Human BehaviorHuman Behavior

Nature, Nurture and Human Nature, Nurture and Human DiversityDiversity

Our behavior is often Our behavior is often characterized as “human characterized as “human

nature.”nature.” What do we mean by human nature?What do we mean by human nature? How might a psychologist go about How might a psychologist go about

identifying the traits of human identifying the traits of human nature?nature?

In a culture that emphasizes our In a culture that emphasizes our differences, we sometimes forget just differences, we sometimes forget just how similar we are…how similar we are…

Brainstorm and list all the universal behaviors Brainstorm and list all the universal behaviors (behaviors shared among all cultures) that you can (behaviors shared among all cultures) that you can think of…think of…communicate both verbally and nonverballycommunicate both verbally and nonverballyEnforce rules of etiquetteEnforce rules of etiquetteAvoid incestAvoid incestFear snakes / heightsFear snakes / heightsExchange giftsExchange giftsModesty in sexual behavior and bodily functionsModesty in sexual behavior and bodily functionsLabor divided by age and sexLabor divided by age and sexMen- more aggressive than womenMen- more aggressive than womenWomen provide more child careWomen provide more child careTools for workTools for workBelief systems- death, diseaseBelief systems- death, diseasePlan for the futurePlan for the futureTaboos- crimes and legal punishmentsTaboos- crimes and legal punishmentsMarriageMarriageLaugh / smile / mimic / joke / flirt / sympathize / tease / dance / Laugh / smile / mimic / joke / flirt / sympathize / tease / dance / Music /Myths / folklore / poetryMusic /Myths / folklore / poetryGamesGamesWarWar

In a world of such diverse cultures, In a world of such diverse cultures, why do so many universal behaviors why do so many universal behaviors

exist?exist?

Genetic similarities / shared DNAGenetic similarities / shared DNA

Just how similar are we?Just how similar are we?

(True or False)(True or False)1.1. Fraternal twins are no more genetically Fraternal twins are no more genetically

similar than normal siblings.similar than normal siblings.2.2. If after a worldwide catastrophe only If after a worldwide catastrophe only

Icelanders or Kenyans survived, the Icelanders or Kenyans survived, the human species would suffer a huge human species would suffer a huge reduction in its genetic diversity.reduction in its genetic diversity.

We share 99.9% of our DNA with our We share 99.9% of our DNA with our neighbor! (Near clones!)neighbor! (Near clones!)

““We are the leaves of one tree.”We are the leaves of one tree.”

Nature, Nurture and Human Nature, Nurture and Human DiversityDiversity

Essential Question: What Essential Question: What ultimately shapes our behavior?ultimately shapes our behavior?

Topics of Study:Topics of Study:

Genetics and Evolutionary PsychologyGenetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Parents, Peers and Culture Parents, Peers and Culture

GenderGender

Pattern RecognitionPattern Recognition

Nature v. NurtureNature v. Nurture1.1. Sugar and spice and everything nice, that’s Sugar and spice and everything nice, that’s

what little girls are made of…”what little girls are made of…”

2.2. ““Handsome is as handsome does.”Handsome is as handsome does.”

3.3. ““Like father like son.”Like father like son.”

4.4. ““You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.”You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.”

6.6. ““Boys will be boys.”Boys will be boys.”

7.7. ““You are what you eat.”You are what you eat.”

8.8. ““Blood will tell.”Blood will tell.”

9.9. ““All men are created equal.”All men are created equal.”

Genetics and BehaviorGenetics and BehaviorGetting started…..Getting started…..

We know that both nature and nurture We know that both nature and nurture weave together to shape our weave together to shape our behavior.behavior.

Its easy to prove that nurture Its easy to prove that nurture influences behavior, but how could influences behavior, but how could we devise a way to prove that we devise a way to prove that genetics influences our behavior?genetics influences our behavior?

Read carefully pages 95-102Read carefully pages 95-102

1. Identify the following and explain how 1. Identify the following and explain how they collectively influence behavior.they collectively influence behavior.chromosomes, DNA, genes, gene chromosomes, DNA, genes, gene complexescomplexes

2.2. Explain Explain specificallyspecifically how studies how studies contrasting fraternal and identical twins contrasting fraternal and identical twins have helped prove that genetics have helped prove that genetics influence individual behavior.influence individual behavior.

