hybrid systems for propulsion future road transport ht13/ehs_l1_2013_intro.pdfvolvo powertrain 10701...

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10701 / Mats Alaküla

Hybrid Systems for Propulsion

=

Future Road Transport

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1. CO2 & Energy Supply

2. Hybridization

3. Electric Energy Supply

4. Societal Value

5. What’s going on – a test example

6. The Course

Contents

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CO2 & Energy Supply

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• “… - it's as if no-one is

listening to the scientific

community!”

• “- We need a radical plan!“ • Corinne Le Quere, director of the

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change

Research

• UN Climate Conf in DOHA

• 400 ppm CO2 measured last

week at Hawaii by NOAA • National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

Is CO2 out of control?

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Renewable

Transportation

Mainly electric

Fossil and Combustion

based transportation

Challenges in an long term perspective

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Year

Global Population

Oil Discoveries

-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 Year

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Not a Fossil Future …

Source Amount *)

Oil [barrels] 2.00E+12

Oil [kWh] 3.40E+15

Coal [tons] 9.98E+11

Coal [kWh] 7.31E+15

Natural Gas [quads] 6.37E+03

Natural Gas [kWh] 1.87E+15

*) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserves-to-production_ratio

Known reserves Predicted Population Growth

Predicted Reserves

Increased average

standard of living

Fossil Fuel will not be a viable

option in a near future !

Known Consumption

35 W/kg (World average)…

129 W/kg (US average)

1 W/kg

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Means for CO2 reduction ...

Conventional, improved … - 40 % CO2 (VERY expensive!)

Conventional, hybridised … - 40 % CO2

Conventional, bio fuel … - Is there enough bio fuel?

Full electric, renewable electricity …- How to? - Energy from

?

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- Where does the energy come from?

All

renewables

derive from

the sun !

1000 … 2000

times more than

Humanity will need

!

0

5E+11

1E+12

1.5E+1

2

2E+12

2.5E+1

2

3E+12

3.5E+1

2

4E+12

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Wind Generation Capacity [kWh]

Solar generation Capacity [kWh]

Hydro Energy Capacity [kWh]

0.00E+00

5.00E+13

1.00E+14

1.50E+14

2.00E+14

2.50E+14

3.00E+14

3.50E+14

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Total Energy Use [kWh]

Wind Generation Capacity [kWh]

Solar generation Capacity [kWh]

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Will there be enough Biofuel?

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• The Combustion Engine may

make it, but just barely, based

on fossil fuels

• Fossil fuels are bound to

diminish

• Bio Fuels may not be a viable

option for road transport

• Renewable energy in the form

of Electricity is an important

option ...

• By 2030 we predict:

• from 52%

• European Wind Energy Org

• to 66 %.

• European Renewable

Energy Council

... and renewable electricity ?

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The transition ...

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Year

Combustion Steam ...

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Hybridisation

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What is a hybrid vehicle?

Electric

machine ICE

Charge sustaining

hybrid ”PlugIn”-

Charging

http://images.google.se/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hallsberg.se/images/18.23f1bbf9a28618397fff1250/reservdunk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hallsberg.se/4.23f1bbf90c7f52b07fff77.html&h=284&w=330&sz=6&tbnid=LovCx_-JumsJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=113&start=1&prev=/images?q=reservdunk&hl=sv&lr=&sa=N

http://images.google.se/imgres?imgurl=http://www.merten.se/img/System-Bas/Produktabbildungen/atelier_2fach_sd.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.merten.se/p_system-bas.html&h=180&w=140&sz=15&tbnid=T2iRzdIXc-0J:&tbnh=95&tbnw=74&start=43&prev=/images?q=v%C3%A4gguttag&start=40&hl=sv&lr=&sa=N

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0 500 1000 1500 2000 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Engine Speed [rpm]

En

gin

e t

orq

ue [

Nm

]

5 5 5 10 10 20

Engine use in a heavy hybrid vehicle

Higher gear

Hig

her

torq

ue

60 kW extra power

to charge battery

Engine Speed

”G

asen

”

• Adaptation of engine operating point

… but also:

• Regeneration of braking energy

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Hybrid solutions

- quiet and fuel efficient

35% improved fuel efficiency

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Potential Fuel Saving

Refuse truck

20 %

30-40 % 20-50 %

Long Haul Truck

Wheel loader City bus

5 %

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It works also for Non

Conventional

Vehicles ...

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Different types of Cranes used

REF: Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Container Crane

Master of Science Thesis For the degree of Master of Science in Systems and Control at Delft University of Technology

Steven Mulder

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Siemens ECO-RTG Crane Drive System

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Example of handling

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Example: Excavator

REF: Komatsu Hydraulic Excavators Hybrid PC200LC-8

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Electric Energy Supply

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• Electric Traction Motors

• Are at least twice as energy

efficiency as combustion

engines

• Need almost no service, no

sparkplugs, no oil changes ..

