human psychology 147

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Cognitive

Behavioral

Psychodynamic

HumanisticFromRacing

Horses to

Seeing

the

Elephant

Gregg Henriques, Ph.D.Gregg Henriques, Ph.D.

James Madison University James Madison University

Behavioral



Unified Approaches areUnified Approaches are

Increasing in NumbersIncreasing in Numbers Seymour EpsteinSeymour Epstein

´́Integration of the Cognitive and the Psychodynamic Unconsciousµ Integration of the Cognitive and the Psychodynamic Unconsciousµ

Erica Moses & David Barlow Erica Moses & David Barlow

Á New Unified Treatment Approach for Emotional Disorders Based on Á New Unified Treatment Approach for Emotional Disorders Based on

Emotion Scienceµ Emotion Scienceµ

Dan McAdamsDan McAdamsÁ New Big Fiveµ Á New Big Fiveµ

Jeffery Magnavita·s Jeffery Magnavita·s Unified Psychothera p y Unified Psychothera p y Jack Mayer·s Jack Mayer·s General Systems a pproach to Personality General Systems a pproach to Personality

Sternberg·sSternberg·s Unified Psychology Unified Psychology



What Is the Tree of Knowledge What Is the Tree of Knowledge

System?System? The Tree of Knowledge ( ToK) System is a new approach tothe theoretical unification of psychology in particular and thesciences more generally. The outline of the ToK System waspublished in Review of General Psychology in 2003, and inthat article, the metatheoretical lens provided by the system was used to unite Skinner and Freud. The focus was on these

two luminaries because when one simultaneously considerstheir influence and the divergence of their theoreticalpositions, it is readily arguable that they represent the twomost difficult positions to integrate.



The Justification for the Need for More The Justification for the Need for More

Integrated Scientific Knowledge IsIntegrated Scientific Knowledge Is

Offered by Oliver Reiser in 1958Offered by Oliver Reiser in 1958

In this time of divisive tendencies within and

between the nations, races, religions, sciences and

humanities, synthesis must become the greatmagnet which orients us all«[Yet] scientists have

not done what is possible toward integrating bodies

of knowledge created by science into a unified

interpretation of man, his place in nature, and his potentialities for creating the good society. Instead,

they are entombing us in dark and meaningless

catacombs of learning. (Reiser, 1958, p. 2-3).



Gallup Poll on Question of Gallup Poll on Question of

Creation for American PublicCreation for American Public

0

10

1

0

0

40

4

0

006

God Created an 10000 a

God Created an il A

an E ol ed aturall



Building the ToK Building the ToK

SystemSystem



Humans split off from their nearest relatives ~5 MYA,

evolving into a whole different

dimension of complexity



Science emerges severalhundred years ago, and

functions to map the evolution

of complexity



Three Other Ideas That Three Other Ideas That

Complete the ToK SystemComplete the ToK System Behavioral Investment Theory Behavioral Investment Theory

The Influence Matrix The Influence Matrix

The Justification Hypothesis The Justification Hypothesis



Behavioral InvestmentBehavioral Investment

Theory Theory

A Theory of the Evolution of Mind A Theory of the Evolution of Mind

The first theory that is ´missingµ is called:



BIT is the idea that the nervous system is acomputational control system that computes the

expenditure of behavioral energy on an investmentvalue system built via evolution and learning.

It unifies Skinner¶s radical behaviorism with cognitiveneuroscience and places it on a solid evolutionary

foundation

What is Behavioral Investment What is Behavioral Investment

Theory? Theory?



BIT Organizes the Aspects of Psychological Science

Most Associated With the Natural Sciences.

However, BI T does not provide a full account of human behavior«



Peggy La Cerra Offered an IdenticalPeggy La Cerra Offered an Identical

Model in 2 3Model in 2 3

´Evolutionary processes have crafted intelligence systems

that are fundamentally designed to acquire, manage, and

direct energetic resources toward the maintenance of life processes and the attainment of life-stage specific goals.µ

´Scientific psychology is on the cusp of a seismic shift into

this energy framework, and in the foreseeable future, the

social sciences will be rectified with the physical laws of energy. It is only a matter of time before student of human

nature consensually agree that the first law of psychology is

the second law of thermodynamics.µ



The Two Broad Bio The Two Broad Bio--BehavioralBehavioral

SystemsSystems

Orients toward approachOrients toward approachgoalsgoals

Expend energy to acquireExpend energy to acquireresourceresource

Focus on ´benefitµ side of Focus on ´benefitµ side of behavioral equationbehavioral equation

Left PrefrontalLeft Prefrontal

ExtraversionExtraversion

Positive affectPositive affect

Orients toward avoidanceOrients toward avoidancegoalsgoals

Conserve acquiredConserve acquiredresourceresource

Focus on cost/loss/threatFocus on cost/loss/threat

Right PrefrontalRight Prefrontal NeuroticismNeuroticism

Negative affectNegative affect

Behavioral Activation System Behavioral Inhibition



A Useful Heuristic that Emerges Out A Useful Heuristic that Emerges Out

of BIT:of BIT:

PP -- M = EM = EP= perception of where you currently are inP= perception of where you currently are in

relation to achieving some need/goalrelation to achieving some need/goalM= motivation/memory, an internalM= motivation/memory, an internalrepresentation of some goal structure based onrepresentation of some goal structure based ongenetics and prior learning genetics and prior learning

E= emotion, which stems from the discrepancy E= emotion, which stems from the discrepancy between where one is and where one desires tobetween where one is and where one desires tobe in relation to a particular need/goal.be in relation to a particular need/goal.



