The Civil War & After –The Civil War & After –Scientific CharityScientific Charity____________________________________

Child WelfareChild Welfare

HSC 10HSC 10Carlton MitchellCarlton Mitchell

Causalities of Civil WarCausalities of Civil War

Causalities of war (male breadwinners) Causalities of war (male breadwinners) could not be blamed on individuals could not be blamed on individuals involved…….resulting in an involved…….resulting in an increase in increase in thethe charitable energiescharitable energies of the American of the American people.people.

Also, a reversal of practices - public and Also, a reversal of practices - public and private agencies showered assistance on private agencies showered assistance on the needy, direct the needy, direct public aidpublic aid becamebecame available again available again on a grand scale.on a grand scale.

U. S. Sanitary CommissionU. S. Sanitary Commission18611861

Nation 1Nation 1stst important public health group important public health group

Developed out of a concerns for the Developed out of a concerns for the unsanitary conditions and disease in the unsanitary conditions and disease in the army camps and hospitals. Also due to the army camps and hospitals. Also due to the lack of trained nurses, and care for the lack of trained nurses, and care for the wounded.wounded.

Local Local voluntary relief societiesvoluntary relief societies united to united to become a national organization that would become a national organization that would supplement the work of governmental supplement the work of governmental agencies in meeting the physical and agencies in meeting the physical and spiritual needs of men in uniform.spiritual needs of men in uniform.

U. S. Sanitary U. S. Sanitary CommissionCommission

Initially used preventive measures & Initially used preventive measures & educated inexperience troops on proper educated inexperience troops on proper hygiene, inspected & supervised living hygiene, inspected & supervised living arrangements in army camps and field arrangements in army camps and field hospitals.hospitals.

Expanded to distributed bandages, food, Expanded to distributed bandages, food, and clothing to the army, recruited and and clothing to the army, recruited and supplied nurses, maintained houses for supplied nurses, maintained houses for soldiers in transit, and set up channels of soldiers in transit, and set up channels of communications between the men on the communications between the men on the battlefield and their people at home.battlefield and their people at home.

Impact of Impact of U. S. Sanitary CommissionU. S. Sanitary Commission

Awaken public opinion to preventive sanitary Awaken public opinion to preventive sanitary practicespractices

Situated public health reformSituated public health reform

Confirm the value & power of voluntary Confirm the value & power of voluntary organizationsorganizations

Demonstrative usefulness of philanthropyDemonstrative usefulness of philanthropy

New self image for women and rising their New self image for women and rising their expectations in regards to careers.expectations in regards to careers.

………………..later became the ..later became the Red CrossRed Cross

Political Decision Settled by Political Decision Settled by WarWar

Civil War had a constructive impact upon Civil War had a constructive impact upon social welfare.social welfare.

National GovernmentNational Government was now was now supremesupreme and the state subordinate.and the state subordinate.

Social welfare transcends village, city Social welfare transcends village, city and state boundaries.and state boundaries.

Drew the states together – greater Drew the states together – greater coordination.coordination.

Economic RevolutionEconomic Revolution1865 -19001865 -1900

PositivesPositives Enhanced National WealthEnhanced National Wealth Raised Living StandardsRaised Living Standards Encouraged ImmigrationEncouraged Immigration Speeded up UrbanizationSpeeded up Urbanization

Economic RevolutionEconomic Revolution1865 -1900 1865 -1900 cont.cont.

NegativesNegatives Periodic Cycles of Depression & Periodic Cycles of Depression &

UnemploymentUnemployment Small Group of Men Controlled National Small Group of Men Controlled National

Resources & ProductionResources & Production Poor Living ConditionsPoor Living Conditions High # of Industrial Accidents and FatalitiesHigh # of Industrial Accidents and Fatalities

Impact on Industry = increase factory system Impact on Industry = increase factory system jobs, erosion of craftsmanshipjobs, erosion of craftsmanship

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau1865 - 18691865 - 1869

1862 –10,000 slaves left to fend for 1862 –10,000 slaves left to fend for themselves when the Union defeated themselves when the Union defeated the Confederate forcesthe Confederate forces

To aid the Freedmen’s Bureau was To aid the Freedmen’s Bureau was authorized to distribute food, clothing, authorized to distribute food, clothing, rehabilitate abandoned homes, served rehabilitate abandoned homes, served as an employment agency, established as an employment agency, established schools for children of African descent.schools for children of African descent.

General Oliver O. Howard, 1General Oliver O. Howard, 1STST Director Director

Impact of Freedmen’s Impact of Freedmen’s BureauBureau

It grew to become an agency for civil rights and It grew to become an agency for civil rights and advocacy.advocacy.

