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KARNATAKA TEXT BOOK SOCIETY (R.)No.4, 100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085

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PREFACEThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks

according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 sinceJune 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; sof them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

connecting knowledge to life activities

learning to shift from rote methods

enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

makingexaminationsflexibleandintegratingthemwithclassroom experiences

caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

making education relevant to the present and future needs.

softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.

the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/

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her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, reading, writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all the language textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have been integrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they would stop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examina-tions. In order to help learners master these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments and project work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students master the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writ-ers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society is extremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in the textbooks.

Place : BangaloreDate : 1.3.2013

Prof G S Mudambadithaya Y T Gurumurthy Coordinator Managing Director Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society® Karnataka Textbook Society® Bangalore, Karnataka Bangalore, Karnataka

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Text Book Preparation CommitteeChairman : Shri Suresh Vasantrao Patil, Jyoti Pre.University College, Belagavi.Members : 1. Smt. Rashmi Gopalrao Kulkarni, Vidyamandir High School, Nipani, Tal. Chikodi, Dist. Belagavi. 2. Shri Prabhakar Balkrishna Shimpukade, Shri G.M.Sankpal High School Shirpewadi, Tal. Chikodi, Dist. Belagavi. 3. Shri Pundalik Devappa Patil, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil High School Gojage, Tal. & Dist. Belagavi. 4. Shri Sunil Mukundrao Kulkarni, R.D. High School Chikodi, Dist. Belagavi. 5. Smt. Vasanti Ram Mali, V.S.M.'s G.I.Bagewadi Boys High School Nipani Tal. Chikodi, Dist. Belagavi.Scrutinizer : Prof. Vasant Anant Kulkarni H.O.D. in Marathi M.M. Arts and Commerce College, Khanapur, Dist. Belagavi.Artist : Shri Raju Shankar Bades P.J.N. High School, Kalloli, Tal. Gokak, Dist. Belagavi.Chief Co-ordinator : Prof. G. S. Mudambadithaya, Retired Joint Director, Pre University Board. Bengaluru.Advisors : Sri. Narasimhaiah Managing Director Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru - 85 Sri. C. Nagamani Deputy Director Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru - 85Programme Co-ordinator : Smt. Chandrakala Assistant Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru - 85

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3£ÉÃ ºÀAvÀ ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ-85.

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AZwH«$_{UH$m

JÚ

A. H«$. nmR>mMo Zmd gm{hË` àH$ma boIH$ / bo{IH$m n¥ð> H«$.

1. Jwam»`mMo ZoÌnVZ àmMrZ JÚ åhmB§^Å 1

2. amOo bmoH$s§ ~hþV gJwU Agmd| AmkmnÌ am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` 5

3. nmoQ> bKw{Z~§Y {d.g. Im§S>oH$a 10

4. H$Um©Mo eë` ZmQ>çCVmam {d.dm. {eadmS>H$a 15

5. EZmjr{_`m Am{U dmKrU dÝ`OrdZ H$Wm _mê$Vr {MV_n„r 24

6. AmoiI b{bV boI em§Vm eoiHo$ 29

7. g§V nwa§XaXmg M[aÌ S>m°. à.Z. Omoer 35

8. ~m~mImZ Xadoer ì`pŠV{MÌ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a 43

9. dmMy AmZ§Xo d¡Mm[aH$ boI S>m°. ñZohbVm Xoe_wI 52

10.CSVr V~H$S>r Am{U

A\$bmVyZ Q>moir{dkmZ H$Wm S>m°. O`§V ZmairH$a 58

11. gm aå`m ZJar _m°ñH$mo àdmg dU©Z ApídZr Ym|JS>o 67

12. `§Ì X{bV H$Wm `moJramO dmK_mao 73

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nÚ

A. H«$. H${dVoMo Zmd gm{hË` àH$ma H$dr/ H$d{`Ìr n¥ð> H«$.

1. A^§J {ÌXb àmMrZ nÚ g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma

_wº$m~mB©, Zm_Xod

80

2.♦ gËda nmd Jo _bm ^mê$S> g§V EH$ZmW 86

3. gwûcmoH$ dm_ZmMm n§{S>Vr H$mì` dm_Z n§{S>V 89

4. \$Q>H$m \$Q>H$m AZ§V \§$Xr 96

5. AI§S> AI§S> _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo 100

6.♦ ào_ñdê$n AmB© ^mdH${dVm _mYd Á`w{b`Z 103

7. nmo`m (nmoim) J«m_rU H${dVm ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar 106

8.♦ AmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo Xoe^ŠVr JrV J.{X. _mS>JyiH$a 111

9. {hadi Am{UH$ nmUr {ZgJ© H${dVm ~m.^. ~moaH$a 114

10.♦ gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ {dS>§~Z H${dVm nw.b. Xoenm§S>o 118

11. _mhoamMr dmQ> ^mdH${dVm B§{Xam g§V 122

12. nmIam§Zmo Vwåhr gm_m{OH$ a_oe V|Sw>bH$a

(_wº$N>§X)

126

13. OJ ~Xb KmbwZr Kmd X{bV H${dVm AmÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o 130

14. ì`mH$aU, boIZ,

eãXg§J«h

132

♦Aer IyU Agboë`m H${dVm nmR>m§VamgmR>r AmhoV.

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1. Jwam»`mMo ZoÌnVZåhmB§^Å>

n[aM` :

åhmB§^Å> (_¥Ë`y 1303) ho _hmZw^mdn§WmMo {ZîR>md§V AZw`m`r d g§àXm`mMo àdV©H$ hmoVo. _

hmZw^md dmL²>_`mVrb AmÚ J«§WH$ma d M[aÌH$ma hmoVo. ZJa {OëømVrb gamio JmdMo amhUmao hmoVo.

Vo nm§{S>Ë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV "Anagy`©M' hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr lr MH«$Yañdm_tMm AZwJ«h KoVbm hmoVm. Vo Ë`m§Mo

{eî` Pmbo. lr JmoqdXà^w ho lr MH«$Yam§Mo Jwé hmoVo. åhmB§^Å>m§Zm lr JmoqdXà^w§Mo gm{ÞÜ` bm^bo

hmoVo. MH«$Yam§À`m {Zdm©UmZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ZmJXodmMm`mªÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo n[al_nyd©H$ Ë`m§À`m AmR>dUr O_m

H$ê$Z "brimM[aÌ' `m J«§WmMo boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr _hmZw^mdn§WmÀ`m VÎdkmZmÀ`m d AmMmaY_m©À`m

àgmamgmR>t J«§WboIZ Ho$bo. VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ g_OÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo "brimM[aÌ'

J«§W _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. `mV EHy$U 1509 brim AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo "lr JmoqdXà^wM[aÌ' d H$mhr "AmaË`m'

Ago gm{hË` à{gÕ Amho.

hm CVmam lr ^mbM§Ð gmohZr `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m "brimM[aÌ EH$m§H$' `m nwñVH$mVyZ

KoVbm Amho. Ë`mVrb hr 36dr brim Amho. bmM ImUmè`m Jwam»`mbm niyZ OmVmZm, Ë`mbm AS>dyZ

gd© bmoH$m§Zr _mabo. _maVmZm Ë`mÀ`m S>moù`mbm OI_ Pmbr. lr MH«$Yañdm_tZr Ë`mMm S>moim ~am

Ho$bm. EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo JwÝhm Ho$bm Va Ë`mbm {ejm Pmbr nm{hOo. d {ejo~amo~a Ë`mÀ`mda ào_hr

Ho$bo nm{hOo. hr {eH$dU `m brioVyZ {_iVo.

(_yë` -X`m, ào_)

Xmohr Jmdm_Ü`o d¥¥jmV{i AmgZ : Iramar EHw$ XmQ>þ{Z grdmé Mmar : V`m{g Jm§drMo (bmoHw$)

bm§Mw Xo{V: _J : Vmo Jmoê$d| naVr : V¡g|{M VrE Jmdr grdmé Mmé§ bmJbm: ~m|~ Ombr : YmdU§o {ZJmb|

Jmogmdt hr ~rO| Ho$b| : Jmogmdr§ Viwgw{V Ho$br : gd©k§o åhUrVb| : h| O¡go Vo`mMo AmR>mdoR>rM§o nmBH$

: E|g|o h| nwT>m§ nwT>m§ dmT>rZb| : EH$s dmgZm : Iramar`m ^m§S>U Omb| : dm[aVm§ Iramar YaoZm : Am{U

Jmogmdr MS>H$Um hmUm¡{U Vo`mMm S>moim Im{b nmS>rbm : Am{U : H${i g_bt _J lrH$ar S>moim KoC{Z

bmdrbm: lr_wIrMo`m Vm§~yimMr ntS> ~m§Ybt : S>moim {ZH$mi Ombm : _J VoWm¡{Z ~rO| Ho$b| &&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

n Iramar - JwamIr n XmQw>Z-Xm_Qw>Z, KwgdyZ n grdmé - amZmV, eoVmV n Mmar - MmaV Ago n Jmoê$do - JwamIr

n naVr - naV Ambm nV`m{g - Ë`mbm n bmMw Xo{V - bmM XoVmV n ~m|~ Ombr - XmoZ JQ>mV

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^m§S>U Pmbo n YmdUo {ZJmbo - (Ë`mbm nH$S>m`bm) Ymdni gwê$ Pmbr. n ntS> ~m§YUo -OI_ ~m§YUo

n Viwgw{V - H§$~a H$gyZ n nwT>m§ nwT>m§ - nwT>o nwT>o n dmT>rZb| - niV AgVm n ~rOo H$aUo- OmUo n

{ZH$mi Ombm - ~am Pmbm n Vm§~yi - {dS>m n MS>H$Um - hmVmMm àhma H$ê$Z n $Xm_QwZ - KwgH$i

Q>rnm :

brimM[aÌ : EH$m§H$ - `m_Ü`o lr MH«$Yañdm_tÀ`m AmR>dUr {b{hboë`m AmhoV. `m AmR>dUr EH$m§H$,

nydm©Y© d CÎmamY© Aem VrZ ^mJmV AmhoV. EH$m§H$mVrb lrMH«$Ya ho Amnë`mbm g§gmar _mUgmgmaIo

gm_mÝ`, amJbmo^ AgUmao dmQ>VmV. OrdZmVrb nwÌ, nVr, {_Ì, IoiJS>r, godH$, H¡$Xr, _wpŠVXmVm

Aem {d{dY ZmË`m§À`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z Amnë`mbm KS>Vo. àW_ _mUyg Am{U Z§Va AdVma `m

H«$_m_wio Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠVËd Amnë`mbm ^mdVo.

AZwdmX : EH$Xm lr MH«$Yañdm_r, JmdÀ`m {edoda Agboë`m EH$m d¥jmImbr ~gbo hmoVo VoWo EH$ JwamIr

Mmoê$Z Amnbr Jwao Xwgè`mÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m OmJoV MmarV Ago m~Ôb Ë`mg bmM {_iV Ago Voìhm JmdmVrb

XmoZ JQ>mV ^m§S>U Ow§nbo. Ë`mg nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r Ymdni gwê$ Pmbr. OUy H$mhr lrMH«$YaM Ë`m JQ>mn¡H$s

EH$ hmoV. Vmo JwamIr nwT>o niV AgVm MH«$Yam§Zr H§$~a H$gyZ Ë`mMm nmR>bmJ Ho$bm d Vmo AmQ>moŠ`mV

oV Zmhrgo nmhÿZ Jwam»`mg YS>m {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV: MH«$Yam§Zr hmUm_marV ^mJ KoVbm, Ë`mdoir

Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Jwam»`mÀ`m S>moù`mg gnmQy>Z _ma ~gbm. S>moim H$m_mVyZM Jobm, `m~Ôb dmB©Q> dmQy>Z bJoM

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m Vm|S>mVrb Vm§~yi Ë`mÀ`m S>moù`mda ~m§YyZ Vmo S>moim naV ZrQ> H$ê$Z {Xbm. Oemg Vgo

dmJmdo nU Xw:{IVmda ào_hr H$amdo hr {eH$dU nQ>dyZ XoD$Z lr MH«$Yañdm_r nwT>rb _w $m_mg Jobo.

ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 (bm) Imbrb n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {bhm.

(A) _hmZw^mdn§WmMo g§ñWmnH$ ho hmoVo.

(A) lr JmoqdXà^w (~) ~mB©Xod~mg

(H$) lr MH«$Yañdm_r (S>) åhmB§^Å>>

(Am) åhmB§^Å> `oWo amhUmao hmoVo.

(A) n¡R>U (~) Ami§Xr

(H$) gamio (S>) gm¢Xb

(B) brimM[aÌ J«§WmV `m§À`m AmR>dUr AmhoV.

(A) lrH¥$îU (~) lr MH«$Yañdm_r

(H$) lr JmoqdXà^w (S>) lram_

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(B©) "Jwam»`mMo ZoÌnVZ' hm CVmam `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m nwñVH$mVyZ

KoVbm Amho.

(A) e§.Jmo. Vwinwio (~) brZm gmohZr

(H$) ^mbM§Ð gmohZr (S>) S>m°. `y._. nR>mU

à.2 (am) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(A) lr MH«$Yañdm_r H$moR>o ~gbo hmoVo?

(Am) lr MH«$Yam§Zr H$moUmMm nmR>bmJ Ho$bm?

(B) Jwam»`mZo H$moUVm AnamY Ho$bm hmoVm?

(B©) Jwam»`mbm {ejm XoÊ`mgmR>r> MH«$Yam§Zr H$m` Ho$bo?

(C) `m brioVyZ H$moUVm g§Xoe {_iVmo ?

à.3 (am) g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(A) V`m{g JmdrMo (bmoHw$) bm§Mw Xo{V :

(Am) Am{U : H${i g_bt _J lrH$ar S>moim KoC{Z bmdrbm :

(B) YmdUo {ZJmbo Jmogmdr hr ~rO| Ho$bo :

à.4 (Wm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) JmdmV ^m§S>U H$m {Z_m©U Pmbo?

(Am) MH«$Yam§Zr Jwam»`mbm nH$S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$m Ho$bm?

(B) MH«$Yam§Zr Ë`m Jwam»`mbm YS>m {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$bo?

à.5 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) lr MH«$Yam§Zr Jwam»`mMm OI_r Pmbobm S>moim H$gm ~am Ho$bm?

(Am) `m nmR>mMm gmam§e {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

à_mU _amR>r ^mfoV {bhm.

(A) Xmohr Jmdm_Ü`o d¥jmV{i AmgZ:

(~) Iramar EHw$ XmQw>{Z grdmé Mmê$:

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(H$) Jmogmdr MS>H$Um hmUm¡{U Vo`mMm S>moim Im{b nmS>rbm:

(S>) lr_wIrMo`m Vm§~yimMr ntS> ~m§Ybr:

(B) S>moim {ZH$mi Ombm:

CnH«$_ :

l àm. ^mbM§Ð gmohZr `m§Mo "brimM[aÌ EH$m§H$' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l g_W© am_Xmgñdm_tÀ`m "gÁOZJS>' `oWrb _R>mbm ^oQ> Úm.

l lrH¥$îUmÀ`m ~mbH«$sS>oMo dU©Z Agbobo dm_Zn§{S>Vm§Mo "dZgwYm' ho H$mì` dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

AZgy`m A{^{OV AYrjH$

CÁÁdb Cëhmg AÜ`möV

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2. amOo bmoH$s¨ ~hþV gJwU Agmdo§am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`>

n[aM` :

am_M§Ðn§V ZrbH§$R> A_mË` (1650-1733) ho {edH$mbrZ _wËgÔr boIH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb ZrbH§$R>

C\©$ {Zimo gmoZXod A_mË`, ho B.g. 1647 À`m gw_mamg {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo A_mË` Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo B.g

1672 _Üò {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo {Ma§Ord am_M§Ðn§Vm§Zr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO, g§^mOr amOo,

amOmam_ m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV CÎm_ àH$mao H$ma^ma gm§^mibm. {edam`m§Mr Üòò d amOZr{V{df`H$ YmoaUo

nwT>o Mmby R>odyZ YÝ`mg d amÁ`mg gm§^miÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Vo YyV©, AZw^dr d {Z…ñdmWu

hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr X¥îQ>r gImob d ~maH$mB©Mr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm "hþHw$_VnÝhm' hm {H$Vm~ {_imbobm hmoVm. B.g.

1714 gmbr amOmam_mMm _wbJm lram_ e§^w N>ÌnVr JmXrda Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr am_M§Ðn§Vm§H$Sy>Z "AmkmnÌ'

{bhÿZ KoVbo hmoVo.

_Ü``wJmVrb _amR>r JÚmÀ`m na§naoV "AmkmnÌ' hm J«§W AZÝ`gmYmaU Agm Amho. {edmOr

_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMo _hÎd d d¡{eîQ>ò g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r hm J«§W Cn`wŠV Amho. `mMr ZD$

àH$aUo AmhoV. gd© àOoMm {Z`§Vm amOm. Ë`mMo JwU, H$V©ìò, H$ma^ma, Y_©H$maU, `wÕ, g§ajU,

ì`mnma, g¡Ý` B. {df`mg§~§YrMo boIZ `mV òVo.

àñVwV CVmam lr à. Z. Omoer `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m "AmkmnÌ' `m nwñVH$mVyZ g§{jßV H$ê$Z

KoVbobm Amho. m CVmè`mV amOmZo H$go AmMaU H$amdo, godH$m§Mr {ZdS>> H$er H$amdr mg§~§YrMo {ddoMZ

Ambo Amho.

(_yë` : H$V©ì`{ZîR>m)

àW_ amOo bmoH$s¨, gH$b g¥pîQ> B©ûda{Z{_©V, gH$bm§Mm {Z`§Vm B©ûda, Ë`mU| {Z_m©U Ho$bo. OZm_Ü`§o AmnU

EH$ na§Vw nwîH$im§À`m àH¥${V {^ÝZ, Ë`mg EH$ {Z`_ H$ê$Z g§ajUH$Vm© ZgVm§ nañna {damoY nmdyZ

ZmemV| nmdVrb Ag| Z ìhmd§o. Amnbr gH$b àOm {ZénÐd hmoËgmVr Y_©nWàdV©H$ Agmdr, `m àOoMo

H$éUoñVd B©ûda| g§nyU© H¥$nmZwJ«h| AmnUm§g amÁ` {Xb| Amho, m B©ûdamkog AÝ`Wm Ho$ë`mZo B©ûdamMm jmo^

hmoB©b ho§ nyU© ^` {MÎmm§V AmUyZ amÁ`nXmê$T> Z hmoVm§ gd©H$mb Aà_Îm hmoD$Z àOoÀ`m {hVH$mù gmXa

Agmd|. Vg|M Amnbo bm^mbm^ B©ûdamYrZ AmhoV, Vo H$moUmÀ`mZ§o AÝ`Wm H$adV ZmhtV, hm X¥T> {ZûM`

{MÎmm§V AmUyZ, gd©H$mb B©ûdamg eaU AgyZ, A§Va§Jo namYrZ Z hmoVm§ godH$ bmoH$s¨ Ho$bo godoMr AdJUZm

Z H$[aVm§, `WmÝ`mò§ `Wm{YH$ma§o `Wmo{MV godH$ bmoH$m§Mo _ZmoYmaU H$ê$Z dVm©d|. na§namJV Omo CÎm_,

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dmS>dS>rb AmMaV Ambo AgVrb VmoM Y_© AmMamoZ OoU|H$ê$Z H$s{V©bm^ hmo` V|M H$amd|, gH$b H$m`mª_Üò

AnH$sVuMo ` ~hþV dmJdmd§o. ~«m÷U, d¡{XH$, emñÌk, {Zñn¥h, A`m{MV, dZdmgr, Vnñdr, gËnwéf,

`m§MoM R>m`t na_{ZîR>m Yê$Z Oo Oo OoWo§ AgVrb VoWo§ Ë`m§Mo `moJjo_mMm {Zdm©h H$ê$Z XoD$Z gd© àH$mao§

g§VwîQ> H$ê$Z Amnbo H$ë`mU{^d¥ÜXr{df`t Amerdm©X g§nm{XV Omdm. dofYmar, \$H$sa, OmoJr, O§J_m{X Oo

Ho$di wVmQ>H$s H$ê$Z {\$aUmao m§Mm {dûdmg Z Y[aVm§, _moh Z nmdVm§, Aën, ñdën {^jm XoD$Z na^ma|

dmQ>og bmdmdo. Vnñdr, erK«H$monr m§Mm ghdmg Z H$[aVm§ Xþê$ZM Ë`m§Mm nam_¥f H$ê$Z Vo g§Vmofê$n amhV,

Amerdm©X XoV, V| H$amd|. A§Y, n§Jw, AmVwa, AZmW, AZwËnÝZ Oo AgVrb Ë`m§Mo R>m`r yVX`m Yê$Z Vo {Od§V

AgVr Om|, Vm| Ë`m§Mm OrdZmonm` H$ê$Z XoD$Z MmbdrV Omd|.

amOobmoH$m§hr§ {ZXmZ wÜXmì`{V[aŠV ñdearag§ajUm§{df`t gd©H$mi AË`§V gmdY Agmd§o. nmH$mb`,

ObñWmZ, \$bñWmZ dgZmJma, Am{XH$ê$Z ho ZmOyH$ _hmb, m§{da{hV AmUIr H$maImZo m§da Oo bmoH$

R>>odU| Vo na_ {dûdmgw nma§n`©godH$ AbmbwMr, àm_m{UH$ Oo AgVrb Vo narjm H$ê$Z R>odyZ, Á`mMm A{YH$ma

Omo AgVmo Ë`mMoM hmV| KoD$Z A{YH$manËd| gH$bm§da gmaIm bmo^ H$ê$Z Ë`mg Amnbo `moJjo_m{df`t

H$moUmMr Anojm Z nS>o Agm g§Vmof nam_¥f H$ê$Z Mmbdmdo.

VerM Odirb godH$ AË`§V {dûdmgw, gwk, Amnbm _Zmo{^àm` OmUyZ dV©V, B§{JVg§km OmUV,

Am{U eya, Xe©Zr` gbj{UH$ hVmñW, {ZX©`, Am{U XþamJ«hr X¥pîQ>{MÎm ZìhV, Ago narjyZ R>odmdo. amOo

bmoH$m§g {dZmoXmM§o ì`gZ EH§$Xa Zgmdo. gwöX Pmbo Var godH$ bmoH$, Ë`m§gr {dZmoX H$[aVm§ {dZmoXm§V _`m©Xm

amhV Zmhr. Voìhm§ Amnbr _`m©Xm AmnU CUr H$ê$Z KoVbr Ago hmoV§o.

Am`ì`` {dMma nmhÿZ OoU|H$Sy>Z {Xdg|{Xdg amÁ`m§V IOrZm hmo` V| H$amd|. IOrZm åhUOo amÁ`mMo

OrdZ, nS>bo àg§Jr IOrZm Agë`mZo gd© g§H$Q>m§Mm n[ahma Ho$bm OmVmo. mH$[aVm§ hm AW© AJmoXa {MÎmm§V

AmUyZ IOrZm g§J«h H$amdm. `mMr ~ar ZOa H$amdr.

godH$bmoH$m§Mr doVZo Zo_ñV H$ê$Z Ë`mà_mU| {~bmH$gya nmdmdt, H$m`© {deof Ho$ë`mZ| AWdm Hw$Qw>§~r

Agë`mZ§o H$m§hr ~jrg åhUmoZ Úmdo. VèhodmB©H$, eoaImoa, A_`m©X, ~mb^mî`, ì`gZr, Hw$MmoÚ, Hw$Mmù`m

H$aUma d EH$m YÝ`mnmgyZ ham_Imoar H$ê$Z Ambm Agob, Ago bmoH$ hþOamVrV EH§$Xa R>odyM ZòV.

amOobmoH$s bhmZ AWdm Wmoa H$moUr EH$ godH$mMm Xmof _wI| CÀMmarV OmD§$ Zò. AmT>ië`mg Xþgè`mOdi

~moby Zò. Amnë`mM {MÎmm§V R>odyZ Ë`mMo n[ahmamMm Cnm` `moOrV Omdm.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

n Y_©nWàdV©H$ - Y_m©MaU H$aUmar n {Z`§Vm - {Z`§ÌU R>odUmam n B©ûdamkog-B©ûdamÀ`m AmkoMo

n AÝ`Wm Ho$ë`mZo - nmbZ Z Ho$ë`mg n jmo^ - AdH¥$nm n D$hmnmoh-MMm© n Aà_Îm- Z_«

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n AdJUZm - qZXm, An_mZ n Aì`mhV - gVV n moJjo_ - M[aVmW©, CnOr{dH$m n {Zdm©h H$aUo

- nma nmS>Uo n `moJjo_mMm {Zdm©h H$aUo - M[aVmWm©Mr gmo` H$ê$Z XoUo n nmH$mb` - ñd`§nmH$ Ka

n dgZmJma - H$nS>o>o R>odÊ`mMr OmJm n AbmbwMr - {Zbm}^r n nam_¥f - nam_e© n hVmñW - hbJOunUm

H$aUmao n _`m©Xm - _mZ n CUr H$aUo - H$_r H$aUo n Hw$MmoÚ - Hw$Mmio H$aUo n eoaImoa - CÝ_Îm n

{~bmH$gya - {~ZMyH$ n hþOamV- amOmMo Img g¡Ý` n Zo_ñV H$aUo - Zo_UyH$ H$aUo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) "amOo bmoH$s¨ ~hþV gJwU Agmdo' `m nmR>mMo _yë` ho Amho.

(A) lÕm (~) ^º$s

(H$) H$V©ì`{Zð>m (S>) _mZdVm

(Am) "AmkmnÌ' `m nwñVH$mMo g§nmXZ `m§Zr Ho$bo.

(A) S>m°.`y._. nR>mU (~) S>m°.{d.{^. H$mobVo

(H$) à.Z.Omoer (S>) J.à. àYmZ

(B) "AmkmnÌm'Mo boIZ `m§Zr Ho$bo.

(A) N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO (~) am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`

(H$) H${d ^yfU (S>) H¥$îUmOr em_amd

(B©) A_mË`m§Zm hm {H$Vm~ {_imbm.

(A) nÙlr (~) hþHw$_VnÝhm

(H$) em¡`©nXH$ (S>) gaH$ma

(C) .............. åhUOo amÁ`mMo OrdZ.

(A) IOrZm (~) Obg§nÎmr

(H$) g¡Ý` (S>) I{ZOg§nÎmr


(A) _amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mbm g§H$Q>mVyZ H$moUr {Z^mdyZ Zobo?

(Am) na_oœamZo `m{dídmV àW_ H$moUmbm {Z_m©U Ho$bo?

(B) amOmZo H$emMo ^` ~miJmdo?

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(B©) amOmZo H$moUmMm ghdmg Xwê$Z H$amdm?

(C) amOmZo H$em{df`r A{Ve` gmdY amhmdo?

(D$) H$moUË`m godH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ Zò?

(E) amOmbm H$moUVo ì`gZ Agy Zò ?

(Eo) B©œamMm jmo^ Ho$ìhm hmoB©b?

à.3 (am) Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ qH$dm VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) B©œamZo amOmg H$m {Z_m©U Ho$bo?

(Am) amOmZo godH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$er H$amdr?

(B) amOmbm {dZmoXmMo ì`gZ H$m Zgmdo?

(B©) amÁ`mÀ`m I{OÝ`m~Ôb H$moUVm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho?

à.4 (Wm) g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(A) ""amOo bmoH$mg {dZmoXmMo ì`gZ EH§$Xa Zgmdo.''

(Am) IOrZm åhUOo amÁ`mMo OrdZ.

(B) gH$bH$m`m©_Üò AnH$sVuMo ^` ~hþV dmJdmdo.

(B©) "amOo bmoH$s bhmZ AWdm Wmoa H$moUr EH$ godH$mMm Xmof _wIo CÀMmarV OmD$ Z o.''

à.5 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) ~«m÷U, d¡{XH$, emók, gËnwéf BË`mXr bmoH$m§~amo~a amOmZo H$go dmJmdo?

(Am) nmH$mb`, OZñWmZ, dgZmJma, \$bñWmZ, H$maImZo BË`mXr {R>H$mUr Zo_md`mMo

godH$ H$go AgmdoV?


(A) na_oûdamZo amOmbmM amÁ` H$aÊ`mg H$m {Z_m©U Ho$bo?

(Am) amOmZo godH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ narjm H$ê$ZM H$m H$amdr?

(B) AmXe© amOm H$gm Agmdm?

(B©) amÁ` H$ma^ma H$aVmZm amOmZo H$moUË`m Jmoï>r Ü`mZmV R>odmì`mV Ago A_mË`

gwM{dVmV?

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^mfmä`mg :

(A) dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

`moJjo_mMm {Zdm©h H$aUo, CUr H$aUo, Zo_ñV H$aUo.

(Am) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

`moJjo_, Aà_Îm, à_Îm, AdJUZm, _`m©Xm, {Zñn¥h.

(B) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm.

eoaImoa, AnH$sVu, A§Y, AZmW, {dûdmg, g§VwîQ>, ì`gZr.

CnH«$_ :

l lr à.Z.Omoer g§nm{XV "AmkmnÌ' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l aU{OV XogmB© `m§Mr lr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmdarb "lr_mZ `moJr' hr

H$mX§~ar dmMm

l am`JS>Mr ghb Am`mo{OV H$am.

l "N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO' `m§À`m OrdZmda> _m{hVr {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

D$hmnmoh Vk g§`w{º$H$

{dH${gV ^y{_nwÌ AÚ`mdV

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3. nmoQ>{d.g.Im§S>oH$a

n[aM` :

{dîUy gImam_ Im§S>oH$a ho (1898-1976) à{V^md§V, Üò`dmXr, OrdZdmXr boIH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Mo

"gm§OdmV', "gy`©H$_io', "àmV…H$mb' ho bKwH$Wmg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. "XmoZ Y«wd', "CëH$m', "H«$m¢M-

dY', "H$m§MZ_¥J' `m JmOboë`m H$mX§~è`m AmhoV. "Mm§XÊ`mV', "gm`§H$mi', "dm`wbhar', "_§{Oè`m'

ho bKw{Z~§Y g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. VgoM _amR>rMm ZmQ>çg§gma, dZ^moOZ, JS>H$ar : ì`ŠVr Am{U

dmL²>_` Ago BVa boIZhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mJ, Üò`dmX, bmoH${ejU, bmoH$a§OZ hr Ë`m§À`m

boIZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço. "gm{hË`H$ma OrdZmMm ^mî`H$ma AgVmo' `m gwdMZmMr àMrVr Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m

dmMVmZm òVo. Ë`m§À`m "``mVr' `m H$mX§~arbm 1974 gmbr kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$ {_imbo Amho.

"nmoQ>' hm nmR> "dm`wbhar' `m bKw{Z~§Y g§J«hmVyZ g§{já ê$nmV KoVbobm Amho. `m nmR>mV

boIH$mZo nmoQ> ho na_oûdamà_mUo gd©ì`mnr Amho. OJmMm JmS>m gwaisVnUo Mmb{dÊ`mMo lo` drVâ

nmoQ>mbmM Amho. Ago nmoQ>mMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo Amho.

(_yë` - OrdZdmXr d¥Îmr)

""AmYr nmoQ>mo~m _J {dR>mo~m'' ho H$mì` H$moUË`m gmYyZo aMbo `mMr Z¸$s _m{hVr _bm Zmhr;

nU `m eãXm§daM Ë`mMo Zmd `mdƒ§Ð{XdmH$am¡ _amR>r ^mfoV amhrb `mV e§H$m Zmhr. {dR>mo~mMo

ÔZ _hmamîQ´>mV hOmamo bmoH$ H$arV Agb>o Var OJmVrb PmSy>Z gmao àmUr nmoQ>mo~mÀ`m ÔZr

bmJbo AmhoV. {dÇ>>bmMr AmR>dU ìhm`bm AmfmT>rH$m{V©H$sgma»`m gwÅ>`mM OmJdmì`m bmJVmV :

(`m _hmEH$mXí`m§À`m {Xderhr nmoQ>mo~m§À`m nyOoH$S>oM ~hþVoH$m§Mo bj bmJbobo AgVo ho "EH$mXer,

XþßnQ> Imer' `m bmoH${à` ^mdJrVmdê$Z {XgyZ òB©b.) nU nmoQ>mo~mMr AmR>dU XaamoO gH$mir

AH$am dmOÊ`mnyduM àËòH$mbm hmoD$ bmJVo.

nmoQ> hm na_oûda Amho ho doXmÝVmZo XoIrb {gÕ H$aVm òB©b. àËòH$ àmÊ`mV na_oûdamMm A§e

AgVmo Agm Am_À`m Y_©emñÌmMm R>m_ {gÕm§V Amho. AmVm amd-a§H$, eoR>-eoVH$ar, JdB©-Jd§S>r,

H$dr-H$nr `m gdm©V gm_mÝ`V… AmT>iyZ òUmam ^mJ åhUOo nmoQ> hmM hmo`. {edm` Á`mà_mUo

na_oûdamMm A§V Hw$UmbmM bmJV Zmhr Ë`mà_mUo EImÚmÀ`m nmoQ>mV H$m` Amho `mMm nÎmm Vmo {OÀ`m

_wR>rV AgVmo Ë`m ~m`H$mobm XoIrb b>mJV Zmhr. na_oœa àb`H$mir dQ>nÌmda {ZOÊ`mBVH$m bhmZ

hmoVmo; nU Ë`mMo Iao ñdê$n {díd ì`mnyZhr CaVo. nmoQ>mMohr VgoM Amho. "drVâ nmoQ>mMr IiJr'

Aem jwÐ eãXm§Zr nmoQ>oœamMr {ZË` g§^mdZm hmoV Agbr Var hr IiJr OJmb>m H$Yrhr nwar âVm

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òV Zmhr. na_oûdambm nÌ, nwîn, nmUr H$mhrhr MmbVo, Ë`mà_mUo nmoQ>mbmhr Mhm, XÿY, Xmê$, {df

H$mhrhr MmbVo. n¡gm åhUOo {df Amho Ago åhUVmV; nU `m {dfmMr qnnoÀ`m qnno {nD$Z Q>mHy$Z

hmbmhb àmeZ H$aUmè`m e§H$ambm bmO{dUmao nmoQ> Ý`m`mYrem§À`m gmjrXmamÀ`m qH$~hþZm àg§Jr H$maHw$ZmÀ`m earambm XoIrb H$Yr H$Yr {MH$Q>bobo AmT>iyZ òVo.

nmoQ> na_oûda Amho Ago åhUÊ`mnojm Vo na_oûdamnojm A{YH$ loîR> Amho Ago åhUUoM g`w{º$H$ hmoB©b. `m OJmV na_oûdamMo ApñVËd Z _mZUmao harMo bmb (Ë`m§Zm harMo bmb H$go åhUmd`mMo? g¥îQ>rMo gIo, {ZgJm©Mo ^ŠV. Ago H$mhrVar Zmd Úmdo Pmbo.) OJmV WmoS>oo Var AmT>iVrb>. nU nmoQ>mMo ApñVËd A_mÝ` H$aUmam _hmË_m AÚmn Pmbm Zmhr d nwT>o hmoUohr eŠ` Zmhr. AYmªJrbm Q>mHy$Z XoUmè`m _Zwî`mbmhr Amnbo nmoQ> Q>mHy$Z XoVm òV Zmhr. g§Ý`mgr g§gma, {^H$mar bmO, J^©lr_§VmMr nmoao emim d Xoe^ŠV ^rVr ghO gmoSy>Z XoVmV; nU nmoQ> _mÌ Hw$Umbmhr gmoS>Vm òV Zmhr. CbQ> {dÚm {Xë`mZo Oer XþßnQ> hmoVo Ë`mà_mUo nmoQ> gwQ>bo H$s, Ë`mMr nH$S>> nydunojm A{YH$ KÅ> hmoVo. nmoQ> na_oûdamnojm loîR> Amho `mMm _bm bhmZnUr Ambobm AZw^d òWo Z_yX H$aUo A`mo½` hmoUma Zmhr.

Añ_m{XH$m§À`m _ZmV Ë`m {Xder emiobm Omd`mMo ZìhVo. Hw$UrVar ~S>m nwéf _aU nmdë`mMr ~mV_r H$mZmda òB©b> åhUyZ _r ZD$ dmOon`ªV dmQ> nm{hbr; nU _¥Ë`ybm H$mhr _mPr X`m Ambr Zmhr. _wgiYma nmD$g nSy> bmJbm Va AmB© _bm emioV OmD$ XoUma Zmhr ho _bm _mhrV hmoVo; nU _r Jƒrda OmD$Z MmVH$mà_mUo AmH$memH$‹S>o nmhÿ bmJbmo Var EH$hr _oK _mÂ`mH$S>o di>bm Zmhr. {Zdm©UrMm Cnm` åhUyZ ~m~m§À`m {IemVrb EH$ n¡gm hiyM H$mT>bm d Vmo _wR>rV KoD$Z Xoìhmè`mVë`m Xodmbm JmèhmUo KmVbo. nU Xodhr H§$Q´>mobÀ`m doiÀ`m A{YH$mè`mà_mUo WmoS>çmem aH$_oda Iyf hmoB©Zm. _bm d{H$brV nmÊ`mgmaIm n¡gm {_iy bmJë`mda _r Ë`mMr g§VVYma VwÂ`m S>moŠ`mda YarZ Agm Zdg H$aÊ`mMm CXmanUmhr _r XmI{dbm; nU ì`dhmaMVwa ì`mnmè`mà_mUo Xod `m CYmarÀ`m gm¡Úmbm H$~yb Pmbm Zmhr. Xhm dmOyZ Jobo. AmVm H$m` H$amdo hm _moR>m àíZ _mÂ`mnwT>o nS>bm. BVŠ`mV _mPo nmoQ> _mÂ`m _XVrbm YmdyZ Ambo. ñdV… XþIy bmJyZ Ë`mZo _mPo gwI gmYyZ {Xbo. Ë`m AmZ§XmÀ`m âmV "nmoQ>m, Wmoa VwPo CnH$ma' åhUyZ _r JmD$hr bmJbmo, _mPm AmdmO {deof Mm§Jbm Zgë`m_wio nmoQ>XþIrZo _r aS>V Amho Agm AmB©bm ^mg Pmbm Am{U _mPo ho ñ\y${V©OÝ` H$mì` ~mhoa \w$Q>bo Zmhr.

S>moHo$, S>moio, AmoR> dJ¡a|À`m _mZmZo nmoQ>mMr `mo½`Vm {H$VrVar _moR>r Amho. nU H$dr bmoH$ doS>o Agë`m_wio AÚmn EH$mhr àmÊ`mZo nmoQ>mda H$mì` aMbo Zmhr. Vgo nm{hbo Va nmoQ>mH$S>o nm{hbo åhUOo {H$VrVar M_ËH¥${VOZH$$ H$ënZm gwMVmV. Vo nwT>À`m ~mOybm {XgV Agbo Var Zoh_r nmR>r_mJo bmJbobo AgVo. nmoQ> hm öX`mnojmhr _Zwî`mÀ`m earamMm ZmOyH$ ^mJ Amho. àg§Jr _Zwî` öX`ôXH$ eãX AmZ§XmZo gmoerb; nU nmoQ>mbm ZwgVm {M_Q>m ~gbm H$s, Vmo H$idiyZ AmH$m§V Ho$ë`m{edm`

amhmV Zmhr. nmoQ> ZgVo Va H$Mmbm _ÚmVyZ ewH«$mMm`mªÀ`m nmoQ>mV OmVm Ambo ZgVo, Xodm§Zm g§OrdZr

{dÚoMm Cn`moJ Pmbm ZgVm d gmao OJ amjgm§Zr ^ê$Z Jobo AgVo. nmoQ>mMo OJmda Ho$dT>o CnH$ma

Pmbo AmhoV ho!

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nmoQ> ZgVo Va? nmoQ> ZgVo Va H$m` Pmbo AgVo mMr H$ënZm H$aUo H$m{bXmgmgma»`m H$drbmgwÕm

H$R>rU OmB©b. nmoQ> ZgVo Va emim dmT>{dÊ`mEodOr emim ~§X H$aÊ`mMo R>amd nmg Pmbo AgVo! nmoQ>

ZgVo Va amoJr _am`bm Q>oH$bm AgVmZmhr S>m°ŠQ>a {~{PH$À`m IoimVrb amOmamÊ`m§Mr b¾o bmdÊ`mV X§J

Pmbo AgVo. nmoQ>mMm nme ZgVm Va A{ebmMm Jim \$mgmV gmnS>ob åhUyZ d{H$bm§Zr _wirM Ymdni>

Ho$br ZgVr! nmoQ>mÀ`m A^mdr ImUmdir, CnmhmaJ¥ho, AmMmar ho Zm_eof Pmbo AgVo!

nmoQ> ZgVo Va Hw$Qw>§~mV H$m` XmUmXmU CS>mbr AgVr ho nmhUo _moR>o J_VrMo Amho. Zdè`m§Zr ZmoH$è`m§§Zm

d ~m`H$m§Zr Zdè`m§Zm gmoS>{MR²>R>çm {Xë`mMr Ñíò nXmonXr ÑîQ>rbm nS>br AgVr. KamVrb Myb Zoh_r

W§S> Agë`m_wio H$_r Pmbobr CîUVm nañnam§da Yw_gUmè`m AmßVoîQ>m§Zm ^ê$Z H$mT>mdr bmJbr AgVr.

_wbm§Zr ZmoH$ar bmJon`ªV AJa _wbtZr b¾ hmoB©n`ªV AmB©~mnm§À`m hþH$_VrV amhÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vmhr

Cabr ZgVr. gmam§e, AamOH$ amÁ`mà_mUo Hw$Qw>§~mV d g_mOmV nmoQ>mÀ`m A^mdr ~o~§XnmVemhr _mObr

AgVr. OJmMm JmS>m gwairV Mmb{dÊ`mMo lo` Oa Hw$Umbm Agob Va Vo Y_©, H$m`Xo dJ¡ao _moR>çm ZmdmÀ`m

_§S>irnojm drVâ nmoQ>mbmM Amho.

nmoQ> ZgVo Va AmUIr EH$ _moR>>m AZW© OJmda AmoT>dbm AgVm! àËòH$ Jmdmbm H${d_§S>io CËnÝZ

hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr nañnam§V wÜXo Pmbr AgVr! XþîH$mimV _aUmè`m _mUgmEodOr H${dVm§Zr JwX_ê$Z OmUmè`m

_mUgm§Mo XoImdo OJmÀ`m ÑîQ>rbm nS>bo AgVo! A_wH$ {R>H$mUr nmD$g {H$Vr B§M nS>bm `mEodOr A_wH$

H$drMr dmŠò {H$Vr _¡b bm§~, é§X d C§M AmhoV `m{df`rMr ~mV_r A{YH$ _hÎdmMr dmQ>br AgVr.

nU "nmoQ>mo~m' Zo AdVma KoVë`m_wio `m gd© ^`§H$a AmnÎmrVyZ OJmMr _wŠVVm Pmbr Amho. Ago

AgyZhr "nmoQ> OmiÊ`mÀ`m' Jmoï>r bmoH$ ~mobV AgVmVM! bmoH$m§Zr EdT>o bjmV R>odmdo H$s, eó{H«$ògmR>r

nmoQ> \$mS>bo Var Vo _aV Zmhr. nmoQ> OmiÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Ur ñdm{^_mZmda {ZImam R>odbm Var Ë`mMr amI

hmoV Zmhr. COmS>bo ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r Á`mà_mUo gy`© Ë`mà_mUo _mÜ`mÝhH$mb XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo Zoh_r

amhUmaM!

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

n R>m_ - ÑT> n amd - amOm n a§H$ -Jar~ n H$nr - dmZa n dQ>nÌ -dS>mMo nmZ n dQ> - dS>mMo PmS> n nÌ - nmZ n IiJr - IÈ>m n g§^mdZm hmoUo - qZXm hmoUo n hmbmhb - EH$ àH$maMo ^`§H$a {df n àmeZ H$aUo - {nUo n g`wpŠVH$ - `mo½` n AYmªJr - nËZr n {Zdm©UrMm - eodQ>Mm n AmH$m§V H$aUo - Amoa S>Uo n hþH$_VrV amhUo - YmH$mV amhUo n hþH$_V - YmH$, dM©ñd n ~o~§XnmVemhr _mOUo - AamOH$Vm _mOUo, Jm|Yi _mOUo n AZW© - g§H$Q> n AmnÎmr - g§H$Q> n

{ZImam - {dñVd n Z_yX H$aUo- {bhÿZ R>odUo n `mdƒ§Ð{XdmH$am¡ - gy`© M§Ð Ago n`ªV, H$mbmVrV

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ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) OJmVrb gmao àmUr `m§À`m ÔZr b>mJbo AmhoV.(A) {dR>mo~m (~) g§nÎmr(H$) nmoQ>mo~m (S>) bú_r

(Am) àb`H$mir na_oûdamMo ñdê$n H$go AgVo?(A) {damQ> (~) ^`§H$a (H$) dQ>nÌmda {ZOÊ`m BVHo$$bhmZ (S>) am¡Ð

(B) "EH$mXer ........ '(A) Cnmer ahmer (~) ÔZ H$aer (H$) Xodmbm Omer (S>) XþßnQ> Imer

(B©) Xodm§Zm g§OrdZr {dÚoMm Cn`moJ Pmbm ZgVm Va gmao OJ H$emZo ^ê$Z Jobo AgVo?

(A) gmoÝ`mZo (~) amjgm§Zr (H$) _mUgm§Zr (S>) àmÊ`m§Zr


(A) _mUgmbm amoO nmoQ>mMr AmR>dU Ho$ìhm hmoVo?(Am) {dûdmbm ì`mnyZhr CaUmao Iao ñdê$n H$moUmMo AgVo?(B) nmoQ>oídamMr g§^mdZm H$moUË`m eãXmV Ho$br OmVo?(B©) _Zwî`mÀ`m earamMm A{Ve` ZmOyH$ ^mJ H$moUVm? (C) H$dr bmoH$ doS>o AmhoV Ago boIH$ H$m åhUVmo?


(A) nmoQ> ZgVo Va AmUIr H$moUVo _moR>o AZW© AmoT>dbo AgVo?(Am) bmoH$m§Zr nmoQ>mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$moUVr JmoîQ> bjmV R>odmdr Ago boIH$mbm dmQ>Vo?(B) nmoQ>mMo OJmda H$moUVo CnH$ma Pmbo AmhoV?


(A) "nU Ë`mMo Iao ñdê$n {dídì`mnyZhr CaVmo. nmoQ>mMohr VgoM Amho.'(Am) "nU nmoQ> _mÌ Hw$Umbmhr gmoS>Vm òV Zmhr.'

(B) "nmoQ>m, Wmoa VwPo CnH$ma' åhUyZ _r JmD$hr bmJbmo.'

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A) nmoQ> na_oída Amho ho boIH$mZo H$go {gÕ Ho$bo Amho?

Am) nmoQ> ZgVo Va Hw$Qw>§~mda Ë`mMm H$gm n[aUm_ Pmbm AgVm?

(B) nmoQ> ZgVo Va emim, amoJr, dH$sb, AmMmar d ImUmdir `mda H$moUVm n[aUm_

Pmbm AgVm?


(A) nmoQ> na_oûdamnojm loîR> Amho `mgmR>r boIH$mZo gm§{JVboë`m ñdV…À`m AZw^dmMo

dU©Z H$am.

(Am) nmoQ> na_oûdamnojm loîR> Amho ho nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mg H$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) eãXmMm d dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

g§^mdZm hmoUo, IiJr ^aUo, àmeZ H$aUo, R>m_ AgUo, AmH$m§V H$aUo, hþH$_VrV amhUo,

Z_yX H$aUo.


amd, a§H$, nÌ, nwîn, nmUr, XÿY, X`m, bhmZnU.

(B) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm.

A§V, AmR>dUo, loîR>, A_mÝ`, Xod.

CnH«$_ :

l {d. g. Im§S>oH$am§Mm "dm`wbhar' hm bKw{Z~§Y g§J«h dmMm.

l "AmYr nmoQ>mo~m, _J {dR>mo~m' H$ënZm {dñVma H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

A{¾narjm nrVm§~a {edyZ

~{Ya h[aUr _Ü`m§Va

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4. H$Um©Mo eë`{d.dm.{eadmS>H$a

n[aM` :

{dîUy dm_Z {eadmS>H$a D$\©$ Hw$gw_mJ«O ho (1912-1999) _amR>rVrb à{V^mg§nÝZ ÁòîR> H$dr, ZmQ>H$H$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma d b{bVboIH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. _mZdVm, ~§YwVm, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am{U Ý`m` hr Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm A½Zrg§àXm`r H$dr åhUyZ Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mo "{demIm', "OrdZbhar', "{h_aofm', "dmXidob', "{H$Zmam', "ñdJV', "_amR>r _mVr', "àdmgr njr', "_wŠVm`Z' B. H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. "ZQ>g_«mQ>', "H$m¢Vo`', "``mVr Am{U Xod`mZr', "drO åhUmbr YaVrbm', "M§Ð {OWo CJdV Zmhr,' "XyaMo {Xdo' B. Ë`m§Mr ZmQ>Ho$ Am{U "H$ënZoÀ`m Vramda', "OmÝhdr', "d¡îUdr' B. H$mX§~è`m Ago {d{dY àH$maMo gm{hË` à{gÕ Amho. 1964 _Üò _S>Jmd òWo Pmboë`m A. ^m. _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. 1988 Mm kmZnrR> nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zm àmßV Pmbm Amho.

"H$m¢Vo`' `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ hm nmR> KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m nmR>mV AOw©Z Am{U H$U© `m§Mm `wÕàg§J, H$Um©À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbobo àíZ Am{U Hw§$Vr{df`r AgUmao H$Um©Mo ào_ Am{U Om§{KbmMr ñdm_r{Zð>m ì`ŠV hmoVo.

(_yë` - {ZîR>m-ào_)

(gm`§H$miMr doi. Hw$éjoÌmMm EH$ mJ. EH$m ~mOyg H$Um©Mm aW AgyZ Ë`mMo EH$ MmH$ O{_ZrV Imobda ê$Vbobo Amho. `moÕçmÀ`m dofmV Agbobm H$U© Vo MmH$ CngyZ H$mTÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho.)

Om§{Kb : (àdoe H$arV- aŠVmZ§ _mIbobm) _hmamO - ñdm_r -

H$U© : H$moU§ Om§{Kb ? Om§{Kb, {VWoM C^m ahm. _mÂ`mOdi oD$ ZH$mog. eÌy m ñWimda ~mUm§Mm Am{U Aóm§Mm dfm©d H$arV Amho ! mdmÀ`m namO`mZ§ g§VßV Pmbobm AOw©Z VrZ doim qghmgmaIm _mÂ`mda VwQy>Z nS>bm. VrZ doim _r Ë`mbm brboZ§ _mJ§ naVdb§ Amho. nU n¥ÏdrZ§ nm§S>dm§Mm nj KoD$Z _mÂ`m aWMH«$mMm AYmernUmZ§ KmoQ> KoVbm Amho. eë`_hmamO _mPr goZm KoD$Z eÌybm AS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AJ«^mJr Jobo AmhoV ! nU-OmJodaMm _mam H$_r Pmbobm Zmhr. ho MH«$ ~mhoa {ZKon`ªV Hw$Urhr _mÂ`mOdi òD$ ZH$m.

