1

PRESENTED BY:SANOOJ SIDDIKH

S7MECHANICAL KERALA UNIVERSITY

ROLL NO: 10433039

HYPERSONIC PLANESWITH AIR BREATHING ENGINE

2

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION NEED TO TRAVEL AT HYPERSONIC SPEED BASIC TECHNICAL CHALLENGES HISTORY BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR HYPERPLANE WORKING OF SCRAMJET ENGINE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCRAMJET & JET ENGINES ADAVNTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE(SCRAMJET) WORKING OF HYPERPLANE X-43A HYPERPLANE X-43 LAUNCHING FUTURE SCRAMJET ENGINE AVATAR HYPERPLANE HYPERPLANE FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSION CONCLUSION REFERENCE

3

INTRODUCTION Hyperplanes are multipurpose, fully reusable aerospace vehicles.Hydrogen-fuelled, horizontal take off, Doesn't need on board oxygen. They use air-breathing engines and can take-off from any conventional airport. Multipurpose vehicles- passenger, freight ,satellite launching. Use scramjet engines air breathing technology.Nation working for this technology:-USA(X-43A),INDIA(AVATAR),RUSSIA(XB-70)…

4

HYPERPLANE X-43A

5

2.THE NEED TO TRAVEL AT HYPERSONIC SPEEDS

Speeds greater than Mach 5 are called hypersonic. A regular passenger plane - 0.8 Mach, military jets – 2.0

Mach According to NASA it is "one of the greatest

aeronautical research challenges”.Thus the hyperplanes require normal jet engines for

horizontal take off, a rocket to boost the velocity to supersonic and a scramjet to sustain the hypersonic speed.

Faster intercontinental travelAllow seamless entry to space and park at space station.Defence field: Invisible spy planes and strategic

bombers. reusable satellite & missile launchers.

6

3. BASIC TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

To develop a non rocket engine which can attain hypersonic speeds.

So scramjets with air breathing engine's are used.

Development of advanced materials like titanium, its alloys and other composite materials.

The development of new cryogenic fuels and the modern methods of handling them is a major challenge.

7

4. HISTORY The rocket powered Bell X1 flown in 1947 by

Chuck Yeager(Mach ).

8

In 1960’s during cold war America developed XB-7O Valkyrie (Mach 3.08) to be used instead of ICBM’s.

During cold war time Soviets developed a plane Su T4

With Mach 1.28.

9

The North American X-15 rocket-powered experimental aircraft in 1960 with Mach 6.7 by NASA.

10

5. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A HYPERPLANE

JET ENGINES For horizontal take off, power the air craft to

height required for the working of ramjet engines.Used Since a scramjet engine cannot be started

from zero velocity. BOOSTER ROCKET ENGINEAll space vehicle, rely on a rocket that is integrated

with scramjet combustor.Ramjet operation is followed by scramjet propulsion

to at least Mach 10 or 12. Above Mach 18, the rocket by itself propels the vehicle into orbit and enables it to maneuver in space.

Runs at speed of supersonic range.

11

SCRAMJET AIR BREATHING ENGINE

Variation of a ramjet with supersonic combustion.

Top speed of a scramjet engine(without additional oxidizer input)vary between Mach 12 and Mach 24(orbital velocity).

main difference from a rocket ,it collects O2 from the air to burn its fuel.

12

6.WORKING OF A SCRAMJET ENGINE

An object moving at high speed through air generates a high pressure region in front and a low pressure region to the rear.

Uses this high pressure, forceful compression and decelerate the incoming air before combustion.

Air is heated by combusting with fuel.Through diverging nozzle , the heated air is

accelerated to produce thrust.

13

Unlike a typical jet engine, like turbojet or turbofan engine, scramjet does not use rotating, fan-like components to compress the air.

It have higher efficiency due to less weight.

14

6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCRAMJET AND JET ENGINES

15

7.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SCRAMJET ENGINES

ADVANTAGESscramjet does not contain any moving parts like

compressor blades, turbine blades etc,so weightless.No compression to subsonic velocities as compared

to jets.Due to less moving parts & it consist only a

constricted tube,So mechanical failures due to moving parts are avoided.

No need for carrying oxidizer.Operational cost is less than space shuttles.Active cooling.

16

DISADVANTAGESA scramjet cannot produce efficient thrust unless

boosted to high speed(Mach 5).

Testing scramjet designs use extremely expensive hypersonic test chambers or expensive launch vehicles.

Lack of stealth.

High maintenance cost.

17

8.THE WORKING OF A HYPERPLANEThe aircraft is first propelled by rocket

engines/another planes to the required height.

Because neither scramjets nor ramjets can operate efficiently when they are traveling below Mach 2 or 3.

Rocket provide thrust from takeoff through subsonic, low-supersonic and then ramjet

speeds.

X-43A's scramjet,ramjet scoops air from the atmosphere, making the aircraft lighter.

18

Ramjet operation is then followed by scramjet propulsion to at least Mach 10 or 12.

Above Mach 18, the rocket by itself propels the vehicle into orbit.

The landing procedures begin by the switching off of the scramjet engines.

Then the horizontal flight is done using normal jet engines and lands like a normal aircraft.

19

9.X-43A HYPERPLANE

It is a rocket propelled; air-breathing engine vehicle to fly at hypersonic speeds.

Take O2 from atmosphere for ramjet&scramjetfunctioning.

The hydrogen-fuelled aircraft has a wingspan-5 feet,12 feet long and weighs about 2,800 pounds.

20

first unpiloted X-43A and its Pegasus booster rocket will be air-launched from a B-52.

The booster will accelerate the X-43A to Mach 7 at approximately 95,000 feet.

At booster burnout, the X-43 separate from the booster and fly under its own power on a pre-programmed flight path.

Finally it followed Mach 10 by scramjet thrust.

21

HYPERPLANE X-43A LAUNCHING

22

10. X-43A MISSION PROFILE

23

11. FUTURE OF SCRAMJET ENGINES, NASP

24

12. AVATAR HYPERPLANE

AVATAR (Aerobic Vehicle for hypersonic Aerospace Transportation).

conceptual single-stage reusable planes with horizontal launch.

For cheaper military&civilian satellite launches. To deliver a payload up 1000kg to low earth orbit in

cheap rate.

25

13.HYPERPLANE FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS

X-43A,X-43 B,X43 D, BOEING X-51A by NASA. AVATAR hyperplane by ISRO & DRDO(INDIA). BLACKSWIFT- A joint project betweenthe Defence Advanced ResearchProjects Agency (DARPA) and the United States Air Force (USAF).

26

14.CONCLUSIONAfter successful X-43A flight test, confidence in

the viability of the hydrogen- and hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engines increased.

NASA plans to launch another hypersonic vehicle this fall with the goal of flying the aircraft at 15 times the speed of sound, or 6750 mph.

Demonstrating these technologies, along with additional ground- and flight-test experiments, will pave the way for affordable and reusable air breathing hypersonic propulsion systems such as missiles, long range aircraft and space-access vehicles around 2010, 2015, 2025, respectively by all nations.

27

REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_X-43.

http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov.com

http://www.strategycenter.net

http://www.howstuffworks.com/air-breathing-rocket2.htm

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-040-DFRC.html

28

29