3.3. The case studies of Jim Lewis / Springer The case studies of Jim Lewis / Springer and Oscar Sohr / Jack Yufe (identical and and Oscar Sohr / Jack Yufe (identical and separated at birth) provide evidence separated at birth) provide evidence that genetics influence’s behavior. that genetics influence’s behavior. Explain Explain specificallyspecifically the the strengthsstrengths and and weaknessesweaknesses of these studies. of these studies.

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics Study individual behavioral Study individual behavioral differences. differences.

(weigh effects of nature, nurture)(weigh effects of nature, nurture) Chromosomes: 23 / egg, 23 / sperm (threadlike Chromosomes: 23 / egg, 23 / sperm (threadlike

structures)structures)Composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)Composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Genes: 30,000 each / self-replicating Genes: 30,000 each / self-replicating units, synthesize proteins, (the building units, synthesize proteins, (the building blocks of physical developmentblocks of physical development

Gene complexes: many genes acting in Gene complexes: many genes acting in concertconcert

Genes: Influence physical make-up, Genes: Influence physical make-up, intelligence, aggressiveness, happiness etc.intelligence, aggressiveness, happiness etc.

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics

Fraternal, Identical Twins:Fraternal, Identical Twins:What’s the difference?What’s the difference?

Fraternal: Fraternal: (dizygotic)(dizygotic) Separate fertilized Separate fertilized

eggs (no more eggs (no more genetic similarity genetic similarity than normal siblings)than normal siblings)

Identical: Identical: (Monozygotic)(Monozygotic)

Single fertilized egg Single fertilized egg split in two = split in two = clonesclones

Fraternal vs. IdenticalFraternal vs. Identical

Fraternal v. IdenticalFraternal v. Identical

Fraternal vs. IdenticalFraternal vs. Identical Fraternal / Identical twin study findings- Fraternal / Identical twin study findings-

provide specifics for the following:provide specifics for the following: Alzheimer’sAlzheimer’s

Identical =60% / Fraternal=30%Identical =60% / Fraternal=30% Extraversion / neuroticismExtraversion / neuroticism

Identical more similar than fraternalIdentical more similar than fraternal Divorce ratesDivorce rates

Identical x5.5 vs. fraternal x1.6Identical x5.5 vs. fraternal x1.6 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia

50, 10, 3, 1 (identical, fraternal, sibling, stranger)50, 10, 3, 1 (identical, fraternal, sibling, stranger)

What are the limitations of these studies?What are the limitations of these studies? Genetics or environment? How do we Genetics or environment? How do we

differentiate?differentiate?

Twin StudiesTwin StudiesJim Lewis / SpringerJim Lewis / Springer

What does the study suggest?What does the study suggest?

Jim an JimJim an Jim

37 days after birth37 days after birth Romantic- love notes to wifeRomantic- love notes to wife Son James, dog Toy, wife LindaSon James, dog Toy, wife Linda Woodworking (same bench in front Woodworking (same bench in front

yard)yard) Chevy, stock car racing, Miller LiteChevy, stock car racing, Miller Lite Vasectomy, high blood pressure, Vasectomy, high blood pressure,

chain smokerchain smoker migrainesmigraines

Gerald Levy and Mark NewmanGerald Levy and Mark NewmanSeparated at BirthSeparated at Birth

Levy and NewmanLevy and Newman

Bouchard’s Minnesota Twin StudyBouchard’s Minnesota Twin Study Reunited by shared acquaintanceReunited by shared acquaintance Upon meeting for first time:Upon meeting for first time:

Same mustache, sideburns, glassesSame mustache, sideburns, glasses Levey: college degree in forestry- Newman planned to but worked Levey: college degree in forestry- Newman planned to but worked

for city trimming treesfor city trimming trees Levey worked installing sprinker systems, Newman installed fire Levey worked installing sprinker systems, Newman installed fire

alarmsalarms Both were bachelors, same taste in womenBoth were bachelors, same taste in women Both only drank Budweiser (pinky wrapped underneath can, Both only drank Budweiser (pinky wrapped underneath can,

crushed can afterwards)crushed can afterwards) Hunting, fishing, beach, John Wayne movies, pro-wrestling, Chinese Hunting, fishing, beach, John Wayne movies, pro-wrestling, Chinese

food in wee hoursfood in wee hours Volunteer firefightersVolunteer firefighters Both raised Jewish, neither particularly religiousBoth raised Jewish, neither particularly religious When met- same remarks, at same time, same gestures- “spooky”When met- same remarks, at same time, same gestures- “spooky” He is he and I am I, and we are one…He is he and I am I, and we are one…

Genetics and BehaviorGenetics and BehaviorWhy has genetics not been given more consideration Why has genetics not been given more consideration

as a determiner of personality and behavior?as a determiner of personality and behavior?