Om§{Kb : _hmamO, _bm AmVm _¥Ë`yMr ^rVr Cabobr Zmhr!

H$U© : åhUOo?

Om§{Kb : ñdm_r, _r AJmoXaM _obmo Amho, _oë`mgmaImM Amho ! gmË`H$ser bT>VmZm Ë`mMo

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~mU bmJyZ _mÂ`m N>mVrMr MmiUr Pmbr Amho. \w$Qy>Z Jobr Amho Vr ! nU _hmamO, _r AmZ§XmV Amho ! gmË`H$sÀ`m goZoMm MwamS>m H$ê$Z _r _aVm _aVm Ë`mbmhr {nQ>miyZ bmdb§ Amho ! Amnë`m A§Jmda Vmo MT>mB© H$ê$ nhmV hmoVm. åhQ>b§ Om§{KbmÀ`m àoVmda nm` R>odë`m{edm` Vwbm H$U©amOm§n`ªV nmoMVm `m`M§ Zmhr ! _hmamO, Amnë`mgma»`m Xood_mUgmMr godm H$aÊ`mM§ ^m½` _bm bm^b§! ^m½`mM§ OrdZ bm^b§, AmVm ^m½`mM§ _aU {_iV§ Amho! AmVm EH$Xm Amnë`m nm`m§da- Amnë`m nm`m§da

H$U© : (nwT>o OmD$Z) nm`m§da ? Om§{Kbm, Aao Iar Xod_mUg§ Vwåhr ! {H$Vr ghOnUmZ§, {H$Vr CXmanUmZ§ Vwåhr {OdmM§ XmZ XoVm! `o {_Ìm, VwPr OmJm _mÂ`m öX`mOdi Amho. nm`mer Zmhr!

(XmoKohr ^oQ>VmV)

Om§{Kb : _hmamO, _r YÝ` Pmbmo. eodQ>Mr EH$ {dZ§Vr Amho. AmJ«hmM§ _mJU§ Amho.

H$U© : H$moUVr {dZ§Vr - H$gb§ _mJU§ ?

Om§{Kb : AmnU {daW Pmbm AmhmV. AmnU Vm~S>Vmo~ _mKmar Om. `m {R>H$mUr MmH$ CngyZ H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m ZmXm_Ü o amhÿ ZH$m! AOw©Z nwÝhm Amnë`mda MT>mB© H$aÊ`mÀ`m V`marZ§ oV Amho. nU AOyZ doi Amho! AmnU {daW, {Z…eñÌ AmhmV hr dmVm© gd©Ì ngabr

Amho. Y_m©Y_m©Mr V_m Z ~miJVm AOw©Z Amnë`mda {ZH$amMm hëbm Ho$ë`m{edm`

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amhUma Zmhr! åhUyZ AmJ«hmM§ gm§JU Amho, Amnë`m AmdS>Ë`m godH$mMm eodQ>Mm hÅ> Amho. AmnU naV Om-AmnU naV Om

H$U© : Á`m _mJÊ`m nwè`m H$aVm òV ZmhrV Ë`mM EoH$m`M§ gÜ`m H$Um©À`m Z{e~r Amb§ Amho!

Om§{Kb : ñdm_r, _bm OmñV ~mobdV Zmhr. - AmnU naV Om

H$U© : (hgVmo) naV OmD$? Am{U naV OmD$Z H$m` H$ê$? Om§{Kbm, VwPr N>mVr \w$Q>br Amho, _mP§ H$nmi \w$Q>b§ Amho! _r bT>Vmo Amho Iam. nU _bm H$mhrhr gwMV Zmhr, C_OV Zmhr, _mPr eó{dÚm XoIrb _bm AmR>doZmer Pmbr Amho. nU AmVm _mKmar OmU§ eŠ` Zmhr!

Om§{Kb : _hmamO, _mPr enW Amho! AmOn`ªV Amnë`mOdi H$Yr H$mhr _m{JVb§ Zmhr. ho EH$M _mJVmo Amho. `wÕ AOyZ Amnë`m ~mOyM§ Amho. AmnU {Od§V amhmb Va H$m¡adm§À`m njmMm, Amnë`m njmMm, {Z{üVM {dO` hmoB©b

H$U© : Amnbm nj? H$moUVm nj _mPm! Om§{Kb, _mPm nj H$moUVm `mMrM _bm ^«m§V nS>br Amho. eoOmar {_Ì AmhoV. Am{U g_moa ^mD$ AmhoV- H$moUVm nj _mPm?

Om§{Kb : _hmamO, AmnU ho H$m` ~mobV AmhmV? AmnU ~oM¡Z AmhmV, C{Û½Z AmhmV, AmnU {e{~amV _mKmar Om

H$U© : Zmhr, Om§{Kb, dramM§ _ñVH$ VwQ>b§ Var Ë`mMm ZwgVm hmV jUâ eó naOrV amhVmo. bT>U§ hmM EH$ H$Um©Mm Y_© Amho. `m Y_m©nmgyZ _r namd¥Îm hmoUma Zmhr. Am{U H$emgmR>r hmoD$ ? _bm àH$me {XgVmo Amho Vmo \$ŠV _¥Ë`yÀ`m {XeobmM. _r bT>Vm bT>Vm _aoZ. _mÂ`m {_ÌmÀ`m F$UmMr ânmB© H$aVm H$aVm _aoZ. EdT> MmH$ _mÌ-

Om§{Kb : _hmamO, ho MH«$ aWmM§ Zmhr, XþX£dmM§ MH«$ Amho Vo! - AmnU Zmhr EoH$V - _hmamO, Amnbm {Zamon KoVmo _r. na_oída Amnë`mbm - (_aVmo).

H$U© : Om, Om§{Kb, gwImZ§ Om - hmo`, Vy åhUmbmg Vo Ia§ Amho! ho MH«$ XþX£dmM§M Amho, j_merb, gdmªZm nmoQ>mer YaUmar åhUyZ `m Y[aÌrMm bm¡{H$H$-nU Vrhr H$Um©er d¡a Yê$Z Ë`mMm KmV H$am`bm {gÕ Pmbr!

(Xÿada Aóm§Mm bIbImQ> {XgVmo d aWm§Mm AmdmO EoHy$ òVmo.)

H$U© : Zmhr ! _r Agm nam^d nËH$aUma Zmhr ! ho aWMH«$ ~mhoa {ZKmb§ Va AOyZhr _r nmWm©Mm dY Ho$ë`m{edm` amhUma Zmhr! nmWm©Mm-Hw§$VrÀ`m AmdS>Ë`m AOw©ZmMm dY! AOw©Zmbm _mê$Z Vy AmB©À`m g_moa Jobmg Va Vr Vwbm Odi H$arb H$m? H$U©hr {VMm _wbJm Agbm Var Vmo Xþamdbobm Amho- AOw©Z {VÀ`m nXamImbr dmT>bobm - AOw©ZmM§ Xþ…I {Vbm A{YH$ hmoB©b- nU _r amOoûdambm dMZ {Xb§ Amho, Hw§$VrÀ`m Alw§Mr _r H$Xa H$aUma Zmhr.

(MmH$ Cngy bmJVmo. aWm§Mm AmdmO Odi EoHy$ òVmo. e§Im§Mo aUdmÚm§Mo AmdmO

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EoHy$ òVmV - ~mUm§Mm d Aóm§Mm dfm©d hmoVmo, a§J^y_rdarb àH$me A§YwH$ hmoV OmVmo.)

H$U© : Ambm! - _mPm ^mD$ - _mPm namH«$_r eÌy Odi òD$Z R>onbm! (_moR>çmZo) Wm§~ AOw©Zm, EH$ KQ>H$mâ Wm§~! Vy dra Amhog, Hw§$VrMm _wbJm Amhog ! Vy eÌyda AY_m©Z§ AmKmV H$aUma Zmhrg! Wm§~, _r g§H$Q>mV Amho! _r Vwbm ä`m`bmo Zmhr, H$U© Hw$Umbmhr {Ûma Zmhr, nU ho MmH$ da {ZKon`ªV _bm Adga Xo, _bm aWmê$T> hmoD$ Xo, _bm geó hmoD$ Xo, AOw©Zm, AY_m©Z§ bTy> ZH$mog.

(a§J^y_rda nyU© H$mimoI hmoVmo. Ë`m H$mimoImV eómóm§À`m àH$meaofm {dOm§à_mUo bIbIVmV.)

H$U© : Wm§~, AOw©Zm, VwÂ`m dra d¥Îmrbm bm§N>>Z bmdy ZH$mog (EH$ AmdmO : (ghmñ`) AOw©Zm! hrM doi Amho! hm H$U© Y_©`wÕmV AqOŠ`

Amho! n¥ÏdrZ§ Ë`m§M aWMH«$ {JiyZ Vwbm AmO AIoaMr g§Yr {Xbr Amho. H$a, ~mUm§Mm, Aóm§Mm dfm©d H$a !

H$U© : loîR> nm§S>dm, AY_m©Mm Aml` H$ê$ ZH$mog ! (EH$ AmdmO : AY_© ? AY_m©, AmO Vwbm Y_m©M§ ñ_aU Pmb§ H$m`? CÝ_Îmm§Zmo,

Y_© hm eãX CÀMmaÊ`mMr Var Vw_Mr nmÌVm Amho H$m`? hm Am_Mm AY_© Zmhr. Vwåhr gnm©à_mU§ nmogbobm hm Vw_MmM AY_© AmO Vw_Mm Zme H$arV Amho! nmWm©, Aóm§Mm dfm©d H$a! bmjmJ¥¥hmV nm§S>dm§Zm OmiÊ`mM§ H$mañWmZ H$aVmZm hm Y_© Vwåhm§bm AmR>dbm Zmhr! ÚyVm_Ü o AgË`mMm Aml` KoVmZm Vwåhm§bm Y_m©M§ ñ_aU Pmb§ Zmhr! â amO_§S>imV nm§MmbrÀ`m {Zarbm hmV KmbVmZm Vwåhr Y_m©Mm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr! Vwåhr nmdbmonmdbr bmWmS>bobm Y_© AmVm Vw_M§ ajU H$arb H$m`? AOw©Zm, H$gbmhr {dMma H$ê$ ZH$mog- `m gwdU©g§YrMm \$m`Xm Ko Am{U `m Jdm©T>ç gyVnwÌmMm Zm`ZmQ> H$a! )

H$U© : åhmVmè`m {dYdm§à_mUo JVJmoîQ>tMm S>m§Jmoam {nQ>Umè`m dram§Zmo Vwåhm§bm H$Um©Mo àmUM hdo AmhoV Zm? ¿`m, Iwemb ¿`m! hm _hmaWr H$U© - hm Y_©{ZîR> H$U© - CKS>`m N>mVrZ§ Vw_À`m nwT>§ C^m Amho. H$Um©Mm àmU ¿`m, nU H$m¡adm§À`m AY_m©~Ôb AmH«$moe H$ê$ ZH$m! Y_© hm eãX CÀMmaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Vw_À`mnojm H$m¡admZm§M A{YH$ Amho! H$m¡ad A{^_mZmZ§ dmJbo, AY_m©Z§ dmJbo ZmhrV. ^rî_, ÐmoUmgma»`m loîR> _hmËå`m§Mo AY_m©Z§, AgË`mZ§ IyZ nmSy>Z Vwåhr Omo nmnmMm S>m|Ja

aMbm Amho. Ë`mnwT>§ bmjmJ¥hmÀ`m Am{U ÚyVmÀ`m eoinQ> JmoîQ>tMr H$m` H$Wm? AmB©

J-_mam, H$Um©bmhr AY_m©Z§M _mam ! H$Um©Mm nam^d \$ŠV AY_©M H$ê$ eHo$b!

Xþ`m}YZm, _r VwÂ`mgmR>r - AmB© ! _mam -_mam - hm`!

(aWmOdi H$mogiyZ nS>Vmo. a§J^y_rda EH$X_ nyd©dV àH$me nSy> bmJVmo. nS>ÚmV

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H$mobmhb : nS>bm! H$U© nS>bm! _hmaWr H$Um©Mm {Z…nmV Pmbm! em~mg nmWm©,

em~mg! em~mg H$Um©, dramgmaIm bT>bmg nyU© àH$me. EH$m ~mOyZo Hw§$Vr YmdV

òVo d H$Um©Mo _ñVH$ _m§S>rda KoVo. Xþgè`m ~mOyZo ^r_, AOw©Z d ZHw$b àdoe

H$aVmV.)

Hw§$Vr : ~mi, _r VwÂ`mgmR>r YmdV Ambo hmoVo ao! nU Cera Pmbm!

^r_ : _hmaWr H$Um©Mm {Z…nmV Pmbm! H$m¡adm§Mm goZmnVr, H$m¡adnjmMm AmYmañV§^ H$mogiyZ

nS>bm! AmB©, Vy BW§ aUm§JUmda H$er? Am{U ho H$m`?

Hw§$Vr : ^r_m, H$m¡adm§Mm goZmnVr Jobm Zmhr. Xþ`m}YZmMm {_Ì Jobm Zmhr ! _mPm H$U© Jobm!

_mPm _wbJm Jobm! ^r_m, AOw©Zm, Vw_Mm Wmoabm ^mD$ Jobm ao!

AOw©Z : Wmoabm ^mD$? H$m` åhUVog AmB© ho?

Hw§$Vr : hmo`, Wmoabm ^mD$! _rM Ë`mMm OÝ_mnmgyZ Ë`mJ H$aUmar, Ë`mMr hadbobr AmB©.

_rM Mm§S>miUrZ§ Ë`mbm OÝ_ {Xbm! Am{U AmO Ë`mbm _aUhr {Xb§!

H$U© : AmB©, Vy gdmªZm gm§{JVbg? _r Wmoabm ^mD$ ho nm§S>dm§Zm gm§{JVbg AmB©-AmB©- _mÂ`mgmR>r Vwbm {H$Vr `mVZm ^moJmì`m bmJë`m AgVrb J§! _mÂ`m AmB©bm _r Xþ…Ir H$îQ>r Ho$b§ ho EdT>§ EH$M Xþ…I _bm Amho, ~mH$s H$mhr Zmhr.

Hw§$Vr : ~mi, _mP§ gma§ Xþ…I `m jUmbm Zmhrg§ Pmb§ Amho! VwÂ`mgma»`m _hmdrambm _r OÝ_ {Xbm EdT>§M g_mYmZ, EdT>mM A{^_mZ {eëbH$ am{hbm Amho AmVm.Om, bmS>Š`m, gwImZ§, em§VVoZ§ Om ~a§! H$gb§hr Xþ…I _ZmV R>ody ZH$mog. `m Xm§{^H$ OJmV VwPr _mZI§S>Zm Pmbr. Vwbm AKmoa AmnÎmr gmogmì`m bmJë`m. nU Hw$éjoÌmVrb H$moUË`mhr drambm bmÛma Zmhr Ag§ nwÊ` VwÂ`m nXamer Amho. ñdJm©À`m doer_Üò C^m amhÿZ àË`j na_oûda VwPr dmQ> nmhmV Agob. ~mi, _mPo-VwÂ`m AmB©Mo AIoaMo Amerdm©X KoD$Z Om

H$U© : A_¥VmMm-A_¥VmMm A{^foH$ hmoV Amho A§V…H$aUmda! gmè`m OI_m ^ê$Z Joë`m. gJù`m doXZm Zmhrem Pmë`m! AmB©, _r gwImZ§ OmVmo Amho. Aem gwImÀ`m _aUmgmR>r Xþ…ImZ§§ âbobr e§â Am`wî` nËH$am`bm _r V`ma Amho. AmB©, _mÂ`m d¡è`m§H$Sy>Z _r _mabm Jobmo Zmhr. H$moUVmhr eÌy _bm nam^yV H$ê$ eH$bm ZgVm. _bm _mÂ`m ^mdm§Zr-_mÂ`m bmS>Š`m namH«$_r ^mdm§Zr _mab§! Ë`m§Zm åhUmd§, ho H$ië`mdaVr Xþ…I H$ê$ ZH$m!

AOw©Z : Xþ…I H$ê$ ZH$m! AmB©, H$m` Pmb§ _mÂ`m hmVyZ ho? Hw$éjoÌmdarb hm gd©loîR> dra,

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hm _hmaWr H$U©, hm Abm¡{H$H$ _hmË_m. Am_Mm ^mD$ Am{U `m H$a§Q>çm hmVm§Zr

_r Ë`m§Mm dY Ho$bm, Am{U VmogwÜXm AY_m©Z§! AmB©, ho AmYr H$m Zmhr gm§{JVb§g?

^r_ : _mV¥hËòM§ nmVH$ nËH$ê$ZgwÕm `m JXoZ§ VwÂ`m _ñVH$mMm MwamS>m H$ê$Z Q>mH$mdm Ag§

dmQ>V` _bm!

AOw©Z : XmXm

^r_ : H$m` Ho$b§g ho! hm H$U© Am_Mm mD$ Amho ho AJmoXa R>mD$H$ AgV§ Va gmè`m n¥ÏdrM§

amÁ` {_idyZ Vo Amåhr Ë`mÀ`m nm`mda dm{hb§ AgV§; Zmhr-n¥ÏdrÀ`m amÁ`mdahr

bmW _mê$Z Amåhr Ë`mÀ`m nm`mMr godm H$arV ~gbmo AgVmo!

H$U© : ^r_m, AOw©Zm, Amnë`m AmB©bm Hw$Urhr H$mhr Q>mHy$Z ~moby ZH$m! Xþ…ImMm S>m|Ja {VZ§-

Am`wî`â N>mVrda ~miJbm Amho! Vwåhr H$moUrhr H$îQ>r hmoD$ ZH$m. _bm Vw_À`m

hmVyZ _aU òV Amho ho _mP§ _moR>§ ^m½` Amho. eodQ>r-AJXr eodQ>À`m KQ>Ho$bm H$m

hmoB©Zm, nU _mPr Am{U m½`mMr JmR> nS>br. _mÂ`m AmB©À`m _m§S>rda _r nS>bmo Amho

-_mPo bmS>Ho$ mD$ _mÂ`mOdi Cô AmhoV! AmB©-AmB© - OmVmo _r-_mPm Xþ`m}YZ Hw$R>o

Amho? Ë`mZ§ _bm OÝ_moOÝ_rM§ G$Ur Ho$b§ Amho-Ë`mbm _mPo àUm_ gm§Jm-AmB©, _r

VwPm _wbJm-VwPm H$U©

(_aVmo)

Hw§$Vr : H$Um©! _mÂ`m ~mim

(nS>Xm)

eãXmW© :

n H$a§Q>m-A^mJr n V_m-ndm© n bm§N>Z - H$b§H$ n Aó-_§ÌmoÀMmamZo CJmaÊ`mMo Am`wY (hË`ma) n

AYmernUo - hmdaQ>nUo n {daW- aWhrZ n {ZH$amMm hëbm- eWuMo AmH«$_U n eó{dÚm- hË`ma

Mmb{dÊ`mMr {dÚm n G$U- CnH$ma n dY- R>ma _maUo n Jdm©T>ç- Ah§H$mar n gyVnwÌ- gmaÏ`mMm

_wbJm n Xm§{^H$- ImoQ>m {XImD$nUm, Ah§H$ma n _mZI§S>Zm- An_mZ n Hw$éjoÌ- wÕ^y_r n AY_- ZrM

n AY_©- Y_m©bm gmoSy>Z n ^«m§V- gme§H$, KmoQ>mù`mV nS>bobm n C{Û½Z- hVme n ~oM¡Z- AñdñW,

CXmg

Q>rnm :

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n H$U©-Hw§$Vrbm Hw$_marH$m AdñWoV {Xì` _§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gy`m©nmgyZ Pmbobm nwÌ. nmM nm§S>dm§Mm gd-

m©V _moR>m mD$ na§Vw Vmo EH$m gmaÏ`mZo d Ë`mÀ`m amYm ZmdmÀ`m nËZrZo gm§^mibm åhUyZM Vmo Am`wî`^a

gyVnwÌ åhUyZ AmoiIbm Jobm.

n Om§{Kb-H$Um©Mm ñdm_r{ZîR> godH$ n EH$ AmdmO-lrH¥$îUmÀ`m CnXoemMr AmR>dU AmdmOmÀ`m ê$nmV

n Hw§$Vr-n§Sw>amOmMr nËZr, nmM nm§S>dm§Mr d H$Um©Mr _mVm.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) n¥ÏdrZo H$moUmMm nj KoVbm ?

(A) H$m¡adm§Mm (~) nm§S>dm§Mm

(H$) Hw§$VrMm (S>) H¥$îUmMm

(Am) {daW d {Z…eñÌ H$moU Pmbo hmoVo?

(A) eë` (~) Om§{Kb

(H$) Xþþ`m}YZ (S>) H$U©

(B) CXmanUmZo OrdmM§ XmZ§ XoUmam Iam Xod_mUyg H$moU?

(A) ^rî_ (~) AOw©Z

(H$) Om§{Kb (S>) gmË`H$s

(B©) _mV¥hË`oM§ nmVH$ nËH$aÊ`mghr V`ma ìhmdo Ago H$moUmg dmQ>Vo?

(A) AOw©Z (~) Hw§$Vr

(H$) ^r_ (S>) H$U©

(C) Hw§$VrZo, H$U©~mimg OÝ_mbm KmbVmM H$m` Ho$bo?

(A) nXamImbr KoVbo (~) dmËgë`mZo nm{hbo

(H$) Ë`mJ Ho$bm (S>) Amnë`mgmo~V Zobo


(A) H$Um©bm H$emMr ^«m§V nS>br hmoVr?

(Am) Om§{Kb H$moUmMm godH$ hmoVm?

(B) H$m¡adm§Mm AmYmañV§^ H$moUmbm åhQ>bo Amho?

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(B©) H$Um©Mm dY H$moUr Ho$bm?

(C) nm§S>dm§À`m _mVoMo Zmd H$m`?

(D$) Om§{KbmZo H$moUmÀ`m goZoMm nam^d Ho$bm?

(E) H$Um©Mo eë` H$moUVo?


(A) H$m¡adm§Zr H$moUVo H$mañWmZ Ho$bo hmoVo?

(Am) Om§{KbmÀ`m N>mVrMr MmiUr H$moUr d H$m Ho$br?

(B) H$U© {daW H$m Pmbm?

(B©) H$Um©À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ^r_mZo Amnbm g§Vmn H$gm ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho?


(A) "VwPr OmJm-_mÂ`m öX`mOdi Amho, nm`mer Zmhr!'

(Am) "AmB© J§-_mam, H$Um©bmhr AY_m©Z§M _mam!'

(B) _mPm H$U© Jobm! _mPm _wbJm Jobm!


(A) H$m¡adm§Zr H$moUVm AY_© Ho$bm hmoVm?

(Am) Om§{KbmZo H$Um©bm eodQ>r H$moUVr {dZ§Vr Ho$br?

(B) EH$m AmdmOmZo AOw©Zmg H$moUVm g§Xoe {Xbm?


(A) H$Um©Mr ñd^md d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm.

(Am) Hw§$VrÀ`m ñd^mdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm.

(B) Om§{KbmMr ì`{º$aoIm aoImQ>m.

^mfmä`mg :

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VwQy>Z nS>Uo, ^«m§V nS>Uo, ~oM¡Z hmoUo, C{Û½Z hmoUo, _mZI§S>Zm hmoUo, H$Xa H$aUo, S>m§Jmoam {nQ>Uo


gn©, Xþ…I, _¥Ë`y, MH«$, bm§N>>Z

(B) Imbrb eãXm§Mo g§Yr gmoS>dm

amOoûda, {Z…eñÌ, {Z…nmV, na_oída, _hmË_m

(B©) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm

aWMH«$, AgË`, gyVnwÌ, _hmaWr, AY_©, gd©loîR>, _hmË_m

(C) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm

(A) H$mimoImV eóm§À`m àH$meaofm {dOm§à_mUo bIbIVmV

(Am) ho aWmMo MH«$ Zìho! XþX£dmMo MH«$ Amho.

CnH«$_ :

l ì`mgm§Zr {b{hboë`m "_hm^maV' `m J§«WmMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` ¿`m.

l "_¥Ë`w§O`' hr {edmOr gmd§V `m§Zr {b{hbobr H$mX§~ar dmMm.

l Amnë`m emioÀ`m ñZohg§_obZmV "H$Um©Mo eë`' ho ZmQ>H$ gmXa H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

_mV¥N>m`m XoXrß`_mZ VÎd OmXm

dmJoídar ídar gdm}ËH¥$îQ>

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5. EZmjr{_`m Am{U dmKrU_mê$Vr {MV_n„r

n[aM` :

_mê$Vr {MV_n„r OÝ_ … 5 Zmoìho§~a 1932 gmobmnya òWo. gmobmnya òWo {ejU. nwÊ`mV na§namJV

nÕVrZo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z. O_©Z Am{U a{e`Z mfmMmhr Aä`mg. n{jVk åhUyZ »`m{Vàmá.

dÝÒrd ì`dñWmnZ, dZo, dÝ`àmUr Am{U n{jOJVm{df`r C„oIZr` g§emoYZ.

AmVmn`ªV EH$drg nyñVHo$ àH$m{eV. AZoH$ nwañH$ma àmá. gmobmnya ò{Wb 79 ì`m Am{Ib ^maVr`

_amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`j. gwdU© JéS> `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ EZmjr{_`m Am{U dmKrU hr H$Wm

KoVbr Amho.

(_yë` - _Zwî` d àmUr`m§À`mVrb _¡Ìr)

Vwåhr O§JbmVrb Jmdm§VyZ qhSy> bmJbmV, H$s \$H$sa Am{U dmK m§À`m {ZH$Q> gm{ÞÜ`m {df`rÀ`m

Jmoï>r VoWrb Am{Xdmgr Vwåhmbm EoH$dVmV. Aem H$Wm§V {H$Vr dmñV{dH$Vm AgVo Vr emoYÊ`mMm N>§X

_r dZ{d^mJmV àdoe Ho$ë`mnmgyZ Omonmgbm Amho. _r H$moH$UmV hmoVmo, Voìhm A{b~mJOdiÀ`m EH$m

O§JbmV \$H$sa Am{U dmKm{df`r H$Wm EoH$br. Mm¡H$er H$aV KQ>ZmñWir Jobmo, na§Vw nwamdm hmVr

bmJbm Zmhr. Am{Xdmgr dmKmMr Xod åhUyZ nyOm H$aVmV. Aem dmKXodm§Mo Xe©Z AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Pmbo.

ZdoJmd ~m§Y òWo AgVmZm VoWyZ drg-n§Mdrg {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamdarb àVmnJS> {H$ëë`mda EH$ \$H$sa

amhmV Ago. Ë`mÀ`mOdi _ÜàmÌrZ§Va dmK oV Agë`mMo EoH$ë`mda mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r Jobmo. na§Vw

dmK Ë`m {Xder Am{U Ë`mZ§Va AmbmM Zmhr.

_r ZmJ{Pam A^`maÊ`mV AgVmZm à{gÕ boIH$ nw.b.Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m~amo~a AmZ§XdZmMo ~m~m

Am_Q>o A^`maÊ` nmhm`bm Ambo hmoVo. ~m~m Am_Q>o `m§Zr EZmjr{_`m Am{U dm{KUrÀ`m H$~ar{df`r

Jmoï> gm§{JVbr hmoVr Vr Aer.

\$ma dfmªnydu M§Ðnya-_yb añË`mZOrH$ EH$m S>m|JamÀ`m nR>mamda EZmjr{_`m ZmdmMm \$H$sa

PmonS>rV amhmV Ago. PmoonS>rg_moa bhmZ \$m§X`m Am{U JdVmZo emH$mabobm _m§S>d hmoVm. _m§S>dmÀ`m

_Ü`^mJr PmS>mMm ~w§Ym O{_ZrV nwê$Z ~¡R>H$ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mda ~gyZ {_`m g_moaÀ`m YwZrH$S>o nmhmV

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~gbobm Ago. Ë`m _m§S>dmV AhmoamÌ YwZr noQ>bobr Ago.

S>m|JamÀ`m nm`Ï`mdarb JmdmV Vmo amoO {^jm _mJÊ`mgmR>r OmB©. Ë`m_wio gmao Jmd Ë`mbm AmoiIV

Ago. EImÚm Kar H$moUr JamoXa ór Agob Va {Vbm H$ï> nSy> ZòV åhUyZ EZmjr{_`m IamQ>m KoD$Z {VMo

gmao A§JU PmSy>Z Úm`Mm. {d{harVrb nmUr nmohè`mZo H$mTy>Z Úm`Mm. S>mohmio bmJboë`m órbm amZ_odm

AmUyZ Úm`Mm. JmdmV Hw$Ur AmOmar Agob Va Ë`mbm Am¡fY XoD$Z ~am H$am`Mm. gmh{OH$M gmam Jmd

Ë`mÀ`m n[aM`mMm hmoVm.

_ÜàmÌrZ§Va O§JbmVrb EH$ dmKrU `m YwZrOdi EZmjr{_`mÀ`m eoOmar òD$Z ~go. Vmo

{VÀ`mer VmgZVmg ~mobo. Vr gmao EH${MÎmmZo EoHo$. _ÜòM Ë`mÀ`m nm`mdê$Z Amnbr _mZ Kmgo.

IaoVa dmKmÀ`m OmVrbm AmJrMr ^rVr dmQ>Vo. Vo AmJrÀ`m Odinmg XoIrb {\$aH$V ZmhrV. na§Vw

Ë`m dm{KUrbm EZmjr{_`m{df`r AmH$f©U Am{U ào_ dmQ>o. AmJrbm Vr ^rV Zgo.

hiyhiy hr Jmoï> gmè`m JmdH$è`m§Zm _mhrV Pmbr. Ë`m_wio _ÜàmÌrZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m PmonS>rH$S>o OmÊ`mMr

H$moUr qh_V H$arV Zgo. {_`mbm O§Jbr àmUr de AmhoV hr ~mV_r gmè`m XeH«$moerV ngabr hmoVr.

Vo {Xdg W§S>rMo hmoVo. EoZ {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mV BWë`m ^mJmV AdH$mir nmD$g nS>Vmo. Jmam§Mm

dfm©d hmoVmo. Jmam§À`m _mè`mZo O§JbmVrb nmIao O{_Zrda JVàmU hmoD$Z nS>VmV, Va H$mhr OI_r

hmoVmV. EZmjr{_`m Aem BOm Pmboë`m nmIam§da Am¡fY CnMma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ~ao H$ar. Z§Va hr nmIao

PmonS>r^modVrM qhSy> {\$ê$ bmJV. amÌ Pmbr H$s AmOy~mOyÀ`m PmS>m§da OmD$Z ~gV. gH$mi hmoVmM

{_`m Ë`m§Zm Mmam Kmbr. `mM {Xdgm§V PmS>m§Mr nmZJi hmoB©. O{_Zrda ngaboë`m Aem nmMmoù`mVyZ

dmKmbmXoIrb Amnbr nmdbo Z dmOdVm MmbVm òV Zgo. nmZJi Pmbobr PmS>o H$mï>{eënm§gmaIr C^r

AgV. na§Vw mVyZ {dai C^r Agbobr gXmh[aV d¥jm§À`m N>Vmdarb nmZo ÝhmD$Z {ZKV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm

EH$ AmJiodoJio gm¢X`© àmá hmoB© Am{U Aem nmdgmZ§Va EH$ {dbjU em§VVm Ë`m Amg_§VmV ngao.

ganU Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>m|JamV Jobobm `m JmdMm OmZy Jm|S> Aem W§S>rVë`m nmdgmV

O§JbmV AS>H$bm. {OH$S>o{VH$S>o Am^mi ^ê$Z Ambobo. T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> d {dOm§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ> `m§~amo~a

dmXi-dmao gwQ>bo. {dOoÀ`m AmJrMm bmoi EImÚm PmS>mda nS>bm, H$s Vo PmS> g_moaM ñ_gmV ìhm`Mo.

Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm PmS>mMm Amgam KoVm òB©Zm. S>moŠ`mdaMo AmoPo \o$Hy$Z XoD$Z Vmo {ngmQ>mgmaIm nm`dmQ>oZo

YmdV EZmjr{_`mÀ`m PmonS>rOdi nmoMbm, Voìhm _ÜàmÌ Pmbr hmoVr.

gmar PmonS>r Am{U g_moaMm _m§S>d YwŠ`mV {XgV ZìhVm. YwZrMm A§YwH$gm àH$me M_H$V hmoVm.

OmZy Jm|S> EZmjr{_`mÀ`m PmonS>rOdi nmoMbm. OmZy Jm|S>mZo EZmjr{_`mbm hmH$ _mabr, Vgm {_`m

PmonS>r~mhoa Ambm. OmZybm nmhVmM Agm AnamÌr òÊ`m~Ôb Ë`mbm Xmof {Xbm. Zoh_rÀ`m àWoà_mUo

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OmZybm {eì`m§Mr bmImobr dm{hbr.

na§Vw O§JbmVyZ amoO {_`mH$S>o òUmè`m dm{KUrMr doi Pmbr hmoVr. OmZybm Aem AnamÌr naV

nmR>dUo Ë`mbm mo½` dmQ>bo Zmhr. {edm` dmKrU Am{U Ë`mMr oQ> Pmbr AgVr, Va {VZo OmZyda h„m Ho$bm AgVm Am{U PmonS>rV bndyZ R>odmdo, Va An[a{MV ì`º$sÀ`m dmgmdê$Z {VZo Ë`mbm hoabo AgVo. OmZy Jm|S>mÀ`m `m AZmhÿV òÊ`m_wio EZmjr{_`m {dd§MZoV nS>bm.

{_`mbm EH$ `wº$s gwMbr. Ë`mZo OmZybm H$nS>o H$mT>m`bm gm§{JVbo. Ë`mÀ`m g§dmªJmbm YwZrVbr amI \$mgbr. Aem_wio earamMm J§Y àmÊ`m§Zm òV Zmhr. ñdV…Mr H$\$Zr Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV KmVbr. OmZyMo Amobo H$nS>o YwZrda gwH$dyZ {_`mZo ñdV… KmVbo. añË`mZo òUmè`m dm{KUrbm gm_moao Omdo åhUyZ {_`m O§JbmVyZ Mmby bmJbm. {VMr gmdQ> EH$mJ«VoZo EoHy$ bmJbm. Anojoà_mUo {VMr dmQ>oV ôQ> Pmbr. na§Vw Xþê$ZM {VZo JwaJwê$Z Amnbm amJ ì`º$ Ho$bm, ho nmhÿZ {_`mbm AmíM`© dmQ>bo. {VZo Ë`mbm AmoiIbo Zmhr Am{U Ë`mÀ`mda H$S>H$Sy>Z h„m Ho$bm. Ë`mV {_`m JVàmU Pmbm.

AmH$memV M§Ð àH$meV hmoVm. Ë`mMm àH$me {_`mÀ`m Mohè`mda nS>bm hmoVm. AmVm {VZo Ë`mbm AmoiIbo hmoVo. Amnbr MyH$ bjmV oVmM {VZo AmH«$moemZo S>aH$mir \$moS>br Am{U O{_Zrda nSy>Z eonQ>r OmoaOmoamZo AmnQ>V Amnbo àmU gmoS>bo.

OmZy Jm|S>mbm ho gmao PmonS>rV EoHy$ òV hmoVo. Z§Va {OH$S>o{VH$S>o em§V Pmbo. ~amM doi Pmbm Var EZmjr{_`m naVbm Zmhr, åhUyZ Vmo AmdmOmÀ`m {XeoZo emoY KoV Ë`m KQ>ZmñWir nmoMbm. nmhVmo Vmo {_`m Am{U dmKrU _ê$Z nS>bobo {Xgbo. ho ~KyZ Vmo ^rVrZo J^©JirV Pmbm. Ooìhm Vmo ^mZmda Ambm Voìhm _moR>çmZo aS>V åhUmbm, H$m` Ho$b§g {_`m, _mB`mgma»`m gmÜ`m _mUgmMm Ord dmMdÊ`mH$aVm ñdV…Mo àmU {Xbog. EdT>§M Zìho Va dmKrUhr _obr.

VgmM Vmo ~m|~bV aS>V JmdmV nmoMbm, Voìhm nhmQ>oMm H$m|~S>m Amadbm hmoVm, Ë`mÀ`m aS>Ê`m-AmoaS>Ê`m_wio JmdVrb H$mhr ~m`m-_mUgo Ë`mÀ`m^modVr O_br. Ë`mZo O§JbmV KS>bobr gmar hH$sH$V JmdH$è`m§Zm gm§{JVbr. Vmon`ªV COmS>bo hmoVo. gmao JmdH$ar O_bo Am{U Ë`m§Zr Amnbm _moMm© KQ>ZmñWir didbm. OmZy gmè`m§À`m nwT>o aS>V Mmbbm hmoVm. {ó`mXoIrb AmH«$moe H$ê$ bmJë`m. {_`m Joë`mMo Iyn Xþ…I Ë`§mZm Pmbo hmoVo.

JmdH$è`m§Zr EZmjr{_`m Am{U dm{KUrMr A§Ë``mÌm H$mT>br. dmOV JmOV Ë`m§Mo _¥VXoh JmdmV AmUbo. Ë`m§Mm X\$Z{d{Y Ho$bm. Ë`mda eoOareoOmar XmoZ H$~ar ~m§Yë`m. `m H$~ar M§Ðnya-_yb añË`mH$S>obm JmdmÀ`m gr_oda AmOhr AmhoV.

Jmoï> g§nbr BWo _bm \$H$sa Am{U dmKmÀ`m ghM`m©Mm EH$_od nwamdm {_imbm. dmKmgma»`m O§Jbr

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àmÊ`m§Zm ~ao H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mer _¡Ìr H$aVm `oVo `mMr ImÌr Pmbr.

eãXmW© :

nYwZr - `kHw§$S>mV noQ>{dbobm AJ«r n XeH«$moer - g_modVmbMr Xhm Jmdo n AdH$mir nmD$g - Adoir nS>bobm nmD$g n ^ñ_gmV hmoUo - OiwZ OmUo

ñdmÜ`m` :

à1 (bm) Imbrb n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {bhm

(A) EZmjr{_`m H$moR>o amhmV Ago?(A) PmonS>r (~) Ka (H$) S>mobr (S>) Jwhm

(Am) nmIao H$em_wio OI_r hmoV?(A) CÝhm_wio (~) nmdgm_wio (H$) {eH$mè`m§_wio (S>) Jmam§À`m dfm©dm_wio

(B) OmZy Jm|S> H$moR>o AS>H$bm?(A) nmdgmV (~) JXuV (H$) OÌoV (S>) S>m|Jamda

à2 (am) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm

(A) EZmjr{_`m Am{U dm{KUrMr Jmoï> H$moUr H$moUmg gm§{JVbr>?(Am) {_`m JamoXa órMr _XV H$er H$aV Ago?(B) OmZy Jm|S> O§JbmV H$m Jobm hmoVm?(B©) OmZybm PmS>mMm Amgam H$m KoVm Ambm Zmhr?(C) dmKrU d {_`mÀ`m H$~ar H$moR>o AmhoV?

à3 (am) Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ qH$dm VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) _Ü`amÌrZ§Va JmdH$ar {_`m§À`m PmonS>r>H$S>o H$m {\$aH$V ZgV?(Am) OmZy Jm|S> H$moUË`m g§H$Q>mV AS>H$bm?

à4 (`m) g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am

(A) {_`mbm O§Jbr àmUr de AmhoV hr ~mV_r gmè`m XeH«$moerV ngabr.(Am) Ë`mZo OmZybm H$nS>o H$mT>m`bm gm§{JVbo. Ë`mÀ`m gdmªJmbm YwZrVbr amI \$mgbr.

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(B) H$m` Ho$bg _r`m, _mÂ`mgma»`m gmÜ`m _mUgmMm Ord dmM{dÊ`mH$aVm ñdV…Mo

àmU {Xbog.

à5 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm

(A) OmZybm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r {_`mZo H$m` Ho$bo?

(Am) {_`mMm _¥Ë`y H$gm Pmbm?

à6 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm

(A) OmZy Jm|S> {_`mH$S>o H$m§ Jobm?

(Am) {_`m Am{U dmKrU `m§Mo g§~§Y H$go hmoVo?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb dmH²$àMma§mMm AW© gm§JwZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

_moMm© di{dUo, gm_moao OmUo, J^©JirV hmoUo, H$m|~S>m AadUo

(Am) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm

AmH$f©U, An[a{MV, {ZpîH«$` , ŠboeXm`H$

CnH«$_:

l ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr amZ_odm, O§JbmVbo {Xdg hr nwñVHo$ {_idyZ dmMm.

l O§JbmVrb OZmdam§Mr _mhrVr {_idm.

ewÕboIZ:

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

Zm_m{^_mZ ^m§S>Hw$Xi

C{O©VmdñWm nwZ~mªYUr

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6. AmoiIem§Vm eoiHo$

n[aM` :

em§Vm OZmX©Z eoiHo$ `m§Zr (1921-2002) _w§~B© òWrb _hm{dÚmb`mV _amR>r {df`mÀ`m àmÜ`m{nH$m åhUyZ AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m à{gÕ H$d{`Ìr åhUyZ n[a{MV AmhoV. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ~mbgm{hË` BË`mXr dmL²>_` àH$mamV Ë`m§Zr {dnwb boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "AZmoiI', "Jm|XU', "VmoM M§Ð_m', "dfm©' BË`mXr H$mì`g§J«h. "AZw~§Y', "H$mMH$_i', "H$mdoar', "_wº$m' BË`mXr H$Wmg§J«h. "AmoT>', "nwZO©Ý_', "^rfU N>m`m', "_mòMm nmPa' BË`mXr H$mX§~è`m§Mo boIZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.

"nmdgm AmYrMm nmD$g' m Ë`m§À`m b{bV boI g§J«hmVyZ hm nmR> KoVbm Amho. m nmR>mV naXoemV ZmoH$ar {Z{_Îm ñWm{`H$ Pmbobr _amR>r Hw$Qw>§~o a{ddmar EH$Ì òD$Z JßnmJmoîQ>r H$aVmV. Aemdoir ghm dfm©À`m ~m{bHo$bm Ambobm OrdZmVbm XmhH$ AZw^d, Ë`mMm Pmbobm n[aUm_ `mMo {MÌU `m nmR>mVyZ ì`º$ Pmbobo Amho.

(_yë` - ~mb_ZmMr {ZamJgVm)

naXoemV ì`dgm`m{Z{_Îm ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m _amR>r _§S>ir§Mo {da§Jwù`mMo {Xdg åhUOo e{Zdma, a{ddma AemM EH$m "drH$E§S>' bm e{Zdmar g§Ü`mH$mir nmMghm _amR>r Hw$Qw>§~o Amnë`m EH$m {_ÌmH$S>o OodUmgmR>r Ambr hmoVr. OodU ho {Z{_Îm. EH$Ì O_yZ H$mhr doi JßnmJmoîQ>tV, _Zmo{dZmoXmV Kmb{dUo hm _w»` hoVy. naŠ`m XoemV AmnbonU emoYÊ`mMm, OnÊ`mMm EH$ à`ËZ.

Ò_mZm§Mo Ka gwaoI hmoVo. nwT>ë`m ~mOybm {M_wH$br ~mJ. _mJo Iyn Xÿada ngabobo {hadoJma _moH$io bm°Z. Ë`m nbrH$Sy>Z EH$ hm`do OmV hmoVm. {H$Vrhr Xÿada ZOa Q>mH$br Var dmQ>oV H$gbmhr AS>Wim åhUyZ òV ZìhVm. gai nm{hbo Va ZOa WoQ> {Zù`m^moa {j{VOmbmM OmD$Z {^S>o. CÝho H$bbr hmoVr. _mdiË`m gmoZoar {H$aUm§V bm°ZMm {hadm a§J doJir N>Q>m KoD$Z M_H$V hmoVm. W§S> dmam gwQ>bm hmoVm. _§S>ir bm°ZdaM IwÀ`m© Q>mHy$Z ~gbr hmoVr. nwT>çmV noò hmoVr. H$mhr ImÚnXmW© hmoVo. Jßnm§Zm a§J MT>bm hmoVm. gmarM _mUgo à{VpîR>V, gwg§ñH¥$V, ~w{Õ_mZ. nwéfm§à_mUo pñÌ`mhr ZmoH$è`m H$aUmè`m. naXoer nmUr gmè`m§À`m Mohè`m§da M_H$V hmoVo. nU _yiMo _amR>rnU Ë`mVyZ bnV ZìhVo. ~mhoa gVV B§J«Or ~mobÊ`mMm gamd. nU BWo _§S>ir _amR>r ~mobV hmoVr. hgV hmoVr. gdmªMrM AZoH$ dfmªMr AmoiI. Ë`m_wio dmJÊ`m~mobÊ`mV AH¥${Ì_ _moH$ionUm hmoVm. EH$_oH$m§Zm EHo$ar ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmV hmoVo. KaJwVr Mm¡H$í`m Mmbë`m hmoË`m. hmñ`{dZmoXm§Mo a§JrV JwÀN> \w$bV hmoVo. EH$ gw§Xa ghO dmVmdaU V`ma Pmbo hmoVo.

Ò_mZm§Mr EH$M N>moQ>r _wbJr. Oo_Vo_ nmMghm dfmªMr Agob Zgob. H$mnbobo Ho$g, Jmo~ao Jmb, A§JmV VmoH$S>m PJm. Vr BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o qhS>V hmoVr. Amboë`m nmhþUo _§S>irV {VÀ`m~amo~arMo EH$hr N>moQ>o

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_yb ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio {VMr Oam n§MmB©V Pmbr hmoVr. _wbJr A{Ve` MwUMwUrV, JmoS>. Ambobo gmao A§H$b AZ² gJù`m Am§Q>r {VÀ`m Mm§Jë`m AmoiIrÀ`m. Ë`m_wio Vr gamB©VnUo _§S>irV dmdaV hmoVr. _moR>r _mUgo Jßnm§V a§Jbr hmoVr. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m N>moQ>rH$S>o bj XoUo AdKS>M, Varhr gmar {VMo H$m¡VwH$ H$arV hmoVr. Vr Hw$UmÀ`mOdi OmD$Z Ë`m§À`m _m§S>rda ~go. Hw$UmMm hmV CJmMM hmVmV KoD$Z Ë`mbm hobH$mdo XoV amhr. Hw$UmÀ`m nmR>r_mJo OmD$Z Ë`mÀ`m Jù`mV hmV Q>mH$s. Aem doir Vr ì`ŠVr Amnbo ~mobUo Wm§~dyZ {VÀ`mH$S>o hgyZ nmhr. H$m¡VwH$mZo {VMr XIb KoB©. EImXo dmŠ` {VÀ`mer ~mobo. ImÚnXmWmªMm VwH$S>m {VÀ`m Vm|S>mV Kmbr. Am{U _J {VÀ`m ~m~VrVbo Amnbo H$V©ì` AmnU Ho$bo, AmVm {VÀ`mH$S>o OmñV bj Úm`Mo H$maU Zmhr Aer Amnë`m _ZmMr g_OyV KmbyZ nwÝhm g§^mfUmMm VwQ>bobm YmJm OmoSy>Z KoB©. N>moQ>rhr VodT>çmnwaVr gwImdo. `m _moR>`m _mUgm§À`m _¡\$brV Amnë`mbmhr H$mhr ñWmZ Amho Ago {Vbm

dmQ>o. Vr A{YH$M b{S>dminUo gmè`m§§er bJQ> H$ar.

nU _YoM H$YrVar {Vbm naHo$nUmhr OmUdo. EH$X_ H$mhrVar AmR>dyZ Vr Hw$Umbm H$mhr gm§Jm`bm OmB© Voìhm ~mobVo dmŠ` nwao H$ê$Z _JM Vo _mUyg {VÀ`mH$S>o diV Ago. H$Yr {VMm nwT>o Ambobm hmV ghO ~mOybm gmabm OmB©. H$Yr AmB©Mo Vm|S> Amnë`mH$S>o didyZ Vr {Vbm H$mhrVar gm§Jy bmJo Voìhm AmB© {~ZMyH$nUo H$mhr doJioM CÎma {Vbm XoB©. EImXm A§H$b {VMo qnJo Ho$g _mJo gmar, EImXr Am§Q>r {VÀ`m JmbmMm _wH$m KoB© Voìhm Ë`m {H«$`m§V _Z…nyd©H$Vm Zmhr, H$mhrgm `m§{ÌH$nUm Amho Ago {Vbm OmUdo. VodT>çmnwaVr Vr {ha_wgbr hmoB©. H$mhr doi ~mOyÀ`m EH$m IwMuda OmD$Z ~go. Mohè`mda égHo$nUm C_Q>o. nU hohr WmoS>m doi {Q>Ho$. N>moQ>rbm nwÝhm _¡\$brV gm_rb ìhmdogo dmQ>o. _J Vr hiyhiy _mUgm§À`m Odi `oB©. Vr _mUgo EImÚm {dZmoXmbm hgbr Va hrhr CJmMM OmoamV hgo. Hw$Ur Hw$UmÀ`m hmVmda Q>mir {Xbr

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Va hr AmnUM Q>mù`m dmOdyZ OmoaOmoamV {IXiy bmJo. _J _mUgo Amü`m©Zo {VÀ`mH$S>o ~KV. Hw$UrVar {Vbm Odi AmoTy>Z Hw$admir. em~mgH$sMr Wmn XoB©. {hMm Ah§H$ma gwImdo. AmnUhr Hw$UrVar _hÎdmMr ì`ŠVr AmhmoV hm ^md {VÀ`m S>moù`m§V VaiyZ OmB©.

nU EH$X_ H$mhrVar KS>o Am{U N>moQ>rMr Zo_H$s OmJm {Vbm XmIdyZ {Xbr OmB©. bm°Zda N>moQ>rMm EH$ {M_wH$bm pñdq_J nyb hmoVm. ßbmpñQ>H$Mm. Ë`mV nmUr am`Mo Am{U AmV ~gyZ Sw>~Š`m _mam`À`m. N>moQ>r \$maM _Üò_Üò `m`bm bmJbr Voìhm {VMr AmB© {Vbm åhUmbr, ""VwÂ`m pñdq_J nyb_Üò nmUr ^ê$Z XoD$ H$m? Vy Ë`mV VwPr ~XH§$ gmoS>. H$er nmohVmV ~K Vr.''AmB©Zo ßbmpñQ>H$Mr XmoZ ~XHo$ {VÀ`m hmVmV {Xbr. N>moQ>r Oam {dMmar ZOaoZo ~XH$m§H$S>o ~KV am{hbr. _J {VZo Vr Imbr R>odyZ {Xbr. O_boë`m _§S>irn¡H$s Hw$UrVar {VMm M|Sy> CMbyZ {VÀ`m hmVmV {Xbm. Vr M|Sy> Hw$admirV AnojoZo gdmªH$S>o ~KV am{hbr. {VÀ`m~amo~a Hw$Ur Ioim`bm Ambo AgVo Va {VMr M|Sy> Ioim`Mr V`mar hmoVr. nU Hw$UrM {VÀ`m~amo~a Ioim`bm CËgwH$ {XgoZm. VodT>çmV {Vbm H$mhrVar AmR>dU Pmbr. Vr YmdV AmV Jobr Am{U nÎ`m§Mm N>moQ>m OmoS>> KoD$Z ~mhoa Ambr, BVŠ`m _§S>irV EImXo Hw$Ur Var Amnë`m ~amo~a nÎmo Ioiob Ago {Vbm dmQ>V hmoVo. nÎmo KoD$Z Vr gmè`m§À`m g_moê$Z qhS>br. nU gJù`m§Zr JmoS> hgyZ {Vbm ~mOybm gmabo. m _moR>çm _mUgm§À`m ~¡R>H$sVyZ Amnë`mbm nÕVera H$Q>dbo OmV Amho ho {VÀ`m Ü`mZmV Ambo. H$mhr doi Vr _wH$mQ>çmZo ~mOybm ~gyZ am{hbr. hmVmVbo nÎmo Mmiy bmJbr. nU \$ma doi Xÿa amhUo {VÀ`m d`mbm, d¥Îmrbm eŠ` ZìhVo. Hw$UrVar {Vbm IwUmdyZ Odi ~mobmdbo Voìhm Vr CS>çm _marV Ambr. nwÝhm IwfrZo _§S>itV gm_rb gmbr.

