................................... 6

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................... 7

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 8

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Table of Figures Table 1: Corruption Perception Index (African Economic Outlook) ....................................... iv

iii

Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index Table 2011 2012

Index Country Rank /

182

Index Country Rank / 174

Algeria 2.9 112 3.4 105

Angola 2 168 2.2 157

Benin 3 100 3.6 94

Botswana 6.1 32 6.5 30

Burkina Faso 3 100 3.8 83

Burundi 1.9 172 1.9 165

Cameroon 2.5 134 2.6 144

Cape Verde 5.5 41 6 39

Central Afr. Rep. 2.2 154 2.6 144

Chad 2 168 1.9 165

Comoros 2.4 143 2.8 133

Congo 2.2 154 2.6 144

Congo, Dem. Rep. 2 168 2.1 160

Côte d´Ivoire 2.2 154 2.9 130

Djibouti 3 100 3.6 94

Egypt 2.9 112 3.2 118

Equatorial Guinea 1.9 172 2 163

Eritrea 2.5 134 2.5 150

Ethiopia 2.7 120 3.3 113

Gabon 3 100 3.5 102

Gambia 3.5 75 3.4 105

Ghana 3.9 69 4.5 64

Guinea 2.1 164 2.4 154

Guinea-Bissau 2.2 154 2.5 150

Kenya 2.2 154 2.7 139

Lesotho 3.5 75 4.5 64

Liberia 3.2 91 4.1 75

Libya 2 168 2.1 160

iv

Madagascar 3 100 3.2 118

Malawi 3 100 3.7 88

Mali 2.8 118 3.4 105

Mauritania 2.4 143 3.1 123

Mauritius 5.1 46 5.7 43

Morocco 3.4 80 3.7 88

Mozambique 2.7 120 3.1 123

Namibia 4.4 57 4.8 58

Niger 2.5 134 3.3 113

Nigeria 2.4 143 2.7 139

Rwanda 5 49 5.3 50

São Tomé & Príncipe 3 100 4.2 72

Senegal 2.9 112 3.6 94

Seychelles 4.8 50 5.2 51

Sierra Leone 2.5 134 3.1 123

Somalia 1 182 0.8 174

South Africa 4.1 64 4.3 69

Sudan 1.6 177 1.3 173

South Sudan … … … …

Swaziland 3.1 95 3.7 88

Tanzania 3 100 3.5 102

Togo 2.4 143 3 128

Tunisia 3.8 73 4.1 75

Uganda 2.4 143 2.9 130

Zambia 3.2 91 3.7 88

Zimbabwe 2.2 154 2 163

Table 1: Corruption Perception Index (African Economic Outlook)

v

Abstract The cankerworm eating away the African continent today is Corruption, with both internal

and external factors complicity in the problem. Today corruption is King- the human rights

abuser. A documentary with the title of “Corruption: The Problem with Africa” could be an

apt description of the dire condition of Africa. However, some have argued that Corruption is

not Africa’s problem. Notwithstanding, the tentacles of Corruption and its manifestations can

be felt even in the remote and unexpected places in Africa, the most common being bribery

and abuse of power in this part of the world. Those abroad have a convoluted one-story

approach to Africa, to them Africa is a country not a continent, the analogy of the pot calling

the kettle black. Stories are strife all about with different touch and flare. The experiences are

here and there, with no practical control. Corruption is not unconnected to the fiasco of

economies and governments of Africa. The race for the accumulation of private gains at the

expense of others grows by the day, with results being the distortion of basic morals and

values that defined the African society.

The continent is now in a war zone, the fight is between Corruption (the societal evil) and the

African society. The African youth should and must be in the forefront of this combat. The

question on the lips of the times and as this paper presents is, “How can we make corruption

unattractive in Africa”?

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1.0 Introduction According to a Nigerian legal icon, Dr Tunji Braithwaite, King Corruption reigns supreme in

every area of governance, legislative and to a less extent, in the administration of justice.

On the 19th of September 2002, the African Union (AU) produced "The Convention on

Preventing and Combating Corruption and Related Offences". It was a milestone in making

corruption unattractive; however, the African continent wallows in the grip of corruption

Many societies today have long acknowledged corruption as a fact, with practical acceptance,

seeing corruption forms such as, bribery as little more than a different way of doing business,

a way to bypass red tape and outclass trade competitors. The cry has gone out- corruption has

found its stand in the intricacies of common public life.