22ndnd ½ of 20 ½ of 20thth century: behaviorism’s dominance century: behaviorism’s dominance ““Experience as primary architect of human behavior”Experience as primary architect of human behavior”

““Invisible” genetics- can’t see, touch or remember the Invisible” genetics- can’t see, touch or remember the influenceinfluence

Determinism- “compromises free will”Determinism- “compromises free will” Nurture gives parents measure of confidence- “can control Nurture gives parents measure of confidence- “can control

outcome”outcome” Bad, ineffective behavior can be “unlearned”Bad, ineffective behavior can be “unlearned” ““Why bother?” Genetic argument reduces free will, Why bother?” Genetic argument reduces free will,

cornered by determinismcornered by determinism ““That boy was born to act that way!”That boy was born to act that way!”

Reality: Both play critical role in who you Reality: Both play critical role in who you are!are!

Adoption StudiesAdoption Studies

Adoption, Genetics and Adoption, Genetics and BehaviorBehavior

Environmental relatives / biological Environmental relatives / biological RelativesRelatives

Finding: subject’s personality reflected Finding: subject’s personality reflected biological relatives, even when adopted biological relatives, even when adopted at birthat birth

Conclusion: people who grow up together Conclusion: people who grow up together don’t resemble each other in personalitydon’t resemble each other in personality

Why are two people raised together so Why are two people raised together so different???different???Confirmation of genes impact on personalityConfirmation of genes impact on personality

Environmental InfluenceEnvironmental Influence

So what traits does nurture So what traits does nurture influence?influence?ValuesValuesMannersMannersFaith / religionFaith / religionPoliticsPoliticsSocial viewsSocial views

TemperamentTemperament

Our emotional excitabilityOur emotional excitabilityTemperament traits tend to remain Temperament traits tend to remain

consistent through lifeconsistent through lifeStudies confirmStudies confirm

Genetic temperament helps form Genetic temperament helps form enduring personalityenduring personality

Think of two examples of those you Think of two examples of those you know.know.

HeritabilityHeritability

Extent to which difference between Extent to which difference between individuals can be attributed to genesindividuals can be attributed to genes

As environments become more similar, As environments become more similar, heredity as a source of difference heredity as a source of difference becomes more important (becomes more important (and vice versaand vice versa))

Heritable differences don’t often translate Heritable differences don’t often translate to group differencesto group differences

Nature Nature andand Nurture Nurture

Genes are self-regulating (respond Genes are self-regulating (respond and adapt to environment)and adapt to environment)

Individual differences almost always Individual differences almost always the result of both nature and nurturethe result of both nature and nurture– ““Gene and scene dance together”Gene and scene dance together”– Or, “nurture works on what nature Or, “nurture works on what nature

endows”endows”

Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics

Identify specific Identify specific genes influence on genes influence on behaviorbehavior Weight, Weight,

extraversion, sexual extraversion, sexual orientation…orientation…

LD, depression, LD, depression, schizophrenia, schizophrenia, alcoholism…alcoholism…

Designer babies?!?!Designer babies?!?!

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

1.1. Why do infants start to fear strangers Why do infants start to fear strangers about the time they become mobile?about the time they become mobile?

2.2. Why are most parents so Why are most parents so passionately devoted to their passionately devoted to their children?children?

3.3. Why do so many more people have Why do so many more people have phobias about spiders and snakes phobias about spiders and snakes than guns and electricity?than guns and electricity?

4.4. Why are men quicker to perceive Why are men quicker to perceive friendliness as sexual interest?friendliness as sexual interest?

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

PremisePremise (Darwins’ ) natural (Darwins’ ) natural

selection shapes selection shapes our behavior, our behavior, thinking (over thinking (over time)time)

Certain traits, Certain traits, behaviors that behaviors that enhance survival enhance survival are passed on over are passed on over generationsgenerations

Dmitry Belyaev: Domestication of Dmitry Belyaev: Domestication of FoxesFoxes

Belyaev’s ExperimentBelyaev’s Experiment 30 males, 100 females30 males, 100 females Tamest 5% M, 20% FTamest 5% M, 20% F 30 generations30 generations Complete domesticationComplete domestication Now sold as house petsNow sold as house pets

Implications?Implications? When certain traits are When certain traits are

selected that give a selected that give a reproductive reproductive advantage, those traits advantage, those traits will prevailwill prevail

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

For the most part, evolutionary For the most part, evolutionary psychology helps to explain our psychology helps to explain our similarities. (Universal behaviors)similarities. (Universal behaviors)

But it also helps explain some But it also helps explain some key differences…….key differences…….