EìhmZm Vmg XrS> Vmg CbQy>Z Jobm hmoVm. gy`© AÚmn _mdibm ZìhVm nU Am^mi ^ê$Z Ambo hmoVo, nmdgmMm a§J {XgV hmoVm. {edm` Oodm`bm CR>Uohr Amdí`H$ hmoVo. OodUo AmQ>monë`mda _§S>itZm Amnmnë`m JmS>çm§VyZ Xÿa A§Vamdarb Amnmnë`m Kar Om`Mo hmoVo. Ò_mZm§Zr gdmªZm AmV MbÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br, _§S>ir AmV Ambr. Q>o~bmda {d{dY ImÚnXmW© _m§S>bobo hmoVo. nŠdmÞm§Mm éMH$a Xadi gwQ>bm hmoVm. hmVmV {S>eog, Z°n{H$Ýg KoD$Z _§S>ir Q>o~bm^modVr Jmoim Pmbr. AmnUmbm hdo Vo nXmW© ~í`m§VyZ KoD$ bmJbr. _J {XdmUImÝ`mV gmo{`ñH$a OmJm ~KyZ Hw$Ur H$moMmda AmgZ R>>moH$bo Va Hw$Ur O{_ZrdaM ~¡R>H$ _mabr. Ò_mZ d Ò_mZrU OmVrZo gmè`m§H$S>o bj XoV hmoVr. hdo, ZH$mo, {dMmarV hmoVr. àËòH$mÀ`m AmdS>rZwgma Ë`mbm Vo Vo ImÚnXmW© AmdOy©Z dmT>rV hmoVr. Ò_mZ ì`dgm`mZo S>m°ŠQ>a; nU Ë`m§Mm emómoº$ g§JrVmMm ì`mg§J CÎm_ hmoVm. Vo ñdV… Mm§Jbo JmV. _¡\$br H$arV. AmVm nmhþÊ`m§À`m H$a_UwH$sgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m EH$m _¡\$brMr Q>on bmdbr hmoVr. _mUgo ImV hmoVr. Jßnm _marV hmoVr. JmUo EoH$V hmoVr, JmÊ`mVë`m Zo_Š`m OmJm§Zm XXunUo XmX XoV hmoVr. "dmhdm!' "Š`m ~mV h¡' "_mìh©bg' Ago CX²Jma C_Q>V hmoVo.

Am{U N>moQ>r? Vrhr `m JXuV hmoVrM. AmB©Zo {VMr N>moQ>r {S>e {Vbm ^ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr, Am{U Vr _moR>çm _mUgm§V ~gyZ Ë`m§À`mgmaIr {eñVrV OodV hmoVr. àm¡T>nUmMm Amd Mohè`mda AmUyZ gmdH$me, MdrZo ImV hmoVr. BVam§Mo bj Amnë`mH$S>o doYyZ KoÊ`mMo {VMo à`ËZ AmVm _§Xmdbo hmoVo. Ë`mVbm

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ì`W©nUm {Vbm H$iyZ MwH$bm hmoVm. Varhr gd`rZo Vr hgo. CJmMM Hw$UmH$S>o ~Ko. EImXm eãX ~mobo. à{VgmX {_imbm Zmhr Va Imbr _mZ KmbyZ Im`bm gwédmV H$ar. OodUo AmQ>monV Ambr hmoVr. BVŠ`mV ~mhoa {dOoMm àM§S> H$S>H$S>mQ> Pmbm Am{U dmXir dmè`mMm PmoV doJmZo AmV {eabm. Xmao, {IS>Š`m YmS>YmS> CKSy>Z dmao AmV Ambo.

N>moQ>r XmamerM hmoVr. {VZo EH$X_ qH$H$mir \$moS>br Am{U Vr _moR>çm_moR>çmZo aSy> bmJbr. AMmZH$ gwê$ Pmboë`m dmXimZo _mUgo XMH$br hmoVr. Ë`mV N>moQ>rMo qH$MmiUo gwê$ Pmbo. Zo_Ho$ H$m` KS>bo Amho. Hw$UmbmM H$mhr H$ioZm. _Ü`§Var H$gbmM AS>Wim Zgbobo dmXi {j{VOmnmgyZ {dZm AQ> KamV Kwgbo hmoVo. Ë`mZo W¡_mZ KmVbo hmoVo. dmao doS> bmJë`mgmaIo Kw_V hmoVo Am{U Ë`m gmè`m H$„moimda N>moQ>rMm gya C§M MT>bm hmoVm, Vr {dbjU qH$MmiV hmoVr. hmVnm` PmS>rV hmoVr. gJir _mUgo YmdV {VÀ`mnmer Jobr. "H$m` Pmb§?' "hr BVH$s H$m aS>Vo?', "~moQ>~rQ> XmamV M|Jab§ H$s H$m`? qMVmVwa ñdamV àíZ {dMmabo OmV hmoVo. N>moQ>rÀ`m AmB©Zo {Vbm nQ>H$Z CMbyZ KoVbo. N>mVrer KÅ> Yabo. Hw$admibo. nU {VMo aS>Uo, qH$MmiUo Wm§~oZm. Vr aS>V hmoVr. Am{U "_mPm pñdq_J nyb', "_mPm pñdq_J nyb' åhUyZ gmaIr qH$MmiV hmoVr. dmXimMm PmoV Ambm hmoVm Am{U N>moQ>rÀ`m H$ënZoV {VMm ßbmpñQ>H$Mm pñdq_J nyb dmè`mV CSy>Z Jobm hmoVm. Vr KQ>Zm {VÀ`m S>moù`m§Zm OUy àË`j {Xgbr hmoVr. {VÀ`m gwa{jV, pñWa OJmbm OmoamMm Y¸$m ~gbm hmoVm Am{U Vo dmXimV gmnS>bo hmoVo. N>moQ>rÀ`m AmB©bm EH$m {dbjU g§doXZoZo N>moQ>rMo Xþ…I OmUdbo. {VZo {IS>H$sVyZ {VMm pñdq_J nyb {Vbm XmIdbm. Vmo dmXimV CSy>Z Jobm ZìhVm. hmoVm {VWoM gwIê$n hmoVm. N>moQ>r Oam gmdabr. nU KQ>Ho$nydu Oo H$ënZoV {VZo AZw^dbo Ë`mMm O~aXñV hmXam {Vbm ~gbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Vr AOyZhr aS>V hmoVr. ñ\w§$XV hmoVr. WaWa H$mnV hmoVr Am{U nwZ… nwÝhm {dMmarV hmoVr; "òdT> dmXi gwQ>b§M H$g§? òdT>m nmD$g H$m òVmo?'

gmar g§Ü`mH$mi {VMr Cnojm H$aUmar _mUgo AmVm {Vbm doTy>Z C^r hmoVr. {VÀ`mda ào_mMm, _mòMm, dmËgë`mMm dfm©d H$arV hmoVr. Hw$Ur {Vbm Hw$admiV hmoVo. Hw$Ur {VMo _wHo$ KoV hmoVo. Hw$Ur {VMr g_OyV KmbrV hmoVo. nU AmVm {Vbm Ë`mVbo H$mhr ZH$mo hmoVo. Am`wî`mV AJXr àW_M OrdZmMr Or A{Z{üVVm {Vbm H$ibr hmoVr, g§H$Q>mMo Oo AZno{jV Xe©Z {Vbm Pmbo hmoVo Ë`mZo Vr _wimnmgyZ hmXê$Z Jobr hmoVr. pñWa, gwa{jV Ago H$mhrhr EH$m jUmV ApñWa, Agwa{jV ~Zy eH$Vo ho Vr àW_M nmhmV hmoVr. Ë`mMm AW© {Vbm H$iV ZìhVm Am{U Vr AJ{VH$ Ho${dbdmUonUmZo nwZ… nwÝhm {dMmarV hmoVr, ""òdT>m dmam òVmo H$gm? BVH$m nmD$g nS>VmoM H$gm?''

_¡\$b AMmZH$ g§nbr, _mUgo KamoKa {ZKyZ Jobr, N>moQ>rMo hþ§XHo$ MmbyM hmoVo. AmB©Zo {Vbm ImobrV Zobo. Amnë`m N>mVrer {Vbm {~bJyZ KoVbo. {~N>mÝ`mda Pmondbo. CÚm gH$mir N>moQ>r amoOÀ`mgmaIr PmonoVyZ OmJr hmoB©b. Voìhm dmXi Amogabobo Agob. N>moQ>rbm Va Ë`mMm {dgahr nS>bm Agob. nU Ë`m dmXimMm R>gm {VÀ`m A~moY _Zmda Hw$R>>oVar amhrb. Vmo OÝ_â {VMm nmR>nwamdm H$arb. N>moQ>r EH$m amÌrV IynM dmT>bobr Agob. Vr A{YH$ ehmUr Pmbobr Agob. Am{U Xþ…Irhr. mnwT>o oUmè`m g§H$Q>m§Zm N>moQ>r A{YH$ YramZo Vm|S> XoB©b. Anèm§Zm Vr gm_moar OmB©b, {Zamem, An_mZ, Anojm^§J Vr nMdrb. H$maU Xþ…Imer {VMr Vm|S>AmoiI Pmbobr Amho. dmXi {VZo nm{hbo Amho. jUmnyduMo pñWa EH$m KQ>Ho$V H$go ApñWa hmoVo ho {VZo AZw^dbo Amho.

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eãXmW© :

n drH$E§S>- AmR>dS>çmMm eodQ> n S>moù`mV VaiUo - ZOaoV oUo n H$Q>dbo OmUo - Xÿa H$aUo n XIb KoUo- bj XoUo n pñdq_J nyb- nmohÊ`mMm Vbmd n Z°n{H$Ýg- bhmZ ê$_mb n {S>eog-bhmZ VmQ> n _¡\$b - g§JrV g^m

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) bo{IH$m em§Vm eoiHo$ `m {df`mÀ`m àmÜ`m{nH$m hmoË`m.(A) qhXr (~) B§J«Or (H$) _amR>r (S>) B[Vhmg

(Am) "H$mdoar' `m nwñVH$mMm dmL²>_`àH$ma hm Amho. (A) H$Wmg§J«h (~) H$mì`g§J«h(H$) H$mX§~ar (S>) ZmQ>H$

(B) _§S>ir `mda IwÀ`m© Q>mHy$Z ~gbr hmoVr.(A) gVa§Or (~) bm°Z (H$) Km|JS>r (S>) JmXr

(B©) N>moQ>rMm EH$ {M_wH$bm pñdq_J nyb `mMm hmoVm.(A) {g_|Q>Mm (~) a~amMm (H$) ßbmpñQ>H$Mm (S>) _mVrMm

(C) `O_mZm§Mm ì`dgm` hm hmoVm.(A) d{H$br (~) {ejH$ (H$) S>m°ŠQ>a (S>) CÚmoJnVr

(D$) _mUgo KamoKa {ZKyZ Jobr, Var N>moQ>rMo ho MmbyM hmoVo.(A) hþ§XHo$ XoUo (~) IoiUo (H$) dmMZo (S>) ~mobUo


(A) bo{IH$m em§Vm eoiHo$ `m§Mo nyU© Zm§d H$m`?(Am) "AmoiI' hm b{bV boI H$moUË`m _yi nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>bobm Amho?(B) `O_mZm§Mr N>moQ>r Oo_Vo_ {H$Vr dfmªMr hmoVr?(B©) N>moQ>r AmV YmdV OmD$Z H$m` KodyZ Ambr?(C) N>moQ>r nwZ… nwÝhm H$moUVo àíZ {dMmarV hmoVr?

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(A) Ò_mZm§À`m KamMr aMZm H$er hmoVr?(Am) N>moQ>r H$mhr doi ~mOyÀ`m IwMuda H$m OmD$Z ~go?(B) Ò_mZm§À`m Kar _¡\$b H$er a§JV Ago?(B©) N>moQ>r _wimnmgyZ H$m hmXê$Z Jobr hmoVr?


(A) "dmhdm!' "Š`m ~mV h¡' "_mìh©bg'.(Am) "_mPm pñdq_J nyb', "_mPm pñdq_J nyb'


(A) N>moQ>rMo bmS> gJioOU H$go H$aV hmoVo?(Am) Ò_mZm§Zr nmhþÊ`m§Mr OodUmMr gmo` H$er Ho$br hmoVr?(B) N>moQ>r g§H$Q>m§Zm YramZo Vm|S> XoB©b Ago AmB©bm H$m dmQ>Vo?


(A) Ò_mZm§À`m Kar gw§Xa ghO dmVmdaU Ho$ìhm d H$go V`ma Pmbo hmoVo?(Am) AMmZH$ Amboë`m "dmXi, nmdgmMo dU©Z H$am.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. bJQ> H$aUo, N>mVrer KÅ> YaUo, _wimnmgyZ hmXê$Z OmUo, H$Q>dbo OmUo, AmgZ R>moH$Uo.

(Am) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm. gy`©, dmam, nmD$g, AmB©, qMVm, amÌ

CnH«$_ :

l Vwåhr AZw^dbobm EH$ amo_hf©H$ àg§J Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.l ~mbd`rZ _wbm§À`m~amo~a Jßnm JmoîQ>r H$am d Ioim.l _méVr {MV_nëbr `m§Mm "amVdm' hm b{bV boIg§J«h {_idyZ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

ZmIwe ew^merdm©X MVwîH$moU _wíH$sb CÜdñV {Z^©Ëg©Zm

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7. g§V nwa§XaXmgS>m°. à.Z.Omoer

n[aM` :

àëhmX Zaha Omoer (1924-2004) ho {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb Zm_d§V loîR> gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo

OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr nwUo {dÚmnrR>mMr nrEM. S>r. nXdr g§nmXZ Ho$br hmoVr. nwUo oWo H$mhr H$mi AÜ`mnZmMo

H$m`© Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr {d{dY {df`m§da boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "AUw`wJmMo {Z_m©Vo', "Ago emoY Ago emoYH$', "Zd

{dkmZ H$Wm', ho {dkmZ {df`H$ boIZ, "^maVr` g§V mJ EH$, mJ XmoZ' ho g§V gm{hË`m na boIZ,

"Ago Y_©dra', "Am§Yir Jm¡iU', "H$m` ^wbbmgr da{b`m a§Jm' `m H$mX§~è`m. _amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m

{ddoMH$ B{VhmgmMo àmMrZ d Adm©MrZ Ago XmoZ I§S> "AmXe© _amR>r eãXH$moe', Ago {dnwb boIZ Ë`m§Zr

Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gm{hË` H$m`m©~Ôb _hmamîQ´> emgZmH$Sy>Z AmR> doim nwañH$ma {_imbo AmhoV.

"g§V nwa§XaXmg' hm nmR> "Amnbo g§V' m nwñVH$mVyZ g§{jßV H$ê$Z KoVbobm Amho. g§V nwa§XaXmgm§Mo

ì`pŠV_Îd d Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mo Xe©Z `m nmR>mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.

(_yë` - ^ŠVr, Ë`mJ)

H$Zm©Q>H$mMm VwH$mam_ åhUyZ Á`m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo, Ë`m nwa§XaXmgm§Mm OÝ_ 1482 À`m gw_mamg

nwa§XaJS> òWo Pmbm. daXßnm ZmB©H$ ho Ë`m§Mo dS>rb d bú_rAŠH$m hr Ë`m§Mr AmB©, XmoKo _moR>o gÎderb

d Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mV gam\$sMm Y§Xm AgyZ WmoS>r gmdH$marhr hmoVr. gd©àH$mamÀ`m

Eoûd`m©V EH$ CUrd Aer H$s, KamV nwÌg§VVr ZìhVr. {VénVrÀ`m lr{Zdmg d|H$Q>oemMr, ~mbmOrMr

EH${ZîR> godm XmoKm§Zr ~mam df}n`ªV Ho$br Am{U Ë`m§Zm _wbJm Pmbm. Ë`mMo Zmd lr{Zdmg R>odÊ`mV Ambo.

lr_§V KaMm hm EHw$bVm EH$ _wbJm bmS>mV dmT>V Agë`mg Zdb Zmhr.

dS>rb {Xd§JV Pmë`mda _wbmÀ`mM hmVr H$ma^ma Ambm. lr{Zdmg qH$dm {edßnm ZmB©H$ `m§Mo

Zmd gd©Ì Xþ_Xþ_V hmoVo. OmË`mM ~w{Õ_mZ AgUmè`m `m nmoamZo WmoS>çmM AdYrV Amnbm O_ Mm§Jbm

~g{dbm. ì`mnma dmT>{dbm. g§nÎmrMr amg C^r Ho$br. {dO`ZJa, JmodiH$m|S>m, Jwb~Jm© AmXr amÁ`m§V

{hao, _moVr, _mUHo$ BË`mXr aËZm§Mo CÎm_ nmaIr åhUyZ `mMm bm¡{H$H$ dmT>V hmoVm. {dÚm, g§JrVmXr

H$bm `mVhr {edßnmZo àmdrÊ` g§nmXZ Ho$bo. gÎderb, gwerb d Ym{_©H$ àd¥ÎmrMr n{VnamÙ ñÌr

gañdVr d {edßnm m§Mm àn§M CËH$fm©Zo d Eoûd`m©Zo Mmbbm hmoVm. ZdH$moQ>ZmamÙ åhUyZM m§Zm bmoH$

AmoiIy bmJbo. `m YZg§nÎmrÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a Or _ZmMr CXmaVm dmT>md`mg hdr hmoVr, Vr _mÌ

òWo g§Hw${MV Pmbr. YZg§nÎmrMr ^yH$ dmT>br nU CXmad¥Îmr H$_r Pmbr. n¡gm, n¡gm, Ho$di n¡gm, hrM

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EH$ ÑîQ>r lr{ZdmgmMr ~Zbr. Kar nËZrghr _moR>çm YmH$mV Ë`m§Zr R>o{dbr. H$moUr A{VWr Amë`mg H$go Var Ë`mbm {nQ>miyZ bmdmdo, \$magm XmZY_© H$ê$ Z`o, AerM d¥Îmr ~ZV am{hbr. CXmaVm, X`m, j_m, ghmZw^yVr ho gX²JwU g§nÎmrg emo^yZ {XgVmV; nU `oWo Ë`m§Zm Adga ZìhVm.

EHo$ {Xder EH$ {^H$mar ~«m÷U lr{ZdmgOtÀ`m XþH$mZr Ambm Am{U J`md`m H$ê$ bmJbm.

""eoQ>Or, Jar~ ~«m÷U Amho. AÝZ {_iUo _wíH$sb Amho. H$mhr X`m H$am. _wbJr b¾mMr Amho. b¾ hmoUo

AdKS> Amho. WmoS>r n¡emMr _XV H$amb H$m?'

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eoQ>OtZr MQ>H$Z CÎma {Xbo, ""AmO H$mhr ~moby ZH$mog. CÚm `o naV.'

~«m÷U naV Xþgè`m {Xder Ambm d ~mobbm, "eoQ>, _r Jar~ ~«m÷U Amho. _wbrÀ`m b¾mMo nwÊ` ¿`m.'

nwÝhm {edßnm åhUmbo, "CÚm `m.''

{edßnmMo "CÚm `m' g§noZm d ~«m÷U hobnmQ>o KmbÊ`mMo Wm§~{dZm. nmM Vo ghm _{hZo gmaIo hoM Mmbbo hmoVo. eodQ>r {edßnm `m àH$mamg nmhÿZ g§Vmnbo. ~«m÷Umg {MS>{dÊ`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§Zr Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o EH$ n¡gm \o$H$bm d KoD$Z Om Ago \$_m©{dbo. Jar~ {~Mmam ~«m÷U n¡emH$S>o Z nmhVm Ë`mM nmdbr naV Jobm.

nU Vmo VoWyZ Omo {ZKmbm Vmo {edßnm ZmB©H$ `m§À`m KarM Jobm. gmÜdr nËZr gañdVr KamV ñd`§nmH$nmUr H$aÊ`mV Jw§Vbr hmoVr. ~«m÷UmZo hmH$ {Xbr, ""~mB©, _r EH$ X[aÐr ~«m÷U. Kar \$ma J[a~r Amho. _wbrMo b¾ H$amdo åhUVmo, nU Odi H$mhr Zmhr. WmoS>r H¥$nm H$am Am{U _XV Úm. \$ma CnH$ma hmoVrb ~mB©, H$Ý`mXmZmMo nwÊ` ¿`mdo.''

`m Jar~ ~«m÷UmMr X`m Ë`m Wmoa órg Ambr. {VZo gwM{dbo, ""Vwåhr Ago H$am Zm, XþH$mZr OmD$Z gd© gm§Jm, H$Xm{MV Vwåhmbm H$mhr _XV hmoB©b.'' Zdè`mMm H§$Oyf ñd^md {Vbm _mhrV hmoVm. nU Vr ~mobyZ Jobr. ~«m÷UmZo KS>>bobr gd© h{H$H$V gm§{JVbr Voìhm ~mB© A{YH$M noMmV nS>br. Zdam g§Vmnr, H$amar, {ZûM`r, AmnU H$mhr {Xbo `m ~«m÷Umbm Va ^`§H$a àg§J AmoT>>dUma! H$m` H$amdo? H$er _XV `mbm Úmdr? `m {~Mmè`mMo g§H$Q> H$go Xÿa H$amdo? Amnë`m hmVr H$m` Amho? Aem {dd§MZoV AgVmZm {VÀ`m Ü`mZmV Ambo, Amnë`m ZmH$mVrb ZW Amnë`m d{S>bm§Zr {Xbr Amho. Vr XoD$Z Q>mHy$. nwT>Mo nwT>o nmhÿ. EH$ jUmMmhr {db§~ Z bmdVm ^mar qH$_VrMr ZW {VZo ZmH$mVyZ H$mT>br d ~«m÷Umbm {Xbr Am{U åhUmbr, ""hr Ko ~m~m. Xþgao _OOdi H$mhr Zmhr. nU `mV ^mJob VwPo.'' ~«m÷UmZo ~mB©g Xþdm {Xbm. _moR>çm AmZ§XmZo VoWyZ {ZKmbm. nU ~«m÷U nmhm {H$Vr {d{MÌ, Vmo naV {edßnmÀ`m XþH$mZr Ambm. eoQ>Org dmQ>bo nwÝhm ã`mX Ambr. nU ~«m÷UmZo ZW {edßnmnwT>o H$ê$Z åhQ>bo, ""eoQ>, AmVm Zmhr åhUy ZH$m. KaMm Xm{JZm AmUbm Amho. Mmaeo _moham Úm bdH$a. Cera hmoV Amho _bm.''

ZW {ZaIyZ nmhVmM {edßnm M_H$bo. ñdV…À`m KaMr ZW AmoiIÊ`mg Ë`m§Zm doi bmJbm Zmhr. AmnU m ~«m÷Umg EH$ n¡gm XoD$Z hmH$bbo Am{U Kar nËZrZo ZW XoD$Z Q>mH$br! {edßnmMm H«$moY AZmda Pmbm. amJmamJmZo Ë`m§Zr Vr ZW grb~§X H$ê$Z {VOmoarV R>odbr d Hw$byn bmdyZ VgoM VS>H$ amJmdyZ Kar Ambo. nËZr gd© g_OyZ hmoVr. WaWa H$mnV {~Mmar C^r amhÿZ H$m` dfm©d hmoUma, Vmo ghZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m V`marV hmoVr. Amë`m~amo~a nVrZo àý Ho$bm, ""ZmH$mV ZW {XgV Zmhr? Hw$R>o Amho? Hw$Umbm {Xbr? H$s KamV H$mTy>Z R>odbr?'' nËZr {~Mmar H$m` ~mobUma? rVrZo WaWaV Imbr O{_ZrH$S>o nmhV S>moù`mVyZ nmUr JmirV C^r hmoVr Am{U BH$S>o YZbmo^r nVrÀ`m amJmMm nmam MT>V hmoVm. ""dmMm Jobr H$m VwPr?

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~mob, ZW H$m` Ho$brg? VwÂ`m ~mnmMr Pmbr åhUyZ H$m` Pmbo?''

""ZmW Ago ~moby ZH$m. ZW AmnbrM hmoVr. KamV H$mTy>Z R>odbr Amho.'' Jm|Yibobr gañdVr H$mhr Var ~mobyZ Jobr.

nËZr ImoQ>o ~mobVo ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. {edßnm AmUIr g§Vmnbo ""KamV Amho? Va AmU Vr AmÎmmÀ`m AmÎmm. Zmhr Va `mX amI, _mÂ`mer JmR> Amho. {Od§V R>odUma Zmhr....''

""ZmW, Amnë`m hmVyZ _aÊ`mnojm A{YH$ Mm§Jbo H$m` Amho? nU _r ZW nmhVo Amho H$s {OWo R>odbr {VWo.'' Ago åhUyZ Vr KamV Jobr. AmVm H$m` H$amdo? àg§J _moR>m H$R>rU Ambm Iao gm§Jmdo Va AmUIr n§MmB©V. ZW Úmdr Var Hw$Ry>Z ? AnamY Ho$bm Ë`mMo àm`pûMÎm AmnUM ¿`mdo Ago g_OyZ {VZo {dfmMm nobm V`ma Ho$bm Am{U Jd§Vmbm àmW©Zm Ho$br. ""X`mKZm, VyM ~«m÷UmÀ`m ê$nmZo Ambmg Ago _r _mZbo d H$mhr Xþgam {dMma Z H$aVm ZW H$mTy>Z {Xbr àmUmer g§H$Q> Cô Amho. nmhm VyM Iao-ImoQ>o. nVrg gÝ_Vr mdr, J[a~m§Mm H$Ud Ë`m§Zm dmQ>mdm. EdT>o _mÌ Xodm H$a. _bm _aUmMr rVr Zmhr. _r V`ma Amho.'' EdT>o åhUyZ nobm Vm|S>mer ZoUma Vmo noë`mV H$mhr M_H$bo! {VZo {ZaIyZ nm{hbo. {VMr ZW noë`mV hmoVr! {VMm hf© CÝ_iyZ Ambm. S>moù`mV AmZ§XmMo, H¥$VkVoMo Alw M_H$bo. ""à^y, {H$Vr X`md§V Vy! Vwbm gd© boH$am§Mr H$miOr!'' åhUyZ {VZo ZW hmVmV KoVbr d ~mhoa oD$Z Zdè`mÀ`m hmVmda R>odrV ~mobbr. ""hr ¿`m ZW. AmnbrM Amho.''

ZW VrM. Vr nmhVmM {edßnm M_H$bo. Ë`m§À`m Amü`m©g gr_m Cabr Zmhr. ZW hmVmV KoD$Z VgoM Vo XþH$mZmV Ambo. {VOmoar CKSy>Z Ë`m§Zr nm{hbo. grb~§X Ho$boë`m {nedrV ZW ZìhVr! BVŠ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmV R>odbobr ZW Kar H$er Jobr? lr{Zdmg eoQ>OtÀ`m ~wÕrg OmoamMm Y¸$m ~gbm. YZg§nÎmrMm gmam {X_mI CVê$Z Jobm. Eoœ`© EH$gmaIo {daKiy bmJbo! YmdV Kar Ambo. nËZrg gd© h{H$H$V {dMmabr. "EH$ B©ídar H¥$nm' EdT>oM nËZr ~mobbr. _J hm ~«m÷U H$moU? Hw$Umg AmnU gVmdbo? Vmo ~«m÷U Amnbr narjm nmhÊ`mg Ambobm n§T>arMm {dÇ>b Va Zìho? H$m` AmnU Ho$bo? Ho$dT>m _moh! Ho$dT>r g§nÎmrMr Zem! Ho$dT>r A_mZwfVm!

{edßnmMo gmao OrdZ nmbQy>Z Jobo. Ë`m§Zr ñZmZ H$ê$Z nËZrgh na_oœamMr nyOm _Zmo^mdo Ho$br. AmO àW_M Ë`m§À`m S>moù`mVyZ Alw nmPaV hmoVo. A§V…H$aU ê$Z Ambo hmoVo. gmè`m {dûdmV na_oûdar H¥$nmM ^ê$Z am{hbr Agë`mMm AZw^d Ë`m§Zm oV hmoVm. Wmg§mJ nyOm Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr hmVmV VwiernÌ KoD$Z gd© g§nÎmrda, Kamda, BñQ>oQ>rda nmUr gmoS>bo. gmao H$mhr H¥$îUmn©U Ho$bo. ñdV…gmR>r H$mhr R>o{dbo Zmhr. gH$mir ~«m÷Um§Zm ~mobmdyZ ânya XmZ {Xbo. J[a~m§Zm, H§$Jmbm§Zm, JaOy§Zm ~mobmdyZ KaMo gd© H$mhr XoD$Z Q>mH$bo. ñdV…gmR>r nËZrgmR>r KamV H$mhr R>odbo Zmhr. Hw§$H$dmMr gmoÝ`mMr S>~rgwÕm Ë`m§Zr {ZH$mbmV H$mT>br. Á`m YZg§nÎmrZo _mUyg ~o^mZ hmoVmo. {VMm ñne© ZH$mo, Ago Ë`m§Zr R>a{dbo. ZdH$moQ>ZmamÙ EH$m {XdgmV ~¡amJr ~Zbo. YZg§nÎmrMm gmam Zya EH$m jUmV CVabm. KaXma gmoSy>Z Vo nËZrgh n§T>anwamg Ambo. VoWrb {dÇ>bmda Ë`m§Mo _Z OS>bo. Ë`mbm nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m S>moù`mVyZ Aly Pê$ bmJbo. ào_^mdmV

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V„rZ hmoD$Z {edßnm H$sV©Z H$ê$ bmJbo, Z¥Ë` H$ê$ bmJbo. AmYrMm g§JrVmMm Aä`mg hm Agm Cn`moJr nS>bm. H$Zm©Q>H$s g§JrV H$sV©Z nÕVrMo àdV©H$ åhUyZ `m§Mm bm¡{H$H$ dmT>rg bmJbm.

{dO`ZJaMm amOm H¥$îUXod `mMo Jwê$ `{VloîR> ñdm_r lr ì`mgam` _moR>o A{YH$mar nwéf hmoVo. `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {edßnm§Zr _§ÌmonXoe KoVbm. doX, nwamU, ñ_¥Vr AmXtMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoD$Z lr ì`mgam`m§Zr Amnë`m m {eî`mMo Zmd "nwa§Xa {dÇ>b' R>odbo. nwT>o nwa§XaXmg åhUyZM gd©OU åhUy bmJbo. nwa§XaXmgm§Mm bm¡{H$H$ gd©Ì dmT>bm. amoO {^joMo AÞ AmUmdo d Ë`mV g§VwîQ>Vm _mZyZ AI§S> {dÇ>bñ_aU H$amdo. hm Ë`m§Mm EH$_od CÚmoJ ~Zbm. {dÇ>bmMo g§JrV H$sV©Z nwa§XaXmgm§ZrM H$amdo Aer »`mVr gd©Ì ngabr. Xm[aÐ`mMohr EH$ d«V AgVo, Vo nwa§XaXmg d Ë`m§Mr nËZr m§Zr nyU©nUo nmibo. {^joMo AÞgwÕm Kar Cê$ Z XoVm ObMa àmÊ`m§Zm Vo Q>mH$mdo Agm [admO Ë`m§À`m Kar hmoVm.

JwéH¥$noZo nwa§XaXmgm§Mr H${dËdeŠVr OmJ¥V hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m _wImVyZ CÎm_moÎm_ nXo ~mhoa nSy> bmJbr. bmoH$m§Zm CnXoe, d¡am½`, ^ŠVr, VÎdkmZ `m§Mm gmR>m nwa§XaXmgm§À`m nXm§VyZ àJQ> Pmbm. H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrVmMo CÕmaH$ åhUyZ nwa§XaXmgm§Mr H$sVu dmT>br. H$ÞS> ^mfoMo d¡^d nwa§XaXmgm§À`m nXm§_wio dmT>rg bmJbo. Xmgm§Zr nwîH$i nXaMZm Ho$ë`mMm C„oI Agbm, Var AmO Ë`m§Mr \$maM WmoS>r H${dVm CnbãY Amho. Ðm¡nXrdóhaU, gwXm_M[aÌ, naVÎdgma BË`mXr J«§Whr Ë`m§À`m Zmdmda AmhoV. Xmgm§À`m nXm§Mr à{gÕr _mÌ gd©Ì Amho. nwa§XaXmgm§Zr gd© maVâ VrW©`mÌm Ho$br. n§T>anyaMm {dÇ>b Va Ë`m§Mo AmdS>Vo X¡dV. Amnë`m nXmÀ`m eodQ>r Vo nwa§Xa {dÇ>b AgmM C„oI Zoh_r H$arV.

lr{dÇ>b ôQ>bm, na_oûdamMr OdirH$ bm^br, `mMo {H$Vr JmoS> AZw^d nwa§XaXmgm§Zr dU©Z H$amdoV? EH$m nXmV Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho, "hm nhm Xod Ambm. _mPm ñdm_r Ambm. Xodm{YXod {eIm_Ur Ambm. eofmda e`Z H$aUmam, JéS>mda ~gUmam, AOw©Zmbm de AgUmam hm ZmamÙ Ambm. Z§Xmbmhr JmoMa Z hmoUmam {ZË` V¥ßV AgUmam, hgV_wI Agm hm nwa§Xa {dÇ>b ôQ>rgmR>r Ambm Amho.

nwa§XaXmgm§Zr na_oûda AmidUr {H$Vr àH$mam§Zr H$amdr. ""nwa§Xa {dÇ>bm, _mPr XþîH$_} Zmhrer H$ê$Z _mPo ajU H$a.. Xodm, AÚmn _mPr X`m Vwbm Ambr Zmhr, BVH$m _r XþîQ> d Q>mH$mD$ Amho? VwPo ~«rX Vy {dgabmg? _mPr pñWVr Vwbm _mhrV AgyZ Vy _mPm hmV gmoS>Vmog? H$moU _bm VwÂ`m{edm` Xþgao AmßV AmhoV? {nVm_mVm gd© H$mhr VyM. ^ŠVdËgbm, `m nwa§XaXmgmbm Odi H$a.''

AmË_{hVmgmR>r _mUgmZo H$go dmJmdo m{df`r nwa§XaXmgmZr \$ma loð> àH$maMm CnXoe Ho$bm Amho. Vo åhUVmV, ""OoZo Xohmda nme Q>mH$bo AmhoV. _Zm, AmVm Var Vy Amem gmoS>. YZ, Xmam åhUOo nËZr, y_r `m§Mm _moh gmoSy>Z ZraOZm^ lrnwa§Xa {dÇ>bmgr g»` OmoS> Zm!'' earagm¢X`m©da _mo{hV hmoUmè`mg CÔoeyZ Xmg åhUVmV, ""H$emgmR>r m VZyda _mo{hV hmoVmog? jUmV amof oVmo, jUmV nmof hmoVmog, jUmjUmbm `m XohmMm a§J ~XbVmo. hm _wbJm, hm {_Ì, hm eÌy, hm ~m§Yd Agm ì`W© A{^_mZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. nU Á`m XohmMm A{^_mZ ~miJVmog, Ë`mMo EHo$ {Xder ^ñ_ hmoUma Amho! doirM nwa§Xa {dÇ>bMo ñ_aU H$a.''

g_mOmVrb m|Ji g_OwVrda Xmgm§Mm \$ma H$Q>mj hmoVm. doS>Ji ar{V^mVr Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhË`m.

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EH$m nXmV Ë`m§Zr {dMmabo Amho. Amodiogmodio åhUyZ CJmM H$m \w$emaH$s _maVmog? Xþgè`mMm ñne© Pmbm åhUOo _yIm© Vy Amodim hmoVmog? ho gmodio Vy AmUbog H$moRy>Z? gmodimhr VyM, Amodimhr VyM, Oimo VwPo ho gmodio! ApñWM_©, _b_yÌ `mV dmg H$aUmam Vy gmodim hmo`? OÝ_ë`m~amo~a gwVH$, _oë`mda

gwVH$ Am{U _ÜòM gmodio H$go Ambo ao? _yIm©, nmn{dZmer J§JoV M_© YwVbo H$s H$_© ZîQ> hmoVo H$s H$m`?

AmVbo __© g_OmdyZ Ko Am{U {Z_©i A§V…H$aUmZo lr nwa§XaXmg åhUVmV, ""nmdbmonmdbr CS>r _mabr

åhUOo gmodio H$m? {dûdMmbH$mÀ`m nXH$_bmMo Ü`mZ ho Iao gmodio. dó YwD$Z, dmidyZ Zogbo åhUOo Vo

gmodio hmoV Zmhr. nmoQ>mVrb H$m_, H«$moY, _X, _Ëga ZîQ> H$aUo åhUOo gmodionUm oUo. nmnmbm Z {^Vm

Xþgè`mÀ`m _Zmg àIa eãXm§Zr XþI{dUo åhUOo H$m gmodio ? ñdV: WoÀN> moOZ H$am`Mo Am{U A{VWrbm

Cnmer R>odm`Mo ho gmodio H$m`? JS>`m, nwa§Xa{dÇ>bmMo ñ_aU ho Iao gmodio!''

nwa§XaXmgm§À`m `m H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMmamVyZM gm_m{OH$ g_VoH$S>o bmoH$m§Mo _Z dibo. à{gÕ g§V

H$ZH$Xmg nwa§XaXmgm§À`m na§naoVrb m§Zmhr CnXoe lrì`mgOrMmM. nwa§XaXmgm§Zr mà_mUo ŠVrMm AI§S>

àgma Ho$bm. bmoH$m§Zm gÝ_mJm©g bmdbo. Mmirg df}n`ªV Ë`m§Mm hm CÚmoJ d¡amJrd¥ÎmrZo Mmby hmoVm. àdmg

Zoh_rM Ago. {Vê$nVr, K{Q>H$mMb, H$mbhñVr, H§$Mr, _m`mda_, lra§J, _Xþam, am_oûda, H$Ý`mHw$_mar,

{dO`ZJa BË`mXr {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Mm g§Mma Ago. Vw§J^Ðm, H$mdoar m _hmZÚm§da Ë`m§Mr ñVw{VñVmoÌo AmhoV.

{dO`ZJaÀ`m H¥$îUXodam`mZo h§nrjoÌmg MH«$VrWm©Odi Xmgm§À`m ÔZmgmR>r EH$ {dñVrU© _§S>n ~m§YyZ

{Xbm. Xmg_§S>n åhUyZ `mMm _{h_m Amho. Xmgm§Zr Am`wî`â ^JdX²^ŠVrMm àgma Amnë`m g§JrV_`

_YwadmUrZo Ho$bm Am{U gZ 1564 nm¡fr A_mdñòg AZmJm|Xr òWo Xmg lr{dÇ>bMaUr {dbrZ Pmbo.

H$Zm©©Q>H$À`m `m H$sV©Z^ŠVrMr Á`moV nm§Sw>a§JVoOmV {Z_mbr.

eãXmW© :

n gam\$s-gmoÝ`mMm§XrMm ì`mnma H$aUmao n g§VVr - _wbo~mio n gÎderb- gd© gX²JwUm§Mm ÚmoVH$

n gmÜdr- n{dÌ, gX²dV©Zr ñÌr n gÝ_Vr- Mm§Jbr ~wÕr n ~¡amJr - g§Ý`mgr, gmYy n H§$Oyf-

H¥$nU, {MŠHy$ n EH${ZîR> - AT>i, lÜXmdmZ n CËH$f©-ââmQ> n CÝ_iUo-_wimgH$Q> CnQy>Z Q>mH$Uo

n Am{VÏ`- `mo½` nmhþUMma, AmXam{VÏ` n Xþdm XoUo- Amerdm©X XoUo n dmMm-~mobUo n nmam MT>Uo

- H«$moY AZmda hmoUo n ~mH$m àg§J-H$R>rU àg§J

Q>rnm : g§V nwa§XaXmg `m§Zm lr{Zdmg d {edßnm `m XmoÝhr ZmdmZr AmoiIbo OmVo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) nwa§XaXmgm§À`m KamÊ`mV H$moUVm ì`dgm` hmoVm?

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(A) dImarMm (~) gam\$sMm (H$) bmohmamMm (S>) eoVrMm

(Am) H$Zm©Q>H$mMm VwH$mam_ åhUyZ `m§Mm CëboI H$aVmV.(A) g§V ~gdoûda (~) g§V H$ZH$Xmg(H$) g§V nwa§XaXmg (S>) g§V MÝZ~gdoûda

(B) lr{ZdmgmMm ñd^md g§gmamV AgVmZm H$gm hmoVm?(A) g§Hw${MV (~) CXma (H$) {dZmoXr (S>) MVwa

B©) gañdVrZo Amnë`m ZmH$mVrb ZW H$moUmbm {Xbr?(A) ~«m÷Umbm (~) gam\$mbm (H$) {dÇ>bmbm (S>) nVrbm

C) {edßnmZo amJmamJmZo ZW `oWo grb~§X H$ê$Z R>odbr.(A) {VOmoarV (~) noQ>rV (H$) ~±Ho$V (S>) nmoï>mV


(A) nwa§XaXmgm§Mm OÝ_ Ho$ìhm d H$moR>o Pmbm?(Am) {edßnmZo Amnë`m gd© g§nÎmrMo H$m` Ho$bo?(B) {edßnmMo Zmd nwa§Xa {dÇ>b Ago H$moUr R>odbo?(B©) nwa§XaXmgmZr H$moUmMr ^ŠVr Ho$br?


(A) Jar~ ~«m÷U gmÜdr gañdVrH$S>o OmD$Z H$moUVr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo?

(Am) g§V nwa§XaXmgm§À`m gm{hË`boIZmMr _m{hVr {bhm.

(B) {edßnmMo OrdZ H$moUË`m àg§JmZo nmbQy>Z Jobo?

(B©) H$moUË`m AnamYmMo àm`{üÎm gañdVr KoUma hmoVr?


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(A) ""ZmW, Amnë`m hmVyZ _aÊ`mnojm A{YH$ Mm§Jbo H$m` Amho?''

(Am) ""à^y, {H$Vr X`md§V Vy! Vwbm gd© boH$am§Mr H$miOr!''


(A) {edßnmÀ`m nËZrg "Wmoa ñÌr' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?

(Am) {edßnmZo Amnë`m g§nÎmrMo dmQ>n H$m Ho$bo?

(B) nwa§XaXmgm§Mo gmodù`m -Amodù`m~ÔbMo {dMma ñnîQ> H$am.


(A) nwa§XaXmgm§À`m ^pŠV_mJm©Vrb H$m`m©~Ôb _m{hVr {bhm.

(Am) nwa§XaXmgm§Zr {dÇ>bmMr ñVwVr H$er Ho$br Amho?

^mfmä`mg :


Xþdm XoUo, nmam MT>Uo, dmMm OmUo, ~mH$m àg§J, Am{VÏ` H$aUo

(Am) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

H$Ý`mXmZ, nVrnËZr, X`mdmZ, `Wmgm§J, _§ÌmonXoe

(B) g§Yr gmoS>dm.

_§ÌmonXoe, gÝ_Vr, CÎm_moÎm_, àm`pûMÎm

(B©) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

A{VWr, {daŠV, bm¡{H$H$, gwerb, H«$moY, bmo^rCnH«$_ :

l g§Vm§Mr nXo {_idyZ dmMm.

l S>m°. à. Z. Omoer `m§Mo "Amnbo g§V' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l g§Vm§Mr {MÌo EH${ÌV H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

{dnarV {e{WbrH$aU gm§gm[aH$

\w$ß\w$g àmW{_H$ {Z…ñdmWu

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8. ~m~mImZ Xadoerì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a

n[aM` :

ì`§H$Q>oe {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a ho (1927-2000) _amR>rVrb Wmoa gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr 1942 À`m ñdmV§Í` MidirV g{H«$` gh^mJ KoVbm. 1950 nmgyZ _amR>r {MÌnQ>g¥îQ>rV nQ>H$Wm boIZ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr "_r Vwig VwÂ`m A§JUr', "d§emMm {Xdm', "gm§JËò EoH$m' BË`mXr {MÌnQ>m§Mo nQ>H$Wm boIZ Ho$bo. "gÎmm§Va', "H$modio {Xdg', "~ZJadmS>r'> m Ë`m§Mm H$mX§~è`m "ZmJ{Pam', "amZ_oim' ho b{bV boIZ, "AmoP§', "H$mir AmB©', "JmdmH$S>rb JmoîQ>r', ho H$Wm g§J«h Ago {dnwb boIZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. 1983 _Üò A§~oOmoJmB© òWo âboë`m gm{hË` g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ J«m_rU {ZgJ© Am{U _mZdr OrdZ `m§Mo A{Ve` {Od§V agaerV àË``H$mar Xe©Z KS>Vo.

~m~mImZ Xadoer hm nmR> "_mUXoer _mUg§' m ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbobm Amho. mVyZ ~m~mImZ XadoerMo ñd^mdXe©Z A{Ve` ñdm^m{dH$nUo KS>{dbo Amho.

(_yë` : ^yVX`m)

~m~mImZ Xadoí`mÀ`m amhË`m N>namnwT>§ Vem H$mimo»`m amÌr nmM-n§Mdrg _mUg§ Jmoim Pmbr. H$maU _Ü`mÝhamÌ Q>iyZ Joë`mda EH$mEH$s H$mbdm EoHy$ Ambm. Xadoí`mÀ`m ~m`H$moZ§ J{hda _m§S>bm hmoVm Am{U Ë`mbm {VMr {Mëbr{n„r gmW H$arV hmoVr. Ë`m Jm|YimZ§ AmgnmgMo eoOmarnmOmar Am{U amIUrMo am_moer YmdyZ Ambo. Xadoí`mÀ`m N>namnwT>§ JXu Pmbr. Omo Vmo Xþgè`mbm nwgy bmJbm -""Aa§ H$m` Pmb§? H$moZ XJmdb§ H$m H$m`?''

""H$m AmJ bmJbr N>nambm AmVZ§?''

nU H$moU H$m` gm§JUma? H$mimoI {H$Å>. Hw$Umnmer {Xdm Zmhr H$mhr Zmhr. Xadoí`mZ§ AmVyZ H$dmS> Om_ bmdyZ KoVbob§ Am{U aS>Ê`mMm H$ëbmoi Mmbbobm. _J AmV H$m` Pmb§ Amho ho H$moU H$g§ gm§JUma? _mUgm§Mr Aer JdJd Mmbbr hmoVr. Ë`mVyZM H$moUrg§ AmoaS>b§-""E C_m ZmB©H$, åhmoa§ hmo AmZ² bmW Xo H$dmS>mda, H$m` Jm|Yyi hm` ~Ky Xo.''

hmVmVbr H$mR>r gmdarV C_mOr ZmB©H$ nwT>§ Pmbm§ Am{U H$dmS> R>moR>mdyZ åhUmbm, ""H$m` JS>~S> hm` AmV? H$dmS> Imobm ~Ky!'' nU AmVyZ EH$ Zmhr, XmoZ Zmhr. aS>Ê`mMm Jm|Yi MmbyM.

""Vg§ Imobm åhUyZ ImobUma Zmhr Hw$Ur C_mOr, CMbyZ ~mOybm R>od H$dmS>'' H$moUr gyMZm Ho$br.

nU EdT>çmV H$dmS> Imobb§ Job§ Am{U ~m~mImZmMr Xhm-~mam dfm©Mr H$iVr nmoaJr, df©âmÀ`m

^mdmbm H$S>oda KoD$Z ~mhoa Ambr. Vr hþ§XHo$ XoV hmoVr. Vo nmoaJ§ qH$MmiV hmoV§.

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{VÀ`m X§S>mbm Yê$Z C_mOr åhUmbm- ""H$m` Pmb§. J nmoar, H$m damS>{V`mg?''

nU nmoaJr H$mhr Z gm§JVm OmñVM hþ§XHo$ XoD$ bmJbr. AmgnmgMo bmoH$ nwT>§ gagmdbo Am{U

d¡XÿÀ`m Hw$Í`mJV Ë`m§Zr {Vbm òaJQ>br.

""AJ damS>{V`mg H$m? gm§J H$s H$m` Pmb§ Vo?''

"XmoZ hþ§X§ Úm nmR>rV åhUOo ~mob§b!''

""Aa§ ZH$m a§ boH$ambm. gm§J ~mB© H$m Pmb§?''

àým§Mm ^{S>_ma Pmbm Am{U _J ñ\w$§XV {VZ§ gm§{JVb§ - ""~m~mZ§ AmB©bm _mab§ bB©''.

""H$m` Pmb§?'' ZrQ> EoHy$ Z Amë`m_wi§ EH$OU R>gH$bm.

Ë`mb>m nañnaM CÎma {_imb§-""hmV² ËòÀ`m! Aa§ Xadoí`mZ§ Amnë`m ~m`Hw$bm _mab§!''

H$mhr Var ^`§H$a ~KÊ`m - EoH$Ê`mgmR>r \$g\$gbobr _Z§ CVy OmV Agboë`m XþYmda nmÊ`mMm

gnH$mam ~gmdm Ver Imbr ~gbr.