Today, man and indeed the African people have accepted the reality that corruption is not a

private matter between the corrupted and corruptor, but a little fox that distorts and degrades

whole economies and cultures. This paper then presents a perspective on the causes,

manifestations and impact of corruption and corrupt practices with a view to making the

business of corruption unattractive in Africa.

2.0 Definition of Terms In defining Corruption, the AU has posed the following questions:

WHO can be corrupt?

A public official or any other individual in a position to take or give bribes for

carrying out any activity

Anyone who diverts the ownership of property (e.g. government houses)

Anyone who takes undue advantage (e.g. by offering, promising to give or accepting

money or gifts for the award of a tender or a contract)

WHAT do people do to be corrupt?

Ask for or accept bribes and undue favours

Offer or grant bribes and undue favours

Act or refuse to act because of undue favours

Divert or omit actions to take certain actions

WHICH tools are used in corruption?

Money

Valuable goods or gifts (e.g. land, gold, houses)

Favours (e.g. sexual favours, et al)

Promises and undue advantages

Meanwhile, the lexicon, Macmillan describes a public official as corrupt; if he accepts money

or money’s worth for doing something that, he or she is under duty to do or to exercise a

legitimate discretion for improper motives. (Sabaegereka, 1994)

Transparency International (TI) defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private

gain.

Conversely, Philosophical, Theological, or Moral discussions see corruption as a spiritual or

moral impurity or deviance from the ideal. (Wikipedia)

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3.0 Causes of Corruption General Olusegun Obasanjo, a former head of state of Nigeria, once attributed the reason for

corruption in most cases to the context for primitive accumulation, which has led political

parties to become private armies organised to fight electoral warfare in the quest to conquer

the state and political power.

The African Union has estimated that the African continent loses over $148 billion a year to

corruption, money rarely invested in Africa but finds its way into the international banking

system and often into banks in the West. It is essentially a case between a thief and the

supervisor of the loot. (Uzondu, 2013)

Dowler (2005) explains that Corruption plagues Africa, but it is not because of its own

incompetence, but because of how the West has taken undue advantage of its vulnerability.

According to the Editorial: Corruption in Africa:

“…It is not enough to say Africans are corrupt, but to ask who are corrupting them. It’s not

enough to say Africans are stealing money, but to ask who is banking that money". Africa’s

reputation for corruption, whether justified or not, does a great deal of harm to the people of

Africa. Even Mobutu Sese Seko the kleptocrat of kleptocrats was not Africa’s doing. He was a

creation of the CIA, with help from Belgium and, later, France. The Cold War produced him

and others like him in Africa: Siad Barré in Somalia and Haile Mariam Mengitsu in Ethiopia,

for example. He was sustained by the IMF and the World Bank and, like many others of his

kind…”

In addition, Northern countries pay bribes in Africa in order to sell inferior goods or services

or to sell goods or services not needed – notably military hardware and aircraft. (Moody-

Stuart, 1994).This has led to serious economic and development implications on African

countries like, Nigeria.

Some factors that encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary

powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity.

The Nigerian Case- The rise of public administration and the discovery of oil, two major

events seen to have led to a list of base corrupt practices in Nigeria. Over the years, the

country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living conditions of the average

human being. Its late political leader Obafemi Awolowo underscored this issue when he said

that, “since independence, our governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for

the strongest and most cunning to milk, under those circumstances everybody runs over

everybody to make good at the expense of others”.

According to Thomas Hobbes, “life becomes solitary, nasty, brutish, and short", when with

unchecked power, humans become corrupt.

To summarise this section, some of the internal causes of corruption according to Oyinola

(2011) are:

Trade-Restriction-This is government-induced source of rent seeking or corruption,

such as the restriction on importation of foreign goods like automobile.

Government subsidies- When government allocates scarce recourses to individuals

and firms using legal criteria other than the ability or willingness to pay, corruption is

likely to be the result.

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Price controls- The purpose is to lower the price of some goods below market value.

