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How were women employed in the early twentieth century in Wales and England? Traditional employment Domestic service and textile trade pre 1914. Wage levels and working conditions Impact of WWI Work done on home front. Work done near frontlines. Situation after the war. Impact of World War Two Work done on home front/consceription. Work done on frontlines. Situation after the war.

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Describe traditional work done by women. (4 marks) The textile industry employed a great many women both married and unmarried from the age of twelve upwards. The conditions were unpleasant with the humidity and dust in cotton mills leading to skin and eye infections and often instances of the deadly tuberculosis. The metal industries also employed many women who separated plates of rolled tin, this was very dangerous work with injuries being common. A census in 1901 showed that 40.3% of women working in England worked in domestic service. This was seen as good training for future wives as it was focused on looking after the home of a middle class or upper class family. These women may work in large mansions as part of the downstairs service team, in middle class households or on farms. In large mansions there were usually large teams with each person having a specific job. They were known as the downstairs team as the preparation usually occurred on the ground floor or in the cellar. In truth the servants quarters were usually on the very top floor. The lowest ranked role was that of a scullery maid.

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Describe traditional work done by women. (4 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks detail. 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks detail. 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description In 1900 the single biggest employer of women was domestic service. The hours were long the pay poor, and many lived in with their employers. They may have worked in the kitchen or as parlour maids, attending to the familys needs at meal times. Many women also worked in factories or textile mills. New jobs were starting to become available in department stores and also as clerks due to the development of the telephone and the type writer. In 1900 the single biggest employer of women was domestic service. The hours were long the pay poor, and many lived in with their employers. They may have worked in the kitchen or as parlour maids, attending to the familys needs at meal times. Many women also worked in factories or textile mills. New jobs were starting to become available in department stores and also as clerks due to the development of the telephone and the type writer.

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The women in the WLA did all the jobs that were required to make a farm function normally - threshing, ploughing, tractor driving, reclaiming land, drainage. There was an agreed maximum working week - 50 hours in the summer and 48 hours in the winter. By 1917 there were over 260,000 women working as farm labourers. The women in the WLA did all the jobs that were required to make a farm function normally - threshing, ploughing, tractor driving, reclaiming land, drainage. There was an agreed maximum working week - 50 hours in the summer and 48 hours in the winter. By 1917 there were over 260,000 women working as farm labourers. This work was vital as they were creating the bombs, and bullets Britain desperately needed during the war. by mid 1917 it is estimated that women produced around eighty per cent of all munitions. One of the largest munitions factories was the Woolwich Arsenal in London. In 1914 it employed 125 women; by 1917, 25,000 women worked there. VERY DANGEROUS WORK BUT VERY IMPORTANT FOR WAR EFFORT! This work was vital as they were creating the bombs, and bullets Britain desperately needed during the war. by mid 1917 it is estimated that women produced around eighty per cent of all munitions. One of the largest munitions factories was the Woolwich Arsenal in London. In 1914 it employed 125 women; by 1917, 25,000 women worked there. VERY DANGEROUS WORK BUT VERY IMPORTANT FOR WAR EFFORT! WAAC formed in 1917. Women to provide logistical support to army such as answering phones, serving as clerks and cooks. 57,000 women served in WAAC. The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) was founded in 1907 by Captain Edward Baker. Those who joined the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry were sent to battlefronts in both World War One and World War Two. the original members of FANY were trained in cavalry work, signaling and camping out. Work done by women was vital in the war effort. War work was the first time women had opportunity to do male jobs and prove they could do it forcing many traditionalists to accept it. HOWEVER, women expected to go back to traditional roles once war was over. Women still paid less than men for same jobs. Work done by women was vital in the war effort. War work was the first time women had opportunity to do male jobs and prove they could do it forcing many traditionalists to accept it. HOWEVER, women expected to go back to traditional roles once war was over. Women still paid less than men for same jobs. Women also did jobs left vacant by men such as civil service, bus conducting, engineer work.

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How important was World War One in changing attitudes towards women in the work place? (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description 3-4 marks Explains how the development of birth control changed womens lives Consider: New opportunities Proved that they could do same work as men such as HOWEVER Pay/conditions remained same after war By 1921 female workforce 2% lower than in pre war England Many reverted to domestic roles and traditional jobs. 5-6 marks Developed explanation, balanced judgement with counter argument.

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How significant was the Second World War in changing attitudes to women in paid employment? (8 marks) Sort the statements into two categories: WAR WORK IMPROVED THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE WAR WORK DID NOT IMPROVE THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE Many traditional prejudices against the employment of women had been evident during the war and were to continue afterwards. At the end of the war it was expected that many women would return to their traditional roles. The war provided an opportunity for women to show that they could do the same work as their male counterparts. Conscription started in 1941 and, by 1943, seven and a quarter million women had been conscripted into war work as a form of national service. When the war ended, many women lost their jobs. Some women became determined to build on the progress made during the Second World War. In the years after the war women were still paid less than men for the same work.