àýM {_Q>bm. Zdè`mZ§ _mab§ Am{U nmdgmZ§ PmoS>nb§, VH«$ma Ý`m`Mr Hw$UmH$S>§? Zdam-~m`H$moÀ`m

^m§S>UmV H$moU H$m` ~mobUma? Var nU H$emMr Var {eH$ma H$aÊ`mMr gwßVd¥Îmr C\$mibobr. _J

Xadoí`mbm \¡$bmda H$m KoD$ Zò? EH$OU KmoJè`m AmdmOmV AmoaS>bm - ""~m~mImZ, ~mhoa ò AmVZ§.

H$m` VH«$ma hm` VwPr? Aer amÌr - AnamÌr H$m` åhUyZ ~S>dbrg ~m`H$mobm?''

nU ~m~mImZ AmV, A§YmamV Jn{Mn ~gyZ hmoVm. aS>Ê`mMm AmdmOhr ~§X Pmbm. AmVyZ H$mhr

CÎma òV Zmhr ho nmhÿZ ñdV…bm dmOdrnojm OmñV ehmUr g_OV Agbobr EH$ àm¡T> Hw$i§~rU _moR>çm

gmpÎdH$ g§VmnmZ§ ~mobbr - ""AmVZ§ AmoTy>Z H$mTy>Z MoMm H$s _wS>Úmbm. ~mB©b ^moigQ> Kmd{b`m AmZ²

ømo Idrg Odm Vdm bmWm KmbVw`m {Vbm. ~mBbr^modVrM Ambm`§² _wS>ÚmMm IdrgnUm!''

""Am{U _J Xhm KaMr Xhm Vm|S>§ ~moby bmJbr - ""XmUo _mJyZ OJVw m BW§, nmoQ>m>bm {_iV§ ² åhUyZ

_mObm`m.''

"Úm H$s$ noH$mQ>mV bmW KmbyZ hmH$byZ Jmdm~mhoa''

""ÛmS>, CQ>b§§ gwQ>b§ H$m` Var IwgnmQ> H$mTy>Z Ë`m ~m`Hw$bm T>moamdmZr KmbVmo` H$mQ>çm. ~ar

Kmd{b`m Jar~. _mÁ`mdmZr EImXr AgVr Va Q>Hw$è`mV Ym|S>m KmbyZ OrdM KoVbm AgVm Agë`m

XmXë`mMm!''

""Aao E ~m`ë`m, ~mhoa ò, XmVIri H$m ~gbr`² VwOr!''

gJioOU Zmhr Zmhr Vo ~moobbo. nU ~m~mImZZ§ AmVyZ h§ÿ H$m My Ho$b§ Zmhr. H$embm H$arb?

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JmdmVë`m ^mH$arda OJV hmoVm Vmo. XmVIri ~gë`mgmaIm Vmo A§YmamV Jn{Mn ~gyZ hmoVm. gmao

{eì`memn EoHy$Z KoV hmoVm. AIoa H$moUr g_§Og ~mobbm,

"Úm gmoSy>Z! Zdam ~m`H$moMr H$bmJV. _a§ZmV H$m {VH$S>§!'

Ë`mda "Vg§ H$g§? gH$mir MmdS>rda ~mobmdyZ ¿`m Ag§ ~mobV ~mobV§M EH$ EH$ OU KamH$S>§ dibm. _rhr diyZ MmbVm Pmbmo!

hm ~m~mImZ Xadoer _moR>m {hadQ> Q>miŠ`mMm _mUyg hmoVm. nU gm_mÝ`V… BVam§er Ë`mMr dmJUyH$ Ver H$mhr dmdJr ZìhVr. nmM dfm©À`m nmoambm gwÕm Vmo gaH$ma, hþOya Ag§ g§~moYr. _moR>çm AmX~rZ§ dmJo, BW§ òD$Z Ë`mbm AmR> n§Yam {Xdg Pmbo hmoVo. EoZ gwJrMm _moH$m JmRy>Z Vmo CVabm hmoVm. ~oQ>çmMm IQ>bmhr _moR>m. ~m`H$mo, ghm-gmV nmoa§, KmoS>§, åh¡g, Hw$Ì§ Am{U Añdb EdT>çm§§Mm nmoqeXm hmoVm Vmo. nmQ>bmÀ`m hmVmnm`m nSy>Z Ë`mZ§ Ë`mM§ EH$ _moH$i§, N>ßna _mJyZ KoVb§ hmoV§, Am{U Ë`mV Amnb§ {~èhmS> Q>mH$b§ hmoV. Añdb KoD$Z Vmo dmS>çm-dñË`m Yw§S>r Am{U _ZJQ>mVbr bmoI§S>mMr H$S>r dmOdyZ åhUo-""IS>o ahmo ~oQ>m, ~§XÿH$ KoD$Z bT>mB©bm Mmbbm J§Jmam_, Amo hmo ao J§Jmam_, em~mg J§Jmam_!'' Ag§ AmoaSy>Z AmoaSy>Z Ë`m J`mi àmÊ`mMm Ioi H$ar. nm`br nm`br Om|Yio CH$ir. gwJrMo {Xdg. Hw$Uã`mÀ`m Kar Im§S>mn`ªV YmÝ`mÀ`m R>obr bmJboë`m. Ë`m_wi§ CX§ åhUVm Ë`mM§ nmÌ âo. {edm` XodF$frnUmMm Nw>nm Y§Xmhr Vmo H$ar. AS>mUr ~m`m~mnS>çm§§Zm hì`m Ë`m Wmnm XoD$Z bw~mS>r.

~m~mImZÀ`m dmJÊ`mMm PmoH$hr VgmM. A§JmqnS>mZ§ Vmo Mm§Jbm Q>UH$ hmoVm. Am{U JmOamgmaIm bmb. Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mda XodrMo dU hmoVo Am{U EH$ S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z ~mobÊ`mMr Ë`mbm gd` hmoVr. ^S>H$ {haì`m a§JmMm H$mogbm nQ>H$m Iw~rZ§ EH$m H$bmda ~m§Ybobm. A§JmV a§JrV H$mnS>mMr _w§S>oN>mQ> n¡aU, {Vbm Mm§XrMr ~Q>U§. Imbr ^mar {H$_VrM§ YmoVa Am{U nm`mV Jm|S>çmM§ nm`VmU, _moR>§ PmoH$mV dmJU§ Ag§ Ë`m§M§. Am{U ~mob>U§ IS>rgmIaoÀ`m IS>çmJV JmoS.> Hw$R>§hr dmQ>oV JmR> nS>br H$s AmX~rZ§ dmHy$Z Vmo åhUo-""gbm_ hþOya, Hw$UrH$S>o {ZKmbo nm`?''

Ë`mÀ`m Ë`m AmX~rZ§ EoH$Umamhr Iyf hmoB© Am{U åhUo

""am_ am_ ~m~mImZ, H$g§ H$m`?''

""hm§ gaH$ma, Vw_À`m nm`mÀ`m AmYmamZ§ R>rH$ Mmbb§`.''

""Am{U ZwgV§ AñdbM {XgV§`² VwÂ`mnmer. dmK Zmhr H$m?''

""dmK IMu nS>bm _mJë`m gmbr. ZdrZ OZmda {_iV Zmhr Am{U Ë`mMr Cgmâhr Xm§S>Jr. `m _hmJmB©À`m {XdgmV Amnb§M nmoQ> aÊ`mMr n§MmB©V, _J Ë`mbm Hw$R>>§ gm§^miy? AñdbmMr JmoîQ> doJir. Ë`mbm H$m` _m§g bmJV Zmhr, H$mhr Zmhr. eoaâmÀ`m H$Ê`m aSy>Z {eOdë`m åhUOo Ë`mÀ`mda> mJV§ H$m_.''

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`m {_Ç>mg ~mobÊ`m~amo~a AmUIrhr EH$ H$g~ ~m~mImZnmer hmoV§. Vmo CÎm_ "ô{XH$' åhUUmam hmoVm. IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§Zm "ô{XH$' JmÊ`mMm emoH$ Xm§S>Jm. ~m~mImZnmer VmZmOrÀ`m nmodmS>`mnmgyZ Vmo na~«÷, _m`m, àH¥$Vrn`ªVÀ`m gd©JmÊ`m§Mm gmR>m hmoVm. EoH$Umè`m _§S>itMr bm`H$s hoê$Z Vmo H$Yr VmZmOrMm nmodmS>m Va H$Yr am_mÙmVrb _mê$Vr OÝ_mdaM§ JmU§ bmdr. gwaË`m Mm§Jbm Agbm åhUOo JmU§ PH$mg a§Jo. _mê$VrÀ`m XodimnwT>rb nQ>m§JUmV ~m~mImZM§ JmU§ EoH$V em¡H$sZ _§S>ir amÌrÀ`m amÌr COmS>drV. Ë`mÀ`m `m H$g~m_wi§ AmgnmgÀ`m nmM-n§Mdrg IoS>`m§V Vmo gdm©Zm n[a{MV hmoVm.

nwT>§ nwT>§ ~m~mImZZ§ amÌr AnamÌr ~m`H$mog PmoS>m`M§ Am{U {VZ§ bm _moR>m Jim H$mT>m`Mm ho àH$aU {ZË`mMM Pmb§. Hw$Ur ~m~mImZbm Ë`m g§~§Yr {dMmab§ Va Vmo hgyZ ~mobm`Mm-""H$m` gaH$ma, _bm Var H$m` doS> bmJb§`² hmo` CJrMM _mam`bm! moigQ> Amho. H$m` Var H$ê$Z ~gVr. Q>Hw$è`mbm OmñV Ìmg Pmbm åhUOo hmUVmo Pmb§ XmoZ VS>mIo.''

Am{U Zmhr Var ~m~mImZMr ~m`H$mo doS>gaM hmoVr. doS>ga> åhUÊ`mnojm ^moir^m~S>r åhUm. doS>§~mJS>§ ê$n; qPÁ`m gXm {dñ\$maboë`m. A§Jmda H$g§ Var Jw§S>mibob§ gwS>H§$, ~m~mImZMr ~m`H$mo åhUOo IamoIaM EH$ Ü`mZ hmoV§. nmoam§M§ b|T>ma _mJ§ KoD$Z Vr Hw$R>§Var ^Q>H$V Ago JmdmV. ~m~mImZbm nmoa§µhr CX§S>. VrZ nmoar Am{U Mma nmoa§. Ë`mVbr {Zå_r A{YH$ AmB© gmaIr doS>r{dÐr hmoVr. nU Wmoabr EH$ nmoaJr Am{U YmH$Q>§ EH$ nmoa {Xgm`bm Mm§Jb§ hmoV§. åher_mJyZ amZmo_mi qMÜ`m CS>drV qhS>VmZm Ë`m§Zm nm{hb§ H$s _bm Zoh_r dmQ>m`M§, ÝhmD$ _mIy KmVb§ Am{U EImX§ YwdQ> {MaJyQ> A§Jmda KmVb§ Va hr nmoa§ EImÚm H$moH$UñW ~«m÷UmÀ`m _wbm§À`m Vm|S>mV _maVrb ê$nmZ§!

nmoam§M§ Vo b|T>ma nmhÿZ H$moUr ~m~mImZbm {dMmab§ H$s - ""~m~mImZ, {MJmoa ~amM {XgVmo` JS>çm!''

Va ~m~mImZ EH$ S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z Am{U Amnb§ Zoh_rM§ hgy Vm|S>mda AmUyZ åhUm`Mm- ""Agy Úm _m`~mn, A„mKaMm nmZ_im hm`. Amnë`m hmVmV H$m` Ë`mM§ !''

nU {~Wabm åhUOo ~m~mImZ `m A„mKaÀ`m nmZ_ù`mbm JwamgmaIm ~XS>m`Mm. Ë`mM§ H$mirO H$m` XJS>mM§ hmoV§ H$s H$m` H$moU OmUo! Ë`m_wi§ Vmo JmdmVë`m bmoH$m§er Oar ZrQ> dmJo Var Ë`mMm XodG$frnUm, _§ÌV§Ì, CJ«_wÐm Am{U VmnQ> ñd^md `m_wi§ ~m~mImZ åhUOo {hadQ> Q>miŠ`mMm _mUyg Aer JmdH$è`m§§Mr g_OyV hmoD$Z MwH$br hmoVr.

Am_À`m dmS>çmbm bmJyZM ~m~mImZM§ {~èhmS> hmoV§. N>namV Ë`mMm JmS>½`m_S>Š`m§Mm g§gma Am{U Xmambm bmJyZM EH$m ~mOybm Añdb S>m§~bob§. ZmH$mVbr dogU nwT>À`m ~mOyÀ`m Iw§Q>çmbm Am{U _mJbm EH$ nm` _mJë`m Iw§Q>çmbm OIS>bobm. Ë`m Anwè`m OmJoV Vo JMmi {Z J{bÀN> OZmda gXmZ²H$Xm Vm|S>mZ§ M_ËH$m[aH$ AmdmO H$arV PwbV Agm`M§. Ë`mÀ`m AdVr^dVr Zoh_rM ~miJmonmim§Mr JXu. _OoImVa EImÚmZ§ IS>m \o$Hy$Z _mabm H$s, dgH$Z² Vo A§Jmda oB©. Vem Jwbm_{JarVhr Ë`mÀ`m A§JmVbr Jw_u H$_r Pmbr ZìhVr.

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EHo$ {Xder â XþnmaM§ A§JUmVë`m qb~mImbr gVa§Or Q>mHy$Z _r nwñVH$ dmMrV nS>bmo hmoVmo, Am{U EH$mEH$s ~m~mImZÀ`m KamH$Sy>Z ~m|~ EoHy$ Ambr. Am{U Ë`mMr Wmoabr nmoaJr _moR>çmZ§ H$moH$by bmJbr.

""_ob§ _ob§, nmoaJ§ AñdbmZ§ _mab§!'' _r YmdV ~mhoa Jobmo.

~KVmo Va ~m~mImZM§ dfm©-XrS> dfm©M§ nmoa AñdbmZ§ nwT>À`m XmoZ n§OmV Yabob§ Am{U Vo Ë`mbm KwgiV Amho.

bm§~ C^r amhÿZ nmoaJr AmoaS>V hmoVr Am{U Vo nmoaJ§ qH$MmiV hmoV§. nmoarMm Vmo AmoaS>m EoHy$Z Xim`bm Jobobr ~m~mImZMr ~m`H$mo AmaS>V AmoaS>V Ambr Am{U gnmQ>çmZ§ nwT>§ hmoD$Z {VZ§ nmoaJ§ AñdbmÀ`m n§OmVyZ AmoTy>Z KoVb§!

_mUg§ O_m Pmbr Am{U H$moH$by bmJbr.

""~a§ Va ~a§ - nmoa _ob§ AgV§ AmO!''

""AmZ² `m JmT>dmbm H$iy Zò H$m, Añdb OmÊ`mòÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda ~m§Yb` Vo!''

""AJ@@~`m, nmoambm Amoa~mSy>Z H$mT>b§ ² ZwgV§. AmZ² ~mB© Vy J Hw$Q>>§ Jobr hþVrg nmoaJ§ EH$b§ Q>mHy$Z?''

Xadoí`mÀ`m ~m`H$moZ§ nmoaJ§ N>mVrer K>Å> Yab§ hmoV§. {VM§ H$nmi S>~S>~b§ hmoV§. aS>doë`mnUo Vr ~mobbr-

""Ad, Wmoabr nmoaJr hþVr KamV; {Vbm Ü`mZ R>odm`bm gm§JyZ _r Jobo Xim`bm Mm¡Jwë`mÀ`m OmË`mda. _bm H$m` R>md§ hr nmoaJr Ag§ Bg§~{V`m Vo!''

hr ^mfm Mmbbr hmoVr EdT>çmV ~m~mImZ gUmQ>çmZ§ {VW§ oD$Z XmIb Pmbm. Vmo Hw$R>>§ am_moedmS>çmnmer Jßnm hmUV ~gbm hmoVm. Hw$Urg§ gm§{JVb§ H$s, nmoaJ§ AñdbmZ§ Yab§ Voìhm YmdV Ambm.

_bm dmQ>b§ H$s, AmVm Ë`m AñdbmMr Am{U ~mB©Mr Ambr H§$~º$s. hm {hadQ> _mUyg Ym|S>m CMbyZ S>moŠ`mV Kmbm`bm _mJ§nwT>§ nmhUma Zmhr.

""qH$ Jo, Š`m hþ`m?'' Ag§ XaS>mdyZ åhUV Vmo ~m`H$monmer Jobm. Ë`mZ§ {VÀ`m hmVyZ nmoaJ§ KoVb§ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rdaë`m AmoaIS>çmdê$Z hmV {\$adyZ Vmo ~m`H$moda> nwÝhm IoH$gbm-

""Vy Hw$R>§ Jobr hþVrg ~m|~bV? _ob§ AgV§ nmoaJ§ AmO. OZmdaM Vo, Ë`mbm H$m`. KmoigyZ _mab§ AgV§ nmoa!''

Ë`mMr hr ga~Îmr Mmby hmoVr EdT>çmV O_boë`m _§S>irVyZ Hw$Urg§ Ë`mbm S>m\$ab§-""boH$m, nU Vwbm {H$Vr JS>`m A~«y? C§~è`mOdi Hw$Ur ~m§YV§ H$m Agb§ OZmda? nmoa§~mi§ Om`Mr `m`Mr!''

~m~mImZ amJmZ§ bmb Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`mMo S>moio Vm§~S>obmb Pmbo hmoVo. nmoaJ§ ~m`H$moÀ`mH$S>§ Q>mHy$Z Vmo AmV Jobm Am{U _ZJQ>mgmaI§ EH$ {Q>¸$ma KoD$Z ~mhoa Amb>m, Ë`m AñdbmH$S>§ dib>m.

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_r _ZmV åhUmbmo - _aV§` AmVm Añdb! nU ~m~mImZZ§ Añdbmbm _mab§ Zmhr. Ë`mZ§ hmVmV H$mR>r KoVbr Vr Ho$di ~wOJmdU§ åhUyZ. Ho$di Ë`mZ§ Vo OZmda Ë`m OmJodê$Z gmoSy>Z Oam A§Vamda ~m§Yb§. EH$ hbH$ser H$mR>r gwÕm ~m~mImZZ§ _mabr Zmhr!

`m àH$mamZ§Va Xþgè`m {Xder gH$mir amIw§S>rZ§ XmV KmerV _r XadmOmV C^m hmoVmo. g_moa XmoZ H$m|~S>o AQ>rVQ>rZo EH$_oH$m§er Pw§OV hmoVo. Vmo gm_Zm nmhmV hmoVmo. EdT>çmV ~m~mImZ {VH$Sy>Z Ambm.

""gbm_ gaH$ma, H$m` bT>V ~KVm` _w½`mªMr?''

""am_ am_! hmo` ~m~mImZ. ~K H$s H$m` Baobm nS>boV XmoKohr. VwÂ`mdmUr VmnQ> {XgVmV ~oQ>o!''

~m~mImZ AmoemiyZ hgbm.

""~m~mImZ, _moR>m M_ËH$m[aH$ _mUyg {XgVmo` JS>çm Vy?''

""H$gya _m\$ Agmdr gaH$ma, H$m` MwH$s KS>br?''

""Aao, J¥hñWm, EdT>çmem H$maUmdê$Z ~m`H$mobm T>moamgmaIm VwS>dVmog Am{U H$mb Vo OZmda nmoQ>À`m nmoambm Ord§ _marV hmoV§ Va Ë`mbm Mma ~moQ>m§Zr {edbm gwÕm Zmhrg?''

_mÂ`mgma»`m _mUgmH$Sy>Z Agbo àý {dMmabo Jobo åhUyZ IamoIarM ~m~mImZ A{V IOrb Pmbm hmoVm! Var Vmo nŠH$m Iam. hgyZ Am{U EH$ S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z åhUVmo H$m`.

""hþOya, ~m`H$mo H$m` EH$ _obr Var Xþgar {_iob. nU H$mb Oa H$m amJmÀ`m VmdmV hmUb§ AgV§ Am{U d_u Q>mobm bmJyZ OZmda nQ>H$Z² _ob§ AgV§ Va Hw$Umbm {dMmam`M§ hmoV§? {eH$b§g-

dabob§ OZmda {_iU§ H$R>rU. Am{U Vo hm`² åhUyZ OJVmo`²''!

eãXmW© :

n oaJQ>Uo - Jwa\$Q>Uo n AmXm~ - d§XZ, _wOam n H$mbdm - JXu n J{hda _m§S>Uo - H§$R> XmQy>Z

`oUo n gX²J{XV hmoUo - Xþ…I ì`ŠV H$aUo n am_moer - EH$ OmV n Xadoer - AñdbmMm Ioi XmIdUmam

n XJmdUo - _aU nmdUo n H$dmS> - Xma n H$ëbmoi - AmaS>m AmoaS>m n hþ§XHo$ XoUo - aS>Ê`mMm C_mim n

d¡Xÿ - dZñnVr Am¡fYo XoUmam n hþ§X§ - {hgS>m _maUo n H$bmJV - m§S>U n {hadQ> - {MS>Imoa, {VagQ> n

AmoemiUo - bpÁOV hmoUo n Baobm nS>Uo - Bf}bm nS>Uo nH$mirO - A§V…H$aU n Jw_u - _Jê$ar n IMu

nS>Uo - g§nUo n _Z CVy OmUo - _Z ^ê$Z `oUo n Ym|S>m KmbUo - KmV H$aUo

ñdmÜ`m` :

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(A) ~m~mImZZo H$moUVm àmUr nmibm hmoVm?

(A) _mH$S> (~) Añdb

(H$) Hw$Ìm (S>) dmK

(Am) Ë`mÀ`m AñdbmMo ImÚ H$moUVo hmoVo?

(A) JdV (~) _m§g

(H$) eoaâ âS>boë`m H$Ê`m (S>) PmS>m§Mr \$io

(B) ~m~mImZ hm H$moU hmoVm?

(A) H$bmH$ma (~) ^m§S>Imoa

(H$) Xadoer (S>) doS>m

(B©) ~m~mImZZo Añdb H$moR>o ~m§Ybo hmoVo?

(A) òÊ`m OmÊ`mÀ`m añË`mV (~) PmS>mImbr

(H$) KamnmgyZ Xÿa (S>) Xodimnmer

(C) ~m~mImZZo Añdbmbm H$m _mabo Zmhr?

(A) Voo Ë`mMo CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ hmoVo (~) Vo Ë`mZo nmibo hmoVo.

(H$) Vo Ë`mMo H$m_ H$aV Ago (S>) Vo Ë`mbm {à` hmoVo.


(A) Xadoí`mÀ`m KamnwT>§ _mUgo H$m O_m Pmbr hmoVr?

(Am) Xadoí`mMo Zmd `m nmR>mV H$m` Amho?

(B) ~m~mImZZo Añdb H$m nmibo hmoVo?

(B©) ~m~mImZb>m "{hadQ> Q>miŠ`mMm' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?

(C) ~m~mImZbm amhm`bm Ka H$moUr {Xbo hmoVo?


(A) Xadoer, hm H$moU hmoVm ? Vmo nmoQ>mgmR>r H$m` H$aV Ago?

(Am) ~m~mImZÀ`m A§Jr H$moUH$moUVo H$g~ hmoVo?

(B) ~m~mImZ boIH$mÀ`m Jmdr H$m Ambm hmoVm?


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(A) ""AmZ² `m JmT>dmbm H$iy Z`o H$m? Añdb OmÊ`m`oÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda ~m§Yb§` Vo!''

(Am) ""{eH$b§gdabob§ OZmda {_iU§ H$R>rU§. Am{U Vo hm`² åhUyZ OJVmo`²!''

(B) ""Zdè`mZ§ _mab§ Am{U nmdgmZ§ PmoS>nb§ Va VH«$ma Ý`m`Mr Hw$UmH$S>§.?''


(A) ~m~mImZ Xadoí`mÀ`m ñd^mdmMo dU©Z H$am.

(Am) AñdbmÀ`m IoimMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV H$am.


(A) ~m~mImZZo AñdbmMm gm§^mi H$em àH$mao Ho$bm hmoVm?

(Am) ~m~mImZÀ`m nËZrMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ> H$am.

Baobm nS>Uo, J{hda _m§S>Uo, XJS>mMo H$mirO, Jw_u AgUo, Jim H$mT>Uo, IMu nS>Uo, _Z

CVy OmUo, Ym|S>m KmbUo

(Am) g_mZmWu eãX gm§Jm.

H$dmS>, AmoemiUo, H$g~, XJmdUo, nwgUo, g§~moYUo, AmX~

(B) {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

CJ«_wÐm, H$mimoIramÌ, amZmo_mi, _m`~mn, nmoa§~mi§

CnH«$_ :

l ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo "_mUXoer _mUg§' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l Z§Xr~¡bmMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

l Jmê$S>r, _mH$S>dmbm, AñdbmMo Ioi `m§Mr {MÌo g§J«hrV H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

{Z_m©Vm àJ{Verb OmJ{VH$sH$aU

jonUmó Xrjm J¥hñW

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9. dmMy AmZ§XoS>m°. ñZohbVm Xoe_wI

n[aM` :

S>m°. ñZohbVm Xoe_wI (OÝ_ 1938) {ejU E_.~r.~r.Eg. d E_.Eg. ì`pŠVJV Am{U g_mO ñdmñÏ`mÀ`mhr ÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` _hÎdmÀ`m Agboë`m d¡ÚH$ Am{U {ejU `m XmoÝhr joÌmV Ë`m§Mr A\$mQ> _wem{\$ar Amho. bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ é½Umb`mÀ`m A{YîR>mVm nXmMm (S>rZ) H$m`©^ma Ë`m§Zr àXrK©H$mi gm§^mibm. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Ë`m nmM df©o Hw$bJwé hmoË`m. XoeâmVrb {dÚmnrR>m§Mm XOm© VnmgUmar Z°H$, _Z…eŠVr H|$Ð AmXr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§er Ë`m g{H«$` g§~§{YV AmhoV. gm{hË`joÌmVhr Ë`m§Mr H$m_{Jar C„oIZr` Amho. "Aao g§ñH$ma g§ñH$ma', "J^©g§ñH$ma V§Ì _§Ì', "V§Ì`wJmVrb C_bVr _Zo', "bmoH$emhr OmUrd d OmoIr_', "AÝZ g§ñH$ma', "Q>oH$ Ho$Aa', "AmB©' BË`mXr g§ñH$maj_ gm{hË` à{gÕ Amho.

"dmMy AmZ§Xo' hm nmR> "V§Ì`wJmVrb C_bVr _Zo' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbm Amho. `m nmR>mV bo{IHo$Zo dmMZmMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo Amho.

(_yë` - dmMZ Am{U g§ñH$mamMo _hÎd)

g§ñH$ma åhUOo JwUm§Mm JwUmH$ma Am{U XþJw©Um§Mm mJmH$ma, g§ñH$ma åhUOo gOJVm, g§doXZerbVm, gh`moJ, gwg§ñH¥$VVm, gh_V, gh^mJ, g{hîUwVm, gX²{dMma Am{U gX²{ddoH$~wÜXrZoo dmJUo. AmO AmnU g§H«$_U H$mimV AmhmoV. CÎmw§J AmH$membm JdgUr KmbUmè`m B_maVr AmhoV, nU _Z Hw$R>§Var hadb§`, M§JidmX dmT>bm`, _mZ{gH$Vm ~XbVo`, n¡gm hoM gd©ñd dmQy> bmJb§`, Amnë`m amhUrV PnmQ>çmZo ~Xb hmoVmo`. {ejUmV ~Xb, AmhmamV ~Xb, dmJUwH$sV ~Xb, AmMaUmV ~Xb, EdT>§M Zmhr Va {dMmamVhr ~Xb _moR>çm PnmQ>çmZo hmoVmo`. OwÝ`m-ê$T>r na§nam PwJmê$Z AmnU àËòH$ JmoîQ> {dkmZmÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda nS>VmiyZ ~KVmo AmhmoV. Amnbo ^yVnyd© ào{gS>|Q>> gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ åhUV, "kmZ§ {dkmZ g{hV' {dkmZ Am{U kmZ ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ A{Ve` _hÎdmMo. kmZmbm {dkmZmMo S>moio Agbo åhUOo àJVr {ZpíMV åhUyZ g§ñH$ma ho {dkmZ{ZîR> AgmdoV. Ogo Amnbo gmoim g§ñH$ma d¡km{ZH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ nmhm`bm hdoV. AÝZ ho nyU©~«÷ Amho. Vohr g§ñH$m[aV Agmdo Va Vo nMVo, éMVo d Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Ago AÝZ earamMo nmofU H$aVo VgoM dmMZ _ZmMr ewÕVm amIVo. _Z àgÞ R>odUo, àgÞ {MÎmd¥Îmr R>odUo ho _hÎdmMo. H$maU Amnbo _Z ho gJù`m earamMo MmbH$ Amho. Vo àgÞ Agbo Va eara gwÑT> amhrb. m _ZmMo nmofU åhUOo CÎm_ dmMZ, boIZ, _ZZ Am{U qMVZ. dmMH$ Agob VaM boIH$mbm {bhmdogo dmQ>Vo. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m eãXmV CX²Y¥V H$am`Mo Va "dmMmb Va dmMmb' ho AJXr V§VmoV§V AmMaUmV AmUm`bm hdo. dmMZmZo àJë^Vm òVo. amoO H$mhrVar dmMrV Omdo Ago _mPo AmOmo~m _bm dma§dma gm§JV. Am_À`mH$S>o kmZoídar, JrVm, Xmg~moY, MaH$ g§{hVm, dm½^Q>>, gw^m{fV H$moe, J§Jmbhar, emHw§$Vb, aKwd§e ho Xþ{_©i nU Cn`wŠV J«§W hmoVoM. Ë`mM~amo~a {d. g. Im§S>oH$a, à. Ho$. AÌo, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, bmoH$_mÝ`

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{Q>iH$, {d.Xm. gmdaH$a m§Mohr AË`wÎm_ {bImU g§J«{hV hmoVo. AmOmo~m ñdV… g§ñH¥$V n§{S>V. dmMZmMr AmdS> AWm©VM KamVM. ho dmMZ g§ñH$ma Am_À`mda KS>bo. _mÂ`m _Vo nwñVH$ dmMZ åhUOo B{VhmgmMm _mJmodm Am{U {dî`mMm H$mZmogm. B{OßV_Üò n°{nag J«§W, AmnË`mH$S>bo MaH$ gwlwV, _mHª$S>o` nwamU, AîQ>mXe _hmnwamUm§n¡H$s EH$ VgoM AZoH$ mfm§_Yrb àmMrZ J«§W, Vm_«nQ>, {ebmboI, nmZm§da {b{hbobo boI `mVyZ Amnë`mbm Amnë`m ^yVH$mimMr _m{hVr {_iVo.

AmOÀ`m _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m wJmV g§JUH$ hm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho. Ë`mVhr {H$VrVar ~Xb hmoV Jobo. g~§Y Imobr ì`mnUmè`m g§JUH$mnmgyZ Vo AmVm hmVmÀ`m Viì`mV _mdUmè`m g§JUH$mn`ªV àJVr Pmbr. Ë`m_Üò ~Xb Pmbo. hmS>© {S>ñH$, âbm°nr, H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ Agohr ~Xb Pmbo; na§Vw AmnU Xÿa{dMma Ho$bm Va ho {H$VnV emídV Amho Ago _ZmV oVo. CËIZZm_Üò {ebmboI, Vm_«nQ> {_imbo ho g§ñH¥$VrMo ÚmoVH$ hmoVo. `mdê$Z Ë`m H$mimMr _m{hVr {_i{dUo eŠ` Pmbo. na§Vw Vg§ `m H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$Mo H$aVm òB©b H$m `mMr ImÌr Zmhr. AmO EH$m g§JUH$mMo Xþgè`mer O_ob Ago Zmhr. H$mhtMo g§~§Y Xþamì`mMo AgVmV Va H$mhr§Mo gyaM OwiV ZmhrV. m AS>MUr dmMZmV oV ZmhrV. EH$Xm H$m mfm dmMVm oD$ bmJbr H$s dmMm`bm AS>Wim H$moUVmM Zmhr.

150 dfm©nydu {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$am§Zr Ë`m§À`m {Z~§Y_mboV {b{hbobm "dmMZ' hm boI AmO _r dmMVo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m{df`rMm AmXa XþUmdVmo. H$maU dmMZ hr 64 H$bm§n¡H$s EH H$bm Amho Ago Vo Z_yX H$aVmV Vo nQ>Vo. H$dr ~«mD$qZJhr åhUVmo Vo gwÕm {Odmbm {^S>Vo. Vmo åhUVmo, "H${dVm H$aVmo Voìhm

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Vr _mPr AgVo nU EH$Xm H$m Vr H$mJXmda CVabr H$s Vr bmoH$m§Mr hmoVo.' {H$Vr Ia§` ho! boIH$ qH$dm H$dr {b{hVmo Voìhm Vo dmMH$m§Zr dmMmdo åhUyZ. MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§da Vmo ào_ H$aVmo Am{U {bhrV OmVmo. dmMm`bm S>moio bmJVmV Va Vo J«hU H$am`bm ~wÕr bmJVo. m Xmohm|Mm _oi ~gm`bm hdm, VaM dmMZmZo _Z g_¥Õ d em§V hmoB©b. dmMZmMm EH$Xm H$m N>§X bmJbm H$s Ë`m dmMH$mbm H$gboM mZ amhmV Zmhr. _J Vmo dmMZmZo ~hþlwV Pmbobm Á`mbm B§J«OrV dob aoS> åhUVmV Vmo gdmªZm hdmhdmgm dmQ>Vmo. dmMÊ`mMo {H$Vr \$m`Xo åhUyZ gm§Jy! kmZmMm gmR>m {_iVmo, Omo {Xë`mZo d¥{Õ¨JV hmoVmo. ZdZdrZ {dMma gwMVmV, {MÎmd¥Îmr Cëh{gV hmoVmV, _Zmbm âmar _maÊ`mMo ~i òVo; Am{U _wbm§Zm hm dmMZ g§ñH¥$VrMm R>odm XoVm òVmo; Omo Ë`mZo OVZ H$ê$Z d{Y©îUw H$am`Mm AgVmo. åhUOo Ë`mMm _mUyg KS>>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Amåhr S>m°ŠQ>a bmoH$ Zoh_r gmWrMo amoJ ngê$ ZòV åhUyZ I~aXmarMo Cnm` gwMdrV AgVmo. nU dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMr "gmW' _mÌ Amåhmbm hdrhdrer dmQ>Vo. H$maU dmMZ H$aUmam EH$ _mUyg MmaOUm§Zm dmMZmMr JmoS>r bmdy eH$Vmo. _mÂ`m EH$m dmMZmb`mÀ`m _¡{ÌUrZo gwg§ñH$m[aV dmMZ Midi gwê$ Ho$br. {Vbm AmdS>boë`m EH$m nwñVH$mMm eodQ> Vr _wb>m§Zm gm§JV Ago. nwñVH$ KoD$Z dmMmdogo dmQ>mdo Ago {VMo g§dmX H$m¡eë` hmoVo. gmh{OH$M _wbm§Zm nwñVH$ dmMm`Mr AmdS> {Z_m©U Z Pmbr VaM Zdb>. bhmZnUrM ho dmMZg§ñH$ma Pmbo EdT>oM Zìho Va ~mi J^m©dñWoV AgVmZm dmMZg§ñH$ma Pmbo Va nwT>rb Am`wî`mV Ë`m ~mimM§ ì`pŠV_Îd KS>dÊ`mV dmMZmMm qghmMm dmQ>m AgVmo. dmMZmZo {dÚmWu ñdËdmMm d gÎdmMm {dMma H$am`bm {eH$Vmo. H$m` dmMmdo, H$Yr dmMmdo, {H$Vr dmMmdo, Hw$R>§ dmMmdo, H$emgmR>r dmMmdo? Va _mUwgH$s OnÊ`mgmR>r dmMmdo, Hw$R>ohr dmMmdo, doi {_iob Voìhm Zìho Va doi H$mTy>Z dmMmdo. dmMZmbm _`m©XmM Zmhr. AmH§$R> dmMmdo, Vo ñ_amdo, qMVmdo Am{U dmMZ g§ñH$ma Xþgè`mbm XmZ H$amdm. ~{hUm~mBªZr N>mZ Mma Amoir {b{hë`mV,

""Aao N>mnrgZr Amb§, _mZgmbo g_Ob§

N>mnrgZr Oo amøb§, Xo`mboM C_Ob§.''

_wbm§da AmO BboŠQ´>m°°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m§Mm nJS>m Amho. ÑH²$lmì` _mÜ`_ ho OmñV bmoH${à` Amho; na§Vw VargwÜXm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _hÎd H$_r hmoV Zmhr. EImXr ~mV_r Q>o{bpìhOZda XmI{dbr Va Vr j{UH$ Amnë`m _Zmda n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. na§Vw VrM ~mV_r {dñVmamZo Xwgè`m {Xder g§nmXH$mÀ`m _VmgH$Q> dmMVmZm OmñV n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. d¥ÎmnÌmVbo AZoH$ Cn`wº$ ñV§^ bhmZWmoam§À`m kmZmV â KmbVmV. Mm§Jbr d¥ÎmnÌo, _m{gHo$, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, nwñVHo$, H$mì` ho gJioM dmMZr`, _ZZr`, qMVZr` R>aVo. nwñVH$mMm ñne©, Ë`mMo gmOao JmoOao a§J, ê$n, ag, J§Y gJioM H$mhr gmR>dVm òVo. Á`m _wbm§Zm nwñVHo$, _m{gHo$ gVV dmMm`Mr gd` AgVo. Vr _wb§ àJë^ hmoVmV Ago nmhÊ`mV Ambo. nwñVH$m§er _mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$ OdirH$ gmYUmar _wbo {dMmar AmT>ibr. dmMZmb`mV OmUmar _wbo gmYmaUV… em§V ñd^mdmMr {ZnObr. J^m©dñWoV ~mimÀ`m AmB©Zo dmMZ Ho$bo, _ZZ Ho$bo, qMVZ Ho$bo d J^m©er g§dmX gmYbm Va J^m©da {ZpíMV Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`mMm ^md{ZH$ ~wÕçm§§H$ CÎm_ AgVmo Agm {ZîH$f© Am_À`m à`moJmÛmao {gÕ Pmbm`.

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EH$m à{WV`e CÚmoOH$mZo Amnë`m Mma _wbm§Zm Ë`m§Zm nwT>o H$m` ìhm`Mo Ago {dMmabo. n{hbm _wbJm

åhUmbm, S>m°ŠQ>a ìhm`M§`, Xþgè`mbm B§{O{ZAa ìhm`Mo hmoVo Va {Vgè`mbm Am`.E.Eg. H$am`Mo hmoVo.

Mm¡Wm nwÌ åhUmbm _bm g_OyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho. gmh{OH$M dS>rb M{H$V hmoD$Z åhUmbo, H$m` g_OyZ

¿`m`Mo`? Voìhm nwÌmZo CÎma {Xbo, _bm _mUg§ g_OyZ ¿`m`MrV Vg§ {ejU hd§`. hm _wbJm gwg§ñH$m[aV

hmoVm; H$maU Ë`mZo AZoH$ J«§W dmMbo hmoVo. AmO Ia§M, _mUwgH$s Onm`bm dmMZ g§ñH$maM Cn`wŠV

R>aVrb. Ë`mMà_mUo ~mbH$-nmbH$ g§dmXhr KS>m`bm hdm. AmB©d{S>bm§Zr dmMbobo _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo d

_wbm§Zr dmMbobo, AZw^dbobo AmB©d{S>bm§Zm gm§Jmdo. KamV _Z_moH$ir hgV IoiV MMm© ìhmdr.

dmMZ H$_r hmoV§`, g§dmX H$_r hmoVm`V Ag§ Z åhUVm gwg§ñH$m[aV dmMZ KS>md§. Og§ gwg§JVr gXm

KS>mo gwOZdmŠ` H$mZr nS>mo Vg§M gwg§ñH$m[aV dmMZ KS>mo Aer àmW©Zm H$amdrer dmQ>Vo.

eãXmW© :

n CX²Y¥V H$aUo - CVadyZ KoUo n àJë^Vm - n[anŠdVm n AîQ>mXe _hmnwamUo - AR>am nwamUo

nÚmoVH$ - àVrH$ MmoI§Xi - {M{H$ËgH$ n d{Y©îUw - dmT>Umam

Q>rnm :

n MaH$ g§{hVm - MaH$ g§{hVm ZmdmMm Am`wd}X emómdarb CËH¥$îQ> J«§W.

n dm½^Q> - àmMrZ H$mimVrb Am`wd}X emómVrb nma§JV d¡Ú.

n J§Jmbhar - OJÞmW n§{S>V `mZr J§Jmbhar ho H$mì` {b{hbo. `mV J§JmZXrMo _hÎd dU©Z

Ho$bo Amho.

n emHw§$Vb - g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrb _hmH$dr H$m{bXmgmZo "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb_'' ZmdmMo CËH¥$ï>>

ZmQ>H$ {b{hbo.

n aKwd§e - _hmH$dr H$m{bXmgmZo {b{hbobo ho _hmH$mì` Amho. aKwd§e åhUOo à^y am_M§ÐmÀ`m

d§emVrb amOo bmoH$m§À`m namH«$_mMo d gXmMmamMo dU©Z Ho$bobo H$mì`.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) AmnU àË`oH$ JmoîQ> `mÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda nS>VmiyZ ~KV AmhmoV.

(A) Y_m©À`m (~) {dkmZmÀ`m

(H$) bmoH$_VmÀ`m (S>) XodmÀ`m

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Am) "dmMmb Va dmMmb' Ago `mZr åhQ>bo Amho.

(A) S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ (~) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a

(H$) {d.Xm. gmdaH$a (S>) bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$

(B) _m{hVr Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV hm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho.

(A) _mo~mB©b (~) XÿaXe©Z

(H$) g§JUH$ (S>) ao{S>Amo

(B©) AmO _wbm§À`m _Zm§da `m _mÜ`_mMm nJS>m Amho.

(A) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ (~) V§ÌkmZ

(H$) `§ÌkmZ (S>) _§ÌkmZ


(A) g§ñH$ma åhUOo H$m`?

(Am) AmOH$mb _mUgmMo gd©ñd H$moUVo?

(B) nyU©~«÷ Ago H$embm åhQ>bo Amho?

(B©) bo{IHo$da dmMZ g§ñH$ma H$moR>o KS>bo?

(C) _ZmMo nmofU H$em_wio hmoVo?


(A) _wbm§Mm ^md{ZH$ ~wÕçm§H$ CÎm_ AgVmo ho H$moUË`m à`moJmZo {gÕ Ho$bo Amho?

(Am) Amnë`mbm ^yVH$mimMr _m{hVr H$emdê$Z {_iVo?


(A) ""kmZ {dkmZ§ g{hV''

(Am) ""H${dVm H$aVmo Voìhm Vr _mPr AgVo nU EH$Xm H$m Vr H$mJXmda CVabr H$s Vr

bmoH$m§Mr hmoVo.''


(A) AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrMo dU©Z bo{IHo$Zo H$go Ho$bo Amho?

(Am) bo{IHo$À`m _¡{ÌUrZo dmMZmMr gmW H$er nga{dbr?

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(A) CÚmoOH$mZo Amnë`m _wbm§Zm H$m` {dMmabo? _wbm§Zr Ë`m§Zm H$moU H$moUVr CÎmao

{Xbr?

(Am) bo{IHo$Zo dmMZmMo _hÎd H$go ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

AmH$membm JdgUr KmbUo, PwJmê$Z XoUo, nJS>m AgUo, M{H$V hmoUo.


{MÎm, S>moio, ~i, JmoS>r, ñ_aU, J§Y, Am`wî`

CnH«$_ :

l S>m°. ñZohbVm Xoe_wI `m§Mo "Aao g§ñH$ma g§ñH$ma' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmMm.

l {dÚmÏ`mªZr emioV àmW©ZoÀ`m doir g§ñH$maj_ H$Wm§Mo d ~moYH$Wm§Mo dmMZ H$amdo.

l "dmMmb Va dmMmb' `m {df`mda 10 Amoir boIZ H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

C\$amQ>m {H«$`m YynmaVr

JmD$Z Xþ{^©j {Z`VH$m{bHo$

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10. CS>>Vr V~H$S>r Am{U A\$bmVyZ Q>moirS>m°. O`§V ZmairH$a

n[aM` :

O`§V {dîUy ZmairH$a (1938) ho Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$sVuMo IJmobemók AmhoV. Vo {dkmZH$WmH$ma d

H$mX§~arH$ma åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV. ^m¡{VH$emó, IJmobemó d {dídaMZm `m VrZ {df`mda {dnwb

ñ\w$Q>> boIZ d J«§WboIZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ _§S>imZo nwUo m {R>H$mUr B§Q>a w{Zìh{g©Q>r g|Q>a

\$m°a A°ñQ´>m°Zm_r A±S> A°ñQ´>mo{\${OŠg (Am`wH$m) m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. m g§ñWoMo g§ñWmnH$ d g§MmbH$

åhUyZhr ZmairH$amZr CËH¥$ï>> H$m`© Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr `m g§ñWobm Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñdê$nmMm XOm© àmßV H$ê$Z

{Xbm. Ë`m§Zr "A§VamimVrb ñ_mgya' "IJmobemómMo {díd' "ào{fV' "`jmMr XoUJr' "AmH$memer OS>bo

ZmVo' BË`mXr nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV AmhoV. "nÙ^yfU' nwañH$mamZo Vo gÝ_m{ZV AmhoV.

"Q>mB_ _erZMr {H$_`m' m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ. hr H$Wm g§{já ñdê$nmV KoVbobr Amho. YmS>gr qnQ>çm

d Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zr {_iyZ CS>Ë`m V~H$S>rg§~§Yr KoVVobm emoY hm amo_m§MH$ AZw^d àñVwV {dkmZH$WoV

{XgyZ `oVmo.

(_yë` : Mm¡H$g~wÜXr, d¡km{ZH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ)

JmaJmoQ>rnmgyZ XmoZ _¡bm§da EH$ _moS>H$irg Ambobr JT>r hmoVr, {VWo H$moUr amhmV Zgo Am{U

^wVmIoVm§À`m JmoîQ>t_wio {VH$S>o JmdH$ar OmV ZgV. JT>rMo _mbH$ _w§~B©Mo - Vo Va H$YrM {VH$S>o {\$aH$V

ZgV. Aem m JT>rMo ahñ` emoYyZ H$mT>m`Mr H$ënZm qnQ>çmÀ`m S>moŠ`mV {eOV hmoVr, nU KS>bo doJioM!

Jma>JmoQ>rbm nmoMë`mda bbr-{n§Q>çm§Zm Amü`m©Mm Y¸$mM ~gbm. Eadr em§V AgUmè`m Ë`m JmdmV

nwîH$iM JS>~S> Mmby hmoVr! _moQ>maJmS>çm, nÌH$ma, nmo{bg... àH$ma Var H$m` hmoVm? qnQ>çmZo Q>moirMr

VmVS>rMr g^m ~mobmdbr. Ë`m§À`m Kam_mJë`m PmS>rV hr g^m Zoh_rà_mUo ^abr. qnQ>çmZo {dMmabo,

""H$m` gw§Xa, Zdr ~mV_r H$m` Amho? JmaJmoQ>rV H$gbm Jm|Yi _mObm`?''

""Vwåhr nwÊ`mÀ`m nonamV dmMbo Zmhr?'' Amü`m©Zo gw§Xa åhUmbm, ""nadm amÌr JmaJmoQ>rV CS>Vr

V~H$S>r CVabr hmoVr....''

""CS>Vr V~H$S>r? hm H$m` àH$ma Amho?'' bbr CX²Jmabr {Vbm S>moù`mZoM Xm~yZ qnQ>çmZo gw§Xabm

nwT>o gm§JÊ`mg IwUmdbo.

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""Amnbm Vmo Xm_y JmS>rdmbm Zìho H$m? Ë`mZo nm{hbr. Vmo A§Yma nS>V AgVmZm JmS>rVyZ oV hmoVm.

Va Ë`mbm S>moŠ`mda AmH$memV àH$me {Xgbm. Ë`mZo nm{hbo Va EH$ Jmob Jmob, M_H$Xma H$mhrVar da

CS>V hmoVo Am{U Vo JT>rH$S>o Jobo. Xm_y Va oXabmM, nU Ë`mMo ~¡bXoIrb CYibo. Ë`m§Zm Amdê$Z em§V

H$arn`ªV Vr MH$Vr AÑí` Pmbr hmoVr.''

""BVHo$M?'' qnQ>çmZo {dMmabo.

""N>o! No! Iar _Om Va nwT>oM Amho, Amnbm Vmo VmbwŠ`mVbm gw^mZamd hdmbXma Amho Zm? Vmo øm

^mJmV hmoVm. Ë`mbm åhUo H$moUrVar gm§{JVbo H$s, JT>rV ñ_Jba AmhoV åhUyZ. Vmo JT>rnmgyZ nmd _¡bmda

AgVmZmM Ë`mbm nU AmH$memVyZ Jmob MH$MH$sV H$mhrVar oVmZm {Xgbo. nmhVm nmhVm Vo Imbr CVabo

Am{U Ë`mVyZ XmoZ {hadm nmoemI Ho$bobr qH$dm {hadrM _mUgo ZmhrVa Ver {XgUmar H$moUrVar CVê$Z

JT>rV Jobr.''

""Amnë`mbm Va ho EoHy$ZM hþS>hþS>r ^abr ~wdm...''- ~mOramd.

""Jßn ao!'' - qnQ>çm. ""gw§Xa, nwT>o H$m` Pmbo?''

""gw^mZamd X~H$V X~H$V Ë`m mZmH$S>o Jobm. Ë`mbm {IS>Š`m-Xmao ZìhVr. nU _J Vo Ord ~mhoa

H$go Ambo? gw^mZamd JwßV Xma Amho H$m MmMnSy>Z nmhÿ bmJbm. Va Ë`mbm O~aXñV Y¸$m ~gbm Am{U Vmo

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~oewÕM nS>bm... Vmo ewÕrda Ambm Voìhm _Ü`amÌ Pmbr hmoVr. Vmo JT>rÀ`m nQm>§JUmV nS>bm hmoVm Am{U

Vo `mZ Zmhrgo Pmbo hmoVo.''

""_bm Va hr gJir narH$WmM> dmQ>Vo. Xm_y Am{U gw^mZamd H$mhrVar PmoHy$Z Ambo AgVrb.''

bbr åhUmbr.

""Zmhr J bbo, JT>rOdi `mZmÀ`m nm`m§Mo R>>go ñnîQ> C_Q>bobo {XgVmV Vo H$m` Xm_y qH$dm

gw^mZamdmÀ`m ñdßZmVbo AmhoV? {edm` BVHo$ nÌH$ma Ambo Vnmgm`bm Vo H$go? Am{U {X„rVbo d

_w§~B©Vbo H$mhr nmo{bg Am{U V§Ìk AmboV \$moQ>mo-{~Q>mo ¿`m`bm.'' M§nr åhUmbr.