Evolution and Human Evolution and Human SexualitySexuality

True or False:True or False:

Males are more likely than females to initiate sexual Males are more likely than females to initiate sexual activity.activity.

Gender and Sexual Attitudes / Gender and Sexual Attitudes / BehaviorBehavior

Studies:Studies: 1978, FSU- research assistants / proposals for 1978, FSU- research assistants / proposals for

casual sex with strangerscasual sex with strangers 75% of men- yes75% of men- yes 0% of women- yes0% of women- yes

Questionnaire: casual sex with different partnersQuestionnaire: casual sex with different partners 48% of men- yes48% of men- yes 12 % of women- yes12 % of women- yes

Question: Question: WhyWhy is there a difference between is there a difference between genders concerning attitudes and behaviors about genders concerning attitudes and behaviors about sex?sex?

Gender Differences and SexualityGender Differences and SexualityNatural SelectionNatural Selection

Women- Women- relationalrelational Incubates, nurses Incubates, nurses

one infantone infant Wants protection, Wants protection,

assistance to assistance to ensure child’s ensure child’s survivalsurvival

Chooses Chooses wiselywisely

Men- Men- recreationalrecreational Perpetuate his Perpetuate his

genes (spread his genes (spread his genes through genes through other females)other females)

Chooses Chooses widelywidely

Gender and AttractionGender and AttractionStudy spanned 37 culturesStudy spanned 37 cultures

Men (attracted Men (attracted to…)to…) Youthful, healthy, Youthful, healthy,

fertilefertile Waists 1/3 size of Waists 1/3 size of

hipships Many children- Many children-

genes to future…genes to future…

Women (attracted Women (attracted to..)to..) Mature, dominant, Mature, dominant,

bold, affluentbold, affluent Support and protectSupport and protect Long- term mating, Long- term mating,

investment in joint-investment in joint-offspringoffspring

Gender Differences and Gender Differences and SexualitySexuality

Significance?Significance? ““Nature selects behaviors that Nature selects behaviors that

increase the likelihood of sending increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future.”one’s genes into the future.”

In Conclusion…In Conclusion… 4 important gender differences in human 4 important gender differences in human

sexualitysexuality (Comprehensive Study: Letitia Anne Peplau) (Comprehensive Study: Letitia Anne Peplau)

1. Men show greater sexual desire than women1. Men show greater sexual desire than women2. Women tend to emphasize committed relationships 2. Women tend to emphasize committed relationships

as a context for sexuality (more so than men)as a context for sexuality (more so than men)3. Aggression is more closely linked to sexuality for 3. Aggression is more closely linked to sexuality for

men than women (powerful, domineering, men than women (powerful, domineering, experienced, individualistic)experienced, individualistic)

4. Women’s sexuality shows greater plasticity 4. Women’s sexuality shows greater plasticity (attitudes, behaviors about sex more easily shaped (attitudes, behaviors about sex more easily shaped by cultural, social factors)by cultural, social factors)Example: college (liberalizes women’s attitude towards sex Example: college (liberalizes women’s attitude towards sex

more than men’s)more than men’s)Chance of men identifying as gay or bisexual: Chance of men identifying as gay or bisexual: x2x2Chance of women identifying as lesbian or bisexual: Chance of women identifying as lesbian or bisexual:

x900!x900!

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

From an evolutionary psychology From an evolutionary psychology perspective, how might we explain perspective, how might we explain marriage?marriage?

