11

Hydrogen EconomyHydrogen Economyand and

Fuel CellsFuel Cells

22

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

33

44

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

• The world population is increasingThe world population is increasing

55

66

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

• The world population is increasingThe world population is increasing

• There is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gasThere is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gas

77

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

• The world population is increasingThe world population is increasing

• There is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gasThere is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gas

• Nuclear power is serious safety concernNuclear power is serious safety concern

88

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

• The world population is increasingThe world population is increasing

• There is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gasThere is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gas

• Nuclear power is serious safety concernNuclear power is serious safety concern

• Pollution of greenhouse gasses a global issuePollution of greenhouse gasses a global issue

99

1010

1111

Some Driving CommentsSome Driving Comments

• The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the The world’s appetite for energy is increasing as the standard of living increasesstandard of living increases

• The world population is increasingThe world population is increasing

• There is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gasThere is not an infinite supply of oil and natural gas

• Nuclear power is serious safety concernNuclear power is serious safety concern

• Pollution of greenhouse gasses a global issuePollution of greenhouse gasses a global issue

1212

Energy NeedsEnergy Needs

• Current energy distribution system based on Current energy distribution system based on inventoryinventory

• It needs to be regenerableIt needs to be regenerable• Current energy infrastructure based on real time and Current energy infrastructure based on real time and

inventoryinventory• Wind/Tidal/PhotovoltaicWind/Tidal/Photovoltaic Real TimeReal Time

• Oil/gasOil/gas InventoryInventory

• NuclearNuclear Inventory Inventory

• Only Only inputinput of new energy to Earth is Solar of new energy to Earth is Solar

1313

Current Hydrocarbon Energy DeliveryCurrent Hydrocarbon Energy Delivery

• Based on oxidation of dead plants and animals (Solar Energy Based on oxidation of dead plants and animals (Solar Energy Inventory)Inventory)C+OC+O22=CO=CO2 2

2HH22+O+O22=2H=2H22OO

• Although carbon oxidation generates a lot of energy it also Although carbon oxidation generates a lot of energy it also generates the most significant Green House Gas COgenerates the most significant Green House Gas CO22

• Combustion of Hydrogen has no environmental impactCombustion of Hydrogen has no environmental impact

• Hydrogen can be regenerated in a number of processesHydrogen can be regenerated in a number of processes

1414

Current Hydrocarbon Energy DeliveryCurrent Hydrocarbon Energy Delivery Based on oxidation of dead plants and animals (Solar Energy Based on oxidation of dead plants and animals (Solar Energy

Inventory)Inventory)C+OC+O22=CO=CO2 2

HH22+O+O22=2H=2H22OO

Although carbon oxidation generates a lot of energy it is also the most Although carbon oxidation generates a lot of energy it is also the most significant Green House Gassignificant Green House Gas

Combustion of Hydrogen has no environmental impactCombustion of Hydrogen has no environmental impact

Hydrogen can be regenerated in a number of processesHydrogen can be regenerated in a number of processes

A Hydrogen vs. Hydrocarbon based Economy may be a better alternate

1515

Why Hydrogen Economy?Why Hydrogen Economy?

• Hydrogen has one of the highest energy/kgHydrogen has one of the highest energy/kg• Hydrogen oxidation has only water as an Hydrogen oxidation has only water as an

emission emission • Hydrogen is non toxic to humansHydrogen is non toxic to humans• More secure supply of energyMore secure supply of energy• Only sustainable source of energy distributionOnly sustainable source of energy distribution

1616

Hydrogen Infrastructure IssuesHydrogen Infrastructure Issues

• Hydrogen bombHydrogen bomb

• Hindenberg Hindenberg

1717

Hydrogen Infrastructure IssuesHydrogen Infrastructure Issues

• Hydrogen Bomb fearHydrogen Bomb fear• We are not working in Nuclear energy rangeWe are not working in Nuclear energy range

• Hindenberg FearHindenberg Fear• 33 of 35 people killed resulted from jumping33 of 35 people killed resulted from jumping

• 2 of 35 were killed by burning from the flammable skin 2 of 35 were killed by burning from the flammable skin and diesel Fuel Fireand diesel Fuel Fire

• The HThe H22 fire burned for 60 sec (7.2MM ft fire burned for 60 sec (7.2MM ft33))

• The diesel fire burned for 10hrs.The diesel fire burned for 10hrs.

• All that survived rode the ship to the groundAll that survived rode the ship to the ground

1818

Physical DataPhysical Data

Heat of Heat of Combustion,Combustion,

BTU/lbBTU/lb

Autoignition Autoignition Temp, Deg Temp, Deg

FF

Flame Flame Temp, Temp, Deg FDeg F

Flammability Flammability Limit, % in Limit, % in

airair

Flame Flame speed, speed, ft/secft/sec

HydrogenHydrogen 51,57151,571 1060 Deg F1060 Deg F 86918691 4-75%4-75%8.7 8.7

ft/secft/sec

MethaneMethane 21,50221,502 1170 Deg F1170 Deg F 86078607 4-15%4-15%1.4 1.4

ft/secft/sec

PropanePropane 19,92919,929 940 Deg F940 Deg F 87448744 2-11%2-11%1.5 1.5

ft/secft/sec

GasolineGasoline 19,22219,222 837 Deg F837 Deg F 67766776 .8-6%.8-6%1.1 1.1 ft/secft/sec

1919

ConclusionsConclusions

• Hydrogen flames are no hotter than other gas flamesHydrogen flames are no hotter than other gas flames• Hydrogen is 15 times lighter than air so it disperses Hydrogen is 15 times lighter than air so it disperses

quickly upquickly up• Hydrogen fires take place in 1/10 the time of other Hydrogen fires take place in 1/10 the time of other

hydrocarbon fireshydrocarbon fires• Hydrogen fires are colorless and therefore have little Hydrogen fires are colorless and therefore have little

radiant heat transferradiant heat transfer• Hydrogen is not toxic to humansHydrogen is not toxic to humans• Humans can stand a lot of heat…but not for very longHumans can stand a lot of heat…but not for very long

2020

Why Fuel Cells?Why Fuel Cells?

• Hydrogen vs. gasoline for automobiles• Gasoline well to wheel efficiency=~14% • Fuel cell efficiency well to wheel =42%

• Hydrogen vs. coal/oil for make electricity• Fossil Fuel to electricity=30-35%• Hydrogen= 72-85%

• Fuel Cells are small enough to consider distributed generation • Justifies Combined Heat and Power at home >90% eff.• Permits generation of H2 for cars 10$/tankful

• Hydrogen can be regenerated thru known processes based on the solar input

2121

Skills necessary to Compete Skills necessary to Compete • Process Engineering/System EngineeringProcess Engineering/System Engineering

• Heat transferHeat transfer• Mass transferMass transfer• Momentum transferMomentum transfer• Simultaneous Transfer Simultaneous Transfer • Reaction KineticsReaction Kinetics• Process SimulationProcess Simulation• Process ControlsProcess Controls

• Materials (Strength and properties)Materials (Strength and properties)• Hydrogen diffusion into metalsHydrogen diffusion into metals

• Electrochemical reaction designElectrochemical reaction design• Safety design (Hazop/Max Creditable Accident)Safety design (Hazop/Max Creditable Accident)• 6 Sigma approach to design, manufacturing, maintenance and 6 Sigma approach to design, manufacturing, maintenance and

quality (Black belt)quality (Black belt)