""_J AmnU XoIrb VnmgUr H$ê$`m. A\$bmVyZ Q>moirZo H$mhrVar H$aÊ`mOmoJo BWo Agbo nm{hOo.''

qnQ>çmZo {ZU©` KoVbm.

""qnQ>çm, Vy åhUVmog Vo eŠ` Zmhr. JT>rÀ`m ^modVmbr nhmam Amho nmo{bgm§Mm. Vo `mZ CVabo

Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr VmaoMo Hw§$nU Ho$bo Amho Am{U VoWo nwîH$i Mm¡H$sXma AmhoV. AmnU Zmhr ~modm OmUma

{VH$S>o.''- ~mOramd.

""VwPo S>moHo$ Mmbd Oam. mVyZhr _mJ© {ZKob.'' qnQ>çmÀ`m Am°S>©ada ~mOramdmZo S>moHo$ ImOdm`bm

gwédmV Ho$br.

mmm

qnQ>çm {dMma H$aV añË`mVyZ OmV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`m Im§Úmda Wmn nS>br. Ë`mZo M_Hy$Z nm{hbo.

""_Ý`m_m_m, Vy BH$S>o H$gm?'' Jwá nmo{bgmV Cƒ OmJoda Amnbm _m_m Amho ho qnQ>çmbm _mhrV hmoVo.

""CS>Vr V~H$S>r Jobr Hw$R>>o Vo ahñ` CH$bm`bm Ambmo _r. H$m` VwPr Q>moir Ë`m H$m_mV Jw§Vbr Agob

Zmhr H$m?'' _Ý`m_m_mZo hgV {dMmabo.

""hmo`, Amåhr nU Ë`mV bj KmbVmo`!'' J§^ranUo qnQ>çm åhUmbm. ""_m_m AmnU nañnam§Zm _XV

H$ê$. Vy Amåhmbm _m{hVr nwad. Amåhr Vwbm _m{hVr nwady.'' qnQ>çmbm H$mhr Img ~mV_r {_imë`mg

nm{hOo hmoVr.

""Añg§! R>rH$ Amho. Vwbm H$m` _m{hVr nm{hOo gm§J.'' _Ý`m_m_m.

""`mZ CVabo {VWbo \$moQ>mo.'' qnQ>çm bJoM CX²Jmabm. _m_mZo {IemVyZ EH$ nwS>Ho$ ~mhoa H$mT>bo.

mmm

A\$bmVyZ Q>moirMr g^m ^abr hmoVr. qnQ>çmZo Amnbm [anmoQ>© {Xbm hmoVm. Ë`mda _|~a bmoH$ MMm©

H$aV hmoVo. qnQ>çm åhUmbm, ""\$moQ>mo nmhÿZ _bm Va gd© àH$mam~Ôb e§H$mM oV Amho. mZmMo nm` ~Km.

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ho Agë`m {d{MÌ IwUm H$aUmao nm` H$go AgVrb? BVŠ`m dOZmMo mZ KoUmao nm` Ago Q>moH$Xma AgUma

ZmhrV H$s Oo `mZmÀ`m dOZm_wio _mVrV KwgmdoV.''

""~amo~a Amho. Ë`m nm`m§Zm gnmQ> n°S> qH$dm {d_mZmgmaIr MmHo$ Var nm{hOoV. Am{U {edm`

gw^mZamdmÀ`m O~mZrV Ë`mZo `mZ CVaVmZm Vimer Omi Pmbobm nm{hbm. nU \$moQ>moV `mZmImbMr

dZñnVr Oibobr {XgV Zmhr. Am{U Xm_y åhUmbm H$s Ë`mZo `mZ nm{hbo Voìhm ZwH$VmM gy`m©ñV Pmbm

hmoVm. Am{U gw^mZamd åhUVmo H$s, Vmo JT>rnmer Jobm Voìhm amÌrMo AmR> dmObo hmoVo. gy`© Va gmS>oghmbmM

_mdiVmo. _J XrS> Vmg Vo `mZ H$m` H$aV hmoVo?'' ~mOramdmMo S>moHo$ CÎm_ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo.

""Am{U Vo ~mH$sÀ`m JmdH$è`m§Zm-Amåhmbm H$moUmbm H$m Zmhr {Xgbo?'' gw§XaMm àíZ.

""AmO amÌr AmnU JT>rOdi OmD$Z øm àýmMm N>S>m bmdm`MmM.'' qnQ>çmZo gdmªZm amÌrÀ`m

{ZOm{ZOrZ§Va Kê$Z hiyM ~mhoa òD$Z amÌr AH$ambm JmdmÀ`m doerOdi `m`bm gm§{JVbo.

""~mnao! AmO Va A_mdmñ`m Amho!'' ~mOramd hmXabo.

""VoM Va Amnë`m nÏ`mda nS>Uma!'' qnQ>çmZo Ë`mbm g_Omdbo.

mmm

nmo{bgm§Mm nhmam MwH$dyZ hr Q>moir JT>rÀ`m _mJÀ`m mJmer Jmoim Pmbr Voìhm amÌrMo ~mam dmObo

hmoVo. qnQ>çmH$S>Mm Q>m°M© _YyZ _YyZ àH$me XoV hmoVm. Eaìhr A§YmaM A§Yma. ~mOramdmMm hmV gw§XaZo

Yabm hmoVm ZmhrVa Vmo òWn`ªV AmbmM ZgVm. _mJbo Xma ~§X hmoVo nU EH$m _moS>Š`m {IS>H$sVyZ Vo

gJio JT>rV {eabo. H$moù`mMr Omir, nú`m§Mr KaQ>r, Pmonbobr _m§Oao mVyZ dmQ> H$mT>V Ë`m§Zr JT>rÀ`m

Imoë`m-Imoë`m§VyZ {\$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. _YoM EImXo Kw~S> CS>mbo H$s, gw§Xa ~mOramdmMm hmV KÅ>

Xm~r. ZmhrVa Ë`mZo qH$H$mirM \$moS>br AgVr.

""Wm§~m!'' qnQ>çmZo hiyM Amkm Ho$br.

g_moa EH$ bhmZ ImobrVyZ XmamÀ`m \$Q>rVyZ {hadQ> àH$me òV hmoVm.

""~mnao! y@@@V'' ~mOramdmMo Vm|S> gw§XaZo Xm~bo. Ë`m§Zm Wm§~m`Mr IyU H$ê$Z qnQ>çm EH$Q>m nwT>o Jobm. Ë`mZo XmamÀ`m \$Q>rVyZ nm{hbo.

ImobrV EH$ {hadm H§$Xrb hmoVm, nU _mUgo H$moUr ZìhVr. qnQ>çmZo naV òD$Z gm§{JVbo, ""_r Am{U gw§Xa Ë`m ImobrV bnyZ ~gVmo. bbr Am{U M§nr, Vwåhr _Ý`m_m_mbm ~mobdyZ AmUm Vm~S>Vmo~.''

""Am{U _r?'' ~mOramdmbm EH$Q>onUmMr ^rVr dmQ>V hmoVr.

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""~mOramd, Vy ~mhoê$Z Imobrda nmiV R>>od Am{U mo½` dmQ>ob Vo H$a.'' qH${MV ZmIwfrZo ~mOramd VoWyZ {ZKmbm. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o qnQ>çmMm Q>m°M© hmoVm.

ImobrV am°Ho$bMo S>>~o hmoVo. Ë`m_mJo qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa bnyZ ~gbo.

Am{U WmoS>çmM doimV VrZ _mUgo Ë`m ImobrV Ambr. XmoZ _mUgo gw§XaZo AmoiIbr-Xm_y Am{U gw^mZamd. {Vgam gwQ>m~wQ>mVbm _mUyg Ë`m§Zm XmoKm§Zmhr An[a{MV hmoVm. Vmo Xm_ybm åhUmbm,

""ho Ko VwPo R>>abobo hOma én o Am{U ho ~K, Vy Amnbo S>moHo$ OmñV Mmbdy ZH$mog. Vwbm {eH$db§ VodT>oM nmo{bgm§Zm Am{U ~mH$sÀ`m§Zm gm§J. ZmhrVa AmnU gd©M JmoË`mV oD$.'' _J Vmo hdmbXmamH$S>o dibm. ""Am{U gw mÝ`m, Vwbmhr VrM gyMZm. VwÂ`m nmo{bgmVrb ghH$mè`m§Zm VwPm g§e` oVm H$m_m Z o.''

""nU gmho~, {H$Vr {Xdg ho gJio BH$S>o AgUma? _bm \$ma àíZ {dMmê$Z ^§S>mdyZ gmoS>b§` gdmªZr.'' gw^mZamd.

""H$mhr {Xdg X_ Ya. _J ho bmoH$ OmD$Z Qy>[añQ>> bmoH$ oVrb, ho ñWi nhm`bm. _J BWo Amnbr _OmM _Om. _r Vwbm BWbm _°ZoOa H$arZ...''

hdmbXmam§Zr N>mVr \w$JdyZ {_em§dê$Z hmV {\$adbm. Vmo _°ZoOa hmoÊ`mMr ñdßZo ~KV AgVmZmM gyQ>dmbm nwT>o åhUmbm.

""Am{U Vmo ^mbm Hw$R>>o R>odbmg?''

""^mbm? Hw$R>bm ^mbm? hdmbXma ^mZmda Ambo.

""Aao _yIm©! mZmÀ`m nm`mÀ`m IwUm O{_ZrV H$moam`bm _r {Xbm ZìhVm H$m Vwbm? Vmo øm nÌH$mam§Zm Am{U ~mhoaÀ`m VÁkm§Zm gmnSy>Z Cn`moJ Zmhr.'' gyQ>dmbm.

""hmo` gmho~, Vmo _mÂ`m Kam_mJÀ`m dS>mImbr nwê$Z R>odbm`.''

BVŠ`mV gw§Xabm \$Q>mH$H$Z² qeH$ Ambr.

mmm

bbr Am{U M§nr _Ý`m_m_mÀ`m Orn_YyZ CVaë`m Voìhm ~mOramd niVM VoWo Ambm. AmYr Ë`mÀ`m

Vm|S>mVyZ eãXM `oB©Zm.

""qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa Hw$R>>o AmhoV?'' bbrZo Km~ê$Z {dMmabo.

""VV-V Ë`m§Zm Zobo.'' ~mOramd H$gm~gm AmoaS>bm.

""H$moUr Zobo, H$go Zobo?'' _Ý`m_m_mZo Ë`mbm Im§Úmbm Yê$Z JXmJXm hmbdyZ {dMmabo.

""{VKo OU hmoVo ~waIo KmVbobo EH$m nm§T>è`m A°å~°{gS>a_YyZ Jobo.'' ~mOramd.

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""H$ma Z§~a?'' _Ý`m_m_mZo {VKm§Zm Orn_Üò H$m|~rV {dMmabo.

""A§YmamV {Xgbm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm g§e` òB©b åhUyZ \$ma doi Q>m°M© bmdbm Zmhr''- ~mOramd.

""BWo nm§T>è`m A°å~°{gS>g© Iyn AmhoV.'' {Zame ñdamV _Ý`m_m_m åhUmbm. ""gmnS>m`bm doi bmJob.''

""dm! nU _r S>moHo$ dmnabo Zm? Ë`m H$mada _r Am_À`m Q>moirMr IyU - am°Ho$Q>Mo {MÌ-_mJë`m

~§nada H$mT>bo`!''- ~mOramd A{^_mZmZo CX²Jmabm.

""em~mg!'' _Ý`m_m_mZo Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rda Wmn _mê$Z Amnë`m Orndarb Q´>mÝg_rQ>a_YyZ g§Xoe

nmR>dm`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

mmm

Jmoì`mÀ`m _mJm©da YmdUmar nm§T>ar JmS>r nmo{bg MoH$ nm°B§Q>da Wm§~br Voìhm {VÀ`mVrb MmbH$mbm

Am{U àdmem§Zm nH$S>Ê`mV Ambo. H$maU JmS>rÀ`m ~§nada hmoVr am°Ho$Q>Mr IyU! Am{U "~yQ>' _Üò _wgŠ`m

~m§Ybobo qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa gmnS>bo.

H$mhr Vmgm§Zr _Ý`m_m_m CJdbm. qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa gwIê$n AmhoV `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z Ë`mZo Ë`m

{VKm H¡$Úm§Zm àý {dMmam`bm gwédmV Ho$br. VrZ Vmg Pmë`mda Vmo ~mhoa Ambm Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mda

Iwer {XgV hmoVr. qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa Q>nyZM ~gbo hmoVo Ë`mMr dmQ> nmhmV.

""hm± _Ý`m_m_m! Amnë`m H$amamà_mUo Amåhmbm H$ibo nm{hOo Ë`m {VKm§Zr H$m` gm§{JVbo Vo. Am_

À`m Q>moirZoM {VKm§Zm nH$Sy>Z {Xbo Zmhr H$m?'' qnQ>çmZo _m_mbm bm§~yZM IS>gmdbo -""_J _r Hw$R>o Zmhr

åhUVmo`! EoH$ Va, CS>Vr V~H$S>r dJ¡ao àH$ma "g~ PyQ>' hmoVm. Vmo gd© S>md aMbm hmoVm JT>rÀ`m _mbH$m§Zr

- am_qgKmZr `m§Zr. VoM ho gwQ>mVbo J¥hñW. Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo H$s, Oa Amnë`m JT>rOdi CS>Vr V~H$S>r

CVabr hmoVr ho OJOmhra Pmbo Va øm OmJobm Iyn à{gÕr {_iob. _hÎdmMr OmJm åhUyZ nmhm`bm

bm§~yZ bmoH$ oVrb. _J Ë`m§À`m ga~amB©H$aVm gaH$ma øm mJmV N>mZ añVo ~m§Yob, drOnwadR>m dmT>dob.

VgoM XþH$mZm§Mm, hm°Q>obm§Mm In dmT>ob. O{_ZrÀ`m {H$_Vr dmT>Vrb. Am{U BWë`m O{_Zr, XþH$mZo dJ¡ao

am_qgKmZtMr Agë`mZo Vo _mbm_mb hmoUma ho Z¸$sM....''

""Am{U Vgo KS>m`bmhr bmJbo hmoVo. Vwåhr nm{hboM, XmoZ {Xdgm§V JmaJmoQ>rV {H$Vr ZdrZ bmoH$

Ambo. {Oëhm n[afXoZo JT>rn`ªV ZdrZ añVm H$am`Mo R>>adbo XoIrb. Am{U JmaJmoQ>rOdiyZ Eg.Q>r.Mr

dmhVyH$ dmT>dm`Mohr Mmbbo hmoVo. nU Vw_À`m A\$bmVyZ Q>moirZo _ÜòM Imo KmVbm. nU H$m` ao qnQ>çm,

Vwbm Var ho gmhg H$am`Mr ~wÕr H$er Pmbr?''

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""WmoS>o S>moHo$ _mPo, OmñV ~mOramdmMo. AmYrM CS>Ë`m V~H$S>çm§À`m ~è`mMem JmoîQ>r VnmgUrAIoa ImoQ>çm {ZKmë`mMo _r dmMbo Agë`mZo øm ~m~VrVhr _bm e§H$m hmoVr. {d_mZmMo Q>moH$Xma nm`, ImbMo JdV `mZmVyZ Ádmbm {ZKV AgyZhr Z Oibobo, Xm_y Am{U gw^mZamd `m§À`m O~mZrVrb doim OwiV ZìhË`m, ho gJio nmhÿZ Amåhr R>adbo H$s, ømV H$mhr Jmo_ Amho. H$mhr gmnS>Vo H$m Vo nmhm`bm JT>rV Jobmo Am{U Zo_Ho$ _moŠ`mÀ`m doir VoWo hmoVmo. Vwåhr gw^mZamdmÀ`m Kam_mJÀ`m dS>mImbr IUyZ Va nmhm.''

BVŠ`mV _Ý`m_m_mbm Q´>§H$ H$m°b Ambm. ~amM doi ~mobyZ _m_m naV Ambm Am{U qnQ>çmbm åhUmbm, ""AmVmM gaH$maZo Vw_À`m Q>moirbm ~jrg XoÊ`mMm BamXm XmIdbm Amho. gm§Jm, Vwåhmbm H$m` hdo Vo. _r Ë`mà_mUo _w§~B©bm \$moZ H$ê$Z gm§JoZ.''

""gw§Xa, M§nr Am{U ~mOramd `m§Zm H$m` nm{hOo Vo Vo gm§JVrb '' qnQ>çm åhUmbm.

""Am{U Vwbm Am{U bbrbm?''

qnQ>çm {dMmamV nS>bm. ñdV:gmR>r Ë`mbm ~aoM H$mhr nm{hOo hmoVo. ao{S>Amo, Q´>mÝg_rQ>a Am{U [agrìha, JwßV nmo{bg dmnaVmV Vgë`m hË`mam§Mm goQ>, dm°H$s Q>m°H$s AmUIr H$mhr H$mhr nU øm JmoîQ>r {hå_V Agob Va Amnë`m Q>moirbm nwT>o {_idVm òVrbM. AmVm Ë`mÀ`m S>moù`m§nwT>o Ë`mÀ`m AmB©Mr _yVu C^r am{hbr Am{U Vmo åhUmbm,

""Amåhmbm, AmB©-~m~m§~amo~a {d_mZmVyZ H$mí_rabm OmD$Z `m`M§`.''

eãXmW© :

n JT>r - bhmZ {H$„m n oXaUo - rVrZo Km~aUo n ~oewÕ - ewÕ~wÕa{hV OS> n JmoË`mV - g§H$Q>mV

n An[a{MV - AZmoiIr n O~mZr - Vm|S>r h{H$H$V n Am°S>©a - hþHy$_ n [anmoQ>©-Ahdmb, ~mV_r

n N>S>m bmdUo - Vnmg, emoY KoUo n nÏ`mda nS>Uo - \$m`Xoera hmoUo n Amkm H$aUo - hþHy$_ H$aUo

n nmiV R>odUo - nhmam R>odUo n §S>mdyZ gmoS>Uo - A{Ve` Ìmg XoUo n S>md aMUo - wº$s AmIUo, ~oV n

Imo KmbUo - gwairV Mmbboë`m H$m_mV {d¿Z AmUUo n hþS>hþS>r âUo - H$mnao âUo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) "CS>Vr V~H$S>r Am{U A\$bmVyZ Q>moir' hr H$Wm H$moUË`m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ

KoVbobr Amho.

(A) Q>mB©_ _erZMr {H$_`m (~) ào{fV

(H$) `jmMr XoUJr (S>) A§VamimVrb ^ñ_mgya

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(Am) JT>rMo _mbH$ H$moUË`m ehamV amhV hmoVo?

(A) nwUo (~) H$moëhmnya

(H$) _w§~B© (S>) JmaJmoQ>r

(B) qnQ>çmÀ`m Im§Úmda H$moUr Wmn _mabr?

(A) gw§Xa (~) ~mOramd

(H$) _Ý`m_m_m (S>) bbr


(A) JmaJmoQ>rnmgyZ {H$Vr _¡bmda JT>r Amho?

(Am) _Ý`m_m_m JmaJmoQ>rbm H$m Ambm hmoVm?

(B) qnQ>çmZo Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm doerOdi {H$Vr dmOVm ~mob{dbo?

(B©) hdmbXmamZo ^mbm H$moR>>o nwê$Z R>odbm hmoVm?

(C) ~mOramdmZo A°å~°{gS>g©da H$emMo {MÌ H$mT>bo hmoVo?


(A) Xm_y JmS>rdmZmZo CS>Ë`m V~H$S>r{df`r H$m` gm§{JVbo?

(Am) qnQ>çm Am{U _Ý`m_m_m `m§À`mV H$moUVm R>>amd Pmbm hmoVm?

(B) am_qgKmZrZo gw^mZamd d Xm_ybm H$moUË`m gyMZm {Xë`m hmoË`m?


(A) ""VoM Va Amnë`m nÏ`mda nS>Uma Amho.''

(Am) ""qnQ>çm Am{U gw§Xa Hw$R>>o AmhoV?''

(B) ""Amåhmbm AmB©-~m~m§~amo~a {d_mZmVyZ H$mí_rabm OmD$Z `m`M§`.''


(A) gw^mZamdmZo CS>Ë`m V~H$S>r{df`r H$m` gm§{JVbo?

(Am) am_qgKmZrZo JT>rÀ`m g§X^m©V H$moUVm S>md aMbm hmoVm?

(B) JT>rMo dU©Z H$am.

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(A) ""qnQ>çm d Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zr `mZmg§~§Yr H$moUH$moUVo {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb dmŠàMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

S>moHo$ ImO{dUo, N>S>m bmdUo, Amkm H$aUo, nmiV R>odUo, S>md aMUo, Imo KmbUo,nÏ`mda

nS>Uo.

(Am) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm.

em§V, amÌ, A§Yma, An[a{MV, ~amo~a

CnH«$_ :

l `m nmR>mVrb B§J«Or eãXm§gmR>r _amR>r eãX emoYm d {bhm.

l S>m°. {dídmg _oh|Xio `m§Mo "Amnbo d¡km{ZH$' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l ^maVmVrb emókm§Mr Zmdo d Ë`m§Zr bmdboboo emoY `mg§~§Yr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

narjU {Z…ídmg R>odyZ

narjm {d{eîQ> ZmdrÝ`

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11. gm aå`m ZJar _m°ñH$mo....ApídZr Ym|JS>o

n[aM` :

ApídZr Ym|JS>o `m§Zr (1947) nwUo òWrb Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r. _hm{dÚmb`mV B§J«Or {df`mÀ`m àmÜ`m{nH$m d àmMm`m© åhUyZ AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§Mo "Anm¡éfo`', "AÝd`', "ñÌrgyŠV' ho H${dVmg§J«h d "ñne©', "hmoani', "OI_r' m H$mX§~è`m à{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr ñÌrdmXr gm{hË`mMr g_rjm {b{hbr Amho.

"Xoem§Va' `m Ë`m§À`m àdmgdU©Zna nwñVH$mVyZ hm nmR> g§{jßV ê$nmV KoVbm Amho. `m nmR>mVyZ _m°ñH$mo ehamMo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ d d¡km{ZH$ Xe©Z KS>Vo.

(_yë` - ñdÀN>Vm, {eñV d gm¢X`©)

àËòH$ ehambm ñdV…Mm EH$ Img Moham AgVmo Am{U Ë`m Mohè`mdaMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m ehamÀ`m Zmdm~amo~a Amnë`m _ZmV Ka H$ê$Z amhVmV. {Xdg nmbQ>VmV, ñ_¥Vr {\$H$Q> hmoVmV, nU Amnë`m _ZmVb§ eha Amnë`mnwaV§ Vg§M AgV§, VmO§ Q>dQ>drV!

Amåhr _m°ñH$moV CVabmo Vo EoZ dg§V~hma_Üò. jUmojUr Amnb§ ê$n nmbQ>>Umè`m hdmB©-gw§XarZ§ àËòH$mÀ`m H$m¡VwH$mMm {df` ~ZÊ`mMo ho {Xdg. {d_mZVimdê$Z ehamH$S>o òUmè`m Vrg-nñVrg _¡bm§À`m àdmgmV Ajae… "{hado {hado Jma Jm{bMo' ngabobo Am{U Ë`mda Zjr aoIë`mgmaIr hOmamo Bdbmbr {ndirY_H$ \w$b§, Amnë`mH$S>À`m eod§VrgmaIr, Am{U Ë`m§À`m Jmob _mim ~ZdyZ Ho$gm§dê$Z Ë`m _miUmar EH$ JmoarnmZ \w$bnar _moQ>marÀ`m doJmV nQ>H$Z² {Xgbr Am{U Zmhrerhr Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va _m°ñH$moÀ`m dmñVì`mV ôQ>br AZoH$ a§Jm§Mr, AZoH$ AmH$mam§Mr, dmgm§Mr-{~Zdmgm§Mr eoH$S>mo AZm{_H$ \w$b§, Bdë`m nm§Tw>aŠ`m hOmamo \w$bm§Zr hOma A§Jm§Zr C_byZ Ambobr g\$aM§Xm§Mr PmS>§, C§MM C§M XodXma, {hadoJma ~M©, _¡bmoZ² _¡b, EoZ _Ü`dñVrV ehamV R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gboë`m gw§Xa gw§Xa ~mJm, Ë`mVbr ñdÀN> nmÊ`mMr Obme`§, Hw$R>o {dhaUmar VwéVwé ~XH§$, ñHo$qQ>J Am{U pñH$BªJÀ`m doJdmZ MmbrZ§ nm`mbm MmH§$ bmdyZ {â{âUmar JmoarnmZ _wb§, _wbr Am{U `m gd© {ZgJ©aå` {MÌmMr _moO_mn§ Amnë`m narZ§ {XdgmÀ`m COoS>mV â KmbyZ dmT>{dUmam W§S> gy`© hmo`. naVrÀ`m àdmgmV ß`m°ÝJ°ÝJ Vo _m°ñH$mo `m ~mam Vmgm§À`m {Xdgm COoS>mÀ`m àdmgmV _m°ñH$mo_Üò nwÝhm ~mam Vmgm§Mm åhUOo EHy$U Mmodrg Vmg COoS>mMm EH$ {Xdg Amåhr AZw^dbm hmoVm. VmoM hm gy`© {hdmù`mV `m ehamÀ`m dmQ>çmbm \$º$ nmM, ghm Vmg oVmo, Am{U Ë`m doir ~\$m©À`m W§S>Jma MaUñnem©Z§ {haì`m PmS>m§À`m IamQ>çm§da Ho$di nm§T>arYmon ~\©$\w$b§ \w$bdbobr AgVmV mda _mPm m dg§VmoËgdmV Var {dídmg ~gbm Zmhr, BVH§$ m ehamM§ ho {had§ ê$n _mÂ`m nwÊ`mÀ`m Img àXÿ{fV S>moù`m§Zm gwImdb§ hmoV§.

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e§â {H$bmo_rQ>aÀ`m dVw©imH$ma n[agamV dgboë`m `m ZJar_Üò OdiOdi ZìdX bmI bmoH$

amhVmV, `mda àW_Xe©Zr {dœmg ~gUma Zmhr, H$maU ho "XþQ>ßnr' eha Amho. `m ehambm XmoZ Mohao

AmhoV. EH$ daMm Am{U EH$ AmVbm. Xe©Zr _m°ñH$monojm JXuZ§ XþWS>r ^ê$Z dmhUmè`m ^w`mar _m°ñH$moM§

Xe©Z Amnë`m JXuÀ`m OrdZmbm A{YH$ OdiM§ Amho, nU ho XmoÝhr Mohao {VVHo$M gw§Xa AmhoV.

AmR> {d{dY _mJmªda VrZ nmVù`m§_Üò ngabob§ _oQ´>moM§ àM§S> OJ-Á`mMr gwVam_ H$ënZmhr daÀ`m

_m°ñH$mo_Üò oV Zmhr. Xa gmR>-gÎma goH§$XmZ§ Vw_À`mnwT>o IS>çm hmoUmè`m AmJJmS>çm, Zm Yya, Zm AmdmO,

Zm {eQ>çm, Zm ^m|Jo. ñd`§M{bV H$mMoÀ`m XadmOm§MmM H$m` hmoB©b Vmo AmdmO. JmS>rV JXu nwîH$i nU

boS>rO H§$nmQ>©_|Q>, \$ñQ>© Šbmg Agbm OmVrdmX Zmhr. JXubmhr {eñV, gm¡OÝ` AgV§ `mMr OmUrd

bmoH$m§À`m aŠVmVM Agmdr. CVaVo {OZo AgmoV dm âb°Q>\$m°_© dm AmJJmS>rMm S>~m, bmoH$m§À`m ~mobÊ`mMm

AmdmO Zmhr, hmñ`{dZmoX, hm hm hÿ hÿ, JßnmJmoîQ>r Agbm àH$maM Zmhr, Ë`m_wio {H$ËòH$Xm Am_M§M

_moR>çm_moR>çmZ§ MmbUma§ ~mobU§ EoHy$Z Amåhmbm bmO dmQ>m`Mr. âb°Q>\$m°_© Am{U aoëdo EH$m nmVirV

Agë`mZ§ åhmVmè`m-H$moVm§è`m§Mr gmo` Va ìhm`MrM, nU gm_mZmÀ`m AWdm ~mim§À`m N>moQ>çm ~m~mJmS>çm

gai aofoV AmV T>H$byZ J¥{hUrhr {~ZYmñV JXuV {eam`À`m, _oQ´>moM§ àËòH$ ñQ>oeZ hr EH$ "XoIZo H$s

MrO h¡!'', \$º$ nmhUmè`mH$S>o ÑîQ>r hdr. EImX§ ñQ>oeZ a§Jr~oa§Jr H$mMoÀ`m gw§Xa VwH$S>çm§À`m å`waëgZr

gwemo{^V, Va EImÚm {R>H$mUr eoH$S>mo nmaXe©H$ Pw§~a§, EImÚm ñQ>oeZda q^VrV H$moabobo Eo{Vhm{gH$

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ì`ŠVtMo Mohao, Va Hw$R>o N>Vmda nyU© àg§J H$moabobr a§JrV {MÌo. EdT>çmem XmoZ S>moù`m§Zr ho Z`ZgwI {H$Vr

gmR>dy Am{U {H$Vr ZH$mo, Ag§ dmQ>VmZm Xþ~ir _mPr Pmoir Ag§ OmUdë`m{edm` amhV Zgo.

~g_YyZ CVaë`mda hmVmVb§ {VH$sQ> MwaJmiyZ \o$Hy$Z XoÊ`mMr gd` bmJboë`m hmVmZm _m°ñH$mo_Üò

Imbr dmHy$Z nwÝhm MwaJmibob§ {VH$sQ> ZrQ> CMbyZ H$MamnoQ>rV Q>mH$Ê`mMr Q>moMUr XmoZVrZXm bmdmdr

bmJbr. añË`mda Ww§H$U§, H$Mam Q>mH$U§, Om{hamVr S>H$dU§ Agbo àH$ma Hw$R>ohr Zgë`mZ§ Ia§ Va gwédmVrbm

_bm añVo \$maM AmoH$o~moHo$ Am{U {Z{d©H$ma dmQ>bo, nU ehamM§ gm¢X`© {Q>H${dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar àËòH$

ZmJ[aH$mMr Amho mMr OmUrdhr Pmbr. BWbm àËòH$ _mUyg åhUyZM ñdV…À`m KamÀ`m ñdÀN>VoBVH$mM

añË`mÀ`m ñdÀN>Vobm OnVmo, ho BWë`m aå`VoM§ Ia§ ahñ` Amho. Amnë`mH$S>Mo VrZ-Mma añVo EH$Ì OmoSy>Z

hmoB©b VodT>r BWë`m añË`m§Mr é§Xr, añË`m§À`m Xþ^mOH$mdaMr \w$bPmS>§ Am{U nmXMmè`m§gmR>r AgUmao Img

nW, añË`mda gwigwiUmè`m _moQ>mar, ~gog Am{U Q´>m°brO nU Vohr H$H©$e hm°Z© Am{U Ywam§Mo àM§S> bmoQ>

~mhoa Z gmoS>Vm, doJmZ§ OmVmZmhr nmXMmar añVm Amobm§S>Vm§Zm Wm§~yZ Ë`m§Zm AmYr OmD$ XoÊ`mMr nÕV,

Ë`m_wio m ehambm EH$ g_§Og g§`V Ag§ àm¡T>Ëd Amb§ Amho. Ho$di nmM H$monoH$À`m {V{H$Q>mda Hw$R>ohr

àdmg H$aÊ`mMr bmoH$ëg d ~gog_Üò _w^m Amho, nU H§$S>ŠQ>a AWdm {VH$sQ> ŠbmH©$ Zmhr, åhUyZ hr H$m_§

_yH$nUo H$aUmè`m `§Ìm§Zm \$g{dÊ`mMr d¥Îmrhr H$moR>o {Xgbr Zmhr.

añË`m§M§ gm¢X`© Am{U _hÎmm dmT>{dUma§ AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo BWbo nwVio. Eo{Vhm{gH$

_hÎdmÀ`m ì`ŠVtMo nwVio gd©Ì C^mabo OmVmV, nU gm{hpË`H$m§Mo nwVio A{^_mZmZ§ {_adUma§ ho eha

Amnbr dmL²>_`rZ JwUdÎmm _mZmZ§ {_adV Amho. AWm©V nwVio C^maÊ`mBVH$s AmH$meñneu à{V^m AgUmao

_hmZ gm{hpË`H$ m y_rV OÝ_bo AmhoV hohr {VVH§$M Ia§ Amho. bo{ZZ, ñQ>°{bZ, _mŠg© m§À`m ~amo~arZ§

Q>m°bñQ>m°`, nwîH$sZ, Jm°H$s© EdT>§M Zìho Va war JmJm[aZ, ìh°b|{Q>Zm VoaoíH$modm m A§Vamidram§Mohr nwVio

amOH$maU, gm{hË` Am{U {dkmZ `m Ì`r joÌm§Mm g§J_ gmYUmao AmhoV. nU Ë`mhr nbrH$S>o OmD$Z

A§Vami{dkmZmV AmKmS>r _maUmè`m a{e`mÀ`m Apñ_VoM§ àVrH$ emo^md§ Ag§ A§VamimV PonmdUmè`m

ñ\w$Q>{ZH$mM§ 107 _rQ>a C§MrM§ _ra A°ìhoÝ`y daM§ XoIU§ {eën§ Am{U Ë`mg_moaM A§Vami {dkmZmMm OZH$

H$m°ÝñQ>ÝQ>rZ [aAmobH$moìhñH$s `mM§ ñ_maH$ ZŠH$sM ñ\y${V©àX Amho.

~°bo Am{U Am°noam hr Im{g`V AgUmè`m a{e`Z H$boÀ`m gmXarH$aUmgmR>r _m°ñH$mo_Üò ZìdXÀ`m

Amgnmg ZmQ>çJ¥ho AmhoV. 100 {gZo_mJ¥ho AmhoV, OdiOdi 4200 bhmZ-_moR>r J«§Wmbò AmhoV.

_m°ñH$moÀ`m d¡^dmV â Q>mH$Umè`m Xþgè`m _hÎdmÀ`m dmñVy åhUOo BWbr àM§S> XmbZm§Zr gObobr

dñVwg§J«hmbò! Odi Odi gmR> g§J«hmb`m§VyZ gm{hË`, H$bm, H«$m§Vr, {eëno, {MÌo `m§À`m ñ_¥Vr OVZ

Ho$boë`m AmhoV. nwîH$sZ å`w{P`_ nmhVmZm wamon Am{U a{e`m m§À`m {MÌ {eënm§Mr OwJb~§Xr nmhU§ hm

_moR>m AmZ§XXm`r AZw^d hmoVm. ~m°Q>rgobr, ìhoam°{Zg, ìh°ÝJm°J, {nH$mgmo, am°S>rZ, aoå~«m° BË`mXr »`mVZm_

{MÌH$mam§À`m CËH¥$ï>> H$bmH¥$VrM§ H$mQ>oH$moa OVZ BW§ Ho$b§ Amho.

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EImX§ eha åhUOo Ë`mVë`m {ZOud dmñVy Am{U {hadm n[aga Zìho. Ë`m ehambm {Od§VnUm XoUmar

aŠVm_m§gmMr _mUg§ åhUOo Ë`m ehamMm IamIwam Moham. _mUgm§Mo ñd^md OJmÀ`m nmR>rda H$moR>ohr Job§

Var gmaIoM ho Ia§ Agb§ Var _bm EH§$Xa a{e`Z bmoH$ em§V, àm_m{UH$, H$îQ>miy Am{U gmo{eH$ dmQ>bo.

Xhm {Xdg m eham§Mo a§Jê$n AZw^dV eodQ>À`m {Xder {d_mZVimda Ambmo Voìhm åhUyZM EImÚm

ào_i {_ÌmMm {Zamon ¿`mdm Vgm m ehamMm _r _yH$ {Zamon KoVbm. {d_mZmÀ`m H$mMoVyZ {H$Vr Var doi

Imbr nhmV!

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

n gm- Vr gd©Zm_ n AZm{_H$ - Zm§d Zgbobr n Ka H$aUo - dmñVì` H$aUo n ê$n nmbQ>Uo -

ê$n ~XbUo n C_bUo - \w$bUo n Om{hamVr S>H$dUo - Om{hamVr {MH$Q>{dUo n {Z{d©H$ma - AmH$ma

Zgbobo n AmoHo$~moHo$- em§V dX©i Zgbobo n _hÎmm - _hÎd n Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r.- lr_Vr ZmWr~mB©

Xm_moXa R>mH$agr n bo{ZZ - a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMm àUoVm n ñQ>°{bZ - a{e`mÀ`m Aä`wX`mMm {eënH$ma

n H$mb© _mŠg© - gmå`dmXr ZoVm, "Xmg H°${nQ>>b' J«§WmMm {Z_m©Vm n `war JmJm[aZ - OJmVbm n{hbm

AdH$me`mÌr n ñ\w$Q>{ZH$ - a{e`mZo AdH$memV gmoS>bobo OJmVbo n{hbo AdH$me `mZ.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) a{e`m XoemMr amOYmZr hr Amho.

(A) b§S>Z (~) _m°ñH$mo

(H$) nUOr (S>) ~{b©Z

(Am) bo{IH$m _m°ñH$moV `m G$VyV CVaë`m

(A) dg§V (~) eaX

(H$) dfm© (S>) J«rî_

(B) _m°ñH$mo `m ZJar_Ü`o BVHo$ bmoH$ amhVmV.

(A) EH$ H$moQ>r (~) XmoZ bmI

(H$) gmR> bmI (S>) ZìdX bmI

(B©) OJm_Yrb n{hbm AmdH$me`mÌr hm hmoVm.

(A) bo{ZZ (~) ñQ>°{bZ

(H$) `war JmJm[aZ (S>) Jm°H$s©

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(C) a{e`mZ§ AdH$memV gmoS>bob§ n{hb AdH$me`mZ ho Amho.

(A) ñ\w$Q>{ZH$ (~) Am`©^Å>

(H$) Anmobmo (S>) BZg°ŠQ>

(D$) _m°ñH$mo ehamV ho à{gÕ dñVwg§J«hmb` Amho.

(A) {nH$mgmo (~) am°S>rZ

(H$) nwîH$sZ (S>) ~m°Q>rgobr


(A) bo{IH$m H$moUË`m {df`mÀ`m àmÜ`m{nH$m AmhoV?

(Am) hm nmR> H$moUË`m _yi nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbobm Amho?

(B) _m°ñH$mobm H$moUVo XmoZ Mohao AmhoV?

(B©) añË`m§Mo gm¢X`© d _hÎmm H$emZo dmT>br Amho?


(A) Mmodrg Vmg COoS>mMm EH$ {Xdg bo{IHo$Z§ H$gm AZw^dbm?

(Am) EImÚm ehamMm IamIwam Moham H$emV {XgVmo?

(B) bo{IHo$bm H$moUVm _moR>m AmZ§XXm`r AZw^d Ambm?

(B©) bo{IHo$bm H$moUË`m XmoZ JmoîQ>r ñ\y${V©àX dmQ>ë`m?


(A) ""hr H$m_§ _yH$nUo H$aUmè`m `§ÌmZm \$g{dÊ`mMr d¥Îmrhr H$moR>o {Xgbr Zmhr.''

(Am) ""_r _yH$ {Zamon KoVbm''


(A) Vrg-nñVrg _¡bmÀ`m àdmgmV bo{IHo$bm H$m` H$m` {Xgbo?

(Am) gwédmVrbm bo{IHo$bm añVo \$maM AmoHo$~moHo$ d {Z{d©H$ma H$m dmQ>bo?

(B) _m°ñH$moÀ`m d¡^dmV ^a Q>mH$Umè`m _hÎdmÀ`m dmñVy H$moUË`m?

à.6 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm

(A) _m°ñH$moVrb aoëdo àdmgmMo dU©Z H$am.

(Am) _m°ñH$moVrb añË`m§Mo WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am.

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^mfmä`mg :

(A) dmŠàMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

_ZmV Ka H$aUo, R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gUo, ^a KmbUo, OVZ H$aUo.

(Am) {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

jUmojUr, ñd`§M{bV, JßnmJmoîQ>r, {~ZYmñV, J«§Wmb`, _wb§_wbr

CnH«$_ :

l am.{^ Omoer `m§Mo "dmQ>Mmb' ho nwñVH$ d S>m°. _rZm à^w `m§Mo "{MZr _mVr' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ

dmMm.

l àojUr` ñWim§Mr Zm§do d {MÌo g§J«{hV H$am.

l Vwåhr Ho$boë`m ghbrMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

A§JrH¥$V {ZarjU bm§N>Z

H$V©¥Ëd dof^yfm _{WVmW©

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12. `§Ì`moJramO dmK_mao

n[aM` :

`moJramO XodamO dmK_mao (OÝ_ 1943) X{bV OrdZmMo AZoH$ A§JmZr {MÌU H$aUmao g_W© H$WmH$ma

AmhoV, J«m_rU OrdZmV X{bVm§À`m mdZm§Mr hmoUmar H$m|S>r, Ë`m§Mm gdUmªer hmoUmam AQ>i g§Kf© mMo

dmñVd d AmË_narjUmË_H$ Xe©Z Ë`m§À`m H$Wo_YyZ KS>Vo. X{bVm§À`m doXZm, Xþ…I, g_ñ`m, àíZ Am{U

^yH$ mMm dmñVd AZw^d Ë`m§À`m H$WoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. "CÐoH$' "~oJS>' ho Ë`m§Mo H$Wmg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV.

"JwS>XmUr' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ hr H$Wm g§{já ê$nmV KoVbr Amho. J«m_rU eoVrV `§ÌmZo nmD$b

Q>mH$ë`mZo Á`mMo nmoQ> amoOJmamda Adb§~yZ Amho. Aem _mUgm§À`m _ZmVrb g§Kf© d Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o {Z_m©U

Pmbobo àíZ `m H$WoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmV.

(_yë` - l_à{VîR>m)

dm_Z Am~m gmdH$mamÀ`m _ù`mH$S>o {ZKmbm hmoVm. AmVm Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV Am~m gmdH$mamMm _im

Am{U Iù`mV nS>bobr àM§S> amg EdT>rM hmoVr. Ë`mbm MmdS>rnwT>Mo H$moUr AmR>dV ZìhVo.

nm§X gê$Z da Amë`mda Am§~amB© bmJbr. bm§~ bm§~ \$m§Úm ngê$Z Cô am{hbobo d¥j Amobm§Sy>Z Vmo

Ambm. Ho$irMr ~mJ Amobm§S>br H$s gmdH$mamMm _im oVmo. KmB©KmB©Z§ Vmo MmbV hmoVm. Im§ÚmdaMr _moJar

bH$md bH$md hbV hmoVr. _KmerM§ nmZ Ho$ìhmM g§nb§ hmoV§. V§~mIyMm MmoWm Ë`mZ§ nwT>M§ ~moQ> KmbyZ

{O~mS>mVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm. {Oôda Hw$R>§ MwHy$Z _mHy$Z am{hbobm V§~mIyMm H$U Ww§Hy$Z Vmo Q>mH$sV hmoVm.

Ww§H$Vm Ww§H$VmM Ë`mM§ _Z {dMma H$arV hmoV§, "Am~m gmdH$mamÀ`m _ù`mV H$m_mbm Job§, H$s ghO XmoZ-

VrZ AmR>dS>o H$m_ nwa§V`.. OdmarMr IwS>Ur, JìhmMr H$mnUr, ha^è`mM§ ~S>dU§. bJoM H$aS>m YmonQ>U§..

ZwgV§ øm Mma {nH$m§Mr IwS>Ur, H$mnUr, _iUr H$a>m`M§ Pmb§ Va _{hZmâ bmJVmo`. gmdH$mamMo Mma

JS>r {H$Vr åhUyZ H$aUma?.. nwT>§ M¡VnwZd oVo. OÌm aVr` .. OÌoÀ`m AmYr Iir-Xir Pmbr nm{hOoV.

Zm`Va H$dm ~dm AmdH$i JmÛ§ òV`§. nSy>Z OmV§`. amZmV amg nS>bobr AgVr` AmZ² dê$Z nmD$g

nS>Vmo`. Vm|S>mer Ambobm Kmg dm`m OmVmo` .. Vdm ho Xhm n§Yam {Xdg åh§Or _am`bmgwÕm oi ZgVmo`..

{edmamV EH$mM òoir Iir-Xir. _J eoVH$è`m§Odi _mUyg~i Hw$R>>§`? ... H$m_mbm _mUyg {_iV

Zm`... KamV {~_ma Agb§ Var Ë`mÀ`mOdi ~gm`bm {e„H$ _mUyg ZgVmo`. Aem doir "Am~m _bm

H$m_ gm§Jm!' Ag§ Hw$Ur åhQ>b§ Va, Am~mM H$m` nU Hw$Ur~r eoVH$ar åhUVmo`- "Ama§, òS>m H$m emUm

åhUmd§ Vwbm {XgV Zm` ìh` H$m` H$m_ H$am`M§ Vo!' _J AmnUM H$mhr Z ~mobVm H$m_mbm bmJm`M§.

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~S>dU, C\$dU§ H$am`M§, nmoVr Q>mH$m`Mr, dmS>çmV AmUyZ Wmnrbm Wmn bmdm`Mr. _J AmnwUM nXa

ngam`Mm AZ² åhUm`M§...

"_mbH$... Odmar Kmbm...'

_J Am~m H$m` AZ² eoVH$ar H$m`, ~a {nH$bob§ AgV§` ... EoZ doir H$m_mbm _XV Ho$ë`m_wi§ Amnbm

erU R>odrV ZmhrV. ghO Mma-XmoZ nm`ë`m Odmar XoVmV ... Ag§ Mma XmoZ Iù`m§da H$m_ Ho$b§ H$s, nmoV§

AY© nmoV§ YmÝ` gmR>Vo` ... Jhÿ gmR>VmV. haâo oVmV. Ë`m {~XmJrda _ñV nmdgmim Kmbdm`Mm. _mJo

H$m_ Ho$b§ åhUyZ Hw$Ur~r ~iramOm nwT>§ CgZ-nmgZ Úm`bm H$_r H$arV ZmhrV.

gwJrV H$m_mMr Vbmb CR>Vo. dm_Zmgma»`m§Mr Vmam§~i CS>Vo. Hw$Urhr ~mobdm`bm Var òV§,

"Aa§ dm_Z, Am_À`m Iù`mda Mb _Xm©...'

"Am§... _mbH$ _bm Zm` O_m`M§ ... {H$gZ nmQ>bmM§ ~S>dU§ Mmby hm`...'

"Ag§ H$ê$ ZHy$ ~m~m .. AmOÀ`m {Xg Mb..'

XodmeßnV d§ .. O_m`M§ Zm` .. Ad§, Ë`m§Zr AmYrM nm`brâ Odmar nXamV KmVbr` ..'

"_J Am_Mr~r XmoZ nm`br Ko...'

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Ag Jm§Jmabob Hy$i Kar MmbyZ òV§` .. AZ² Á`mMm ~¡b ~maXmZm JmoR>m hm` Vo ~¡bm§Mr XmdU H$ê$Z _iyZ KoV`.. na {VW§~r _mUg§ bmJËòVM AmZ² Aem dŠVmbm Oam OmñVr _m{JVb§ Va Hw$imbm H$m`~r dmQ>V Zm` .. Vo \$º$ åhUV§` .. "dm_Z, Ag§ qIS>rV JmRy> ZHy$ a§..! ..~a§ ..~a§. Vwbm~r nmoQ> hm` .. ~S>dyZ AmVS>r nma Jù`mer òVoV. {MnQ§>â OmñV {Xb§ åhUyZ {~KS>V Zm`..' na AmnwU Amig Zm` Ho$bm nmµøOr. Amig Ho$bm AmZ² åhUb§ _r Zm` H$aUma .. hm` ËòM ImB©Z åhUb§ H$s g§nb§ .. _mUgmZ§ H$g§ A§J _moSy>Z H$m_ H$amd§. ë`md§ ... ß`md§ .. _ñV.. Ë`m gmbr Ag§M Pmb§. amV {Xg ~{KVbm Zm` _r. VwŠ`m, YZJamMm amUy, _m§JmMm OZm, ~waS>mMm {^Š`m Ag§ gJù`m§Zr {_iyZ Vm\$m Ho$bm. nmoË`mbm nm`br Agm ^md R>adyZ Iir H$ê$Z {Xbr. H$m_mMm gnmQ>m bmdbm. {XdgmVyZ XmoZ-XmoZ, VrZ-VrZ Iir Ho$br. gJi§ {edma ~S>dyZ Q>mH$b§. EH$ EH$mbm XmoZ-XmoZ nmoVr YmÝ` dmQy>Z Amb§. Iyn {_iH$V Pmbr. OÌm WmQ>mV Ho$br. ~m`Hy$bm bwJS>§ KoVb. _bm YmoVa KoVb§. nm`mV dhmUm KoVë`m. AmZ² ~maH$sbm XmoZ _mí`mMr A§JR>r Ho$br. dm_ZÀ`m S>moù`mnwT>§ _mJMr EH$ EH$ Ñíò gaH$V hmoVr. Am{U Am~m gmdH$mamMm _im Odi òV hmoVm.

_moH$ù`m ÁdmarÀ`m amZmVyZ gmdH$mamMr OZmda§ MaV hmoVr Am{U YZJamMr eoaS>§, H$aS>§ OZmdam§À`m ZOaoVyZ gwQ>bobm dmibm nmbmnmMmoim {Q>nrV hmoVr. H$mdio, {M_Ê`m gmiw§Š`m nS>bob§ YmÝ` {Q>nyZ ~mîrÀ`m Am{U Am§ã`mÀ`m PmS>mda JS>n hmoV hmoË`m.

Am~m gmdH$mamÀ`m {d{harOdi EH$ dmS>m ~m§Ybobm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m g_moaM _moR> Ii§ V`ma Ho$bob§ hmoV. Ë`mÀ`m AdVr ^dVr gmR>-gÎma ~m`m C^§ amhÿZ ÁdmarMr H$Ug§ IwSy>Z Iù`mV Q>mH$sV hmoË`m. Iù`mV àM§S> T>rJ V`ma Pmbm hmoVm. IwS>boë`m n|S>çm C§MmdyZ ~m`H$m {âH$mdyZ XoV hmoË`m. XodimV JXu ZH$mo åhUyZ Xe©Z hmoVmM dmaH$è`m§Zm Ogo _mJo IoMbo OmVo Vgo [aH$må`m n|S>çm JmS>rV aMyZ J§OrH$S>o admZm Ho$ë`m OmV hmoË`m. nbrH$S>o br _moR>r J§O AmH$mambm oV hmoVr. dm_ZZ§ Vo Ii§ Am{U T>rJ S>moio ê$Z nm{hbm. ~mam EH$ dmOÊ`mÀ`m AmV H$Ug IwS>Ê`mM§ H$m_ hmoB©b, AZ² _J ~S>{dUmao JS>r Ë`m {T>Jmda VwQy>Z nS>Vrb. H$Ugm§Mm ^wJm ^w½mm hmoB©b. _moË`mgmaIo XmUo amgâ {Xgy bmJVrb. Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV dma§ g§Mmab§. Ë`mMr N>mVr \w$Jy bmJbr. hgV hgV Vmo Odi OmD$ bmJbm.