For social and political reason, this is also a cause of corruption.

Low wages in civil service- When public wages are low, public servants may be

compelled to use their official positions to collect bribes as a way of making ends

meet, particularly when the probability of being caught is low.

Sociological factors- Multi-ethnic societies may be more likely to fall victim to

corruption because of failure to manage ethnic conflict in a way that is fair to

everyone.

4.0 Manifestations of Corruption Corruption can occur on many different scales. It may be petty corruption, grand corruption,

or systemic corruption. (Wikipedia)

Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale. It includes the exchange of small improper gifts or

the use of personal connections to gain favours. This form of corruption is common in

developing countries.

Grand corruption occurs at the highest levels of government in a manner that necessitates

significant rebellion of the political, legal and economic systems. It is common in countries

with authoritarian or dictatorial governments.

Systemic corruption also referred to as endemic corruption is primarily due to the weaknesses

of an organization or process. It presents corruption as the rule rather than the exception.

On the other hand, Riley classifies corruption in three levels. The first is incidental

corruption (small-scale). It involves junior public officials; which produce intense public

disaffection; it has little macro-economic cost, and is often hard to curtail. The next is

systematic corruption, which affects a whole organisation or government department; it has a

substantial effect on government revenues; it may divert trade and/or development. The last is

systemic corruption, that is, government by theft; in this state, honesty becomes illogical.

(Evans, 1999)

The acts of corruption vary; some of which are- bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism,

patronage, graft, and embezzlement, etc. (Wikipedia)

The most common form of corruption, Bribery, also known as kickbacks is the improper use

of gifts and favours in exchange for personal profit. The favours given are diverse, involving

money, gifts, sexual favours and political benefits. It can be a part of the systemic use of

corruption for other ends.

Embezzlement and theft involve someone with access to an asset, but illegally taking control

of them. Fraud entails the use of deception to induce the owner of an asset to transfer them to

an illegal person or group. Good examples are the intentional transfer of company funds into

shadow accounts (and then into the pockets of corrupt employees), the skimming of foreign

aid money, and other corrupt activity, etc.

Extortion and blackmail revolve around the use of intimidations and demanding money or its

equivalent in return. It can be the threat of violence or the exposure of an individual's secrets

or crimes, etc.

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The misuse of one's powers and decision-making capacities known as the abuse of power is

another corrupt act. Models of this act may include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal

case or a customs official using their discretion to allow a banned substance through a port or

a police officer’s forceful detention or harassment of an innocent citizen or by collecting an

illicit fee before granting bail to anyone arrested.

Favouritism and nepotism involve inappropriate favouring of relations, such as a friend,

family member or member of an association. Instances would include hiring a family member

to a position they are unqualified for or promoting a staff member who belongs to the same

group or political party as you, regardless of merit.

Another is the use of contributions to political parties to secure illicit power. An example

would be tobacco or alcohol companies backing major political parties as a way of

influencing the regulation of their industry.

4.1 Corruption Stories

4.1.1 Case 1 Protesters in Nairobi, Kenya released almost a dozen pigs outside parliament to show their

anger at newly elected MPs (Members of Parliament) asking for higher salaries. The

statement they were making was that the MPs are like pigs because of their greed. The

association with pigs is apt given that politicians have many similarities with pigs.

The saying, “Don’t ever wrestle with a pig. You’ll both get dirty, but the pig will enjoy it.”

Nothing is more truer when dealing with politicians…Actually ever noticed how, of the many

sayings about politicians/politics there are a significant number that make reference to pigs

e.g. “you can put lipstick on a pig but it’s still a pig”. It seems the Kenyan brothers took this

a bit literally. That said the act of standing up against these pi….oops, I meant politicians is

commendable because far too much is spent by our politicians on personal development and

not on nation building. (Category Archives: Corruption, 2013)

4.1.2 Case 2 A friend of mine, a senior official of an American university, obtained a considerable grant

for education in Africa. Naturally keen to make an important contribution to the sector in

Nigeria, he made preliminary contacts with the Federal Ministry of Education.

