hydrocarbon usages

Natural Gas Engineering

Hydrocarbons Usages

Fuel Science And Technology

Presented By : Mosad Dawood

Sublimated To Dr : Hamada Gad

Date : 4 – 12 – 2011

Natural Gas EngineeringNatural Gas Engineering

Fuel Science and Technology Natural Gas Engineering

Hydrocarbon Usages

Introduction

The term HYDROCARBONS means organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. By using this definition, four classes of hydrocarbons are included: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic.

The simplest compounds containing 2 carbons shown on the LEFT are as follows:

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

SATURATED means that each carbon is bonded to four other atoms through

single covalent bonds. Hydrogen atoms usually

occupy all available bonding positions after

the carbons have bonded to each other

UNSATURATED hydrocarbons contain either double or triple bonds. Since the compound is unsaturated with respect to hydrogen atoms, the extra electrons are shared between 2

carbon atoms forming double or triple bonds.

PARAFFINS which is derived from a Latin word meaning "little

activity", and means that the compounds are very

unreactive.

Alkenes are also called OLEFINS because they form oily liquids on reaction with

chlorine gas.

Alkynes are also generally known as ACETYLENES from

the first compound in the series.

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors, hence the name aromatic.

The current definition of aromatic compounds includes only those with a benzene ring, which is a special six carbon ring compound with three alternating double bonds. This structure imparts unique properties to benzene which are different from other ring compounds.


Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen. They are a subset of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons range from methane, which is just one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms, to polymers such as polystyrene, which consists of thousands of carbon and hydrogen atoms. As carbon-carbon bonds are the strongest in all of chemistry, long chains with carbon backbones are extremely durable, and seem to have a practically unlimited extent.

Hydrocarbons come in a variety of forms. They may be gases (methane and propane), liquids (hexane and benzene), waxes (paraffin wax), or polymers (polyethylene and polystyrene). Hydrocarbons can be processed to create plastics.

There are four main types of hydrocarbons: saturated hydrocarbons, consisting of only single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated hydrocarbons, with double or triple bonds; cycloalkanes, with consist of hydrogen bonded to carbon rings; and aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain a chemical structure known as an aromatic ring, of which benzene is the simplest example.

The primary source of hydrocarbons here on Earth is through fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas. These are extracted from the ground in quantities of millions of tons per day, and are the primary energy source for today’s civilization. 85% of all electricity worldwide is generated by the burning of hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon fuel is used to propel practically every mobile machine: cars, trucks, trains, planes, and ships


The hydrocarbons are the most broadly used organic compounds known, and are quite literally the driving force of western civilization.

The greatest amounts of hydrocarbons are used as fuel for combustion, particularly in heating and motor fuel applications.

The primary components of natural gas are methane and ethane.

We are all familiar with the use of propane in gas barbecues, lanterns, and as a fuel for internal combustion engines and heating systems.

Butane is also a readily available fuel, familiar to everyone in the form of the pocket lighter.

pentane, the saturated hydrocarbons enter the realm of room-temperature liquids. This makes them useful as organic solvents, cleaners, and transport fuels.

Gasoline for internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, tractors, lawnmowers, and so on, is rated in combustion properties relative to octane. It is in fact a combination of liquid hydrocarbons ranging from hexanes to decanes.

Slightly larger hydrocarbons are known as kerosene or jet fuel, diesel fuel and heating oil. Still larger hydrocarbon molecules serve as lubricating oils, and greases.

Eventually a point is reached at which the materials are solids at room temperature. These are the waxes. Hydrocarbon molecules larger than those of the waxes are the heavy greases and the tars commonly used in roofing applications and highway construction.


Hydrocarbon oil can be petroleum oil, coal tar, or oil produced from coal, shale, or peat. These oils will remain in liquid form at 15 degrees Celsius and have many industrial uses included in the manufacturing of fuel. They can also be used in a non-liquid state for many other industrial uses, such as in plastics.

Fuel

Hydrocarbon oil can be processed to make any number of liquid fuels. These fuels include diesel, petrol, aircraft spirits, as well as heating oils such as kerosene

Lubricants

Distilled from hydrocarbon oils, lubricants reduce friction between bearing surfaces. Lubricants include motor oils, greases, and all other grades of lubricating oil-based stocks

Aerosols

Hydrocarbon oil can also be converted into an aerosol. This oil aerosol is one part hydrocarbon oil to 200,000 parts air. These aerosols are used like traditional lubricants but are designed to reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon oils.

Asphalt

When not in liquid form, hydrocarbon oils can be used for other industrial applications as well. When solidified, these oils can be used in asphalt. They can also be burned as fuels with little leftover ash residue.

Wax

Another non-liquid form of hydrocarbon oils is wax. In industrial form, hydrocarbon wax reduces dry friction and can be used to harden other petroleum-based waxes. Hydrocarbon waxes are also used in cosmetics, toiletries, and in the automobile industry.

hydrocarbon usages

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