Am~m gmdH$ma dmS>çmÀ`m H$R>S>çmda ~gbo hmoVo. A§JmV _b_bMm eQ>© KmVbm hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ OmZì`mMr aoK {XgV hmoVr. XmV-H$moaU§ XmVmÀ`m \$Q>rVyZ AYyZ _YyZ KmbyZ CJmM Vo XmV CMH$sV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m hmVm~wS>mer AZ§Vm _mir ~gbm hmoVm. nmZmMr M§Mr gmoS>br hmoVr. gwnmar H$mVê$Z Am~m§Zm XoV hmoVm. _ÜòM Ë`mZ§ nmZhr bmdb§. Am~m _mÌ ~m`m§H$S>§ ~KV hmoVo. "Amdbm, Mbm .. AmQ>nm ..' åhUV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z eãX {ZKm`À`m AmVM H$ar_ Jw_mñVm ~m`H$m§da S>m\$aV hmoVm. Vmo §Iù`mÀ`m AdVr ^dVr {\$aV hmoVm. ~m`m§Zm H$mhr~mhr gm§JV hmoVm. Va nbrH$S>o XmoZ JS>r EH$m _mUgmÀ`m hmVm~wS>r H$m_ H$arV hmoVo. JS>çm§Zr gJio ~¡b amZmV nmbmnmMmoim Im`gmR>r gmoS>bo hmoVo. JmoR>çmV EH$hr ~¡b ZìhVm. JmoR>m [aH$m_m ~KyZ dm_Zbm CJrM AdKS>ë`mgmaI§ Pmb§. nU H$mhrM Z XmI{dVm Vmo nwT>o gaH$bm.

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Am~m gmdH$mamH$S>§ Ë`mM§ bj Job§§. Vo nmZmMm Vmo~am MKirV hmoVo. Ë`m§M§ bj dm_ZH$S>§ ZìhV§. Vo JS>çm§H$S>o Am{U Ë`m H$mhr~mhr H$aUmè`m _mUgm§H$S>§ ~KV hmoVo. {VW§ H$mhr Var gm_mZ AmUbob§ hmoV§ Am{U H$emMr Var OwidmOwid Mmbbr hmoVr. nU dm_ZM§ bj Hw$R>§> hmoV§ {VH$S>§! Vmo bm§~yZM Ë`m§Zm Z_ñH$ma H$am`bm åhUyZ qH${MV dmH$bm Am{U hmV PwH$dyZ H$nmimbm bmdbm. Am~m§Zr da ~{KVb§hr Zmhr. AZ§Vm _mù`mZ§ ~KyZ Z ~{KVë`mgmaI§ Ho$b§. Ë`mMo dm_Zbm H$mhrhr dmQ>b§ Zmhr... "nU ... AmnwU Amë`mM§ Ë`mZbm H$imb§ åh§Or nwa§ Pmb§ .... nwÝhm åhUm`bm ZHw$ ...' "Am`bm, dm_Ý`m b` _mObm`... gH$mir oVmo åhUmbm Va H$Yr Ambm`?...' ~a§ Pmb§ {nn[aUrImbyZ bdH$a {ZKmbmo. Zm` Va Vg§M Ë`m Q>moi^¡adm§er ~mobV ~gbmo AgVmo. AmZ² BH$S§> Cera Pmbm AgVm... AmZ _mbH$ {H$Vr~r Q>mHy$Z ~mobbm AgVm...'

_J dm_Z ñdV:daM Iyf Pmbm. dmQ>b§, Imbr Q>oH$md§, nmZ Imd§. nU _mbH$ nwÝhm åhUVrb, "~S>dUmM§ H$am`M§ åh§Or Xþgè`m H$m_mMr ~mobr ZgVr` ìh`?... Am`bm, Omo Vmo amOmM ~Zm` bmJbm`...!'

AmVm Ag§ åhUë`mda H$m` ~mobU§ ìhV§` ìh`? Ë`m n[ag...? øm n|S>çm JmS>rV ê$Z Q>mH$mì`mV.

bJoM dm_ZZo H$mhr n|S>çm CMbë`m. H$mhr doi AgmM Jobm. Varhr Ë`mbm H$moUr ~moboZm. _mbH$hr ~KyZ H$mhrM åhUoZm. ghO Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV e§H$m Ambr... "nU H$m` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _bm {dMmamd§? EdT>çm _moR>çm gmdH$mamZ§ Amnë`mbm AmnU hmoD$Z ~mobmd§ åhUOo..? AmH«$sVM hm` ...! Am`bm, oS>§M _Z hm` Amnb§! dm_Z _ZmerM hgbm. Ë`mZ§ Yw§XrV AmUIr n|S>çm CMbë`m. Vmon`ªV _moS>Ur g§nbr. EH$ EH$ ~mB© hby bmJbr. Vgo gmdH$ma AmoaS>bo,

""Pmb§ H$m {_ñVar?'

"hmd _mbH$!' _iH$Q>boë`m hmVmMm _mUyg nmÝhm, hmVmoS>r KoD$Z gmdH$mamH$S>o oV åhUmbm. dm_Z gmdabm. "H$m` Pmb§ ~a§?' Vmo nwT>§ gaH$bm. gmdH$ma Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Z ~KVmM åhUmbo, ""BWo ... {S>½`m .. A§ .. Mbm AmQ>nma§ .. H$am gwê$ B§OoZ, AmOÀ`m AmO Pmb§ nmøOo..''

"åh§Oo?' dm_Z XMH$bm.

EdT>çmV B§OZmMr PwH$PwH$-{gH $... {gH$ ... gwê$ Pmbr. nÅ>m bnmbnm niy bmJbm. `§Ì dmOy bmJb§. dm_Z Km~abm. Mohè`mda Km_ O_y bmJbm. Im§ÚmdaMr _moJar bQ>nQy> bmJbr. Varhr ñdV:bm gmdarV Am~m gmdH$mamH$S>o gaH$bm.

"_mbH$ .. Ii§ H$am`M§?'

Ë`mM ~mobU§ §ÌmÀ`m AmdmOmV JaJaV Job§. JS>çm§Zr am^a H$UgmMr nmoVr am`bm gwédmV Ho$br Am{U EH$ EH$ Ë`m _iUr `§ÌmV Q>mH$m`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

nwÝhm dm_Z AmoaS>bm,

"_mbH$!'

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Am~m gmdH$ma {Z{d©H$ma hmoVm.

"H$m`?'

"øo Ii§!' dm_Z KmoJè`m AmdmOmV ~mobbm.

""gwé Pmb§ Zìh§ .. Ama§, H$mbM bmVyahÿZ _iUr`§Ì AmUb§` ... AmVm ~K H$g§ Ii§ ìhV§` Vo .. Vm|S>mbm ZwgV§ nmoV§ bmdm`M§ .. ~mg ~S>dU Zm` H$s dmè`mda C\$U§ Zm` ... H$m`?''

dm_Zbm nyU© H$ënZm m`bm doi bmJbm Zmhr. Vmo J^©JirV Pmbm. gmdH$mamZ§ Agm H$gm PmonoV Ym|S>m KmVbm. _moR>çm AmeoZo Ambmo hmoVmo. Xhm-n§Yam {Xdg H$m_ {_i§b, nmoQ>mbm amoOJma {_i§b. nmdgmim gwImMm OmB©b ... nU ... ho _iUr §Ì ...! H$m` dMm dMm H$arV gwQ>b§` ... _mP§ hmV VmoS>rV Mmbb§`.... nmoQ>mdê$Z {\$am` bmJb§` ... _mbH$ ... Ad§ Ag§ H$m? ... Am_r Hw$UmÀ`m Vm|S>mH$S>§ ~Km`M§ ..? H$m` Im`M§? ... H$g§ OJm`M§?

dm_ZÀ`m S>moù`mnwT>§ gJim A§Yma ngabm. Ë`mÀ`m Kembm H$moaS> nS>br. hmVmVbr _moJar bQ>bQy> bmJbr. Vmo _Q>H$Z Imbr ~gbm. `§Ì Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Z ~KVmM H$M H$M dM dM AmdmO H$arV hmoV§. Om|Yù`mMr nmoVr ^am`bm JS>çm§Mr Ymdni hmoV hmoVr. _mbH$ gmaIm AmoaS>V hmoVm. S>m\$aV hmoVm. dm_Z Ooìhm ewÕrda Ambm, Voìhm Am~m gmdH$ma _iUr §ÌmÀ`m eoOmar Wmnr bmdboë`m nmoË`mda ~gbm hmoVm. H$Ug§ g§nV Ambr hmoVr. nwÝhm EH$Xm _mbH$mbm ... "_bm H$m_ Úm' åhUyZ {dZdUr H$amdr åhUyZ Vmo OmoamZ§ AmoaS>bm, "_mbH$!'

`§ÌmÀ`m Jm|JmQ>mV Ë`mMr hmH$ EoHy$ Jobr Zmhr. Vmo hVme Pmbm. nmoQ>mV ImobImob Joë`mgmaI§ Pmb§. {ha_wgë`mgmaI§ Pmb§. Ë`mZ§ AdgmZ EH$dQy>Z gy`m©H$S>§ ~{KVb§. AOyZ ~amM AdH$me hmoVm. WmoS>mgm Yra Ambm. Am~m gmdH$mamM§ H$m_ Zmhr {_imb§ Var {ZXmZ {edmamVb§ Xþgè`m eoVH$è`mM§ ~Ky MQ>H$Z Vmo CR>bm. _moJar Im§Úmda Q>mH$br Am{U {OVŠ`m bdH$a Am~m gmdH$mamMm _im gmoS>Vm oB©b VodT>çm KmB©Z§ Vmo {ZKmbm. Hw$UmÀ`mhr Iù`mda Ë`mMr Om`Mr V`mar hmoVr. nm§XrÀ`m nbrH$S>§ ~mOramd OmYdmMm _im hmoVm. AmnmoAmn Ë`mMo nm` {VH$S>o dibo. _moR>>_moR>çm T>o>§Jm Q>mH$sV Vmo {ZKmbm hmoVm. H$Yr nm§X gaVo` Ag§ Pmb hmoV§ .. VmoM g_moê$Z EH$ ~¡bJmS>r oV Agbobr {Xgbr. {Vbm dmQ> XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo ~mOybm gaHy$Z C^m am{hbm. Hw$UmMr JmS>r åhUyZ ~Km`bmgwÕm Ë`mZ§ _mZ da Ho$br Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m S>moù`mnwT>§ ~mOramd OmYdmMm _im Am{U ÁdmarM§ Ii§ hmoV§. {VW H$Yr OmB©Z Ag§ Pmb§ hmoV§. EdT>çmV JmS>r Odi `oD$Z R>>onbrhr. dm_Zbm nmhÿZ JmS>rdmZ åhUmbm, "Hw$UrH$S>§ dm_Zm' Ë`m AZno{jV àíZmZ§§ Vmo ewÕrda Ambm. CÎma XoÊ`mgmR>r AmoR> hb{dbo.

...."~mOramd OmYdm @... !'

EdT>oM eãX {ZKmbo... Am{U Vmo _wH$mM Pmbm.. Vmo JmS>rdmZ ~mOramd OmYdmMmM hmoVm. JmS>rV H$UgmMr nmoVr hmoVr. H$miOmV gwar Iwngmdr Vg§ Ë`mbm Pmb§. Varhr {dìhië`mJV Vmo åhUmbm, "BH$S>§ Hw$R>§ {ZKmbr JmS>r?'

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"Am~m gmdH$mamZ§ _iUr`§Ì AmUb§` åhU .. Vdm Ë`mÀ`mdaM amg H$am`Mr R>a{dbr` Am¢Xm... !'' JmS>rdmZ ~mobbm. dm_Zbm JaJaë`mgmaI§ Pmb§. gJi§ {edma Amnë`m^modVr {\$aV§` Ag§ dmQy> bmJb§. Am{U Ë`mbm H$m` hmoV§` ho ~Km`À`m AmVM JmS>r nm§XrVZ§ niV gwQ>br.

eãXmW© d dmŠàMma :

n nm§X - bhmZ dmQ> n _moJar -bmH$S>r hmVmoS>m n amg - T>rJ n {~_ma -AmOmar n {~XmJr - _mZYZ

n ~iramOm - Hw$U~r, eoVH$ar n Jw_mñVm - _wIË`ma, _wZr_ n Q>moi^¡ad -[aH$m_Q>oH$S>mn {Z{d©H$ma

-{dH$maeyÝ`, CXmgrZ n H$moaS> nS>Uo - emof nS>Uo n S>m\$aUo - MdVmiUo, amJmdUo n AdgmZ EH$dQ>Uo

- qh_V, Y¡`© n J^©JirV hmoUo - A{Ve` Km~aUo n hVme hmoUo - {Zame hmoUo n VwQy>Z nS>Uo-h„m

H$aUo, ZoQ>mZo H$m_mg bmJUo n S>moio ^ê$Z nmhUo - _ZmMo g_mYmZ hmoB©n`ªV nmhUo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) `§Ì hr H$Wm H$moUË`m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ KoVbobr Amho?

(A) CÐoH$ (~) ~oJS>

(H$) JwS>XmUr (S>) nam^d

(Am) dm_Z H$moUmÀ`m _ù`mH$S>o {ZKmbm hmoVm?

(A) am_m gmdH$ma (~) Am~m gmdH$ma

(H$) nmQ>rb _im (S>) H$mH$m gmdH$ma

(B) H$ar_ Jw_mñVm H$moUmda S>m\$aV hmoVm?

(A) YZJam§da (~) ~m`H$m§da

(H$) H$m_Jmam§da (S>) _Owam§da


(A) Am~m gmdH$mamÀ`m _ù`mV H$moU H$moUË`m {nH$m§Mr _iUr hmoVo?

(Am) eoVH$ar dm_Zmbm Ho$ìhm CgZ-nmgZ§ XoVmV?

(B) _moH$ù`m amZmV H$moUmMr OZmdao MaV hmoVr?

(B©) _iUr`§Ì H$moUË`m JmdmhÿZ AmUbo hmoVo?

(C) dm_Zbm ~mOramdmÀ`m Iù`mda H$m H$m_ {_imbo Zmhr?

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(A) JmdmVrb _iÊ`m OÌoÀ`m AJmoXaM H$m H$aVmV?(Am) Am~m gmdH$mamMo dU©Z {bhm.(B) dm_ZmZo Joë`m dfuÀ`m _iUrÀ`m CËnÞmVyZ H$m` H$m` IaoXr Ho$bo?


(A) ""Amdbm, Mbm... AmQ>nm '' (Am) ""Hw$UrH$S>§ dm_Zm?''(B) ""Pmb§ H$m {_ñVar?''


(A) _iUr`§Ì gwê$ hmoVmM dm_ZmnwT>o H$moUVo àíZ C^o am{hbo?(Am) dm_Z _mbH$mH$S>o Ho$ìhm nXa ngaV Ago ?


(A) Am~m gmdH$mamÀ`m Iiçm^modVrMo dU©Z H$am.(Am) dm_Zmg§~§Yr _m{hVr {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb dmŠàMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. J^©JirV hmoUo, hVme hmoUo, VwwQy>Z nS>Uo, S>moio ^ê$Z nmhUo.

(Am) {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm. nmbmnmMmoim, _iUr`§Ì, Xhmn§Yam, AZno{jV

CnH«$_ :

l "`§Ì emn H$s daXmZ' `m {df`mda {Z~§Y {bhm.

l AmZ§X `mXd `m§À`m "JmoVmdim' `m H$mX§~arMo dmMZ H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

A§JrH$ma H«$sS>m EImXmé½Umb` ZdrZ KoD$Z

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80

1. A^§J {ÌXb g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma

n[aM` :

g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma (1267-1317) g§V {eamo_{U g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma `m§Mm OÝ_ "Voa' `m Jmdr Pmbm.

Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd _mYd~wdm d AmB©Mo Zmd aIw_mB© Ago hmoVo. Vo Ym{_©H$, gXmMaUr d {dÇ>b^ŠV hmoVo.

Ë`m§Mm àn§M ^º$s_` hmoVm. g§V Jmoamo~m§Mm na_mW©_mJm©darb A{YH$ma _moR>m Agë`m_wio d d`mZo _moR>o

Agë`m_wio gmaoOU Ë`m§Zm "Jmoamo~mH$mH$m' Ago åhUV hmoVo. Vo gVV {dÇ>>bmÀ`m Zm_ñ_aUmV Jw§J AgV.

Ë`m§Zr H$_m©VM B©ûda nm{hbm d OrdZ^a {ZîH$m_ H$_©`moJmMo AmMaU Ho$bo hmoVo.

hm A^§J "g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma : dmL²>_` Xe©Z' m àm. S>m°. ~m~wamd CnmÜ`o m§À`m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbm

Amho. ŠVr hr Aì`ŠV ê$n YmaU H$aVo, Voìhm Vr AÛ¡VmMo bjU ~ZVo. na_oûdamÀ`m ŠVrMr d Zm_ñ_

aUmMr na_oídamer EH$ê$nVm gmYyZ AZZw^yV AmZ§X hmoVmo. Vmo eãXmVyZ ì`ŠV H$aVm oV Zmhr. ho m

A^§JmVyZ gm§{JVbo Amho.

(_yë`… ^ŠVr)

_w{H$`m gmIa MmImd`m {XYbr &

~mobVm ho ~mobr ~mobdoZm && 1 &&

Vmo H$m` eãX Iw§Q>bm g§dmX &

Amnwbm AmZ§X AmYmam`m && 2 &&

AmZ§Xr AmZ§X {JiyZr amhUo&

AI§S>rV hmoUo Z hmo{V`m && 3 &&

åhUo Jmoam Hw§$^ma OrdZ_wŠV hmoUo &

OJ ho H$aUo ehmUo ~mnm && 4 &&

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81

g§V _wº$m~mB©

n[aM` :

g§V _wŠVm~mB© {dÇ>bn§V Hw$bH$Uu (1279-1297) OÝ_ Ami§Xr òWo. Voamì`m eVH$mVrb VoOñdr

d ñnîQ>dŠVr g§V H$d{`Ìr. kmZXodm§nojm d`mZo bhmZ Agbobr, g§V_§S>imV _moR>o ñWmZ d nma_m{W©H$

A{YH$ma Agbobr hr _wŠVm~mB©. {Zd¥ÎmrZmW, kmZXod, gmonmZXod m§Mr YmH$Q>r ~hrU hmo`. {Vbm "_wŠVmB©'

Agohr åhUV. kmZXodmXr ^md§S>m§À`m ghdmgmVyZ AmË_kmZ, ^JdX²^ŠVr, ào_, g_Vm `m {df`mdarb

MMm© EoHy$Z _wŠVm~mB©Zr AÛ¡V VÎdkmZ AmË_gmV Ho$bo. gJwU{ZJw©UmÀ`m H$ënZoÀ`mhr n{bH$S>o OmÊ`mMo

gm_Ï`© {VÀ`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo. n§T>ar_mhmËå`, Zm__mhmËå` d g§Vg_mJ_ `m {df`m§da _wº$m~mB©Mr

A^§JdmUr d "VmQ>rMo A^§J' hr aMZm à{gÕ Amho.

hm VmQ>rMm A^§J bo{IH$m {namoO AmZ§XH$a m§À`m "g§V H$d{`Ìr' m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbm Amho. EH$Xm

kmZXod {Zame hmoD$Z VmQ>r (Xma) bmdyZ ~gbo AgVm Ë`m§Zm CÔoeyZ _wº$m~mB©Zo H$mhr A^§J åhQ>bo. ho

A^§J VmQ>rMo A^§J åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV.

`m A^§JmV _wº$m~mB©À`m _ZmVrb AmV© ^md d ^mdZmoËH$Q>Vm {XgyZ òVo.

(_yë` : d¡am½èrbVm)

g§V Vo{M OmU OJr &

X`m j_m Á`m§Mo A§Jr &&

bmo^ Ah§Vm Zò _Zm &

OJt {daŠV Vo{M OmUm &&

BhnabmoH$s¨ gwIr &

ewÜX kmZ Á`m§Mo _wIt &&

{_Ï`m H$ënZm _mJo gmam &

VmQ>r CKS>m kmZoûdam &&

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82

g§V Zm_Xod

n[aM` :

g§V Zm_Xod (1270-1350) _amR>rVrb n{hbo ^mdH$dr, Am»`mZH$dr, Wmoa {dÇ>b^ŠV. g§V

Zm_Xodm§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd Xm_meoQ>r d AmB©Mo Zmd JmoUmB© Ago hmoVo. g§V OZm~mB© Zm_XodmÀ`mM

KamV dmT>>br, Zm_Xodm§Mo KamUo {dÇ>b^ŠVm§Mo. Ë`m§Mo Jwé {dgmo~m IoMa. g§V Zm_Xod ^mJdV Y_m©Mo

n{hbo g§KQH$ d àMmaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm "H$sV©Z g§àXm`mMo AmÚ AmMm`©' Agmhr Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo.

g§nyU© ^maV^a àdmg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr ^JdX²^ŠVrMm àMma Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mo H$mhr A^§J {eIm§Mm Y_©J«§W

"J«§Wgmho~' `m J«§Wm_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$bo AmhoV.

hm A^§J "naewam_n§V VmË`m JmoS>~mobo' `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m "ZdZrV AWdm _amR>r H${dVm§Mo

doMo' m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbm Amho. amoOÀ`m àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV d ì`dhmamV _mUgmZo H$go dmJmdo m~ÔbMm

{dMma àñVwV A^§JmV _m§S>bm Amho.

(_yë` : gXmMma)

nmh| na-Xmam OZZr g_mZ &&

Ðì`hr nmfmU-g_ _mZt && 1 &&

namì`mH$maU| àmU d|Mr AmVm§ &&

OmU| na ì`Wm A§VatMr && 2 &&

{d{hV g§Vmof Yat ~m _mZgt &&

H$s¨ na-bmoH$mgr OmU| Amho && 3 &&

gd© H$mi àr{V g§Vm§Mr`m g§J| &&

Jmd| AZyamJ| har-Zm_ && 4 &&

gdmª ^yVt g_ R>odyZr`m ~wÜXr &&

gm§S>mdr D$nmYr àn§MmMr && 5 &&

gd© na_mË_m gd© H$mir Xoet &&

^md Ah{Z©er ÑT> Yar && 6 &&

g§V-g_wXm` {_iVrb OoWo &&

bmoQ>m§JU| VoWo Omd| AmYr && 7 &&

qMVm ZH$mo Zmå`m Vagr Vy§ OmU &&

gm§JrVbr IyU _Z| _mÂ`m && 8 &&

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eãXmW© :

n _w{H$`m - _wH$m, Á`mbm ~mobVm `oV Zmhr Agm n MmImd`m {XYbr - Im`bm {Xbr n ~mobr -

dmUr, eãX n na - Xþgam n Xmam - nËZr, ~m`H$mo n Ðì` - YZ, n¡gm n namì`mH$maUo- Xþgè`mÀ`m

H$ë`mUmgmR>r n g§Vmof - g_mYmZ n {d{hV - Amho Ë`mV n g§Vm§{M`m g§Jo - g§Vm§À`m ghdmgmV

nAZwamJo - ào_mZo n g_~wÕr - g_VoMr ~wÕr n Ah§Vm - Ah§H$ma, _rnUm n D$nmYr -{deofU,

nXdr n {_Ï`mH$ënZm - ImoQ>çm H$ënZm n VmQ>r - XadmOm, Xma n OZZr - AmB© n nmfmU - XJS>

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) g§V Jmoam Hw§$^ma `m§Mm OÝ_ `m Jmdr Pmbm.

(A) bmVya (~) H$i§~m

(H$) Voa (S>) Cñ_mZm~mX

(Am) gd© g§V Jmoamo~m§Zm Ago åhUV.

(A) Jmoam H$mH$m (~) Jmoamo~m H$mH$m

(H$) g§V Jmoa~m (S>) Jmoam _mD$br

(B) g§V Jmoam Hw§$^mam§Zr Am`wî`^a `m `moJmMo AmMaU Ho$bo.

(A) kmZ`moJ (~) amO`moJ

(H$) {ZîH$m_ H$_©`moJ (S>) g§Ý`mg

(B©) Voamì`m eVH$mVrb VoOñdr d ñnîQ>dŠVr g§V H$d{`Ìr H$moU?

(A) OZm~mB© (~) doUm~mB©

(H$) ~{hUm~mB© (S>) g§V _wŠVm~mB©

(C) "VmQ>rMo A^§J' `m§Zr {b{hbo.

(A) kmZXod (~) g§V gmonmZXod

(H$) g§V _wŠVm~mB© (S>) g§V OZm~mB©

(D$) Zm_Xodm§Mo Jwé ho hmoVo

(A) {Zd¥ÎmrZmW (~) g§V Jmoamo~m

(H$) {dgmo~m IoMa (S>) g§V _wŠVm~mB©

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(E) VmQ>r `mMm AW© ...............

(A) Xma (~) {IS>H$s

(H$) VmQ> (S>) q^V

(Eo) "OZZr'Mm g_mZmWu eãX ...............

(A) ^m`m© (~) ^{JZr

(H$) _mD$br (S>) {nVm


(A) g§V Jmoam Hw§$^mam§Zr gmIaoMo CXmhaU H$m {Xbo Amho?

(Am) "VmQ>rMo A^§J' `mMm AW© gm§Jm.

(B) g§V _wº$m~mB©Zr g§Vm§Mo H$moUVo bjU gm§{JVbo Amho?

(B©) g§V _wº$m~mB©À`m _Vo {daŠV H$moUmbm åhUmdo?

(C) g§V _wŠVm~mB©Zo kmZoûdam§Zm H$moUVr {dZ§Vr Ho$br Amho?

(D$) g§V Zm_Xod H$moUmbm bmoQ>m§JU Kmbmdo Ago åhUVmV?

(E) na_oûdamMo Zmd H$go ¿`mdo?

(Eo) _ZmV H$moUVm ^md ÑT> Yamdm?


(A) ^ŠVrMm AmZ§X eãXmVyZ ì`ŠV H$aVm `oV Zmhr Voìhm ^ŠVmMr pñWVr H$er

AgVo?

(Am) g§V _wŠVm~mBªZr g§VmÀ`m gX²JwUm§Mo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho. Vo {bhm.


(A) OJ ho H$aUo ehmUo ~mnm &&

(Am) {_Ï`m H$ënZm _mJo gmam & VmQ>r CKS>m kmZoûdam &&

(B) gd©H$mi àr{V g§Vm§Mr`m g§Jo & Jmd| AZwamJ| har-Zm_ &&


(A) g§V _wŠVm~mB©Zr VmQ>rMo A^§J H$moUË`m àg§Jr {b{hbo AmhoV?

(Am) g§V Jmoam Hw§$^mam§Zr _wŠ`m _mUgmMo CXmhaU H$m {Xbo Amho?

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(A) "_w{H$`m gmIa MmImd`m {XYbr&' `m g§V Jmoam Hw§$^m§amÀ`m A^§JmMm ^mdmW©

{bhm.

(Am) g§V Zm_Xodm§À`m _Vo _mUgmZo àmn§{MH$ OrdZmV H$go dmJmdo?

^mfmä`mg

(A) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

Ah§Vm, BhbmoH$, OZZr, X`m, XadmOm, Ðì`, Xmam, àr{V, g_wXm`, ~mobr


_wH$m, X`m, em§Vr, {_Ï`m, g§Vmof, AZwamJ, gwIr, ehmUm,

CnH«$_ :

l "gH$bg§VJmWm' `m nwñVH$mVrb g§V Zm_Xodm§Mo, g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo A^§J dmMm.

l {namoO AmZ§XH$a `m§Mo "g§V H$d{`Ìr' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l g§Vm§Mr N>m`m{MÌo Jmoim H$am.

l lr à. Z. Omoer `m§Mo "Amnbo g§V' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

l "_mPm AmdS>Vm g§V' `m {df`mda n§Yam Amoir {Z~§Y {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

VmpÎdH$ Í`§~H$ AûdËWm_m

Xþam{^_mZ Xÿdm© {ZarjH$

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86

2. gËda nmd Jo _bmg§V EH$ZmW

n[aM` :

n[aM`: g§V EH$ZmW (1538-1599) ho n¡R>UMo a{hdmgr. OZmX©Z ñdm_r ho Ë`m§Mo Jwé AgyZ

Ë`m§À`mda ^mJdV g§àXm`mMm à^md hmoVm. àn§M Am{U na_mW© `m§Mm g_Ýd` ZmWm§À`m OrdZmV

AmT>iVmo, kmZoídarÀ`m àqVMo emoYZ, g§nmXZ d kmZoídam§À`m g_mYrMm nwZéÕma Ë`mZr Ho$bm. EH$ZmWr

^mJdV, mdmW© am_mÙ, épŠ_Ur ñd`§da m Ë`mÀ`m à_wI J«§WaMZm hmoV. m {edm` Ë`m§Zr AÜ`mpË_H$

ñ\w$Q>> A^§J aMZm Ho$ë`m VgoM nXo, Jm¡iUr, mê$S>o Aer {dnwb d {d{dY àH$maMr aMZm Ë`mZr Ho$br.

Ë`m§Mr ^mê$S>o gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` AgyZ _Zmoa§OZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr AÜ`mpË_H$ d gm_m{OH$ à~moYZ Ho$bo.

àñVwV ^mê$S> ZmWm§Mo à{gÕ ^méS> AgyZ Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr gmgwadm{eUrMo ê$nH$ dmnabo Amho.

g§gmamÀ`m OmMmbm H§$Q>miyZ gmgwadmerU ^dmZr AmB©bm, àgÞ hmoCZ g§gmamVyZ _wº$s Xo Ago _mJUo

_mJV Amho. òWo gwZê$nr Ord hm AmZ§Xr, {ZJw©U Aem _mòbm {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z OrdmMm CÕma H$a Ago

gm§JV Amho. gwZoZo Ho$bobr gmgaÀ`m OmMmMr VH«$ma Am{U {VMo AÜ`mË_mer OmoS>bobo ZmVo `mVyZ

a§OH$Vm, nma_m{W©H$ _mJ©Xe©Z `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r ZmWm§Zr `m ^mê$S>mVyZ gmYë`m AmhoV.

_yë` - ^º$s, lÕm

gËda nmd Jo _bm &^dmZr AmB© amoS>Jm dmhrZ Vwbm &&

gmgam _mPm Jm§dr Jobm &{VH$S>oM Indr Ë`mbm &&

gmgy _mPr OmM H$aVr &bdH$a {ZXm©ir {Vbm &&

OmD$ _mPr \$S>\$S> ~mobVr &~moS>H$s H$a Jo {Vbm &&

ZUXoMo nmoa {H$aH$sa H$[aV| & Iê$O hmoCXo Ë`mbm &&

XmXbm _mê$Z AmhwVr XoB©Z & _moH$ir H$a Jo _bm &&

EH$m OZmX©Zr gJio{M OmC§ Xo &

EH$Q>rM amhÿ§ Xo _bm &&

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H$T>rU eãXmW© :

gËda - Vm~S>Vmo~, ~moS>H$s-{dYdm, amoS>Jm-Xodmobm dhmd`mMm {d{eï> amoQ>, {ZXm©ir H$aUo �

ZîQ >H$aUo, Zme H$aUo.

^mê$S>mV dmnabobr ê$nHo$ :

1) gmgwadm{eU - Ord - (gwZ - Ord) 2) gmgam - Ah§H$ma 3) gmgy -Xoh~wÕr 4) OmD$ -

dmgZm 5) ZU§XoM nmoa - _moh 6) ZU§X - Amem.

ñdmÜ`m` :

à. 1 bm Imbrb n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {bhm.

A) amoS>Jm åhUOo.........

A) ^oQ> dñVy ~) Xodrbm dhmd`mMm {d{eï> amoQ>

H$) amoS>m{dUo S>) ~{jg XoUo

Am) `m ^méS>mV OmJmoOmJr hm Ab§H$ma Amho.

A) `_H$ ~) íbof

H$) AZwàmg S>) ê$nH$

B) gmgwadm{eU, H$moU {H$aH$sa H$aVo Ago åhUVo?

A) ZU§X ~) ZUXoMo nmoa

H$) XmXbm S>) OmD$

à. 2 am Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

A) g§gmamÀ`m OmMmbm H$moU H§$Q>mibo Amho?

Am) EH$ZmWmZr Amnë`m ^méS>mV gmgygmR>r H$moUVo ê$nH$ dmnabo Amho?

B) gmgyadm{eUrbm \$S>\$S> H$moU ~mobVo?

à. 3 am Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ qH$dm VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

A) `m ^méS>mVrb gmgyadm{eUrbm H$moU OmM H$aV Amho?

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Am) Ordê$nr gwZ ^dmZr AmB©bm H$m` dmhÿ BpÀN>Vo?

à. 4 `m g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

A) gmgy _mPr OmM H$aVr & bdH$a {ZXm©ir {Vbm &&

Am) XmXbm _mê$Z AmhþVr XoB©Z & _moH$ir H$aJo _bm &&

à. 5 dm Imbrb àíZmMo nmM Vo ghm AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m `m ^méS>mVyZ àH$Q>Umao ê$nH$ CbJSy>Z XmIdm.

à. 6 dm Imbrb àíZmMo AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎma {bhm

`m ^mê$S>mMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm

CnH«$_:

l qdMy Mmdbm ho g§V EH$ZmWm§Mo ^mê$S> {_idyZ gmam§e {bhm.

l Vw_À`m emioVë`m Jm`Z ñnY}V `m ^mê$S>mMo Jm`Z H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

Indr {ZXm©ir {H$aH$sa

AmhþVr _moH$ir Iê$O

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89

3. gwûcmoH$ dm_ZmMmdm_Z n§{S>V

n[aM` :

dm_Z Zaha eofo (1608-1695) n§{S>Vr g§àXm`mMo àm{V{ZYrH$ H$dr, Ë`m§Mo g§ñH¥$V d \$magr

^mfoda à wËd hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo doXmÝV{df`H$, nm¡am{UH$, Am»`mZnaH$mì`, ^mfm§V[aV ûcmoH$mË_H$ H$mì`,

Ago d¡{dÜ`nyU© boIZ à{gÕ Amho. Ë`m§Mr "`WmW©Xr{nH$m' hr JrVodarb Q>rH$m à{gÕ Amho. "{ZJ_

gma', "lw{Vgma', "JrVmU©dgwYm' ho AÜ`mË_na J«§W, "âV^md', "~mbH«$sS>m', "n§MgwYm' Aer gag

Am»`mZH$mì o d ^V¥©harÀ`m "Zr{VeVH$mMo' gag ^mfm§Va Ho$bobo Ë`m§Mo ûcmoH$ à{gÕ AmhoV. ^mfmà wËd,

aMZmH$m¡eë`, {d{dY d¥ÎmmË_H$ ûcmoH$aMZm H$ê$Z "gwûcmoH$ dm_ZmMm' hr Jm¡admoº$s Ë`m§Zr gmW© Ho$br

Amho. `_H$ Ab§H$mamMm Ë m§Zr {dnwb dmna Ho$bm Amho åhUyZ dm_Z n§{S>VmZm "`_Š m dm_Z' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.

àñVwV ûcmoH$ ^V¥©h[aÀ`m Zr{VeVH$mVrb AmhoV. ho ûcmoH$ "naewam_n§V VmË`m JmoS>~mobo' `m§Zr

g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m "ZdZrV AWdm _amR>r H${dVm§Mo doMo' mnwñVH$mVyZ KoVbo AmhoV. _yImªMr bjUo, Z_«Vm,

gwg§JVr B. {dMma `m ûcmoH$m§_YyZ _m§S>bo AmhoV.

(_yë` : Z_«Vm, gwg§JVr)

(d¥Îm-{eI[aUr)

(1) `m ûcmoH$mV _yIm©Mo bjU gm§{JVbo Amho.

~imZo H$mTy>§ ò _{U _H$a-XmT>|V XS>bm &&

_hm-qgYw-bmQ>m-VaU H$ê§$ òB© ^wO-~im &&

_hm-gnm©V|hr gw_-g_ Yê§$ ò {ZO-{eat &&

na§Vw jwÐmMo öX` YadoZm jUâr && 1 &&

(2) m ûcmoH$mV Xþgè`mda CnH$ma H$aUmar ì`ŠVr g§nÎmr Iyn AgVmZmhr Z_«nUo dmJVo. hm Ë`m§Mm ñd^mdM AgVmo ho gm§{JVbo Amho.

d¥j \$ma bdVr \$b-^ma| &&

bm|~Vr Ob-X KoC{Z Zra| &&

Wmoa Jd© Z Yar {d-^dmMm &&

hm ñd-^md CnH$ma-namMm && 2 &&

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(3) m ûcmoH$mV AY_, _Ü`_ d CÎm_ ñd^mdmÀ`m _mUgm§§À`m g§JVrV _mUgmda H$go n[aUm_ hmoVmV ho gm§{JVbo Amho.

(d¥Îm-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V)

Vmo`mM| n[a Zm§dhr Z CaV| g§-VßV-bmohm§Vat &&

V| ^mgo Z{bZr-Xbmd[a nhm gÝ_m¡pŠVH$mMo nar &&

V| ñdmVrñVd ApãY-ewpŠV-nwQ>H$s¨ _moVt KS>o ZoQ>H|$ &

OmUm CÎm_-_Ü`_mY_ Xem g§gJ©-`moJo {Q>Ho$ && 3 &&

(4) `m ûcmoH$mV n¡emg§~§Yr {dMma _m§S>bm Amho. EH$ Ðì` XmZ H$aUo, Xþgao n¡emMm Cn^moJ KoUo. m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r Ho$ë`m ZmhrV Va n¡emMm Zme hmoVmo. Agm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho.

(d¥Îm-dg§V{VbH$m)

Ðì`mg ho J_Z-_mJ© `WmdH$me &&

H$s¨ XmZ, ^moJ AWdm {Vgam {d-Zme &&

Omo Ko Z ^moJ O[a, nmÌ-H$at Z Xo hr &&

Ë`mÀ`m YZmg _J Ho$di Zme nmht && 4 &&

(5) m ûcmoH$mV gm§{JVboë`m ~mam Jmoï>r hmVmVyZ Zmhrem Pmë`mg OrdZ dm`m OmÊ`mg doi bmJV Zmhr. åhUyZ m JmoîQ>r dm`m Kmbdy ZH$m. Agm {dMma m ûcmoH$mV ì`ŠV Ho$bobm Amho.

(d¥Îm-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V)

Xþ_ªÌ| Z¥n, g§JVrñVd `Vr, H$s¨ nwÌhr bmbZ| &&

doXmZÜ``Zo {Û-Om{V, Hw$b XþînwÌ|, IbmamYZ| &&

Zmgo erb, Z nmhVm§ H¥${f, _X| _m, bmO _Ú§o \w$H$m &&

emR>ç| {_ÌnU, à-dmg-J_Z| ñZoh, à-_mX| éH$m && 5 &&

eãXmW© :

n ~imZo - gm_Ï`m©{Zer, VmH$X bmdyZ n _H$a - _Ja n XmT>oV-XmVmV n qgYw - g_wÐ aËZmH$a

n _hmqgYw - _hmgmJa n _hmgn© - _moR>m gmn n ^wO~i - ~mhþgm_Ï`m©Zo n gw_- \y$b, gw_Z

n g_ - gmaIo n {ZO - ñdV…À`m n {eat - _ñVH$mda n jwÐ - _yI© _mUyg n öX` YadooZm -

_ZYaUr H$aUo, _ZmMr g_OyV KmbUo n d¥j - PmS> n bdVr - Imbr dmH$VmV n \$b^mao - \$im§À`m

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AmoÂ`mZo n ma -AmoPo n \$b - \$i n bm|~{V - Imbr bm|~VmV, O{_ZrÀ`m {XeoZo Imbr oVmV n ObX

- _oK, T>J n Zra - nmUr, Ob n {d^d - g§nÎmr n CnH$manam§Mm - Xþgè`m§da CnH$ma H$aUmè`m§Mm n

Vmo` - nmUr n g§Vá - A{Ve` Vmnbobm n bmoh - bmoI§S> n bmohm§Var - bmoI§S>mda n Z CaVo - {eëbH$

amhV Zmhr n V| - VmoM nmÊ`mMm W|~ n Z{bZr - H$_i n Xb - nmH$ir n nar-à_mUo ngÝ_m¡pŠVH$

- Mm§Jë`m, gw§Xa _moË`mà_mUo n ñdmVrñVd - ñdmVr ZjÌm_Üò n ApãY - g_wÐ n ewŠVr nwQ> - qenbm

n ewŠVrnwQ>H$s¨ - qenë`mV n WmdH$me-g_`mZwgma n J_Z_mJ© - (n¡gm) OmÊ`mMm _mJ© n XmZ-XmZ

H$aUo n Ðì` - n¡gm, YZ n moJ-Cn^moJ KoUo n H$ar - hmVmZo n nmÌ - gËnmÌr n Xo - XmZ XoUo, n

Xþ_ªÌo - XþîQ>, ñdmWu, bmMImD$ _§Í`m_wio n Z¥n - amOm n Vr - gmYw, g§Ý`mgr nbmbZo - A{V bmS>

Ho$ë`mZo n doXmZÜ``Zo - doXm§Mm Aä`mg Z Ho$ë`mZo, AmË_gmV Ho$bobo kmZ BVam§Zm Z {Xë`mZo n {ÛOm{V-

~«m÷U OmV n XþînwÌo - XþamMmar nwÌm_wio n Ib - XþîQ> n AmamYZo - ghdmgmZo n Z nmhVm - bj Z

{Xë`m_wio n H¥${f -eoVr n _Ú| - _ÚnmZmZo n emR>ç| - b~mS>rZo dmJë`mg n _m -bú_r n _X - A{V

Jd© n éH$m - n¡gm n à_mXo-MwH$sÀ`m _mJm©Zo n¡emMm {d{Z`moJ Ho$ë`mg

Q>rnm :

n n§MgwYm - Zm_gwYm, dZgwYm, doUwgwYm, {MËgwYm, {à`gwYm m§Zm n§MgwYm åhUVmV hr lrH¥$îU^ŠVrna

nmM H$mìò AmhoV.

^mdmW©

1. _JarÀ`m XmT>oV AS>H$bobm _Ur AmnU gm_Ï`m©{Zer H$mTy> eH$Vmo, ~mhþgm_Ï`m©Zo _hmgmJamÀ`m

bmQ>mVyZ AmnU n¡bVrambm OmD$ eH$Vmo, _moR>çm gmnmbm AmnU \w$bmà_mUo _ñVH$mda EH$

doi YmaU H$ê$ eHy$. na§Vw AmnU jUâhr _yI© _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMr g_OyV Kmby eH$V Zmhr.

(åhUOoM _yI© _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMr g_OyV KmbUo H$R>rU Amho.)

2. PmS>o \$im§À`m AmoÂ`mZo Imbr dmH$VmV. H$mio T>J nmUr KoD$Z (O{_ZrÀ`m {XeoZo) Imbr

dmH$VmV. Wmoa _ZmMo bmoH$ Amnë`mOdirb g§nÎmrMm Jd© H$arV ZmhrV. Xwgè`mda CnH$ma

H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mm d¡^dH$mi Odi AgVmZm Z_«nUo dmJUo hm ñd^mdM AgVmo.

3. Vmnboë`m bmoI§S>mda nmÊ`mMm W|~ nS>bm AgVm Vmo {e„H$hr ahmV Zmhr. (Ë`mMm bdboehr

amhV Zmhr) VmoM nmÊ`mMm W|~ H$_imÀ`m nmH$irda nS>bm AgVm gw§Xa _moË`mà_mUo M_

H$Vmo. VmoM nmÊ`mMm W|~ Oa ñdmVr ZjÌm_Üò g_wÐmVrb {e§në`mV nS>bm Va Ë`mMm gw§Xa

_moVr ~ZVmo. `mdê$Z g§JVrZo AZwH«$_o AY_, _Ü`_ d CÎm_ AdñWm àmá hmoVmV.

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4. H$mimZwgma Ðì`mMo IM© hmoÊ`mMo nwT>rbà_mUo _mJ© AmhoV. XmZ H$aUo, Cn^moJ KoUo d Ðì`mMm Zme hmoUo. Omo n¡emMm Cn^moJ KoV Zmhr, gËnmÌr XmZ H$arV Zmhr Ë`mÀ`m n¡embm Zme hmoUo hr AdñWm àmá hmoVo.

5. `m ûcmoH$mV gm§{JVboë`m ~mam Jmoï>r _mUgmÀ`m hmVmVyZ Zmhrem Pmë`mg OrdZ dm`m OmVo åhUyZ m Jmoï>r dm`m Kmby ZH$m. Xwï>, ñdmWu, bmMImD$ _§Í`m§À`m_wio amOmMo OrdZ Zï> hmoVo. àmn§{MH$ _mUgmÀ`m g§JVrZo g§Ý`mgr _mUgmMo OrdZ Zï> hmoVo. _wbmMo Iyn bmS> Ho$ë`m_wio Vmo {~KS>Vmo. doXm§Mm Aä`mg Z Ho$ë`mZo d AmË_gmV Ho$bobo kmZ BVam§Zm Z {Xë`m_wio ~«m÷U OmV Zï> hmoVo. XwamMmar nwÌm_wio Hw$imMm Zme hmoVmo. Xwï>m§À`m g§JVrZo erb {~KS>Vo. eoVrH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$ë`m_wio (eoVrMr ZrQ> XoI^mb Z Ho$ë`m_wio) eoVr Zï> hmoVo. CÝ_ÎmnUmÀ`m dmJÊ`mZo bú_r {ZKyZ OmVo. _ÚnmZm_wio A~«y (à{Vð>m) Zï> hmoVo. b~mS>rZo dmJë`mg _¡Ìr Zï> hmoVo. gVV àdmgmbm Joë`mZo ñZoh Zï> hmoVmo. MwH$sÀ`m _mJm©Zo n¡gm IM© Ho$ë`mZo n¡gm Zï> hmoVmo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) dm_Z n§{S>V `m na§naoVrb AJ«JÊ` H$dr hmoV.(A) g§V na§nam (~) n§{S>Vr na§nam (H$) em{har (S>) Adm©MrZ H$mì`

(Am) "`_Š`m dm_Z' Ago `m§Zm åhUVmV.(A) _moamon§V (~) _wŠVoûda (H$) dm_Z n§{S>V (S>) Zahar

(B) "gwûcmoH$ dm_ZmMm' `m H${dVoVrb ûcmoH$ `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoV>bo AmhoV.(A) Zr{VeVH$ (~) d¡am½` eVH$ (H$) e¥§Jma eVH$ (S>) Ho$H$mdbr

(B©) Xþgè`mda CnH$ma H$aUmè`m§Mm ñd^md hm Amho.(A) XmZ H$aUo (~) Z_« hmoUo (H$) H$îQ> H$aUo (S>) X`m H$aUo

(C) Ob XoUmam Vmo ..............(A) ObXmB© (~) ObX

(H$) ObXmVm (S>) Z^

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(D$) A{VbmS> Ho$ë`mZo .....

(A) _wbJm AmZ§XrV hmoVmo (~) gwg§ñH$ma hmoVmo

(H$) _wbJm {~KS>Vmo (S>) _wbJm hÅ>r hmoVmo.

(E) amOm d amÁ` `m_wio b`mbm OmVo.

(A) XþîQ>, ñdmWu, bmMImD$ _§Í`m§_wio (~) Eofmam_m_wio

(H$) n¡gm CYië`mZo (S>) Amigm_wio


(A) dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Zr Amnë`m H$mì`mV H$moUË`m Ab§H$mamMm {dnwb à_mUmV dmna Ho$bm Amho?

(Am) PmS>o H$emÀ`m AmoÂ`mZo Imbr dmH$VmV?

(B) Wmoa _mUgo H$emMm Jd© H$arV ZmhrV?

(B©) nmÊ`mMm W|~ Ho$ìhm _moË`mà_mUo M_H$Vmo?

(C) bmoI§S>mÀ`m CXmhaUmVyZ H$drZo H$moUVm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho?

(D$) YZmÀ`m VrZ AdñWm H$moUË`m?

(E) ~«m÷UOmV H$em_wio ZîQ> hmoV Amho Ago dm_Zn§{S>Vm§Zm dmQ>Vo?

(Eo) eoVr H$moUË`m H$maUmZo ZmnrH$ ~ZVo?

(Amo) bú_r H$moUË`m H$maUmZo ZîQ> hmoVo?


(A) _yIm©Mo bjU gm§Jm?

(Am) "namonH$mar ì`ŠVrMm ñd^md g§nÎmrH$mimVhr Z_« AgVmo' `mgmR>r H$moUVr CXm

haUo {Xbr AmhoV.

(B) gÁOZm§À`m g§JVrZo CÎm_ AdñWm àmßV hmoVo ho nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mg H$moUVo CXmhaU {Xbo

Amho?

(B©) g§JVrZo _mUgmbm AY_, _Ü`_ AdñWm àmßV hmoVo ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr

CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV.

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(A) na§Vw jwÐmMo öX` YadoZm jU^ar &&

(Am) hm ñd^md CnH$ma-namMm &&

(B) Vo ñdmVrñVd ApãYewŠVr-nwQ>H$s¨ _moVr KS>o ZoQ>H|$ &


(A) Ðì`mÀ`m VrZ AdñWm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

(Am) _yIm©Mr g_OyV KmbUo H$R>rU Amho `mgmR>r H$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV.


(A) namonH$mar ì`ŠVtMm ñd^md H$gm AgVmo? ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xbr

AmhoV?

(Am) OrdZmVrb H$moUË`m JmoîQ>r hmVmVyZ {ZKyZ Joë`mg OrdZ dm`m OmVo Ago H${dbm

dmQ>Vo?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

_H$a, qgYw, gw_, d¥j, _oK, nmUr, H$_b, n¡gm, H$a, Z¥n.


CnH$ma, Z_«, J_Z, VßV, XþîQ>, AÜ``Z, ~bdmZ, nmÌ.

(B) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

_hmgn©, _hmqgYw, ObX, \$b^ma, J_Z_mJ©, XþînwÌ, Xþ_ªÌo.

(B©) Ab§H$ma AmoiIm.

d¥j \$ma bdVr \$b^mao &&

bmo§~Vr Ob-X KoD$Zr Zra| &

Wmoa Jd© Z Yar {d-^dmMm &&

hm ñd^md CnH$ma namMm &

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(B©) bKwJwé IwUm H$am d d¥Îm AmoiIm.