It is the concept of WIIIFME, that is, What-Is-In-It-For-Me? It defines Nigerian public life

and is responsible for our failure to rise. Subsequently, he arrived in Nigeria for planning

meetings with federal education officials. The first surprise was to find them dressed in an

admixture of impatience and coldness, barely interested in the proposals he had discussed

with them.

“They repeatedly made it clear they wanted their share of the money before they could show

interest in the projects,” he told me.

When he demonstrated his horror, they told him that his most realistic approach was to hand

them the money, as they knew Nigeria’s education programmes and challenges better than he

did. After a second fruitless trip to Nigeria, and with time ticking on the grant, my friend

went to Plan B: Ghana.

When he got in touch with the Ministry of Education, it was an entirely different world, he

said. Officials welcomed him warmly, they were deeply grateful that their country had been

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considered for the opportunity, and pledged every cooperation to ensure that Ghana education

was enhanced by the effort. He went ahead. (Olumhense, 2013)

4.1.3 Case 3 Corruption, Kagame told me, “is like a weevil. It eats its way into the flesh of a country and

just kills a nation”… The next morning, I met another Hutu man, this one much more critical.

This man vented that the government for everything from college scholarships to high-

ranking jobs favoured Tutsis, under the guise of an affirmative-action program designed to

help “genocide survivors” who by definition- are Tutsis. The whole system was rigged to

keep Tutsis up and Hutus down, he said, and during the elections, party agents would tear up

your ballot if you didn’t vote for Kagame…During the last election, in 2010, Kagame won 93

percent of the vote after his government effectively banned any major opposition parties from

running. (Gettleman, 2013)

4.1.4 Case 4 One month after immigration confiscated my passport, July 11, I had it returned to me. I

thought about the brief moment when the immigration officers drove me “downtown”. We

made a brief stop at the Njiro shopping complex, where there are restaurants and shops inside.

One man flung my car door open and gave me a chance to bribe him. Of course, I acted as if I

had no idea what was happening.

It went something like this; “We’re very hungry, do you want to get out of this situation?” I

replied; “Yes, of course.” Then as I tried to exit the vehicle with no money for him and the

others, he told me to sit back down. He slammed the door shut and I was whisked away to the

Arusha immigration office. I could have paid them off and be on my way for a fraction of the

cost I ended up paying, but I’m 100 per cent against corruption and in no way would I

support this activity.

Since then I have heard many stories from ex-pats living in Arusha, who have been

approached by immigration, deviously posing as potential supporters or donors to foreign

organizations based in Tanzania. This is shameful. If I was Tanzanian, I would be disgraced

by the acts of government institutions and no longer support these illicit activities. Hey, who

am I to judge? (Bemma, 2013)

4.1.5 Case 5 Taking a close look at the Nigerian system- A good friend of mine went to the filling station,

to buy just 2 litres of petrol. Actually, a litre cost N100, but the petrol station attendant told

him that he had to pay N220 or leave it. He was shocked; it meant he had to pay the illicit

extra charge of N20 in order to buy the 2 litres of petrol successfully. He paid N200, which

was the ideal amount he had at that moment for the sale of 2 litres of petrol. The petrol station

attendant sold about 1.81 litres of petrol in his container, which originally read about N181

on the fuel pump calculator. He walked away cheated, after he realised the act had become a

culture.

This is a clever form of entrenched systemic corruption for an oil rich country.

5.0 Impact of Corruption Corruption is a global phenomenon is an obstacle to development and has serious

implications and consequences for the growth of democracy, promotion and protection of

fundamental human rights. (Sabaegereka, 1994). She adds, “Corruption has also undermined

6

the morals and ethics of traditional African cultures where people felt embarrassed to

demand bribes or misuse resources placed in their hands on behalf of society”.

The AU has identified some of the impact of corruption:

It halts or undermines development (e.g. money intended for schools, roads and

hospitals goes to individuals), undermines democracy and good governance(e.g.

corruption during elections results in candidates with most votes not taking office)

and erodes the legitimacy of governments, because they are not the people’s choice

absence of transparency and accountability results in suspicion and mistrust

It impacts negatively on the rule of law (e.g. corruption in the judiciary can result in

court judgements not being implemented)

It destroys the capacity of institutions to perform well (e.g. corruption in civil service

promotions results in less qualified people making decisions and controlling how

resources are used)

It destroys competition

It increases the costs of business

It destroys the capacity of individuals to perform well (e.g., people who are skilled,

honest and able remain unemployed, while those who are dishonest or connected have

jobs).