The Influence Matrix The Influence Matrix

An Integrated Model of An Integrated Model of

Social Motivation and AffectSocial Motivation and Affect

Applying the Principles of BIT and the P ² M = E

equation to social behavior gives rise to the«



The first basic assumption of the IM is that social influence is a

resource all humans are motivated to acquire.



The Second Assumption The Second Assumption

The second basic assumption is that there

are three conceptually distinct dimensions

underlying social influence. Specifically,they are: 1) power (competitive influence);

2) love (cooperative influence); and 3)

freedom (freedom from influence).



The Third Assumption The Third Assumption

The third assumption of the IM is that a

person¶s emotions provide feedback to

them as they either succeed or fail in

relationship to achieving the goals.



The Fourth Assumption The Fourth Assumption

The three dimensions of power, love and

freedom are dynamically interrelated in that

changes in one dimension lead to changes inanother.

Consider the old political adage, ³It is better to

be feared than loved.´



The Fifth Assumption The Fifth Assumption

The reasons we give for our behavior are guided The reasons we give for our behavior are guided

in part by the underlying motivationalin part by the underlying motivationaltendencies toward maximizing social influence.tendencies toward maximizing social influence.

Indeed, the connection between humanIndeed, the connection between humanreasoning, language and social motivation isreasoning, language and social motivation is

more clearly specified in the final piece of themore clearly specified in the final piece of the

puzzle«the Justification Hypothesispuzzle«the Justification Hypothesis



The Justification The Justification

HypothesisHypothesis A New Theory of Human Self A New Theory of Human Self--

Consciousness and the Evolution of Consciousness and the Evolution of CultureCulture



The Justification Hypothesis Is the The Justification Hypothesis Is the

MindMind--toto--culture Joint Pointculture Joint Point



What Is the Justification What Is the Justification

Hypothesis?Hypothesis?

The JH is the notion that humans have an The JH is the notion that humans have an

elaborate self elaborate self--awareness system because theawareness system because theevolution of language created the problem of evolution of language created the problem of justification. In brief, humans became thejustification. In brief, humans became the

only animal that had to explain why it didonly animal that had to explain why it did what it did. what it did.



The Three Claims That The Three Claims That

Organize the JHOrganize the JH1.1. Freud·s fundamental observation was that theFreud·s fundamental observation was that the

human consciousness system functions as ahuman consciousness system functions as ajustification filter for behavioral investments.justification filter for behavioral investments.

2.2. This justification filter evolved because language This justification filter evolved because languagecreates the ´problem of justification.µcreates the ´problem of justification.µ

3.3. The Justification Hypothesis provides the The Justification Hypothesis provides thepsychological foundation for a unified theory of psychological foundation for a unified theory of

culture and links the individual level of analysisculture and links the individual level of analysis(human psychology) with the social level (macro(human psychology) with the social level (macrosocial sciences) using the same language of social sciences) using the same language of justification systems.justification systems.



Justification Systems Justification Systems

1 ) Justifications are the reasons we use to validate ouractions. (For example, a parent might justify why shesets the rules by saying: ´It is my house, I pay the

bills, I tell you what to do³not the reverse.µ)2) Each individual has their own worldview, their own

system of justification.

3) Differences in justification systems become apparentin times of conflict.

4)4) Large scale justification systems organize society Large scale justification systems organize society



Together,B

ehavioral Together,B

ehavioralInvestment Theory and theInvestment Theory and the

Justification Hypothesis Justification Hypothesis

Suggest a Two DomainSuggest a Two Domain

Model of the Human MindModel of the Human Mind

(a point made by many(a point made by manytheorists)theorists)



ExperiencingExperiencing

MindMind

JustifyingJustifyingMindMind

OVERT BEHAVIOROVERT BEHAVIOR

Filtering



The Justification Hypothesis Suggests The Justification Hypothesis Suggests

Two Domains of Justification Two Domains of Justification

Explaining ourselves to ourselvesExplaining ourselves to ourselves

Within the context of self Within the context of self--awareness (private)awareness (private) The ´Freudian Filterµ The ´Freudian Filterµ

Explaining ourselves to othersExplaining ourselves to others Within the social context (public) Within the social context (public)

The ́ Rogerian Filterµ The ́ Rogerian Filterµ



Exper Self

Exper Self

Private Self Private Self Public Self Public Self

Large Scale

Justification Systems

Overt BehavioralInvestments



In Sum«In Sum«

We must do a better job organizing our field We must do a better job organizing our field

The Four Major Pieces of The ToK System The Four Major Pieces of The ToK System³ ³ T

he Diagram, Behavioral Investment T

heory, T

he Diagram, Behavioral Investment T

heory, The Influence Matrix, and the Justification The Influence Matrix, and the JustificationHypothesis offer a new metatheoreticalHypothesis offer a new metatheoretical

perspective on the field which can help us moveperspective on the field which can help us move

more from racing horse to«more from racing horse to«



Seeing the Elephant!Seeing the Elephant!

human psychology 147

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