• Are quiet

• Let out no exhaust

• Are much smaller than a

combustion engine for the

same rating

• Can recover energy when

slowing down or going

downhill

Electric Drive is Good!

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But Charging is a problem...

Time to ”charge” 250 km Battery to ”store” 250 km

5 minutes

7 days

9 hours

4 hours

150 kg diesel-tank

8000 kg battery

8000 kg battery

8000 kg battery

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• Is it realistic to let equipment, consuming 30...150 kW

average power, be pure electric and run on batteries?

• - No, not if the charging occasions are to few!

• 50 kW x 10 h = 500 kWh =

10 tons of batteries !

• Frequent charging is the key!

• Charge e.g. 25 times a day for 0.1 h @ 200 kW.

• 200 kW x 0.1 h = 20 kWh = 400 kg batteries !

• 25x20 kWh = 500 kWh

Full Electric?

10 ton 400 kg

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Full Electric Energy Supply

240 km = 140 liter Diesel (90 liter if Hybrid)

24 charges @ 100 kW for 12 minutes = 0.5 MWh

300…400 kg battery needed

240 km = 0.5 MWh electricity (= 5…10 ton battery)

Continuous charge @ 40 kW for 12 hours

0...100 kg battery needed

Co

nve

nti

on

al

Plu

g In

C

on

tin

uo

us C

harg

ing

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• DC Charging at 400 kW, 500

V DC

• Charging Station charges

SUperCaps while waiting for

a bus, at 50 kW.

• Claimed for 15 seconds ...

• ... = 1.6 kWh = 1 km of

driving

• Requires that the bus

batteries can take 400 kW

charging power

ABB Flash Charge

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• 15 minute charge at each

end stop for 10..15 km

range

• Power ?

• Siemens pantograpth

connector

• Night time slow charge

Siemens

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• Up to 200 kW for 6

minutes = 20 kWh =

about 10 km of range

Volvo BUS - BusBaar

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• Inductive

Charging

System

planned

• 10 min

recharge,

probably 100

kW or more

ARUP + Mitsui going Inductive

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Integrated Charging ...

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/CHAdeMO_Plug_VacavilleDavisStDC2.jpg

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/SAE_J1772_7058855567.jpg

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• With stationary charging, many charging

occasions a day are required to avoid a huge

battery

• For Buses, this can be arranged at the end

stops, as a conductive or inductive solution

• For e.g. Distribution trucks, the stops are not

randomly located and advanced charging

stations, like at the bus line end stops,

cannot be adopted.

• Cheaper solutions must be used, like an on

board charger and a simple conductive plug.

• BUT, this requires the driver’s engagement

in using the plug!

• An intervention-free connection is preferred!

• Leading to an inductive connection ... OR ?

• Why is there no Conductive Automatic

Connections for other than Buses?

Inductive vs Conductive stationary charging ...

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Electric

Roads

TRAM

Motor

Drive

TRAM

Motor

Drive

Truck/BUS

Motor

Drive

Bombardier

PRIMOVE

ALSTOM

APS

Truck/BUS

Motor

Drive

Under Ground Power Supply Line

ANSALDO

TramWave

OLEV & Primove

TRAM

Motor

Drive

CAR

Motor

Drive

Alstom

APS

Siemens

eHighway

Truck/Bus

Motor

Drive

http://elways.se/

http://elways.se/

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How a charging road can

work ...

• Activated ”step by step”

• Needs little precision

• Overtaing on battery

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The Slide In Hybrid Vehicle

Tank Engine

Transmission Wheel

Battery Electric Drive

Pick Up Electric Power

Conditioner

Power

Supply

Transformer

Conventional vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Plug In Hybrid Vehicle Slide In Hybrid Vehicle

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Why we need Electric Road Systems (ERS)

Electric Energy Requirement,

all road vehicles electric

[TWh]

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Commercial Vehicles

Non Commercial

Vehicles

Plug In

Plug In

ERS

• Sweden as an example:

• If all road vehicles were to

be electric, 27 TWh el

would be enough:

• 10 TWh for Heavy Duty

• 17 TWh for Light Duty

• Conclusions:

1. ERS are ESSENTIAL for

Electromobility to make

a difference !

2. Technology Selection

should apply to all road

vehicles !

up to 50 km...