1. Vmo`mM| n[a Zmdhr Z CaV| g§-VßV-bmohm§Var &&

2. Ðì`mg ho J_Z_mJ© `WmdH$me

3. Xþ_ªÌo Z¥n, g§JVrñVd `Vr, H$s§ nwÌhr bmbZo &

(C) g§Yr gmoSdm

Xþ_ªÌo, XþînwÌ, IbmamYZo

CnH«$_ :

l g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tMo "_ZmMo ûcmoH$' nmR> H$am.

l "_mPm AmdS>Vm H$dr' `mda n§Yam Amoir {Z~§Y {bhm.

l dm_Z n§{S>Vm§Mo "~mbH«$sS>m' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

{Z…ñn¥h {Z…ûdmg narjH$

narjm ZoD$Z gyMZm

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4. \$Q>H$mAZ§V \§$Xr

n[aM` :

AZ§V Kmobn (1744-1819) ho Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb g§J_ZoaMo amhUmao CÎma noedmB©Vrb bmoH${à`

emhra. {nT>rOmV gam\$s ì`dgm` gmoSy>Z Vo V_mem_Ü`o a__mU Pmbo. nwT>o A{hë`m~mB© hmoiH$am§§À`m

CnXoem_wio V_memMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Vo H$sV©ZmH$S>o dibo. Am{U à{gÜX H$sV©ZH$ma åhUyZhr Ë`mZr

bm¡{H$H$ {_i{dbm. Ë`m§Mo gmV nmodmS>o d H$mhr WmoS>çm bmdÊ`m CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo \$Q>Ho$ AmOhr

a{gH$m§Zm AmdS>VmV. "_mYdJ«§W' qH$dm "_mYd{ZYZH$mì`' hr Ë`m§Mr aMZm à{gÕ Amho.

"\$Q>H$m' `m aMZm àH$mamV ZrVrÀ`m CnXoemMo \$Q>Ho$ gm§JyZ OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm gai_mJu Am`wî`

ì`VrV H$aÊ`mMm CnXoe Ho$bobm Amho. hm \$Q>H$m _. Zm. AXd§V `m§À`m "n¢OU' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbm

Amho.

(_yë` gXmMma)

{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ> Zgmdr YmonQ> _mJm© gmoSw>§ ZH$mo &

g§gmam_qY Eog Amnbm CJmM ^Q>H$V {\$ê§$ ZH$mo &&

Mb gmbgnU Yê${Z {ZImbg ~mobm ImoQ>çm ~mobw§ ZH$mo &

A§{J Z_«Vm gXm Agmdr amJ Hw$Umda Yê§$ ZH$mo &

ZmpñVH$nUm§V {eê${Z OZmMm ~mob AmnUm KoC§ ZH$mo &&

^br ^bmB© H$a H$mhr nU A-Y_©-_mJm© {eê§$ ZH$mo &

_m` ~mnm§da ê$gy§ ZH$mo & Xÿa EH$bm ~gy§ ZH$mo &&

ì`dhmam_Ü`o \$gy§ ZH$mo & H$Yr [aH$m_m Agy§ ZH$mo &&

nar CbmT>mbr ^b^bË`m nmoQ>mgmR>r H$ê§$ ZH$mo && 1 &&

d_© H$mTw>Zr ea_m`mbm CU| Hw$Umbm ~moby ZH$mo &

~wS>dm`m Xþgè`mMm R>odm H$ê${Z hodm PQw>§ ZH$mo &&

_r _moR>m ehmUm YZmT>ç{h Jd©-^ma hm dmhþ§ ZH$mo &

EH$mhÿZ EH$ MT>r OJm_qY WmoanUmbm {_adw§ ZH$mo &&

{h_m`VrÀ`m ~io J[a~Jw[a~m§bm JwéH$mdw§ ZH$mo &

Xmo {Xdgm§Mr OmB©b gÎmm Anoe _mWm§ KoC§ ZH$mo &

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~hþV H$O©~mOmar hmoC{Z ~moO Amnbm XdSw>§ ZH$mo &&

ñZoømgmR>r nXa_moS> H$a na§Vw Om{_Z hmoC§ ZH$mo &&

{dS>m n¡OoMm CMbw§ ZH$mo & CUr VamOy Vmoby§ ZH$mo &

JhmU Hw$UmMo Sw>§~dw§ ZH$mo & Agë`mdar ^rH$ _mJw§ ZH$mo &&

Zgë`mda gm§JUo H$embm Jm§d VwPm {^S> Yê§$ ZH$mo && 2 &&

CJrM qZXm ñVwVr Hw$UmMr ñd{hVmgmR>r H$ê$ ZH$mo &

~ar Iwem_V ehmÊ`mMr hr _yIm©Mr Vr _¡{Ì ZH$mo &&

H$îQ>mMr ~ar ^mOr ^mH$ar VyngmH$aoMr Mmo[a ZH$mo &

Amë`m A{VWm _wR>â Úm`m _mJ| nwT>Vr nmhþ§ ZH$mo &&

{Xbr pñW{V XodmZo VrVM _mZr gwI H$qY {dQw>§ ZH$mo &

Agë`m JmR>r YZ g§M` H$a gËH$mù ì`` hQy>§ ZH$mo &&

AmVm§ VwOhr JmoîQ> gm§JVmo gËH$m_m© Amogé§ ZH$mo &

gËH$sVu-Zm¡~{XMm S>§H$m JmOo _J e§H$mM ZH$mo Ÿ&

gw-{dMma H$mVê§$ ZH$mo & gËg§JV A§Vê§$ ZH$mo &

Û¡Vmbm AZwgê§$ ZH$mo & h[a-ÔZm {dñ_é§ ZH$mo &

Jmd`mg AZ§V \§$XrMo \$Q>Ho$ _mJ| gé§ ZH$mo && 3 &&

eãXmW© :

n {~H$Q> - H$R>rU n CbmT>mbr - CMmnVr, ^mZJS>r, CnX²ì`mn n ~moO - _mZ, é~m~ n

{h_m`V - nmR>~i, Aml`, AmYma n {ZImbg ImoQ>m ~mob - g§nyU©nUo {Z{d©dmX AgË` ^mfm n

d_© - CUrd Agbobr JmoîQ> n ì``-IM© n H$mVé ZH$mo - g§H$moM H$ê$ ZH$mo n Iwem_V - ñVwVr

n{dQ>Uo - H§$Q>miUo n Zm¡~X - ZJmam n Û¡V - XþOm^md, {^ÞVm

Q>rnm :

n \$Q>H$m - bmoH$m§Zm ZrVrÀ`m CnXoemMo \$Q>Ho$ XoUmar H$mì` aMZm. hm em{har dmL²>_`mMm EH$

d¡{eîQ>çnyU© àH$ma Amho. Ë`mV bm¡{H$H$ OrdZ èñdr ìhmdo åhUyZ AË`§V naIS>nUo {dMma _m§S>bobo

AgVmV. CnXoemÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ \$Q>Š`mMo boIZ Pmbobo AgVo. AmdoenyU©, OmoaH$g ^mfoV "\$Q>Š`m'Mr

aMZm Ho$bobr AgVo.

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ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) `m§À`m CnXoem_wio AZ§V \§$Xr H$sV©ZmH$S>o dibo.(A) g§V Zm_Xod (~) ~{hUm~mB©(H$) _wŠVm~mB© (S>) A{hë`m~mB©

(Am) H$emMr ^mOr ^mH$ar ~ar Ago AZ§V \§$Xr åhUVmV.(A) Om|Yù`mMr (~) Vm§XimMr\(H$) H$ï>mMr (S>) _Š`mMr

(B) H$emMr Mmoar H$am`Mr Zmhr Ago AZ§V \§$Xr åhUVmV.(A) gmoÝ`mMr (~) n¡emMr(H$) VyngmIaoMr (S>) b>mSy>Mr

(B©) H$moUmda égy ZH$mo Ago AZ§V \§$Xr åhUVmV.(A) {_Ìmda (~) nËZrda (H$) _m`~mnmda (S>) _wbm§da

(C) H$moUmMr _¡Ìr ZH$mo Ago AZ§V \§$Xr åhUVmV.(A) ehmÊ`mMr (~) MmoamMr (H$) {^H$mè`mMr (S>) _yIm©Mr


(A) H$dr H$moUVm _mJ© gmoSy> ZH$mo Ago åhUVmV?(Am) OJmMo ~mobUo H$emgmR>r ¿`mdo bmJVo?(B) H$moUmbm Om_rZ hmoD$ ZH$mo Ago gm§JVmV?(B©) H$moUË`m H$m_mgmR>r n¡go IM© H$am`bm H$dr gm§JVmV?(C) Zm¡~XrMm S>§H$m H$Yr dmOob?


(A) A§Jr H$moUVo JwU AgmdoV d H$moUVo JwU ZgmdoV?(Am) H$dr H$emMm Jd© Yê$ ZH$mo Ago gm§JVmV?

(B) gÎmm, An`e `m~Ôb H$drZo H$m` åhQ>bo Amho?

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(A) gw{dMma H$mVé ZH$mo & gËg§JV A§Vê$ ZH$mo &&

(Am) ~hþV H$O©~mOmar hmoD$Zr & ~moO Amnbm XdSy> ZH$mo &&


(A) qZXm d ñVwVr `m ~Ôb H$drZo H$m` åhQ>bo Amho?

(Am) `m \$Q>Š`mV H$drZo H$moUVo gX²JwU gm§{JVbo AmhoV?

à.6 (dm) Imbrb àíZmMo AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(A) \$Q>H$m `m H${dVoV H$drZo H$m` H$m` H$ê$ Z`o Ago gm§{JVbo Amho?

ì`mH$aU :

(A) H${dVoVrb AZwàmg Ab§H$mamMo EH$ CXmhaU {bhm.


ZmpñVH$, amJ, CUo, Y_©, qZXm, _yI©, gwI.


gËH$_©, ñd{hV, VyngmIa, gw{dMma, h[a^OZ

CnH«$_ :

l H$dr {d.dm. {eadmS>H$a `m§Mr "^maV_mVoMr {dZdUr' hm \$Q>H$m dmMm.

l "_mZdr OrdZmVrb gXmMmamMo _hÎd' `m {df`mda Xhm Amoir {bhm.

l `m \$Q>Š`mMo dJm©V gm_wXm{`H$ Jm`Z H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

Aëng§»`mH$ AmZwf§{JH$ D$hmnmoh

H$mZR>ir {Z^©Ëg©Zm {_íH$sb

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100

5. AI§S>_hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo

n[aM` :

OmoVramd JmoqdXamd \w$bo ho (1827-1890) EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrb Wmoa H$V} g_mOgwYmaH$, g_Voda AmYmaboë`m g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>Umao {dMmad§V hmoV. nma§n[aH$ OwÝ`m Mmbr[aVr, OmVrì`dñWm, dU©ì`dñWm Am{U Jwbm_{Jar `m§À`m {déÕ Ë`m§Zr H«$m§VrH$maH$ bT>m {Xbm. {ejUmMm àdmh g_mOmÀ`m VimJmimn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r Anma H$îQ> KoVbo. gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. g_mO gwYmaUoÀ`m hoVyZo _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr {dnwb boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "~«m÷UmMo H$g~', "Jwbm_{Jar', "eoVH$è`mMm AgyS>', "Bemam', "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©', "V¥Vr` aËZ' BË`mXr Ë`m§Mo J«§W à{gÕ AmhoV.

g§Vm§Zr Á`m à_mUo "A^§J' hr H$mìàMZm Ho$br Ë`mà_mUoM _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo `m§Zr ñdV…À`m H$mìàMZobm "AI§S>' ho Zmd {Xbo Amho.

_mZdr AmMma - {dMmam_Üò gË`, kmZ, gX²{ddoH$~wÕr d _mZdVm AgUo hmM _mZdmMm Y_© Amho. Ago à{VnmXZ Imbrb "AI§S>m'VyZ ì`ŠV Pmbo Amho.

(_yë` : _mZdVm, namonH$ma)

gË`mMm {Oìhmim _ZmMr ñdÀN>Vm && {MÎmmg ñdñWVm && OoW| Amho && 1 &&

OoWo OmJm Yra gXmöX`m§V && gË`dV©Zm§V && IMu Kmbm && 2 &&

{nS>m Xþ…Io gmoer g§H$Q>o {Zdmar && Jm§Oë`mg Vmar && OJm_mOr && 3 &&

Yra Yê$Zr`m gdmª gyI XoVr && èd§V hmoVr && OmoVr åhUo && 4 &&

gË`m{dU Zmhr Y_© Vmo amoH$S>m &&OZm§er dm§H$S>m && _VôX && 1 &&

gË` gmoSy>§ OmVm§ dmXm_Üò nS>o && ~wÕrg dm§H$S>o && OÝ_â && 2 &&

gË` VmoM Y_© H$amdm H$m`_ &&_mZdm Amam_ && gd© R>m`r && 3 &&

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_mZdm§Mm Y_© gË` hrM ZrVr && ~mH$sMr Hw$ZrVr && OmoVr åhUo && 4 &&

gË`mZ| dVm©do§ Á`mg bmo^ Pmbm && _mZdr emo^bm && VmoM gwIr && 1 &&

gd© gwIr ìhmdo _wi Amem Á`mMr &&hmd gX²JwUmMr && VmoM kmZr && 2 &&

AmngwIXþ…I namM| OmUVmo && Ë`m§À`mer dV©Vmo && VmoM YÝ` && 3 &&

Aem _mZdmg gX²JwUr åhUmdm Ÿ&& md§S>r JUmdm && OmoVr åhUo && 4 &&

(_hmË_m \w$bo : g_J« dmL²>_`) AI§S> H«$_m§H$ Yra-1 {ZVr-3 _mZdr ñÌrnwéf - 23eãXmW© :

n {nS>m - Xþ…I n amoH$S>m - Iam n Hw${ZVr - Xþï>ZrVr$ n bmo^ - hmd n gË`-Iao, àm_m{UH$

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Zr H$moUË`m g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.(A) àmW©Zm g_mO (~) ~«m÷mo g_mO(H$) gË`emoYH$ g_mO (S>) Am`© g_mO

(Am) _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Mm OÝ_ {H$Vr gmbr Pmbm?(A) 1927 (~) 1827 (H$) 1826 (S>) 1829

(B) _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr H$mì` aMZobm H$moUVo Zmd {Xbo Amho?(A) A^§J (~) Amodr(H$) AI§S> (S>) ûcmoH$


(A) _mZdr {MÎmmg ñdñWVm Ho$ìhm bm^Vo?

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(Am) èd§V hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m JwUmMr JaO Amho?(B) _mZdmMm H$moUVm Y_© Amho?(B©) kmZr _mUyg H$moUmbm åhQ>bo Amho?

à.3 (am) g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(A) Yra Yê$Zr`m§ gdmª gwI XoVr&& èd§V hmoVr && OmoVr åhUo &&(Am) _mZdmMm Y_© gË` hrM ZrVr ~mH$sMr Hw$ZrVr && OmoVr åhUo &&(B) AmngwIXþ…I namM| OmUVmo && Ë`m§À`mer dVVmo && VmoM YÝ` &&

à.4 (Wm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm AmoirV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) _mZdmbm èd§V hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moU H$moUË`m gX²JwUm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho?(Am) _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr H$moUË`m _mZdmbm gX²JwUr åhQ>bo Amho?


(A) _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr gË`mMo ñdê$n H$go ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) {déÕ AWm©Mo eãX {bhm. gË`, Xþ…I, kmZr, ñdÀN>Vm, Amem, Y_©, gX²JwU

CnH«$_ :

l "OrdZmV gX²JwUmMo _hÎd' `m {df`mda Xhm AmoirV _m{hVr {bhm.l _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m "AI§S>m'Vrb gX²JwU {dMmam§Mm g§J«h H$am.l YZ§O` H$sa {b{IV "_hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo' ho M[aÌ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

AZmd¥Îm fîQ>çãXrnyVu _§{ÌnXA~«yZwH$gmZr nmobrg Xrnmdbr

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6. ào_ñdê$n AmB© !_mYd Á`w{b`Z

n[aM` :

_mYd qÌ~H$ nQ>dY©Z (1894-1939) ho "a{d{H$aU _§S>i' `m à{gÕ H${d_§S>imMo g^mgX hmoVo.

1936 gmbr OiJmd òWo âboë`m _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. "N>§XmoaMZm' `m J«§Wm~Ôb

_w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mMr S>r.{bQ>. hr nXdr Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. B§J«Or d \$magr ^mfoMo Vo àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVo.

"{dahVa§J', "ZHw$bmb§H$ma', "gwYmaH$' hr I§S>H$mìò "ñdßZa§OZ', "VwQ>bobo Xþdo', "_Ywbhar' BË`mXr

H${dVmg§J«h. JPb, gwZrV, é~m`m `m H$mì` àH$mam§Mo boIZ, Aer {dnwb aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br Amho.

"àU` n§T>arMo dmaH$ar' Ago Ë`m§Zm g§~moYÊ`mV òVo.

ào_ñdê$n AmB© hr H${dVm "J‚mbm§Obr' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbr Amho. "ñdm_r {VÝhr OJmMm

AmB©{dZm {^H$mar' Ago AmB©À`m _moR>onUm~Ôb JwUJmZ Ho$bo Amho. "AmB©{dUo nmoaH$m' am{hboë`m EH$m

_wbmÀ`m ^mdZm§Mo hiwdma Am{U öX`ñneu {MÌU `m H${dVoV Ho$bo Amho. _mVoÀ`m {d`moJmZo Am{U

AmR>dUrZo òUmar ì`mHw$iVm eãXmeãXm§VyZ H$er ì`ŠV hmoVo. Vo `m H${dVoVyZ ì`º$ Pmbo Amho.

(_yë` : _mV¥ào_)

ào_ñdê$n AmB© ! dmËgë`qgYw AmB© !

~mobmdw VyO AmVm _r H$moUË`m Cnm`r

Zmhr OJmV Pmbr Am~mi `m {OdmMr

VyPr CUrd {MÎmr AmB©, Var{h OmMr

{MÎmr VwPr ñ_aoZm H$mhrM ê$naoIm

AmB© hdr åhUyZr gmoS>r Z Ord hoH$m

{dÚmYZà{VîR>m bmô AmVm _bm hr

AmB©{dUonar _r hm nmoaH$mM amhr

gmao {_io na§Vw AmB© nwÝhm Z ôQ>o

VoUo {MVmM {MÎmr _mÂ`m AI§S> noQ>o

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AmB©, VwÂ`m {d`moJo ~«÷m§S> AmR>do Jo !H¡$bmg gmoSw>Zr ò CëHo$g_mZ doJoqH$dm {dXoh AmË_m VyPm {\$ao g^moVr,Aì`ŠV AlwYmam H$s VrW©ê$n AmoVr !

hr ^yH$ nmoaŠ`mMr hmoB© Z em§V AmB©,nmhÿ{Z`m XþÁ`m§Mo dmËgë` bmoMZm§hrdmQ>o BWyZ Omdo, VyÂ`mnwT>o {ZOmdo,ZoÌr VwÂ`m hgmdo, {MÎmr VwÂ`m R>gmdo !

eãXmW© :

n Am~mi hmoUo - hoigm§S> hmoUo n hoH$m - hÅ> n OmM - Ìmg n {MÎmr- _ZmV n {d`moJ - VmQ>mVyQ> n CëH$m - VmaH$m n {dXoh - XohahrV n ~«÷m§S> AmR>dUo- Iyn Xþ…I hmoUo n dmËgë` - ào_, _m`m, __Vm n R>gmdo - pñWa hmoUo n qgYw - g_wÐ, gmJa

ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 bm) Imbrb n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {bhm.

(A) _mYd Á`w{b`Z `m _§S>imMo g^mgX hmoVo.(A) gm{hË` _§S>i (~) gm{hË` AH$mX_r (H$) a{d{H$aU _§S>i (S>) M§Ð{H$aU _§S>i

(Am) "gwYmaH$' `m nwñVH$mMm gm{hË` àH$ma hm Amho.(A) I§S>H$mì` (~) gwZrV H$mì`(H$) {dS>§~Z H$mì` (S>) ZmQ>H$

(B) H$drMm Ord `mMm hoH$m gmoS>rZm(A) {dÚm hdr (~) AmB© hdr(H$) YZ hdo (S>) dS>rb hdo

(B©) H$m` gmoSy>Z CëHo$ g_mZ doJmZo ò Ago åh§Q>bo Amho.(A) H¡$bmg (~) AmH$me (H$) {h_mb` (S>) ñdJ©


(A) H$dr _mYd Á`w{b`ZZm H$m` åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV òV Ago?(Am) H$drMo nyU© Zmd {bhm.(B) {dÚmYZà{VîR>m bm^yZgwÕm H$dr nmoaH$mM H$m?(B©) ^yH$ nmoaŠ`mMr em§V H$m hmoV Zmhr?

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à.3 (am) Imbrb àíZm§Mr VrZ qH$dm Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) H$drbm ~«÷m§S> H$m AmR>dV Amho?(Am) dmËgë`qgYw Ago H$moUmbm d H$m åhQ>bo Amho?(B) Xþgè`m§Mo dmËgë` nmhÿZ H$drbm H$m` dmQ>Vo?


(A) ""AmB©{dUonar _r hm nmoaH$mM amhr''(Am) ""ZoÌr VwÂ`m hgmdo, {MÎmr VwÂ`m R>gmdo!


(A) _mVoÀ`m {d`moJmZo Am{U AmR>dUtZo òUmar ì`mHw$iVm ì`ŠV H$am.(Am) Aì`ŠV AlwYmam åhUOo H$m`?

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo gm§Jm. (A) ào_ñdê$n AmB© ! dmËgë`qgYw AmB© ! (A) H¡$bmg gmoSw>Zr ò CëHo$g_mZ doJo

(Am) nwT>rb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm. dmËgë`qgYw, ê$naoIm, {dÚmYZà{VîR>m, {dXoh, Aì`ŠV.

(B) dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. Am~mi hmoUo, hoH$m Z gmoS>Uo, ~«÷m§S> AmR>dUo, {MÎmr R>gUo.

CnH«$_ :

l "JPb' `m H$mì`àH$mamMr _m{hVr {_idm.l H$dr èd§V `m§Mr "AmB©' hr H${dVm dmMm.l "OZZr OÝ_^y_r ñdJm©hþZhr loîR>' `m {df`mda {Z~§YboIZ H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm.

_Z{_imD$ nümÎmmn ZoñVZm^yVàJ{Verb ghm`H$ hm{X©H$

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7. nmo`m (nmoim)~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar

n[aM` :

~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar (1880-1951) ImZXoemVrb IoS>çmV eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mV Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.

OÝ_OmV Ë`m§Zm H$mì`à{V^m bm^br hmoVr. {Zaja AgyZhr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ OrdZmMo gmH$ë`mZo

Xe©Z KS>Vo. J«m_OrdZ g§ñH¥$Vr d {ZgJ© `m§Mo gwaoI {MÌU Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mVyZ hmoVo. "~{hUm~mBªMr

JmUr' hm Ë`m§Mm H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ Amho. AZw^dmMm AñgbnUm, gw§Xa H$ënH$Vm, Jo`Vm, H$ënZm

{dbmg, ~mobr^mfoMm JmoS>dm hr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. ""{ZgJ©H$Ý`m'' åhUyZhr Ë`m§Mm

Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo.

nmo`m hr H${dVm {OÌm~ : _amR>r J«m_rU H${dVm- g§nmXH$ àm.^¡ad Hw§$^ma, àm._§Xm H$X_ `m

nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbr Amho. ~¡bm§À`m df©^amÀ`m H$îQ>m{df`r H¥$VkVm àñVwV H${dVoV ì`ŠV Ho$br Amho.

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(_yë` : H¥$VkVm)

Ambm Ambm eoVH$è`m

nmo`mMm ao gZ _moR>m

hmVr KoB©gZ dmQ>çm

AmVm e|oXÿambo KmoQ>m

AmVm ~m§Ym ao VmoaZ§

gOdm ao KaXma

H$am Am§Kmo`r ~¡bmÀ`m

bmdm qeJmbo e|Xÿa

bmdm e|Xÿa qeJmbo

e|ã`m Kw§JamÀ`m bmdm

J`m_Yr ~m§Ym Orbm

K§Q>çm Kw§Jê$ {_adm

~m§Ym H$dS>çmMm JoR>m

Am§Jmdèho Pyb N>mZ

_mWm§ aog_mMo Jm|S>o>

Mmar nm`mV n¢OZ

CR>m CR>m ~øZmB©,

Mwëho noQ>dm noQ>dm

AmO ~¡bmbo ZrdX

nwaZmÀ`m nmo`m R>odm

dT>o Zm§Ja dIa

Zhr H$ï>mbo JUVr

nrH$ eoVH$è`m hmVr

`mÀ`m Ordmda eoVr

C^o H$m_mMo {T>Jmao

~¡b H$m_Xma ~§Xm

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`mbo H$hrZmWo Pyb

XmZMmè`mMmO q_Ym

Mwëhm noQ>dm noQ>dmCR>m CR>m Am`m~m`mAmO ~¡bmbo IwamH$am§Ym nwaZmÀ`m nmo`m

ImD$ Úm ao nmoQ>ârhmoD$ Úmao _JXÿb~ergZr `m`ârAmO H$ê$ Úm ~mJyb

AmVm EoH$m _ZmVb§_mP§ òH$sM§ gm§JZ§AmO nmo`mÀ`m gZmbo_mP§ òdT>§ _mJZ§

H$go ~¡b Hw$XmiVmAmXm~mXrMr AmdS>dP§ qeJmbo ~m§YVm~mqeJmM§ S>moB©OS>

ZH$m h|S>mby ~¡bmbo_mP§ EoH$m ao Oamg§ìhVo Amnbr hmD$gAmZ ~¡bmbo Vamg

AmO nw§Om ao ~¡bmbo\o$S>m Cn²H$mamM§ XoZ§~¡bm, Iam VwPm gZeoVH$è`m VwP§ arZ !

eãXmW© :

n e|Xÿa - hm EH$ Ho$ear a§J n KmoQ>m- KmoQ>>Uo, T>diUo n e|ã`m-qeJmÀ`m Q>moH$mbm {nVir Q>monUmMm Ab§H$ma AgVmo n A§Jmdèho - A§Jmda n ~øZmB© - ~{hUmB© (~hrU) n Mwëho - Myb, MwbdU nnwaZmÀ`m nmo`m - nwaUmÀ`m nmoù`m n dIa - eoVrMo AdOma n JUVr- _moOUr n H$m_Xma> ~§Xm- H$m_

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109

H$aUmam EH$_od Agm n h|S>mby - Pm|~m Pm|~r n _JXÿb - ImD$Z gwñV hmoUo n ~mJyb - _wbm§Zm `

XmIdÊ`mH$aVm Ho$bobm EH$ nwVim n IwamH$ - ImÚ

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) eoVH$è`mMm _moR>m gU H$moUVm?(A) nmo`m (~) nwaZ nmo`m(H$) ~¡bm§Mm (S>) eoVrMm

(Am) "nmoim' gUmbm KaXma H$go gOdmd`mg gm§{JVbo Amho?(A) e|Xÿa bmD$Z (~) VmoaU ~m§YyZ(H$) nmoù`m H$ê$Z (S>) Z¡doÚ XmIdyZ

(B) ~¡bm§À`m Jù`m_Ü`o ~m§Yboë`m e|ã`m H$emÀ`m AmhoV?(A) K§Q>çm Kw§Jê$ (~) H$dS>çm (H$) aoe_mMo Jm|S>o (S>) n¢OU

(B©) ~¡bm§Zm H$emMm Z¡doÚ R>odmd`mg gm§{JVbo Amho?(A) nwaUmÀ`m nmoù`m (~) Xhr^mV (H$) H$S>~y (S>) Am§~rb


(A) e|Xÿa KmoQ>Ê`mg H$m gm§{JVbo Amho?(Am) H$d{`ÌrZo KaXma H$m d H$emàH$mao> gOdmd`mg gm§{JVbo Amho?(B) H$moUmÀ`m H$ï>>mbm JUVr Zmhr, Ago H$d{`Ìrbm dmQ>Vo?(B©) eoVH$ar H$moUmÀ`m Ordmda eoVr {nH${dVmo?(C) "~¡b H$m_Xma ~§Xm' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?(D$) nmoim `m gUm{Xder ~¡bm§Zm IwamH$ H$emMm {Xbm Amho?


(A) nmoim `m gUm{Xder ~¡bm§Zm gO{dÊ`mMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?(Am) ~¡bmÀ`m H$ï>>mMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

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(A) "C^o H$m_mMo {T>Jmao, ~¡b H$m_Xma ~§Xm

`mbm H$hrZmWo Pyb, XmZMmè`mMmO q_Ym''

(Am) "ZH$m h|S>mby ~¡bmbo, _mP§ EoH$m ao Oamg§

ìhVo Amnbr hmD$g, AmZ ~¡bmbm Vamg''


(A) nmoim gUm{Xder H$d{`Ìr H$moUVr {dZ§Vr H$aVo?

(Am) ~¡bmÀ`m CnH$mam§M XoU§ H$g§ \o$S>md`mg gm§JVmV?

à.6 (dm) nwT>rb àíZmMo gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(A) nmoim gUmMo dU©Z H$d{`ÌrZo H$go Ho$bo Amho, `mMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) dmŠàMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

CnH$mam§M XoU§, Vmo H$m_Xma ~§Xm, Zmhr H$ï>mbm JUVr, VmoaU ~m§YUo, e|Xÿa bmdUo.


e|Xÿa, Mwëho, ~§Xm, IwamH$


K§Q>çmKw§Jê$, nwaUnmoù`m, Am`m~m`m, KaXma, Zm§JadIa>, XmZMmam

CnH«$_ :

l J«m_rU JrVm§gmR>r J.b. R>moH$i `m§Mm "_rR> ^mH$a' hm H$mì`g§J«h dmMm.

l nmoim `m gUm~Ôb boIZ H$am.

l nmird àmÊ`m§Mr {MÌo O_dyZ Ë`mMo _hÎd {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

Jw§{\$V nbrH$S>o à{VH$ma

{_ñH$sb emar[aH$ g_rjm

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111

8. AmM§Ðgy`© Zm§XmoJ.{X. _mS>JyiH$a

n[aM` :

JOmZZ {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a (1919 - 1977) à{gÕ H$dr, H$WmH$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma, nQ>H$WmboIH$. "Omo{J`m', "M¡Ì~Z', "JrVam_mÙ' BË`mXr H$mì`g§J«h "AmH$memMr \$io' hr H$mX§~ar "dmQ>odaë`m gmdë`m' ho AmË_M[aÌ hr Ë`m§Mr J«§Wg§nXm. "Omo{J`m', "M¡Ì~Z', "_§Vabobo {Xdg' `m nwñVH$m§Zm _hmamîQ´> emgZmMr nm[aVmo{fHo$. ^maV gaH$maV\}$ nÙlr {H$Vm~mZo Ë`mZm gÝ_m{ZV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1976 À`m `dV_mi A{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. _amR>_moù`m OrdZmMo {d{dYa§Jr {MÌU d CËH$Q> ^mdZmerbVm hr Ë`m§Mr boIZ d¡{eîQ>ço. JrVmam_mÙmÀ`m aMZoZ§Va Ë`m§Zm "AmYw{ZH$ dmpë_H$s' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo.

àñVwV H${dVm gwaoe J§JmYa VwßVodma m§Zr g§H$bZ Ho$boë`m "Xoe^ŠVr JrVmVyZ' KoVbr Amho. ñdV§Ì ^maVmMm nm¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ d amOH$s` ÑîQ>m§V XoD$Z Jm¡ad Ho$bobm Amho.

(_yë` - Xoeào_, Xoe^º$s)

ho amîQ´> XodVm§Mo, ho amîQ´> ào{fVm§MoAmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo &&

H$V©ì`Xj ^y_r, grVmaKyÎm_mMram_mÙo KS>mdr, òWo namH«$_mMr

{ea C§M C§M ìhmdo, {h_d§V nd©VmMoAmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo && 1 &&

òWo Zgmo {Zamem, WmoS>`m nam^dmZo nmWm©g ~moY Ho$bm, òWoM _mYdmZo

hm Xoe ñVÝ` ß`mbm, JrVm»` A_¥VmMoAmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo && 2 &&

òWoM _oi Pmbm, gm_Ï`© g§`_mMm oWoM OÝ_ Pmbm, {gÕmW© Jm¡V_mMm

ho joÌ nwÊ`Xm`r, ^JdmZ VWmJVmMo AmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo && 3 &&

ho amîQ´> {dH«$_mMo, ho amîQ´> em§VVoMo gË`mW© Pw§O ¿`mdr, `m OmJË`m àWoMo

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òWo {edàVmnr, Zaqgh `mo½`VoMoAmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo && 4 &&

òWo na§nam§Mm gÝ_mZ {ZË` AmhoOZemgZmVirMm nm`mM "gË`' Amho

òWo gXm {ZZmXmo, O`JrV OmJ¥VmMoAmM§Ðgy`© Zm§Xmo, ñdmV§Í` ^maVmMo && 5 &&

eãXmW© :

n AmM§Ðgy © - M§Ðgy © Agon ªV n ào{fV- AZw m`r n {h_d§V-{h_mb` n nmW© - AOw©Z n _mYd - lrH¥$îU n JrVm»`- ^JdX²JrVm n OZemgZ - bmoH$gÎmm n grVmaKyÎm_- grVm d lram_ n gË`mW© - gË`mgmR>r

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm OÝ_ `m dfu Pmbm.(A) 1977 (~) 1919 (H$) 1976 (S>) 1980

(Am) "AmH$memMr \$io' `m nwñVH$mMm gm{hË` àH$ma hm Amho.(A) H$mX§~ar (~) H$mì`g§J«h (H$) AmË_M[aÌ (S>) H$Wmg§J«h

(B©) nmWm©g ~moY `m§Zo Ho$bm.(A) lram_mZ (~) {ed~mZo (H$) _mYdmZo (S>) Jm¡V_mZo

(C) òWo `mMm nm`mM gË` Amho.(A) OZemgZmMm (~) ^m§S>dbemhrMm (H$) hþHy$_emhrMm (S>) gmdH$maemhrMm


(A) "J{X_m§Zm' ^maV gaH$maZo H$moUVm {H$Vm~ {Xbm?(Am) "AmYw{ZH$ dmpë_H$s' Ago H$moUmbm åhQ>bo Amho?(B) òWo _oi H$emH$emMm Pmbm Amho?(B©) Zaqgh `mo½`VoMo H$moU Amho?(C) hm Xoe H$emMo ñVÝ` ß`mbm Amho?

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(A) ho joÌ nwÊ`Xm`r H$emZo ~Zbo Amho?(Am) na§nam§Mm gÝ_mZ {ZË` Amho Ago H$drZo H$m åhQ>bo Amho?(B) `m XoemVrb OmJVr àWm H$moUVr?


(A) "{ea C§M C§M ìhmdo, {h_d§V nd©VmMo'(Am) "`oWo gXm {ZZmXmo, O`JrV OmJ¥VmMo''


(A) H${dVoMm gmam§e WmoS>Š`mV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm ~moY, Pw§O, A_¥V, nd©V, M§Ð, gy`©

(Am) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm. AmM§Ðgy`©, H$V©ì`Xj, nwÊ`Xm`r, Zaqgh

(B) Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo {bhm. ho amîQ´> {dH«$_mMo, ho amîQ´> em§VVoMo.

CnH«$_ :

l Xoe^ŠVrna JrVm§Mo g§H$bZ H$am.l "O`^maVm' hr H$dr Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.l "amîQ´>r` EH$mË_Vm : H$mimMr JaO' `m {df`mda {Z~§Y boIZ H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

{e{ea Z¡F©$Ë` VËH$miOmÁdë` à{WV`e EH$gîQ>r

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9. {hadi Am{UH$ nmUr ~m.^. ~moaH$a

n[aM` :

~miH¥$îU ^Jd§V ~moaH$a (1910-1984) `m§Mm OÝ_ Jmoì`mVrb ~moar òWo Pmbm. "{MÌdrUm',

"XyYgmJa', "H$m§MZg§Ü`m', "AZwam{JUr' BË`mXr H${dVm g§J«h "^mdrU', "_mdiVm M§Ð' `m H$mX§~è`m

ho Ë`m§Mo gm{hË` à{gÕ Amho. hm gm¢X`©dmXr d¥ÎmrMm AmZ§X`mÌr H$dr. ~moaH$am§Mr ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr

d OrdZ _yëò `mda Anma lÕm hmoVr. ZmX_mYw`© Am{U gm¢X`©g¥ï>r ho Ë`m§À`m boIZmMo {deof. ^maV

gaH$maZo "nÙlr' nwañH$ma XoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho. _hmamîQ´> amÁ` nwañH$mahr Ë`m§Zm {_imbobm

Amho.

hr H${dVm Ë`m§À`m "{MÌdrUm' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ KoVbr Amho. `m H${dVo_Üò H$drZo {ZgJm©Vrb

g¥îQ>rgm¢X`©, nmUr, {hadi, new, njr, dZñnVr `m§À`m ê$nH$mVyZ _mZdmÀ`m ^md^mdZm§Mo VgoM

nañnam§darb ào_ d lÕm `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>{dbo Amho.

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(_yë` - {ZgJ©ào_)

{hadi Am{UH$ nmUr

VoWo ñ\w$aVr _Obm JmUr

{ZirVwZr nmIao nm§T>ar {H$b{~bVmV Wì`m§Zr

gwImV MaVr Jwao dmgao

bdoVwZr bhaVr H$mnao

hdoVwZr Amamo½` IoiVo Jma {Z AmagnmZr

Car {OWo ^y_rMr _m`m

CÝhmV Kmbr {hadr N>m`m

gm§{S>V H$mo_b AmZ§XmMo nmPa nmZmonmZr

{OWo Aer g_¥Õ Y[aÌr

Kw_{V Kao AZ² nwÌH$bÌr

a_o l_lr _mhoarÀ`m ñdm^m{dH$ bmdÊ`r

g»`mnaVo {OWo Z ~§YZ

pñ_VmV eaXmMo Am_§ÌU

ghOmoX²Jmar JmT> Mm§XUo, ñneu ñZoh {h_mZr

G$VyG$V§yVwZ {OWo gmohio

VgoM CKS>çmdar _moH$io

Am{U A§JUr e¥§JmamMr {Z_©i A_¥VdmUr

_mUyg OoWo hdmhdmgm

A^§J-Amodr_Yo {Xbmgm

{dídmgmda OrdZ gwpñWa, lÕm ZoH$ B_mZr

Xod {OWo öX`m§V gXmMm

ma _Zmbm Zgo CÚmMm

gwIo XþOmÀ`m {hadi {MÎmr, Xþ…Io S>moim nmUr

eãXmW© :

n bd - A§Jmdarb _D$ H$modio Ho$g n AmagnmZr - ñdÀN>, nmaXeu n H$bÌ- nËZr n bmdÊ` - gm¢X`© n ZoH$ - gainUm, gX²dV©Z n {h_mZr - ~\$m©à_mUo W§S> n l_lr - n[al_ê$nr bú_r

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ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) H$drbm JmUr ho nm{hë`mZ§Va ñ\w$aVmV (A) {hadi Am{UH$ nmUr (~) M§Ð Am{U Vmao (H$) dobr d \w$bo (S>) _wbo Am{U _wbr

(Am) hdoVyZ IoiUmao Amamo½` Ago AgVo.(A) gw§Xa (~) AmagnmZr(H$) YS>YmH$Q> (S>) Xþ~io

(B) eaXmMo Am_§ÌU H$emV AgVo?(A) pñ_VmV (~) amJmV (H$) bmo^mV (S>) _mohmV

(B©) OrdZ gwpñWa `mda Pmbobo AgVo.(A) ào_ (~) {dídmgÒ(H$) AlÕm (S>) ^ŠVr


(A) AmZ§XmMo nmPa H$moR>o gmnS>VmV?(Am) e¥§JmamMr {Z_©i A_¥VdmUr H$moR>o AmT>iVo?(B) {Xbmgm H$em_wio {_iVmo?(B©) _Zmbm CÚmMm ^ma Ho$ìhm ZgVmo?


(A) Jwao dmgao H$moR>o d H$er MaVmV?(Am) g_¥Õ Y[aÌrÀ`m {R>H$mUmMo dU©Z H$drZo H$go Ho$bo Amho?(B) A§JUmV e¥§JmamMr {Z_©i A_¥VdmUr Ho$ìhm AgVo?


(A) {OWo Aer g_¥Õ Y[aÌr Kw_{V Kao AZ² nwÌ H$bÌr (Am) _mUyg OoWo hdmhdmgm A^§J-Amodr_Yo-{Xbmgm

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(A) eaX F$VyMo dU©Z H$drZo H$go Ho$bo Amho?

(Am) "Xod {OWo öX`mV gXmMm & ^ma _Zmbm Zgo CÚmMm' `m AmoirMm AW© ñnîQ>

H$am.

à.6 (dm) Imbrb àíZmMo gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(A) `m H${dVo_Ü`o Ho$bobo {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIyZ bjU {bhm.

Car {OWo ^y_rMr _m`m &

CÝhmV Kmbr {hadr N>m`m &

(Am) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

nmZmonmZr, {Z_©i, A_¥VdmUr, gwpñWa

(B) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

nmUr, nmIê$, nwÌ, {MÎm, N>m`m, Y[aÌr, S>moim

CnH«$_ :

l ~mbH$dtÀ`m "g_J« ~mbH$dr' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVrb "lmdU_mg' d "{ZP©amg' `m H${dVm dmMm.

l "dfm©F$Vy' `m {df`mda n§Yam Vo drg Amoir {Z~§Y {bhm.

l gy`m}X`mÀ`m XoImì`mMo {ZgJ©{MÌ H$mT>m.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

A§JrH$ma H$m{hbr VËH$mbrZ

{Z…ñVãY narjU _mhmËå`

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10. gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZnw.b. Xoenm§S>o

n[aM` :

nwéfmoÎm_ bú_U Xoenm§S>o (1919-2000) ho _amR>rVrb Zm_d§V, à{V^membr, MVwaò {dZmoXr boIH$. Vo

àma§^r ~oiJmd Am{U Ë`mZ§Va _w§~B© oWrb _hm{dÚmb`mV àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. H$mhr H$mi AmH$medmUrda

A{YH$mar åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo. {gÕhñV ZmQ>H$H$ma, ZQ>, {X½Xe©H$, g§JrVH$ma åhUyZ Vo à{gÕ hmoVo.

Vo CÎm_ dºo$ Am{U Jm`H$hr hmoVo.

"gw§Xa _r hmoUma', "VwPo Amho VwOnmer', "Vr \w$bamUr' hr ZmQ>Ho$, "JUJmoV', "ì`ŠVr Am{U

dëbr', "JwU JmB©Z AmdS>r', `m gmaIr ì`pŠV{MÌo. "Anydm©B©', "nyd©a§J', "Omdo Ë`mÀ`m Xoem', gmaIr

àdmgdU©Zo, "~Q>mQ>çmMr Mmi', "dmè`mdaMr damV', "Agm _r Agm _r' `mgmaIr Ë`m§Mr EH$nmÌr

a§J^y_r Ho$di Anyd©. "ì`º$s Am{U dëbr' m Ë`m§À`m nwñVH$mbm gm{hË` AH$mX_rMm nwañH$ma {_imbm.

^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm nÙlr `m nwañH$mamZo Jm¡a{dbo Amho.

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gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ hm A^§J g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr {b{hbm Amho. m A^§JmMo {dS>§~Z nw.b. Xoenm§S>o m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. "gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ' m A^§JmMo {dS>§~Z amîQ´> godm Xb àH$meZ mZr àH$m{eV Ho$boë`m "H$bmnWH$ JrVo' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVbo Amho. {dÇ>bmÀ`m OmJr H$ï>miy eoVH$è`mMo ê$nH$ H$ê$Z dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. eoVH$è`mMm H$îQ>miynUm d{U©bm Amho.

(_yë` - H$îQmiynUm)

gw§Xa V| Ü`mZ OmB© eoVmdatAm¡V Im§Úmdar & KoD$Zr`m && Y¥. &&

H$m§go nrVm§~a Ë`mMr ImXrMr b§JmoQ>rH$aÊ`m Zm§JaQ>r& {ZKVgo &&

_H$aHw§$S>bo Ë`mbm Km_mÀ`mM YmamW§S>rbm C~mam & Km|JS>rMm &&

Vwi{e-hma Zmhr§ Jim§, H$_aobm {dim_mÏ`mda {Q>im & {MIbmMm &&

Pm|nS>tV ^wHo$bobr amhr aIw_mB© H$îQ>Umar AmB©, AÝZmdrU &&

AmaË`m åhUVr Ë`mMt ^wHo$bobt nmoa|nmoQ>mMo ZJmao & dmOdmoZr &&

eãXmW© :

n H$mgo - H$_aobm n _H$a - _Ja n _mWm - H$nmi n Am¡V - Zm§Ja n _H$a Hw§$S>bo - _JarÀ`m AmH$mamMm H$mZmVrb Ab§H$ma n AmaVr - ñVwVr n C~mam - D$~

Q>rn : {dS>§~Z H$mì` : Aem àH$maÀ`m H$mì`mVyZ IQ>çminUo {dZmoXmMr CYiU Ho$br OmVo. _wŠV JrVm§da ì`§JJrV C^o Ho$bo OmVo. {dS>§~Z åhUOo doS>mdUo, _mÌ ho doS>mdUo H$drbm CÔoeyZ ZgVo. EImXr à{gÕ H${dVm g_moa R>odyZ, `mM YVuMr H${dVm H$dr {b{hVmo. _mÌ _yi H${dVoVrb {df` JyT> qH$dm J§^ra Agob Va, {dS>§~Z H$mì`mVrb {df` gmYm d {dZmoXr AgVmo. XmoÝht H${dVm§Mm Vm|S>mdim gmaImM Agbm Var Ë`m§À`m A§Va§JmV O_rZ Añ_mZm BVH$m \$aH$ AgVmo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ Ago H$moUmbm CÔoeyZ åhQ>bo Amho.(A) eoVH$ar (~) {dÇ>b

(H$) Am¡V (S>) {dim

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(Am) eoVH$è`m§Mr _H$aHw§$S>bo H$moUVr AmhoV?(A) Zm§Ja-{dim (~) Vwi{e-hma(H$) H$mgo nrVm§~a (S>) Km_mÀ`m Ymam

(B) PmonS>rV aIw_mB© H$er am{hbr Amho?(A) ^wHo$bobr (~) _mÏ`mda {Q>im bmdyZ(H$) H$ï>Umar (S>) H$_aoda> hmV

(B©) AÞmdrU XoIrb AmB© H$m` H$aVo?(A) H$îQ> H$aVo (~) dmQ> nmhVo(H$) AmaVr åhUVo (S>) ZJmao dmO{dVo

(C) ^wHo$bobr nmoao AmaË`m H$er åhUV AmhoV?(A) Km|JS>rMm C~mam KoD$Z (~) _mÏ`mda {Q>>im bmdyZ(H$) nmoQ>mMo ZJmao dmOdyZ (S>) H$îQ> H$ê$Z


(A) eoVH$è`mMo Ü`mZ H$emdaVr Amho?(Am) eoVH$è`mMm nmofmI H$gm Amho?(B) eoVH$è`mbm W§S>rbm C~mam H$emMm {_iVmo?(B©) {MIbmMm {Q>im H$moUr d H$moR>o bmdbm Amho?


(A) ^wHo$bobr nmoao AmaË`m H$er åhUV AmhoV?(Am) eoVH$ar Zm§JaQ>r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$gm {ZKmbm Amho?


(A) ""Vwi{e-hma Zmhr Jim§, H$_aobm {dim _mÏ`mda {Q>im, {MIbmMm''(Am) ""AmaË`m åhUVr Ë`mMr ^wHo$bobt nmoa| nmoQ>mMo ZJmao, dmOdmoZr''


(A) Zm§JaQ>r H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar {ZKmbm Agë`mMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?(Am) PmonS>rV aIw_mB© Am{U nmoao H$er am{hbr AmhoV Ë`mMo dU©Z H$am.

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à.6 (dm) nwT>rb àíZmMo AmR> Vo Xhm AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(A) eoVH$è`mMo OrdZ M[aÌ H$go dU©Z Ho$bo Amho Vo {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm. Am¡V, C~mam, Km|JS>r, _mWm, _H$a

(Am) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm. nmoQ>ZJmam, _H$aHw§$S>bo, nrVm§~a, Vwi{ehma

CnH«$_ :

l Vwåhr nm{hboë`m eoVH$è`mMo ì`pŠV{MÌ aoImQ>m.l "qMMm Am{U ~moao' hm {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mm {dS>§~Z H$mì`g§J«h dmMm.l eoVH$è`mÀ`m H$m_mMo bú`nyd©H$ {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`mMr _hÎmr {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

nmofmI ÁdmbmJ«mhr XþadñWmà{V{ð>V [a_{P_ {dMma{d{Z_`

{dÇ>bmMm A^§J

gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ C^o {dQ>odar &H$a H$Q>mdar R>ody{Z`m &&

Vwigrhma Jim§ H$mgo nrVm§~a & AmdS>o {Za§Va h|{M Ü`mZ &&

_H$aHw§$S>bo VinVr ldUt &H§$R>r H$m¡ñVw^_{U {dam{OV &&

VwH$m åhUo _mP| hoqM gd© gwI & nmhrZ lr_wI AmdS>rZo &&

- g§V VwH$mam_

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11. _mhoamMr dmQ>B§{Xam g§V

n[aM` :

B§{Xam ZmamÙ g§V m (1914-2000) _amR>rVrb Zm_d§V H$d{`Ìr, bhmZnUmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mì`m~ÔbMo

AmH$f©U hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU H$moëhmnya d nwUo òWo Pmbo. nwT>o dmñVì` ~oiJmdmV Pmbo.

"ghdmg', "eobm', "_|Xr' "_¥JOi', "a§J~mdar', "~mhþë`m', "_¥Ê_`r', "J^©aoer_, "{MËH$bm',

"d§eHw$gw_', "{ZamH$ma' B. Ë`m§Mo H${dVmg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. "í`m_bm', "H$Xbr', "M¡Vy' ho Ë`m§Mo

H$Wmg§J«h. "_¥X²J§Y' hm AmË_H$WZna b{bVJÚg§J«h Am{U "_mbZJmWm', "Kw§Jwadmim' ho Ë`m§Mo bmoH$

gm{hË` {df`H$ boIZhr à{gÕ Amho. "J^©aoer_' H$mì`g§J«hmbm gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma d OZñWmZ

nwañH$ma {_imbm Amho. ñÌr_ZmVrb hiwdmanUm, {dah-ì`mHw$iVm, {d`moJ Xþ…I Am{U {ZgJ©gm¢X`©

`m§Mo g§doXZerb {MÌU Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV òVo.