Freedmen’s Bureau required high accountability Freedmen’s Bureau required high accountability and was a model for private / public agencies.and was a model for private / public agencies.

Either helped found or supported Howard, Atlanta, Either helped found or supported Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities, Hampton Institute.and Fisk Universities, Hampton Institute.

Ended in 1872, It demonstrated that the federal Ended in 1872, It demonstrated that the federal government could provide for the welfare of government could provide for the welfare of people on a broad scale when poverty and people on a broad scale when poverty and hardship could / would not be treated locally.hardship could / would not be treated locally.

Social Darwinian TheorySocial Darwinian TheoryHerbert Spencer, the English civil Herbert Spencer, the English civil

engineer turned philosopher, engineer turned philosopher, coined the phrase -coined the phrase -“survival of “survival of the fittest” the fittest” which became the which became the prevailing philosophy of the era.prevailing philosophy of the era.

________________________

Social Darwinian TheorySocial Darwinian TheorySocial reformersSocial reformers argued that poverty was not argued that poverty was not

caused by by personal deviance – but by social caused by by personal deviance – but by social and economic structures arising from and economic structures arising from industrialization.industrialization.

vs.vs.

New New scientific knowledgescientific knowledge about genetic and about genetic and psychology provided “proofs” that the cause of psychology provided “proofs” that the cause of deviance (including poverty) lay in the deviance (including poverty) lay in the individual. Social Darwinism taught that individual. Social Darwinism taught that white Anglo-Saxons were genetically better white Anglo-Saxons were genetically better that people of other ethnicities.that people of other ethnicities.

““Survival of the Survival of the Fittest”Fittest”

Poor was unfit, and should not be Poor was unfit, and should not be given any assistance. Helping the given any assistance. Helping the poor would only result in them poor would only result in them multiplying and could lead to the multiplying and could lead to the weakening of the species.weakening of the species.

Bottom-line: Bottom-line: Work or StarveWork or Starve

3 Major Social Welfare 3 Major Social Welfare MovementsMovements1865- 19001865- 1900

Charity Organization Society – Individual Charity Organization Society – Individual CaseworkCasework

Settlement Houses – Social Action & Social Settlement Houses – Social Action & Social ReformReform

Child Welfare / Child Saving - Overlapped Child Welfare / Child Saving - Overlapped both COS and Settlement House movementsboth COS and Settlement House movements

Charity Organization Charity Organization Society (1877)Society (1877)

Charity Organizational Society - COSCharity Organizational Society - COS – – followed the “scientific” relying on emerging followed the “scientific” relying on emerging science of genetics, sociology, administrative science of genetics, sociology, administrative management and psychology.management and psychology.

Served as a clearing house for all operating Served as a clearing house for all operating charitable bodies – aim was to eliminate charitable bodies – aim was to eliminate fraud, inefficiency and duplicity.fraud, inefficiency and duplicity.

To investigate appeals for assistance, To investigate appeals for assistance, distinguish between worthy and unworthy.distinguish between worthy and unworthy.

Friendly “Visitors”, Friendly “Visitors”, look into each case so as look into each case so as to to diagnosediagnose the cause of destitution. the cause of destitution.

Charity Organization Charity Organization SocietySociety

““It is not bread the poor need. It is soul; it is not It is not bread the poor need. It is soul; it is not soup, it is spirit.”soup, it is spirit.”

Friendly visiting, or Friendly visiting, or personal contactpersonal contact between the between the rich and poor as a rich and poor as a substitute for helpsubstitute for help was the was the basic aim of the movement.basic aim of the movement.

Friendly visitors believed that the Friendly visitors believed that the poor needed poor needed supervisionsupervision to help them combat intemperance, to help them combat intemperance, laziness, and other life choices leading to their laziness, and other life choices leading to their state of poverty. state of poverty.

Most friendly visitors were women, did not Most friendly visitors were women, did not consider poor as equal – they had a superior consider poor as equal – they had a superior attitude in their outreach.attitude in their outreach.

Charity Organization Charity Organization SocietySociety

Complied comprehensive data on the Complied comprehensive data on the social and economic problems of the social and economic problems of the poor.poor.

Determine that the real poverty Determine that the real poverty producing factors uncovered information producing factors uncovered information on on involuntary unemployment, industrial involuntary unemployment, industrial accidents, and low wagesaccidents, and low wages not on not on intemperance and laziness (only 10%)intemperance and laziness (only 10%)

Conclusion of their investigation: Conclusion of their investigation: The The environment had to be reformed.environment had to be reformed.

Child WelfareChild WelfareA broad child welfare movement swept though America A broad child welfare movement swept though America

form the mid-nineteenth century through the early 20form the mid-nineteenth century through the early 20thth century.century.