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How did employment opportunities for women in Wales and England change after the Second World War? Changes in education Education Act, 1944 New secondary education opportunities. Increased participation in higher education and impact on employment opportunities. Changes in working opportunities. Light Industry work. Development of service industry, examples and its appeal.

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Explain how increased opportunities in secondary and higher education since 1945 have benefitted women in the workplace. (6 marks) EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATION TODAY TRIPARTATE HIGHER EDUCATION EDUCATION ACT 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons.

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Before the education act: Education only guaranteed up to the age of ten. Focus of education very much on domestic work. Only richer women could attend universities and even those could only attend lectures, with express permission Before the education act: Education only guaranteed up to the age of ten. Focus of education very much on domestic work. Only richer women could attend universities and even those could only attend lectures, with express permission What was the Education Act, 1944? Called the "Butler Act" after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler, introduced the Tripartite System of secondary education. (Grammar Schools for more academic pupils; Technical Schools for vocational pupils; and Secondary Modern Schools which were a mix. Pupils sat 11 plus exam to decide which secondary school they would attend. Made all schooling-- especially secondary education, free for all pupils. It raised the school leaving age to 15 (raised to 16 in 1947), but kept age 11 as the decision point for sending children to higher levels. What was the Education Act, 1944? Called the "Butler Act" after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler, introduced the Tripartite System of secondary education. (Grammar Schools for more academic pupils; Technical Schools for vocational pupils; and Secondary Modern Schools which were a mix. Pupils sat 11 plus exam to decide which secondary school they would attend. Made all schooling-- especially secondary education, free for all pupils. It raised the school leaving age to 15 (raised to 16 in 1947), but kept age 11 as the decision point for sending children to higher levels. Why was it important for women in the workplace? It opened secondary school to girls, and the working class, and as a result, a far higher percentage attended higher education after secondary school. This newly found education increased working class awareness of their disadvantaged social position and created a bitter class division between the working and middle class. More women were able to go on to further education, and attend university increasing their chances of entering higher paid professions such as law. Why was it important for women in the workplace? It opened secondary school to girls, and the working class, and as a result, a far higher percentage attended higher education after secondary school. This newly found education increased working class awareness of their disadvantaged social position and created a bitter class division between the working and middle class. More women were able to go on to further education, and attend university increasing their chances of entering higher paid professions such as law..

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Light industry Post war England was seen as the heyday of mass production in England. Light industry assemblers fit components and parts together to make products in a range of industries, including furniture making, automotive supplies and textiles. Typical duties include: working on an assembly line, for example fixing microchips, connectors and other parts onto printed circuit boards (PCBs) for electronic consumer goods following set instructions, putting together parts in the right sequence reporting problems in the assembly process to line managers keeping administrative records up to date carrying out simple quality checks. Light industry Post war England was seen as the heyday of mass production in England. Light industry assemblers fit components and parts together to make products in a range of industries, including furniture making, automotive supplies and textiles. Typical duties include: working on an assembly line, for example fixing microchips, connectors and other parts onto printed circuit boards (PCBs) for electronic consumer goods following set instructions, putting together parts in the right sequence reporting problems in the assembly process to line managers keeping administrative records up to date carrying out simple quality checks. After the Second World War Fords UK operation set the pace for the UK auto-industry and Dagenham products included models such as the Zephyr, Cortina and (until production of Fords smaller saloons transferred to Halewood), the Anglia. This plant employed many women to stitch the car interiors at a nearby location. In October 1948 the American-owned Hoover Company opened a large washing machine factory and depot in Merthyr Tydfil, a few miles south of the town. The factory was purpose-built to manufacture the Hoover Electric Washing Machine, and at one point Hoover was the largest employer in the borough. This factory provided many working opportunities to women including motor assembly and rotor assembly. In October 1948 the American-owned Hoover Company opened a large washing machine factory and depot in Merthyr Tydfil, a few miles south of the town. The factory was purpose-built to manufacture the Hoover Electric Washing Machine, and at one point Hoover was the largest employer in the borough. This factory provided many working opportunities to women including motor assembly and rotor assembly.

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Service sector This is an industry where a service is provided. It includes cleaners, shop and office workers, police, doctors, teachers and train drivers. Basically the service sector is any job that provides a service. Service sector This is an industry where a service is provided. It includes cleaners, shop and office workers, police, doctors, teachers and train drivers. Basically the service sector is any job that provides a service. Benefits They are often flexible and part time. Many women were keen to work in these areas because they provided variety. Many of these jobs are accessible and do not require university education. Benefits They are often flexible and part time. Many women were keen to work in these areas because they provided variety. Many of these jobs are accessible and do not require university education. The following job roles are part of the service sector: Catering Hairdressing Supermarkets Office work Tourism Banking The following job roles are part of the service sector: Catering Hairdressing Supermarkets Office work Tourism Banking Could you link these two examples of new employment opportunities to war work or the Education Act?