Nature, Nurture and GenderNature, Nurture and Gender Gender DevelopmentGender Development

Male, Female- What’s the difference?Male, Female- What’s the difference?2323rdrd pair of chromosomes determine sex pair of chromosomes determine sexFemale=X, Male = X or YFemale=X, Male = X or Y

Glad to be your gender?Glad to be your gender? MenMen

X4 to commit X4 to commit suicide, alcoholismsuicide, alcoholism

Autism, color Autism, color blindness, blindness, hyperactivity, hyperactivity, antisocial antisocial personality disorderpersonality disorder

WomenWomen 70% more fat70% more fat 40% less muscle40% less muscle 5 inches shorter5 inches shorter Puberty 2 years earlierPuberty 2 years earlier Live 5 years longerLive 5 years longer X2 for depression, X2 for depression,

anxietyanxiety X10 for eating disordersX10 for eating disorders

Gender and AggressionGender and Aggression

Males tend to be more physically Males tend to be more physically aggressiveaggressiveMale-female arrest rate for murderMale-female arrest rate for murder

U.S. 9-1U.S. 9-1Canada 7-1Canada 7-1

Gender and Social PowerGender and Social Power

Universal pattern: Men are more Universal pattern: Men are more socially dominantsocially dominantMen: as leaders- more direct, autocratic, Men: as leaders- more direct, autocratic,

express opinionsexpress opinionsWomen: as leaders- more open, Women: as leaders- more open,

democratic, offer supportdemocratic, offer support

Gender and Social BehaviorGender and Social Behavior

MalesMales IndividualistsIndividualists Boys: larger play Boys: larger play

groups (activity groups (activity focus)focus)

Male Answer Male Answer SyndromeSyndrome

Freedom, self-Freedom, self-reliancereliance

FemalesFemales Interdependent Interdependent

(relationships)(relationships) Girls: smaller groups Girls: smaller groups

(often one friend) (often one friend) less competitive, less competitive, imitate social imitate social relationshipsrelationships

85% of greeting 85% of greeting cards!cards!

More religiously More religiously orientedoriented

Boys, girls and toys…Boys, girls and toys…Nature or Nurture?Nature or Nurture?

Why do genders choose what they Why do genders choose what they do…?do…?

Nature and GenderNature and Gender Prenatal MonthsPrenatal Months

77thth week: develop male, female anatomical week: develop male, female anatomical distinctionsdistinctions

44thth, 5, 5thth month: Ovarian hormones, testosterone month: Ovarian hormones, testosterone influence different brain developmentinfluence different brain development

StudiesStudiesHines and Alexander: Texas A&M- Velvet monkeysHines and Alexander: Texas A&M- Velvet monkeys1 day old infants: video: friendly face or mechanical 1 day old infants: video: friendly face or mechanical

mobilemobile1 yr. old infants: films: faces or cars1 yr. old infants: films: faces or cars

Evidence suggests cognitive differences upon Evidence suggests cognitive differences upon birthbirth

Nurture and GenderNurture and Gender

Gender identityGender identity Social learning theorySocial learning theory Gender Schema theory: Learning Gender Schema theory: Learning

theory + cognitiontheory + cognitionSchema, or concepts are formed by Schema, or concepts are formed by

genders in developing stages- 1yr olds: genders in developing stages- 1yr olds: voice gender differencesvoice gender differences

lens through which they see the world lens through which they see the world confirms rolesconfirms roles

Gender Differences and the Gender Differences and the BrainBrain

New evidence: structural, chemical and New evidence: structural, chemical and functional differences between genders functional differences between genders and brainsand brainsFemales: thicker frontal lobe (verbal fluency)Females: thicker frontal lobe (verbal fluency)Males: thicker parietal Cortex (space Males: thicker parietal Cortex (space

perception)perception)

Potential need for sex-specific Potential need for sex-specific treatments for addictions, depression, treatments for addictions, depression, schizophrenia etc.schizophrenia etc.

Genes rule…?? Genes rule…??

In terms of personality, In terms of personality, environmental factors typically environmental factors typically account for less than 10% of account for less than 10% of children’s differences. (Key is how children’s differences. (Key is how parents and peers influence those parents and peers influence those traits.)traits.)

Parenting the Genetic CodeParenting the Genetic Code

Explain how one might address the Explain how one might address the following genetic traits for following genetic traits for productive outcomes…productive outcomes…

1.1. sluggish, unresponsive, sluggish, unresponsive, temperament as 3 month oldtemperament as 3 month old

2.2. Imaginative, slightly hyperactive, Imaginative, slightly hyperactive, ADD high school studentADD high school student

What / Who has shaped What / Who has shaped youyou…?…?

List the eight behavioral traits that List the eight behavioral traits that most reflect your personality. For most reflect your personality. For each, indicate which of the following each, indicate which of the following has been most influential in shaping has been most influential in shaping that trait.that trait.ParentsParentsPeers Peers GenesGenes

Results? Which factor do you Results? Which factor do you think most influential?think most influential?