Child Welfare movement took children from their Child Welfare movement took children from their parents and placed them where they might learn the parents and placed them where they might learn the values of hard work, following values of hard work, following COS COS beliefs in beliefs in overcoming the genetic elements of pauperism. overcoming the genetic elements of pauperism. Settlement HouseSettlement House worked on the child labor laws, worked on the child labor laws, grass-roots aid and education for the children.grass-roots aid and education for the children.

Child Welfare MovementChild Welfare MovementWhy now?Why now?

Children formed the largest groups among Children formed the largest groups among the neglected and needy, especially after tens the neglected and needy, especially after tens of thousands orphaned or half-orphaned after of thousands orphaned or half-orphaned after the Civil War.the Civil War.

Difficult to argue they were responsible for Difficult to argue they were responsible for their condition.their condition.

Social upheaval and family disruption Social upheaval and family disruption resulting from large scale immigrating and resulting from large scale immigrating and rapid industrial and urban growth.rapid industrial and urban growth.

Child Welfare MovementChild Welfare MovementWhy Now? Why Now? cont.cont.

Low wages drew large numbers of Low wages drew large numbers of children as well as their mothers children as well as their mothers into factories. (also high rate of into factories. (also high rate of accidents).accidents).

High Rate of juvenile delinquency High Rate of juvenile delinquency (due to lack of parental supervision).(due to lack of parental supervision).

Child Welfare MovementChild Welfare MovementAs a result of all these factors…..As a result of all these factors…..

Citizens now viewed the child as a key to Citizens now viewed the child as a key to social control. “Children are the social control. “Children are the future”.future”.

Childhood now considered a special Childhood now considered a special phase of human development.phase of human development.

Scientific Developments – Darwinism, Scientific Developments – Darwinism, Sigmund Freud, and Stanley Hall – Sigmund Freud, and Stanley Hall – “Father of the child study movement”“Father of the child study movement”

Children's Aid SocietyChildren's Aid Society Founded 1853 – Reverend Charles Loring Founded 1853 – Reverend Charles Loring

BraceBrace More that 250,000 Children (abandoned More that 250,000 Children (abandoned

immigrates / Orphan Catholic) from New York immigrates / Orphan Catholic) from New York City other Eastern City were moved to Mid-City other Eastern City were moved to Mid-West.West.

The 19The 19thth century that began to get needy century that began to get needy children in institutions, ended with attempts children in institutions, ended with attempts to get them out of institutions.to get them out of institutions.

Juvenile ReformJuvenile Reform Emphasis no environmental cause of Emphasis no environmental cause of

juvenile delinquency came to be recognized juvenile delinquency came to be recognized as a as a social problemsocial problem that required improved that required improved legal as well as correctional intervention.legal as well as correctional intervention.

1876 NY State Reformatory in Elmira1876 NY State Reformatory in Elmira

Fast forward to 1967Fast forward to 1967 – – Gault DecisionGault Decision – 14 – 14thth Amendment and Bill of Rights also applies Amendment and Bill of Rights also applies to Children – Legal counsel, right to to Children – Legal counsel, right to confront & cross examination, and confront & cross examination, and protection against self-incriminationprotection against self-incrimination

8 Characteristic of the 8 Characteristic of the Effective Human Service Effective Human Service

ProfessionalProfessional1.1. Relationship BuildingRelationship Building – Most effective in – Most effective in

creating client change/ an emotional bond creating client change/ an emotional bond between helper and client and work on between helper and client and work on attainable goals.attainable goals.

2.2. EmpathyEmpathy –to understand the inner world of –to understand the inner world of another / walk in their shoesanother / walk in their shoes

3.3. GenuinenessGenuineness – be in sync with your feeling – be in sync with your feeling ‘keeping it real”‘keeping it real”

4.4. AcceptanceAcceptance –high regards for others regardless –high regards for others regardless of dissimilar culture heritage, values, or beliefs.of dissimilar culture heritage, values, or beliefs.

8 Characteristic of the 8 Characteristic of the Effective Human Service Effective Human Service

Professional Professional (cont.)(cont.)55. . Open-mindednessOpen-mindedness – allow person to express – allow person to express

their point of view.their point of view.

6. 6. ComplexityComplexity- Understand in a complex way – - Understand in a complex way – you can share knowledge and learn from you can share knowledge and learn from others – a strong sense of self.others – a strong sense of self.

7. 7. Psychological AdjustmentPsychological Adjustment –Own mental –Own mental state in order/ must be well adjustedstate in order/ must be well adjusted

8. 8. CompetenceCompetence –Always growing and learning –Always growing and learning in the field, “know your stuff”. in the field, “know your stuff”.