More realistic EL range,

with a real family car ...

i.e

. m

ayb

e 2

0..30 %

of

an

nu

al ra

ng

e is e

lectr

ic

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• Alstom´s ERS system has long

commersial experience

• In several cities since 2003

• 12 Million km • Ruggedness proved

• Safety proved

• High generic

efficiency

• Ansaldo’s Tramwave

has problems un-

related to the conductive

principle

• Elways has also proven

the principle

• SIEMENS markets an

overhead systen,

limited to trucks only

Conductive Alternatives

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Siemens eHighway Video

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A Winter view on Alstom APS

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Alstom adapted to trucks

OneShotERS.mp4

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Elways AB

0:55 – Wet asphalt

5:32 – Plowing snow out of the track

6:14 – Running in new plowed track

6:47 – Running in snowy track

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• Bus route in

Landskrona charging

partly from existing

Trolley System

Landskrona Sweden

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Double Isolation ...

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• Bombardiers PRIMOVE is

emerging

• OLEV Technologies

has several vehicles and

demonstration tracks

• Qualcomm/HALO

provides stationary

inductive chargers.

• ...

Inductive Alternatives

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OLEV Technologies

20...60 kHz resonance frequency

20...60 kW/section

80...90 % efficiency

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Video from Kaist Campus 2012

0:20 – Facts about Track length

0:50 – 20 % covered

1:00 – Instrument view

Example:

• Mean power 30 kW

• Charge power 150 kW 20 %

of the time

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World Economic Forum ...

ERS #1 !

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OLEV applied in Gumi

“ …

From July of this year (2013) 2 OLEV buses

will undergo trial operations in the city of

Gumi.

The trial route spans 24km from Gumi

station and the region of In-Dong and the

establishment of the route is expected to be

of a 4.8billion Won scale. The start of the

infrastructure construction will start on

February and operation will start in July.

… “

4.8 billion South Korean won = 28.6

million Swedish kronor.

i.e 28.6 million SEK/ 24 km !

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• Frequent, or better: continuous,

charging is the key to a paradigm

shift in road transportation!

• Several technologies exist, for

both stationary and dynamic

charging.

• There is still room for

improvement

Conclusions

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Time

time

Dev

&

Demo

Standar-

disation Sparse Grid Denser Grid Full Grid

• What will be the time

frame?

• Driven by market, like GSM?

• Driven by diminishing fossil

fuel resources? We may have 20…30 years !

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The Course

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Lectures and Exercises MIE 100 Course Content distribution, Autumn 2013

Fö # Exc # Home Assigment #Calender

Week

Study

WeekDate Location Contents

1 2011-09-03 08:15 - 10:00 M:D Introduction to energy supply for transport

2 2011-09-04 08:15 - 10:00 M:D Veh dynamics, the ideal vehicle

3 2011-09-05 13:15 - 15:00 M:R Non ideal - The ICE + Mechanical Transmissions

4 # 1 out 2011-09-06 15:15 - 17:00 M:D Simulation and Home Assignment 1 preparation

1 2011-09-11 08:15 - 10:00 M:Em1-2

2 2011-09-11 10:15 - 12:00 M:Em1-2

3 2011-09-11 15:15 - 17:00 M:Em1-2

5 # 1 return 2011-09-17 08:15 - 10:00 M:D Hybrid System Components : 1 (mainly Energy Storage)

6 2011-09-18 08:15 - 10:00 M:D Hybrid System Components : 2 (mainly Electrical Drives)

7 2011-09-19 13:15 - 15:00 E:C The Parallell Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control

8 # 2 out 2011-09-20 13:15 - 15:00 M:D Energy Storage and Life Time Estimation - Plug In

4 2011-09-25 08:15 - 10:00 M:Em1-2

5 2011-09-25 10:15 - 12:00 M:Em1-2

6 2011-09-25 15:15 - 17:00 M:Em1-2

9 2011-10-01 08:15 - 10:00 M:D The Series and the Complex Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control

10 2011-10-02 08:15 - 10:00 M:D Plug In and Slide In - range extention from Hybrid to Full Electric

11 2011-10-03 13:15 - 15:00 E:B Auxilliary Systems

12 2011-10-04 13:15 - 15:00 M:D Spare lecture

7 41 6 2011-10-16 Hela dagen*) Field Trip one of these days

Simulations on home assigment 2 the other days

8 2011-10-16 08:15 - 10:00 ? Support to final home assigment

9 2011-10-16 10:15 - 12:00 ? Support to final home assigment

10 # 2 back 2011-10-16 15:15 - 17:00 M:Ina1-2 Support to final home assigment

43 exam 2011-10-23 08:00 - 13:00 GMA10 Examination

7

Simulation, ideal vehicles

Simulation conventional vehicles

Simulation home assignment 1 support

Simulations on various parallell hybrid vehicles

1

2

3

4

5

36

37

38

39

40

42

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Thank You!

hybrid systems for propulsion future road transport ht13/ehs_l1_2013_intro.pdfvolvo powertrain 10701...

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