Oyinola (2011) noted that corruption has an adverse effect on social and economic

development and in nation building, which has led to the diversion of development resources

for private gain, misallocation of talent, lost tax revenue, negative impact on quality of

infrastructure and public services and slowing of economic growth.

“The most damaging effect of corruption on democracy is perhaps not to do with the

undermining of the economic viability of the state; it is in the distortion of the values

of society…A democratic society has certain values, which characterise it. It exposes

the virtues of hard work, self-application, sacrifice and self-denial. Corruption

negates all these values. It spurns these virtues giving respectability to such others as

craftiness, usury, arrogance and dishonesty of trickery. It distorts the perception of

the people so that society ceases to regard as success any achievements that are not

translated into material gains. Public service ceases to have any meaning or purposes

unless it can be used to open channels of accumulation of wealth. Society’s view of

what is right and what is wrong is similarly corrupted so that we begin to praise those

who have prospered by evil means and to disparage those who have sacrificed to

remain on the straight paths.” (Muthoga, 1994)

6.0 Making Corruption Unattractive There is a common saying that, power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts

absolutely. Corruption has eaten deep into the African society. It has become an attractive act

perpetrated by all and sundry including the youth, they have gone haywire in order to get

money, fashion, cheap popularity, even if it is through wrongdoing. Therefore, the youth

should be educated and re-oriented to fight for social justice, equity and societal

transformation against corruption. The fight against corruption requires a collective approach

of all parties involved in the procurement and building processes.

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Using a holistic approach, Evans (1999) identified the following reforms in order to combat

corruption:

Civil service reform (reduction in the unrestricted powers allowed to bureaucrats and a stress

on accountability; abolition of unnecessary procedures and licences; requirements to disclose

assets and liabilities).

Tax reform (removal of the tax deductibility of bribes and definition of a bribe as against

legitimate broker fees and commissions).

Freedom of information is a powerful tool in making corruption unattractive, so that those

who seek information do not have to explain why they want it, but rather the officials who

seek to suppress that information must make a clear case for doing so. This underscores the

role of the investigative media in checkmating corruption in the society.

Legal reform (outlawing of the payment of bribes; strengthening cross-border co-operation

on such matters as extradition; adoption of powers to undo corrupt ‘trusts’ and ‘gifts’;

measures to tackle complicity so that individuals become ‘constructive trustees’, that is, liable

for the corrupt gains of the group; measures to strengthen judicial autonomy).

In addition, the West should practically engage the African region in development

discussions instead of releasing aids and loans laced with convoluted conditions intentionally

aimed to enslave the continent.

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations There might never be a full realisation of a utopian society, but in order to make the African

society, a better and ideal place to live in, then the war to make corruption unattractive should

be a part of the fight to transform society. It should be a fight for humanity. It should be a

fight that will challenge both internal and external forces, power relations, institutions,

mechanisms and systems that promote corruption. It should be a fight against political

corruption and its cheap manifestations and lead to the empowerment of citizens in the fight

against corruption. It should be a fight against a system of mediocrity that produces fast-lane

billionaires. It should be a fight for value re-orientation where African citizens will begin to

see their respective governments as their own. The war against corruption should be a

collective and holistic approach that transcends the intricacies of fundamental societal

processes and systems.

Sadly, it seems that we find corruption, wherever there are human beings. Therefore, this

paper recommends that: corruption and its forms must be exposed for its serious abuse of

human right. The developed world must not be allowed to use the corruption issue as a way

to attach the blame for development failures wholly on the developing world. A collective

approach against corruption must be actively promoted by all sectors of the society. The

government and society should immensely support the role of the media in the promotion of

freedom of information. Citizens, especially youths should be educated about what they can

do to help fight corruption.

Finally, the African people especially, its youth must remember that Evil thrives while Good

People do nothing. Corruption is a societal evil and until there is a rise in active collective

actions on the part of the people that make up the society, it will continue to thrive. A Society

is what its People make it.

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