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What is the glass ceiling? The invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of power in the workplace. What is the glass ceiling? The invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of power in the workplace. Which women have broken through? Stella McCartney Helen Mirren Cheryl Cole Karen Brady Which women have broken through? Stella McCartney Helen Mirren Cheryl Cole Karen Brady What has helped women break through? Access to a higher standard of education Access to a University education Women can break away from the stereotypical view of women being tied to the home Women can now access highly paid, desirable career paths Women can stand on their own two feet and dont need a man to support them Women can access any career that they want to Women can often out-perform men What has helped women break through? Access to a higher standard of education Access to a University education Women can break away from the stereotypical view of women being tied to the home Women can now access highly paid, desirable career paths Women can stand on their own two feet and dont need a man to support them Women can access any career that they want to Women can often out-perform men What has hindered women in breaking through? Maternity leave may be seen as a weakness The need to work part-time may be seen as a weakness Many women still give up their jobs to look after children Many women still go into low-paid jobs because of convenience Some employers are still sexist and prefer to employ men Some male workers do not want to work for a female employer There is still a stigma attached to powerful, female workers What has hindered women in breaking through? Maternity leave may be seen as a weakness The need to work part-time may be seen as a weakness Many women still give up their jobs to look after children Many women still go into low-paid jobs because of convenience Some employers are still sexist and prefer to employ men Some male workers do not want to work for a female employer There is still a stigma attached to powerful, female workers How successful have women been in breaking through? EOC found in 2005 11% of top positions in businesses were female. In top positions 20% of women faced dismissal or financial loss due to pregnancy. How successful have women been in breaking through? EOC found in 2005 11% of top positions in businesses were female. In top positions 20% of women faced dismissal or financial loss due to pregnancy.

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Founded the Body Shop Had a passion for social change and set up a charity called Children on the edge Tried to give back to society, through the profit that she made. Opened her first Body shop store in Brighton in 1976 Made products out of natural ingredients and grew her business by franchising it. Sold the Body Shop to LOreal in 2006 Introduced new generations of women to business Inspired many other women to go into business. Dame Anita Roddick

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Wrote the Harry Potter series The Goblet of Fire was the fastest selling book in History and her series of books has been turned into a film series Born in England in 1965 Has inspired many other women to become writers and set up their own businesses Graduated from Exeter University and previously worked as a teacher Has shown that women can achieve anything that they want Single mother who had to struggle initially Now a successful business woman, who is Britains 13 th wealthiest woman JK Rowling

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Started out in Womenswear Later expanded her business to include home fixtures and furnishings Had a factory at Corno in Mid Wales Employed many people in 219 shops around the world Opened her first shop at Llanidloes Died in 1985 after an accident falling down stairs Her company was worth over 200 million in 1985 Showed that women could create a successful business Laura Ashley

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Choose a female role model from the world of work that you have studied. Explain why this person was important in regard to female employment. (6 marks) Choose a female role model from the world of work that you have studied. Explain why this person was important in regard to female employment. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5 minutes 2:001:591:581:571:561:551:541:531:521:511:501:491:481:471:461:451:441:431:421:411:401:391:381:371:361:351:341:331:321:311:301:291:281:271:261:251:241:231:221:211:201:191:181:171:161:151:141:131:121:111:101:091:081:071:061:051:041:031:021:011:000:590:580:570:560:550:540:530:520:510:500:490:480:470:460:450:440:430:420:410:400:390:380:370:360:350:340:330:320:310:300:290:280:270:260:250:240:230:220:210:200:190:180:170:160:150:140:130:120:110:100:090:080:070:060:050:040:030:020:01End2:00

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Some 113,000 women were dismissed from their jobs within two weeks of World War One ending; five months later, the total was 600,000. At the end of the World War Two it was expected that many women would return to their traditional roles Some women became determined to build on the progress made during the Second World War. Jobs such as Controller of BBC Wales, or the Chief Inspector of Schools in Wales are now held by women. Many women took jobs in new light industry and the service industry after World War Two. Many women still find it difficult to break through the glass ceiling. Some top jobs in business, the media, design and in education and have been fulfilled the top roles effectively by women since 1960. The Education Act 1944 gave women equal educational opportunities with men and many more attended university. At the beginning of the twentieth century most women were limited to domestic service or basic factory work. Women are still paid less on average than men.

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How successful have women been in taking advantage of new employment opportunities from 1900 to the present day?