Prenatal EnvironmentPrenatal Environment

Studies indicate that identical twins Studies indicate that identical twins who share the same placenta are who share the same placenta are more similar in psychological traits more similar in psychological traits than those twins that don’t.than those twins that don’t.

Early Neural DevelopmentEarly Neural Development

Early experience matters!Early experience matters!Fosters neural connectionsFosters neural connectionsExperience preserves activated neural Experience preserves activated neural

connectionsconnectionsUnused ones degenerate (Unused ones degenerate (pruningpruning))Excess “connectors” in youth make kids Excess “connectors” in youth make kids

more capable of mastering certain tasks.more capable of mastering certain tasks.Example?Example?Foreign language, (Accent and grammar) Foreign language, (Accent and grammar)

visual perception, musical instrumentsvisual perception, musical instruments

Rat Studies Rat Studies Rosenzweig and KrechRosenzweig and Krech

Isolated, impoverished vs. social, enriched environmentIsolated, impoverished vs. social, enriched environment Young ratsYoung rats

Findings:Findings: Obvious differences in behavioral activity and curiosityObvious differences in behavioral activity and curiosity Heavier, thicker brain cortex (brain weight increased 7-Heavier, thicker brain cortex (brain weight increased 7-

10 percent and # of synapses increased 20%!)10 percent and # of synapses increased 20%!)

Impoverishedenvironment

Rat braincell

Rat braincell

Enrichedenvironment

Premature BabiesPremature Babies

Neonatal unitsNeonatal unitsMassage therapy stimulates growthMassage therapy stimulates growthSpeeds departure from hospitalSpeeds departure from hospital

Parent’s InfluenceParent’s Influence

Genes determine human traits (personality)Genes determine human traits (personality) Parents’ influence helps determine how Parents’ influence helps determine how

those traits are expressed! those traits are expressed! ““Genome gives the basic plot, the parent gives Genome gives the basic plot, the parent gives

it its tone, accent and emphasis.”it its tone, accent and emphasis.” IOW- “It starts with the kid, and the parents pick IOW- “It starts with the kid, and the parents pick

up on it.”up on it.” Implications are huge for parenting… Implications are huge for parenting…

(shaping genetic traits to be productive (shaping genetic traits to be productive ones…)ones…)

Peer InfluencePeer Influence

True or FalseTrue or False

1.1. ““Preschoolers who disdain a certain food Preschoolers who disdain a certain food despite parents’ efforts will often eat the despite parents’ efforts will often eat the food at a table of peers who like it.”food at a table of peers who like it.”

2.2. A child who hears English spoken with A child who hears English spoken with one accent at home and another in the one accent at home and another in the neighborhood and at school will neighborhood and at school will invariably adopt the accent of his peers invariably adopt the accent of his peers and not his parents.and not his parents.

Parents vs. PeersParents vs. Peers

ParentsParents EducationEducation DisciplineDiscipline ResponsibilityResponsibility OrderlinessOrderliness CharitablenessCharitableness Dealing with Dealing with

authorityauthority

PeersPeers CooperationCooperation PopularityPopularity Styles of interactionStyles of interaction

Cultural InfluencesCultural Influences IndividualismIndividualism

Self: IndependentSelf: Independent Life Task: Discover, Life Task: Discover,

express one’s express one’s uniquenessuniqueness

What matters: Me, What matters: Me, personal achievement, personal achievement, rights, freedoms, self-rights, freedoms, self-esteemesteem

Coping method: Coping method: change realitychange reality

Relationships: Many, Relationships: Many, often temporary, often temporary, confrontation confrontation acceptableacceptable

Behavior: Reflects one’s Behavior: Reflects one’s personality, attitudepersonality, attitude

CollectivismCollectivism Self: InterdependentSelf: Interdependent Life Task: fit in, perform Life Task: fit in, perform

role, obligationsrole, obligations What matters: Us, What matters: Us,

group goals, family group goals, family duty, social duty, social responsibilityresponsibility

Coping method: Coping method: Accommodate to Accommodate to realityreality

Relationships: Few, Relationships: Few, close and long term, close and long term, harmony valuedharmony valued

Behavior: social norms Behavior: social norms and rolesand roles

Cultural InfluencesCultural Influences

IndividualismIndividualism CollectivismCollectivism