àñVwV H${dVm "J^©aoer_' m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ KoVbr Amho. gmgwadm{eUrbm _mhoaMr AmR>dU oVo,

{VMo S>moio _mhoaÀ`m dmQ>oH$S>o bmJVmV. {VÀ`m S>moù`mg_moa _mhoaMr {ZgJ©Ñíò d AmR>dUr oVmV. Voìhm

{Vbm ^mg hmoVmo, H$s AmB© {Vbm ôQ>Ê`mg òVo, {VMr \$im\w$bm§Zr AmoQ>r âVo Am{U "VwPo gm¡^m½`

AI§S> amhmo!' Agm Amerdm©X XoVo Ago ^mdnyU© dU©Z `m H${dVoV Ambo Amho.

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(_yë` - AmnwbH$s, _mV¥ào_)

_mhoamMr dmQ>. {VÀ`mda A§Wabobr

{Zir _b_b Aer ZmOyH$ H$s¨,

{ndù`m {M_wH$ë`m {ngmoirZo {OÀ`mdê$Z

AbJX MmbV Omd|............

Aer dmQ>. Var _mhoa {H$Vr Odi.

S>moio CKS>VmM doerdabm H$Sw>qb~ nmdbm§da

_moha T>miVmo. nmnÊ`mdê$Z gwwJ§Y {\$adVmo.

Aem _mhoar òVo åhUVmZm, {OÀ`mgmR>t _mhoa

VrM òVo. _Z ^ê$Z ôQ>Vo.

Amnë`m M§ÐH$moatVrb Hw§$Hy$ _mÂ`m H$nmit Q>oH$Vo.

\$im\w$bm§Zt AmoQ>r âVo. Amerdm©XmÀ`m AjVm

^m§Jmda Q>mH$Vo.

S>~S>~bobo S>moio gmdarV, hgV_wIet

Zmhrer hmoVo. _r _mhoar òVo åhUVmZm ...

eãXmW© :

n T>miUo - Imbr Q>mH$Uo

Q>rn :

n {ngmoir-H$moH$U Am{U KmQ>_mÏ`mÀ`m O§JbmV AmT>iUmam emH$mhmar àmUr. Ë`mMo Vm|S> ImargmaIo

d eara _w§JgmgmaIo AgVo. Vmo H$mQ>oar dmQ>odê$Z Z OmVm gX¡d ê$iboë`m _D$ dmQ>odê$Z OmVmo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) _mhoamMr dmQ> Aer Amho.

(A) ZmOyH$ {Zir _b_b (~) {hadm Jm{bMm

(H$) diUmMr (S>) KmQ>_mÏ`mMr

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(Am) doerdaVr ho PmS> Amho.

(A) Zmai (~) \$Ug

(H$) H$Sw>qb~ (S>) dS>

(B) _mhoadm{eUrMr AmoQ>r `mZo âbr.

(A) IUZmai (~) \$io\w$bo

(H$) Vm§Xyi (S>) Jhÿ

(B©) {ngmoir gX¡d `m dmQ>odê$Z OmVo

(A) H$mQ>oar (~) ê$ibobr

(H$) Amo~S>Ymo~S> (S>) é§X


(A) dmQ>oda H$m` A§Wabobo Amho?

(Am) H$Sw>qb~ H$m` T>miVmo Amho?

(B) "{OÀ`mgmR>r _mhoa VrM oVo' Ago H$moUmbm åhQ>bo Amho?

(B©) {Vbm H$m` Odi dmQ>V Amho?

(C) AmB© boH$sbm H$moUVm Amerdm©X XoVo?


(A) {VMo S>moio S>~S>~yZ H$m òVmV?

(Am) Vr boH$sbm _Z^ê$Z H$er ôQ>Vo?


(A) ""{VÀ`mda A§Wabobr {Zir _b_b Aer ZmOyH$ H$s¨,'

(Am) "_moha T>miVmo nmnÊ`mdê$Z gwJ§Y {\$adVmo'

(B) "\$im\w$bm§Zr AmoQ>r âVo.'

à.5 (dm) Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(A) _mhoaÀ`m dmQ>oMo dU©Z H$am.

(Am) AmB©À`m ôQ>rMo dU©Z H$am.

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(A) `m H${dVoMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

M§ÐH$moa, hgV_wI, \$io\w$bo, AZ§V, ^mOr^mH$ar, n§MdQ>r

(Am) Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo {bhm.

(A) doerdabm H$Sw>qb~ nmdbm§da _moha T>miVmo.

(Am) "{Zir _b_b Aer ZmOyH$ H$s'


_mVm, gwJ§Y, {M_wH$bm, \w$b, S>moio, dmQ>

(B©) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm.

Odi, ZmOyH$, gwJ§Y, _mhoa, hgV

CnH«$_ :

l H$dr H¥$. ~. {ZHw$å~ `m§Mr "Kmb Kmb qnJm dmè`m' hr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

l "aå` Vo ~mbnU' `mda Xhm Amoir {bhm.

l "AmB©gmaIo Xþgao X¡dV Zmhr' H$ënZm{dñVma H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

{à`X{e©Zr {MH$Q>bobm aŠVòmd

ídmgmoÀN²>dmg Amerdm©X dŠV¥Ëd

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126

12. nmIam§Zmo Vwåhra_oe V|Sw>bH$a

n[aM` :

àm. a_oe AÀ`wV V|Sw>bH$a ho (1934 - 1999) _amR>rMo Zm_d§V àmÜ`mnH$, à{V^md§V H$dr d

g_rjH$ hmoV. _amR>r {df`mV E_. E. nXdr g§nmXZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr E_.E. bm Z. qM. Ho$iH$a

gwdU©nXH$ Am{U ~r.E. bm VI©S>H$a gwdU©nXH$ àmßV Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr "H$sVu' _hm{dÚmb` _w§~B© `oWo

_amR>r {d^mJmMo à_wI åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm "JrV^mZ' hm g_rjmboIm§Mm g§J«h à{gÕ

Amho. Ë`m§Zr _w»`V… H$mì` Am{U g_rjmË_H$ boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "gË`H$Wm', "AmbmoMZm', "_hmamîQ´>

gm{hË` n{ÌH$m', "`wJdmUr', B. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ Ë`m§Zr gmVË`mZo boIZ Ho$bo. "H${dVm XeH$mMr'

ho H$mì`boIZ Ho$bo. ZdrZ Xhm H$dtÀ`m H${dVm§Mo g§nmXZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü`o ^m.am. Vm§~o, nw.{e.

aoJo, AZ§V H$mUoH$a, ~m.^. ~moaH$a, J.{X. _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m H$mì`g_rjm à{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`mMà_

mUo AZ§V H$mUoH$a d B§{Xam g§V `m§À`m H${dVm§Mr {M{H$ËgH$ àñVmdZogh g§nmXZo àH$m{eV AmhoV.

àñVwV H${dVm "gË`H$Wm' (OyZ 1977) `m A§H$mVyZ à{gÕ Pmbobr Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m n`m©daU

àXÿfUmZo _mZdr OrdZ d nmIam§Mr Pmbobr AdñWm m H${dVoV dU©Z Ho$bobr Amho. AmOÀ`m {dkmZ`wJmVrb

`wX²Ü`_mZ OrdZg§Kf© AZw^dUmè`m EH$m H${d_ZmMo Xe©Z KS>{dUmar hr H${dVm Amho.

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(_yë` - n`m©daU g§dY©Z, ^yVX`m)

nmIam§Zmo, Vwåhm§bmhr AmVm `mMr gd` Pmbr Agob ....

ñdÀN>, {Zù`m AmH$memV amoO gH$mir

gmàZMo gya ngaVmV, Ë`m doir

Vwåhr Hw$R>o AgVm?

hdoV MT>V OmVmV Ë`m gwam§Mr C§M, C§M H§$nZo

Vw_À`mgmaIrM ... Voìhm Vwåhr Hw$R>o OmVm?

g_OVmV Vwåhm§bm ho YmoŠ`mMo Bemao

{Z Z§VaMo CVaË`m gwam§Vbo

"Am°b pŠbAa' Mo {Xbmgo....

"`wX²Ü`_mZ OrdZg§Kfm©Mr Am_Mr hr amoOMr Vmbr_...

nmIam§Zmo Vwåhr H$m` H$aVm?

..Amåhr Am_Mr KS>çmio bmdVmo,

Am{U H$m_mbm Om`bm

{H$Vr doi Amho `mMm A§XmO KoVmo!

nmIam§Zmo, Vwåhr......

eãXmW© :

n gmàZ - Bemam XoUmao ÜdZrjonH$, YmoŠ`mMr gyMZm XoUmam ^m|Jm n Am°b pŠbAa- gd© R>rH$ n

`wX²Ü`_mZ - gVV `wÜXmMr n[apñWVr n Vmbr_- gamd

ñdmÜ`m` :


(A) amoO gH$mir `mMo gya ngaVmV.

(A) JmÊ`mMo (~) {H$b{~bmQ>mMo

(H$) gmàZMo (S>) nmIam§Mo

(Am) {Xbmgo H$gbo {Xbo OmVmV?

(A) {dœmgmMo (~) OrdZmMo

(H$) Am°b pŠbAaMo (S>) hmoëS>Mo

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(B) Z OwiUmam eãX {bhm.

(A) IJ (~) A§S>O

(H$) {dhJ (S>) Z^

(B©) KS>çmimda `m§Mo OrdZ Adb§~yZ Amho.

(A) nú`m§Mo (~) _mUgm§Mo

(H$) àmÊ`m§Mo (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.


(A) "gmàZ' åhUOo H$m`?

(Am) AmH$me H$go Amho?

(B) hdoV H$emMr H§$nZo AmhoV?

(B©) H$drZo H$moUmbm CÔoeyZ hr H${dVm {b{hbr Amho?

(C) nmIam§Zm H$emMr gd` Pmbr Agob?


(A) gmàZÀ`m AmdmOmMm nmIam§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?

(Am) H$drMr amoOMr Vmbr_ H$er Amho?


(A) "hdoV MT>V OmVmV Ë`m gwam§Mr C§M C§M H§$nZo'

(Am) "nmIam§Zmo Vwåhmbmhr AmVm `mMr gd` Pmbr Agob...'


(A) H$drZo nmIam§Zm H$moUH$moUVo àíZ {dMmabo AmhoV?

(Am) gmàZMo gya EoH$ë`mda _mUgo H$moUVr à{V{H«$`m ì`º$ H$aVmV?


(A) nmIam§À`m AmVmÀ`m OrdZmda H$moUH$moUË`m H$maUm§_wio g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m

AmhoV Vo {bhm ?

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^mfmä`mg :

(A) Imbrb eãXm§Mo AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

Bemam, {Xbmgm, Vmbr_.

(Am) Imbrb eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm.

`wX²Ü`_mZ, OrdZg§Kf©, Ý`m`mÝ`m`, XaamoO, dZ^moOZ


nmIê$, OrdZ, AmH$me, YmoH$m, Bemam, d¥j

(B©) `wX²Ü`_mZ= `wX²Ü` + _mZ. "_mZ' OmoSy>Z V`ma Pmbobo AmUIr Mma eãX gm§Jm.

CnH«$_ :

l {dkmZ`wJmV newnú`m§À`m g_ñ`mda Cnm``moOZm gwMdm.

l "d¥jdëbr Amåhm gmo`ao dZMao' hm g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm A^§J {_idm d dmMm.

l {dkmZ`wJmVrb `wwÕgm_J«r - eñÌmñÌo `m§Mr _m{hVr d N>m`m{MÌo `m§Mm g§J«h H$am.

l "n`m©daU àXÿfU' `m {df`mda n§Yam Amoir {Z~§Y {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Á`oîR> XrnH$

gO©ZerbVm H«$sS>m {dÛÎd

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13. OJ ~Xb KmbwZr Kmd!AÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o

n[aM` : AÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o : g§mJbr {OëømVrb dmQ>oJmd òWo OÝ_. à{gÕ H$mX§~arH$ma, H$WmH$ma bmoH$emhra åhUyZ _hmamï´>mÀ`m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV d OZMidirV AmKmS>rda. `m§Mr {H$ËòH$ JrVo, nmodmS>o d V_meo AmhoV. bmoH$ZmQ>ç MidirMo à_wI AmYmañV§^ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. `m§À`m AZoH$ H$mX§~è`m§da {MÌnQ> {ZKmbo AmhoV. n{hë`m X{bV gm{hË` g§å_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo.

OÝ_: 3 Am°Jï> 1920 _w¥Ë`y: 18 Owb¡ 1969

_yë`: ~§Yy^md

OJ ~Xb KmbwZr Kmd & gm§JyZ Jobo _bm ^r_amd &&

Jwbm_{JarÀ`m `m {MIbmV & ê$VyZ ~gbm hm EoamdV &

A§J PmSy>Zr {ZK ~mhoar & Ko {~ZrdaVr Ymd&&

YZd§VmZr AI§S> {nibo & Y_m©Ym§Zr VgoM N>ibo&

_JamZo OUy _m{UH$ {Jirbo & Mmoa Omhbo gmd&&

R>adyZ Amåhr hrZ H$b§{H$V & OÝ_moOÝ_r H$ê$Zr A§{H$V&

{OUo bmXþZr da Ad_m{ZV & {Z_y©Z hm ôX^md &&

EH$OwQ>rÀ`m `m aWmdaVr & Amê$T> hmoD$Z Mb ~m nwT>Vr&

Zd _hmamï´>m {Z_y©Z OJVr &H$ar àH$Q> {ZO Zmd&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnmnKmd - OI_, dma n EamdV - B§ÐmMm hÎmr n {~ZrdaVr - d_m©da n KZd§VmZr - Y{ZH$, lr_§V

n Y_mªYmZr - Y_m©Zo A§K _Zwî` n _m{UH$ -aËZ n Y_mªY - A§YlÕmiw n A§{H$V - de n Ad_m{ZV

- An_m{ZV n Amê$T> - ñdma n {ZO - ñdVm:

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ñdmÜ`m`à. 1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) OJ ~Xb KmbyZr Kmd Ago H$moU gm§JyZ Jobo?(2) Jwbm_{JarÀ`m {MIbmV H$m` ê$VyZ ~gbo Amho?(3) AI§S> H$moUr {nibo Ago H$dr åhUVmo?(4) _JamZo H$m` {Jibo hmoVo?(5) X{bVmda H$em àH$maMo {OUo bmXbo hmoVo?(6) EH$OwQ>rZo H$emda Amê$T> hmoD$ Ago H$dr åhUVmo?

à. 2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.(1) ....... KmbyZr Kmd & gm§JyZ Jobo _bm ^r_amd &&(2) A§J PmSy>Zr {ZK ~mhoar & Ko .... Ymd &&(3) YZd§Vm§Zr AI§S> {nibo & .... VgoM N>ibo &(4) {OUo bmXwZr da .... & {Z_y©Z hm ^oX^md &&(5) EH$OwQ>rÀ`m `m aWmdaVr & Amê$T> hmoD$Z .....&(6) Zd ... {Z_y©Z OJVr & H$ar àH$Q> {ZO Zmd &

à. 3 Imbrb àíZmMr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) X{bVm§Zm H$moUr H$moUr Ìmg {Xbm?(2) X{bVmZr nwT>o OmÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$amdo?(3) S>m°. ^r_amd Am§~S>oH$a X{bVmZm H$moUVm g„m XoVmV?

à. 4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) X{bVm§Mo OJUo H$em àH$maMo hmoVo?(2) na§naoÀ`m nH$S>rVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r S>m°. ^r_amd Am§~oS>H$a X{bVmZm H$m` gm§JVmV?(3) H$b§{H$V {OUo Q>mHw$Z X{bVmZr H$m` H$amdo Ago H$drZo gm§{JVbo Amho?

à. 5 Imbrb AmitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.(1) YZd§VmZr AI§S> {nibo & Y_m©Ym§Zr VgoM N>ibo& _JamZo OUy _m{UH$ {Jibo & Mmoa Omhbo gmd &&(2) EH$OwQ>rÀ`m `m aWmdaVr & Amê$T> hmoD$Z Mb ~m nwT>Vr && Zd _hmamï´>m {Z_y©Z OJVr & H$ar àH$Q> {ZO Zmd&&

à. 6 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma gmV AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm(1) `m H${dVoMm gmam§e {bhm

^mfmä`mg(A) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm Jwbm_{Jar, ^oX^md, àH$Q>, I§S>, H$b§{H$VCnH«$_l AmÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o `m§À`m bmdÊ`m d nmodmS>o `m§Mo nwñVH$ dmMm.

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14. ì`mH$aU {d^mJAb§H$ma

{dÚmWu {_ÌmZmo, AmR>drÀ`m dJm©V Ab§H$mam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. ZddrÀ`m dJm©V íbof, ì`{VaoH$ d A{Ve`moº$s `m VrZ Ab§H$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

íbof Ab§H$ma : Ooìhm JÚmV qH$dm nÚmV EH$mM eãXmVyZ XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ AW© ì`ŠV hmoVmV Voìhm eãX M_ËH¥$Vr gmYbr OmVo Voìhm "íbof' Ab§H$ma hmoVmo. hm eãXmb§H$ma d AWm©b§H$mahr Amho.

CXm : 1. lrH¥$îU Zdam _r Zdar 2. {eewnmb Zdam _r Z-dar Zdar = ZddYy. Z dar = daUma Zmhr.

CXm : ho _oKm, Vy gdmª§Zm OrdZ XoVmog. {_ÌmÀ`m CX`mZo H$moUmg AmZ§X hmoV Zmhr.

ì`{VaoH$ : Ooìhm Cn_o` ho Cn_mZmnojm loîR> Amho Ago dU©Z Ho$bobo AgVo. Voìhm "ì`{VaoH$' Ab§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm : _D$ _oUmhþ{Z Amåhr {dîUwXmg & H$R>rU dO«mg ^oXÿ Eogo &&

darb CXmhaUmV "{dîUwXmg' ho Cn_o` d "_oU' ho Cn_mZ Amho. _oUmÀ`m _D$nUmnojm {dîUwXmgm§Mm _D$nUm A{YH$ Amho. åhUOoM Cn_mZmnojm Cn_o` loîR> Amho Ago gm§{JVbo Amho. H$R>rU Aem dO«mbm ^oXÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© (H$mR>rÊ`) {dîUwXmgm§Odi Amho.

CXm : Vy _mD$brhÿZ _`mi> M§ÐmhÿZr {eVi & nm{U`mhÿZ nmVi H$ëbmoi ào_mMm &

A{Ve`moŠVr : Ooìhm H$moUVrhr H$ënZm Amho Ë`mnojm Iyn \w$JdyZ gm§{JVbobr AgVo d Ë`mVrb Ag§^mì`Vm A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$ê$Z gm§{JVbobr AgVo Ë`mdoir "A{Ve`moº$s' Ab§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm : Omo A§~ar C\$miVm Iya bmJbm ho Vmo M§Ð_m {ZO VZyd[a S>mJbmho &

M§ÐmdaMm S>mJ åhUOo ZbamOmÀ`m KmoS>çmÀ`m C\$miÊ`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m IwamMm bmJbobm S>mJ. ho Oar

Ag§^dZr` Agbo Var Vo KS>ë`mMo dU©Z Ho$ë`m_wio A{Ve`moº$s Pmbr.

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d¥Îmo B`Îmm AmR>drÀ`m dJm©V AmnU H$mhr AjaJUd¥Îmo d _mÌmd¥Îmo `m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVbr Amho.

ZddrÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV "_m{bZr', "emXÿ©b {dH«$s{S>V' hr AjaJUd¥Îmo Am{U Am`m© d qXS>r hr

_mÌmd¥Îmo Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV.

AjaJUd¥Îmo

(1) _m{bZr :

AZw{XZ AZwVmno Vmnbmo am_am`m

na_{XZX`mim Zragr _moh_m`m

na_ {XZX `mimZr agr_mo h_m`m

UUU UUU – – – U – – U – –

Z Z _ ` `

bjUo

(1) Aja g§»`m - n§Yam

(2) JU - Z Z _ ` `

(3) `Vr - AmR>ì`m Ajamda

Imbrb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm.

(A) aKwn{Vgh eæ`m ^y{_ ho _m`dmQ>o

(Am) _¥Xþ gwn{W-hþZr hr _m{ZVo nm`dmQ>o.

(B) H$ZH$ _¥J åhUo, Vmo nm{R>gr am_ bmJo.

(B©) AdMQ> {_iVm§ V| œmZ g§-Vmof nmdo.

(2) emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V :

{dÚm ~§Yw Ago {dXoe J_Zt {dÚm _hmXodVm &

{dÚm nyÁ` Z¥nmg hm Za ney Vr doJim VËdVm§&&

{dÚmny Á`Z¥nm ghmZ aney VrdoJ imVËd V

– – – UU – U–U UU– – – U – –U –

_ g O g V V J

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bjUo

(1) Ajag§»`m - EH$moUrg

(2) JU - _ g O g V V J

(3) `Vr - ~mamì`m Ajamda


(A) Amåhr H$moU åhUy{Z H$m` nwgVm? Amåhr Agy bmS>Ho$$

(Am) XodmMo, {XYbo Ago OJ V`| Aåhmg Ioimd`m.

(B) M§Ðmbm {Xdgm àH$me ZgU| `o H$m{_Zrbm Oam

(B©) Amåhmbm dJim-JVà^ PUr hmoVrb gmßVm{hHo$

(3) ^wO§Jà`mV :

àOm hmM H$s dËg ^y-YoZwHo$Mm &&

àOmhm MH$sd Ëg^yYo ZwHo$Mm

U– – U– – U – – U – –

` ` ` `

bjUo

(1) Ajag§»`m - ~mam

(2) JU - ` ` ` `

(3) `Vr - ghmì`m Ajamda


(A) Z¥nm Vy H$ar \$ma gm§^mi Ë`mMm

(Am) Hw$Ur XþîQ> A§Jmg bmdrb hmV.

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_mÌmd¥Îmo (1) qXS>r :

C^m Xmar H$a bmdwZr H$nmim U – – – U U – U – U – –

1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 9 _mÌm 10 _mÌm

bjUo _mÌm g§»`m - àËòH$ AmoirV 19 _mÌm AgVmV. àËòH$ AmoirMo XmoZ ^mJ. n{hë`m nydm©YmV 9 d CÎmamYm©V 10 _mÌm AgVmV.

Imbrb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm

(A) XrZ eoVH$ar Xm~wZr C_mim (Am) "Am{U hr ao !' nwgVgo gmdH$ma (B) CS>o hmñ`mMm MhþH$S>o {dIma & (B©) H$ar ^º$s {MÎmmV Z¥Ë`brbm &

(2) Am`m©

J§Y ZJm Xodm§À`m Á`mMm H$[a Ë`m Vemg ~§YZ Jm – U U – – – – – – U U – U – U – U U –

2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

12 _mÌm 18 bjUo

(1) _mÌm g§»`m - àË oH$ AmoirV 30 _mÌm AgVmVAm`m©Mo XmoZ _moR>o MaU AgVmV. nydm©Y© 12 _mÌm§Mm d CÎmamY© 18 _mÌm§Mm AgVmo. nU gm_

mÝ`V… Am`}Mo Mma MaU _mZVmV. Ë`mVrb n{hë`m d {Vgè`m MaUm§V àËòH$s 12 _mÌm AgyZ, Xþgè`m d Mm¡Ï`m MaUm§V àËòH$s 18 _mÌm AgVmV.


(1) Eogo åhUw{Z èmoXm CIir Xm_| ñd^m½` ~m§Yr Vo & ~m ! Ë`m {hV¡{fUrÀ`m ~§YZ AdKS> J_ob H$m§ YrV§o ? && (2) gwíbmoH$ dm_ZmMm, A^§JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr Amodr kmZoemMr qH$dm Am`m© _`yan§VmMr

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g_mg g_mg hm eãX "g_² + Ag²' `m g§ñH¥$V YmVynmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. `mMm AW© "EH$Ì H$aUo'

Agm hmoVmo. g_mgmV OmoS>eãX AgVmo. åhUyZ Ë`m OmoS>eãXmVrb nañna g§~§Y XmI{dUmao eãX qH$dm

{d^ŠVrMo àË`` JmiyZ Ë`m eãXm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. eãXm§À`m Aem àH$mamÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmg

"g_mg' Ago åhUVmV.

gm_m{gH$ eãX - eãXm§À`m Aem EH$ÌrH$aUmZo Omo OmoS>eãX V`ma hmoVmo. Ë`mbm gm_m{gH$ eãX

åhUVmV.

{dJ«h - g_mgmVrb Jmibobo àË`` qH$dm eãX KmbyZ Ë`mÀ`m AWm©Mr \$moS> H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm

{dJ«h Ago åhUVmV.

g_mgmMo à_wI Mma àH$ma AmhoV.

(1) Aì``r^md g_mg (2) VËnwê$f g_mg

(3) Û§Û g_mg (4) ~hþd«rhr g_mg

(1) Aì``r^md g_mg - Ooìhm g_mgmVrb n{hbo nX _hÎdmMo AgVo d Vo Aì`` AgVo. m gm_m{gH$

eãXmMm dmna {H«$`m{deofUmgmaIm Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mbm Aì``r^md g_mg Ago åhUVmV.

CXm : AmOÝ_ - OÝ_mnmgyZ, `Wmeº$s- eº$sà_mUo, Am_aU - _aon`ªV, à{V{XZ - àË`oH$

{Xder, JmdmoJmd - àË`oH$ Jmdr.

(2) VËnwéf g_mg - Á`m g_mgmVrb Xþgao nX _hÎdmMo AgVo d AWmªÀ`m Ñï>rZo Jmibobm eãX

qH$dm {d^ŠVràË`` {dJ«h H$aVmZm Kmbmdm bmJVmo Ë`mbm VËnwéf g_mg Ago åhUVmV.

VËnwéf g_mgmMo àH$ma

(1) {d^ŠVr VËnwéf g_mg - Á`m VËnwéf g_mgmV {d^ŠVrMm qH$dm {d^ŠVrMm AW© ì`ŠV

H$aUmè`m eãX`moJr Aì``mMm bmon H$ê$Z Vr XmoÝhr nXo OmoS>br OmVmV. Ë`mbm {d^ŠVr VËnwéf

g_mg Ago åhUVmV.

`m g_mgmMm {dJ«h H$aVmZm EH$m nXmMm Xþgè`m nXmer Agbobm g§~§Y Á`m {d^ŠVràË``mZo

XmI{dbm OmVmo. Ë`mM {d^ŠVrMo Zmd Ë`m g_mgmbm {Xbo OmVo.

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CXm : (A) {ÛVr`m VËnwéf : H¥$îUm{lV - H¥$îUmbm Am{lV - òWo {dJ«hmV "bm' hm {ÛVròMm

àË`` Ambm Amho. XoeJV - Xoembm JV. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : amOm{lV, Xþ…

IàmßV.

(~) V¥Vr`m VËnwéf - Vm|S>nmR> - Vm|S>mZo nmR> - òWo "Zo' hm V¥VròMm àË`` Ambobm Amho.

JwUhrZ - JwUmZo hrZ. B©ûda{Z{_©V, ^ŠVrde.

(H$) MVwWu VËnwéf - H«$sS>m§JU - H«$sS>ogmR>r A§JU. `m CXmhaUmV "gmRr' ho eãX`moJr

Aì`` MVwWuMm AW© gm§JUmao Ambo Amho. JmàmZ-Jm`rgmR>r amZ. nwT>rb CXmhaUo

gmoS>dm : nmoinmQ>, dmQ>IM©

(S>) n§M_r VËnwéf - F$U_wŠV- F$UmVyZ _wŠV. `m eãXmV "D$Z' hm n§M_rMm àË``

Ambobm Amho. godm{Zd¥Îm- godoVyZ {Zd¥Îm. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : OmVr^«ï>>, Mmoa^`.

(B) fîR>r VËnwéf g_mg - amOnwÌ - amOmMm nwÌ. `m {dJ«hmV "Mm' hm fîR>rMm àË``

Ambobm Amho. XodnyOm - XodmMr nyOm. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : bú_rH$m§V, Am§~amB©.

(B©) gßV_r VËnwéf g_mg - KaOmdB© - KamVrb OmdB© m {dJ«hmV "B©' gßV_rMm àË`` Ambobm

Amho. dZ^moOZ - dZmVrb ^moOZ. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : Hy$n_§Sy>H$, H$bmHw$eb.

(2) CnnX VËnwéf g_mg : Á`m VËnwéf g_mgm_Üò Xþgao nX YmVwgm{YV qH$dm H¥$XÝV AgVo. Ë`m

g_mgmbm "CnnX' VËnwéf g_mg' Ago åhUVmV. CXm : n§H$O - n§H$mV OÝ_Umao Vo, J«§WH$ma -

J«§W {b{hVmo Vmo. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : ObX, {ÛO.

(3) ZÄm² VËnwéf g_mg - Á`m VËnwéf g_mgmVrb n{hbo nX ZH$mamWu AgVo. Ë`mg "ZÄm² VËnwéf

g_mg' Ago åhUVmV.

`m g_mgmV "A, AZ², Z, Zm, {Z, ~o, J¡a' Aer A^md qH$dm {ZfoY Xe©{dUmar n{hbr nXo

òVmV. CXm : A`mo½`-`mo½` Zìho Vo, AZmXa - AmXa Zgbobm. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm :

Zmng§V, ZmdS>.

(4) H$_©Yma` g_mg - Á`m VËnwéf g_mgmVrb nXo EH$mM {d^ŠVrV åhUOoM àW_m {d^ŠVrV

AgVmV. Voìhm Ë`mbm "H$_©Yma` g_mg' Ago åhUVmV.

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`m g_mgmV n{hbo nX {deofU d Xþgao nX {deoî` åhUOo Zm_ AgVo. XmoÝhr nXmVrb g§~§Y

{deofU-{deoî` qH$dm Cn_mZ-Cn_o` Ago AgVoo. CXm : aŠVM§XZ - aŠVgmaIo M§XZ, _wIH$_b

- _wI hoM H$_b, mfm§Va - AÝ` mfm, nm§T>am ew^« - A{Ve` nm§T>am. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm :

dofm§Va, ZrbH$_b, {hadmJma, nwéfmoÎm_.

(5) {ÛJy g_mg - Á`m g_mgmVrb n{hbo nX g§»`mdmMH$ AgVo. d Ë`m gm_m{gH$ eãXmdê$Z

g_wƒ`mMm AW© Xe©{dbm OmVmo Ë`mbm "{ÛJw g_mg' åhUVmV. CXm : n§MdQ>r - nmM dQ>m§Mm g_yh,

ZdamÌ - ZD$ amÌtMm g_yh. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : {Ì^wdZ, gßVmh.

(6) _Ü`_nXbmonr g_mg - Ooìhm gm_m{gH$ eãXmVrb n{hë`m nXmMm Xþgè`m nXmer g§~§Y

XmI{dUmar _Ybr H$mhr nXo bmon H$amdr bmJVmV. åhUyZ m g_mgmbm "_Ü`_nXbmonr g_mg'

Ago åhUVmV. m gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$aVmZm "`wŠV, Ûmam, nwaVm, Agbobm' hr Jmibobr

nXo Kmbmdr bmJVmV. CXm. S>midm§Jo - dm§Jo`wº$ S>mi, nwaUnmoir - nwaU KmbyZ V`ma Ho$bobr

nmoir, MwbV gmgam -Zdè`mMm MwbVm `m ZmË`mZo gmgam. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : ZmVgyZ,

H$m§Xonmoho.

(3) Û§Û g_mg - Á`m g_mgmVrb XmoÝhrnXo AW©ÑîQ>çm àYmZ åhUOoM g_mZ XOm©Mr AgVmV. Ë`mbm

"Û§Û g_mg' åhUVmV.

`mMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV :

(A) BVaoVa Û§Û g_mg

(~) d¡H$pënH$ Û§Û g_mg

(H$) g_mhma Û§Û g_mg

(A) BVaoVa Û§Û g_mg -Á`m g_mgmMm {dJ«h H$aVmZm "Am{U', "d' Aem g_wƒ`~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r

Aì``mMm Cn`moJ H$amdm bmJVmo Ë`mbm BVaoVa Û§Û g_mg åhUVmV. CXm. AmB©dS>rb - AmB© Am{U

dS>rb, h[aha - h[a Am{U ha.

(~) d¡H$pënH$ Û§Û g_mg - Á`m g_mgmMm {dJ«h H$aVmZm "qH$dm', "AWdm', "dm' Aem {dH$ën~moYH$$

C^`mÝd`r Aì``m§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm bmJVmo Ë`mbm d¡H$pënH$ Û§Û g_mg Ago åhUVmV. CXm.

IaoImoQ>o - Iao qH$dm ImoQ>o, VrZMma - VrZ qH$dm Mma. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm: nmgZmnmg,

Y_m©Y_©.

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(H$) g_mhma Û§Û g_mg - Á`m g_mgmVrb nXm§Mm {dJ«h H$aVmZm Ë`mVrb nXm§À`m AWm©{edm` Ë`mM

OmVrÀ`m BVa nXmWmªMmhr Ë`mV g_mdoe Ho$bobm AgVmo. Ë`mbm g_mhma Û§Û g_mg Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. _rR>^mH$a - _rR>, mH$ar, MQ>Ur BVa gmYo ImÚnXmW© dJ¡ao dJ¡ao, MhmnmUr - Mhm, nmUr

d \$amimMo {OÞg dJ¡ao dJ¡ao. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : ^mOrnmbm, nmbmnmMmoim.

(4) ~hþd«rhr g_mg - Á`m g_mgm_Üò Ë`mVrb XmoÝhr nXm§Zm àmYmÝ` ZgyZ Ë`m XmoÝhrdê$Z gy{MV

hmoUmè`m {Vgè`m nXmMm ~moY hmoVmo d Ë`mbm àmYmÝ` AgVo. Ë`mbm ~hþd«rhr g_mg Ago åhUVmV.

`m g_mgmMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.

(A) {d^º$s ~hþd«rhr g_mg

(~) ZÄm² ~hþd«rhr g_mg

(H$) gh ~hþd«rhr g_mg

(A) {d^º$s ~hþd«rhr g_mg - ~hþd«rhr g_mgmMm {dJ«h H$aVmZm eodQ>r EH$ g§~§Yr gd©Zm_ òVo. ho

g§~§Yr gd©Zm_ Á`m {d^ŠVrV AgVo {VMoM Zmd `m g_mgmbm XoVmV. CXm. : àmßVYZ - àmßV

Amho YZ Á`mbm Agm Vmo (MVwWu), {OV|{Ð` - {OV (qOH$br)AmhoV B§{Ðò Á`mZo Agm Vmo

(V¥Vr`m), Xe_wI - Xe AmhoV _wIo Á`mbm Agm Vmo, MH«$nm{U - MH«$ Amho nm{U_Üò Á`mÀ`m

Agm Vmo, b§~moXa - b§~ Amho CXa Á`mMo Agm Vmo.

(~) ZÄm² ~hþd«rhr g_mg - Á`m ~hþd«rhr g_mgm_Üò n{hbo nX "A, AZ², Z, {Z' Ago ZH$maXe©H$

AgVo. Ë`mbm ZÄm² ~hþd«rhr g_mg Ago åhUVmV. CXm : AZ§V - A§V Zmhr Á`mbm Agm Vmo,

Zrag - Zmhr ag Á`m_Üò Ago Vo. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : Aì``, AZmXr.

(H$) gh ~hþd«rhr g_mg - Á`m ~hþd«rhr g_mgmV n{hbo nX "gh' qH$dm "g' Ago òVo. Ë`mbm

gh~hþd«rhr g_mg Ago åhUVmV. CXm : gmXa- AmXamZo g{hV Agm Omo, ghHw$Qw>§~ - Hw$Qw>§~mZo

g{hV Agm Omo. nwT>rb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm : gZmW, g\$b.

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à`moJ dmŠ`mV H$Vm©, H$_© d {H«$`mnX ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$. dmŠ`mV H$Vm©, H$_© d {H«$`mnX `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y AgVmo. åhUyZ H$Ë`m©Mr qH$dm H$_m©Mr {H«$`mnXmer g§~§Y Xe©{dUmar Aer Or aMZm AgVo {Vbm ì`mH$aUmV "à`moJ' Ago åhUVmV.

à`moJmMo _w»` VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.

(1) H$V©ar à`moJ

(2) H$_©Ur à`moJ

(3) ^mdo à`moJ

(1) H$V©ar à`moJ : Ooìhm dmŠ`mV H$Ë`m©À`m qbJ, dMZ, nwéfmà_mUo, {H«$`mnXmMo ê$n AgVo qH$dm ~XbVo Voìhm Ë`mg H$V©ar à`moJ Ago åhUVmV.

H$V©ar à`moJmMr d¡{eîQ>ço -

(A) H$Vm© àW_m {d^ŠVrV AgVmo.

(~) H$_© àW_mÝV, qH$dm {ÛVr`mÝV AgVo.

(H$) {H«$`mnX H$Ë`m©À`m qbJdMZ nwéfà_mUo AgVo.

CXm : (1) grVm JmUo JmVo

(2) Vmo emiobm OmVmo.

H$V©ar à`moJmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.(A) gH$_©H$ H$V©ar

(~) AH$_©H$ H$V©ar

(A) gH$_©H$ H$V©ar à`moJ - Á`m H$V©ar à`moJmV H$_© AgVo åhUOoM gH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX AgVo, Ë`mbm "gH$_©H$ H$V©ar' à`moJ åhUVmV.

CXm : (1) nmonQ> noê$ ImVmo.

(2) grVm noê$ ImVo.

(3) Vmo ~¡bmg ~m§YVmo.

(4) Amåhr {Jagßnm Y~Y~m nmhVmo.

(~) AH$_©H$ H$V©ar à`moJ - Á`m H$V©ar à`moJmV H$_© ZgVo d AH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX AgVo. Ë`mbm AH$_©H$ H$V©ar à`moJ åhUVmV.

CXm : (1) eodQ>r Vr dob dmiyZ Jobr. (2) Vmo emiobm OmVmo. (3) àojH$ AñdñW hmoVo. (4) PmS> Imbr nS>bo.

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(2) H$_©Ur à`moJ : Ooìhm dmŠ`mV H$_m©À`m qbJdMZnwéfmà_mUo {H«$`mnXmMo ê$n AgVo qH$dm ~XbVo. Voìhm Ë`mg H$_©Ur à`moJ Ago åhUVmV.

H$_©Ur à`moJmMr d¡{eîQ>ço -

(A) H$Vm© V¥Vr`m {d^º$sV AgVmo.

(~) H$_© àW_m {d^ŠVrV AgVo.

(H$) {H«$`mnX H$_m©À`m qbJdMZ nwéfmà_mUo AgVo.

(S>) {deofH$ê$Z {H«$`mnX ^yVH$mir AgVo.

CXm : (1) AmOrZo JmoîQ> gm§{JVbr.

(2) haUmZo H$mZ Q>dH$mabo.

(3) Amåhr Y~Y~m nm{hbm.

(4) nmo{bgm§Zr Mmoa nH$S>bm.

(3) ^mdo à`moJ : Ooìhm dmŠ`mV H$Ë`m©À`m qH$dm H$_m©À`m qbJdMZnwéfmà_mUo {H«$`mnX ~XbV Zmhr. Vo Zoh_r V¥Vr` nwéfr, Znw§gH$qbJr, EH$dMZr d ñdV§Ì AgVo Aem àH$maÀ`m dmŠ`aMZog ^mdoà`moJ Ago åhUVmV.

^mdo à`moJmMr d¡{eîQ>ço -

(A) H$Vm© V¥Vr`mÝV AgVmo qH$dm MVwWu {d^ŠVrVhr AgVmo. (~) H$_© Agë`mg H$_m©Mr "g' àË``r {ÛVr`m {d^ŠVr AgVo.(H$) AH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJmV {H«$`mnX {dÜ`WuM AgVo.(S>) {H«$`mnX V¥Vr`nwéfr, Znw§gH$qbJr, EH$dMZr d ñdV§Ì AgVo.(B©) eŠ`mW©H$ {H«$`mnXm§Mm Zoh_r ^mdo à`moJ hmoVmo. ^mdo à`moJmMoo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.(A) gH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ(~) AH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ(A) gH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ : Á`m ^mdo à`moJmV H$_© AgVo. Vmo gH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ hmo`. CXm : (1) am_mZo amdUmg _mabo. (2) Ë`mZo ~¡bmg ~m§Ybo. (3) nmo{bgm§Zr Mmoamg nH$S>bo. (4) _m§OamZo C§Xamg nH$S>bo.

(~) AH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ : Á`m ^mdo à`moJmV H$_© ZgVo. Vmo AH$_©H$ ^mdo à`moJ hmo`.

CXm : (1) Ë`mZo AmVm Kar Omdo.

(2) _wbtZr AmgZmda ~gmdo. (3) Ë`mbm H$m_ H$adVo.

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åhUr Am{U Ë`m§Mo AW© åhUr AW©

AMmQ> ImUo, _gUmV OmUo. ImUo {nUo ømMm A{VaoH$ _¥Ë`yg {Z_§ÌU XoVmo.

AmYr ~wÕr OmVo _J bú_r OmVo. AmYr AmMaU {~KS>Vo, _J AdXgm òVo.

EH$m hmVmZo Q>mir dmOV Zmhr. ^m§S>U EH$m njmH$Sy>ZM hmoVo Ago Zmhr, Xwgè`m

njmMmhr Xmof AgVmo.

EoH$mdo OZmMo, H$amdo _ZmMo bmoH$m§Mo _V ¿`mdo Am{U _J AmnUmg àeñV dmQ>ob,

Vo H$amdo.

H$a Zmhr, Ë`mbm S>a Zmhr. Á`mÀ`m hmVyZ nmn KS>bobo Zmhr, Ë`mbm ^rVr

~miJÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr.

H$mR>r _maë`mZo nmUr Xþ^§JV Zmhr. Iè`m AôÚ Jmoï>r jwÐ eómZo ^§J nmdV ZmhrV.

Hw$g§VmZmnojm {Z:g§VmZ ~ao. dmB©Q> nwÌ AgÊ`mnojm nwÌ _wirM Zgbobm ~ao.

H$moëhm H$mH$S>rbm amOr. \w$H$Q>mV {_imbobr dñVy {à`.

JaOd§Vmbm A¸$b ZgVo. JaOy _mUgmbm {ZdS>rMm A{YH$ma ZgVmo.

JmT>dmbm JwimMr Md H$m` _mhrV? Mm§Jë`m dñVwMo JwU AnmÌ _mUgmbm H$iV Zm{hV.

Ka {\$abo åhUOo KamMo dmgohr {\$aVmV. à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV bhmZ _moR>o gd©M CbQ> dmJy

bmJVmV.

Mmoam§Mr nmdbo Mmoam§g R>mD$H$. g_mZ d¥ÎmrÀ`m _mUgm§Zm EH$_oH$m§Mo JwUXmof _mhrV

AgVmV

{OË`mMr ImoS> _oë`mdmMyZ OmV Zmhr. H$mhrhr Pmbo Var _mUgm§Mm d¥Îmr nmbQ>V ZmhrV

PmH$br _yR> gìdm bmImMr Amnë`m C{Udm Z XmI{dUo

{Q>Q>dr XoIrb g_wÐ AmQ>{dVo. jwÐ _mUyghr àg§J nS>ë`mg _moR>o H¥$Ë` H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

EH$ Zm YS> ^mamâ qMÜ`m. EH$m doir AZoH$ JmoîQ>r Ho$ë`mg EH$hr ZrQ> hmoV Zmhr

ImU Ver _mVr. AmB© d{S>bmà_mUoM _wbo AgVmV.

JO}b Vmo nS>ob H$m`! Omo Vm|S>mZo ZwgVr ~S>~S> H$aVmo, Ë`mÀ`m hmVyZ H$mhr

hmoB©bM `mMr ImÌr ZgVo.

nmbÏ`m KS>çmda nmUr. Ho$bobo à`ËZ dm`m OmUo.

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dmH²$àMma d AW© dmŠàMma AW©

1. A§Jmda eoH$Uo ZwH$gmZ hmoUo

2. D$a \$moS>Uo \$ma l_ H$aUo

3. AmoQ>rV KmbUo hdmbr H$aUo

4. H§$R> \w$Q>Uo dmMm \w$Q>Uo

5. H$miOmbm Kao nS>Uo öX`mbm Xþ…I hmoUo

6. S>moŠ`mV amI KmbUo g§VmnUo, amJ `oUo

7. S>moio CKS>Uo Iè`m Jmoï>rMr OmUrd hmoUo.

8. Vm|S>gwI KoUo `WoÀN> {edrJmi H$aUo

9. ZmH$mZo H$m§Xo gmobUo ~T>m`m _maUo

10. nmD$b H$mT>Uo _mKma KoUo

11. nmoQ>mV H$mdio AmoaS>Uo ^yH$ bmJUo

12. _Z VwQ>Uo {ha_moS> hmoUo

13. hmV XoUo _XV H$aUo

14. hmV, nm` hmb{dUo à`ËZ H$aUo

15. dad§Q>m {\$a{dUo {dÜd§g H$aUo

16. eaU OmUo hma nËH$H$aUo, _mKma KoUo

17. gmIa noaUo JmoS> ~mobyZ _Z di{dUo

18. hmVI§S>m AgUo Va~oO AgUo

19. hiX bmdUo _mZ _mÝ`Vog MT>Uo

20. _ZmV _m§S>o ImUo _ZmoamÁ` H$aUo

21. ~«÷m§S> AmR>dUo àM§S> hmXam ~gUo

Satati,ocumpatu;

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{Z~§Y{Z~§Y hm eãX g§ñH¥$V "{Z + ~§Y' `m YmVwnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. `m eãXmMm AW© ~m§YUo, Jw§\$Uo

Owi{dUo Agm hmoVmo.

{Z~§Y boIZmgmR>r EImXm {df` {Xë`mZ§Va Ë`m g§X^m©V AZoH$ {dMma òVmV. Ë`m§Mr

AmH$f©H$[aË`m _m§S>Ur AmnU H$aVmo. Aer gwg§JVnUo Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur åhUOo {Z~§Y hmo`.

{Z~§Y boIZmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªMr dmMZj_Vm d boIZj_Vm {dH${gV H$aVm òVo. {Z~§YmMr

nyd©V`mar {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr gVV emoYH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {ZarjU H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. ZdZdrZ _m{hVrMm g§J«h H$aUo, X¡Z§{XZ dV©_mZnÌm§Vrb ~mVå`m, VgoM gm_m{OH$,

amOH$s` d e¡j{UH$ KS>m_moS>tMo dmMZ H$aUo, Q>mMU H$aUo, ânya dmMZ H$aUo, Wmoa nwéfm§Mr M[aÌo

dmMUo Aem gd`rVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV…Mo _V V`ma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm hiyhiy {dH${gV hmoV OmVo. Aem

{dMmamMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z gyÌ~ÜX _m§S>Ur Am{U ñdV§Ì _V à{VnmXZ m_wio {Z~§Ymbm _hÎd àmßV hmoVo.

{Z~§YmMo àH$ma AZoH$ AmhoV.

Amnë`m ZddrÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo nmM àH$maÀ`m {Z~§YmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

{Z~§YmMo àH$ma (1) dU©ZmË_H$ {Z~§Y

(2) M[aÌmË_H$ {Z~§Y

(3) H$ënZm{dbmgmË_H$ {Z~§Y

(4) AmË_H$WZmË_H$ {Z~§Y

(5) d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y

{Z~§Y boIZmgmR>r _hÎdmMo _wÔo :

1. _r nm{hbobm EH$ aå` XoImdm : à^mVH$miÀ`m XoImì`mMo dU©Z- gy`m}X`mÀ`m doiMo dU©Z-àmV…H$mir hmoUmar gS>mam§Jmoir-EoHy$ òUmè`m ^ynmù`m, ^ŠVrJrVo `m§Mo dU©Z - AmZ§Xr d àgÝZ dmVmdaU - gy`m©oX`m_wio hmoUmao g¥îQ>rVrb ~Xb - new-njr, PmS>>o-dobr, \w$bnm§Iao `m§À`mVrb ~Xb - PmS>o S>mobVmV - Xdq~Xÿ M_H$VmV, nmIao JmVmV - eoVH$ar eoVmbm OmVmV - bmoH$ ewÕ hdoV {\$amd`mg OmVmV - ì`m`m_ H$aVmV - gy`m}X`mMr àgÞdoi _mUgmbm Amamo½`Xm`H$, AmZ§XXm`H$, ñ\y${V©Xm`H$ AgVo.

2. AmXe© g_mO gwYmaH$ : _hmË_m \w$bo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamîQ´>mVrb AmÚ H$V} gwYmaH$

_hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo ho hmoV - AmXe© g_mOgwYmaH$mMm EH$ _mZX§S> Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bm - Ë`m§Mm

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OÝ_ - Ë`m§Mo {ejU - Ë`m§Mo H$m`© - VimJmimVrb bmoH$m§À`m CËH$fm©gmR>r Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo -

gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm - Cno{jVm§H$S>o bj doYbo - boIZ OZOmJ¥Vr - _wbr§gmR>r emim

ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m - OZVoZo "_hmË_m' hr CnmYr {Xbr - e¡j{UH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ ~Xb Ho$bo -

AÝ`m`_mJ©, na§nao{df`r gmVË`mZo boIZ.

3. dV©_mZnÌo ~§X Pmbr Va.... : dV©_mZnÌm§Mo _hÎd - Ë`mMr Amdí`H$Vm - dV©_mZnÌo ~§X Pmbr

Va Jm|Yi _mOob - g§nmXH$, boIH$, ~mV_rXma, H$m_Jma, {dH«o$Vo `m§À`mda hmoUmam n[aUm_

- ì`mdgm{`H$ bmoH$m§Mo hmb hmoUma - Om{hamVr òUma ZmhrV åhUyZ _mbmMm In H$_r hmoB©b

- bmoH$m§Mr H$a_UyH$ ~§X hmoB©b - {MÌnQ>, ZmQ>H$, _mbmÀ`m ^mdm§Mo MT>CVma H$iUma ZmhrV

- dV©_mZnÌ H$a_UwH$sMo, bmoH${ejUmMo _mÜ`_ - XoemVrb, OJmVrb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm{hpË`H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, Mmby KS>m_moS>r g_OUma ZmhrV - g_mOmV Jm|Yi

_mOob.

4. nwñVH$mMo AmË_d¥Îm : nwñVH$mMr aMZm - ZdonUmMo H$m¡VwH$ - dmMZmb`, emim, {ejH$, {dÚmWu

d bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z hmVmiÊ`mMr {d{dY nÕV - OrUm©dñWm - dmMH$m§Mo Xþb©j - AS>JirÀ`m OmJoV

admZJr - nwñVH$mÀ`m Z{e~mbm Ambobr XþadñWm, {Zamem d I§V - dmMZmH$S>o H$mZmS>moim -

"dmMmb Va dmMmb' - _r _mÌ emnrV Yyi ImV OJVmo - Zm AmB© Zm ~mn.

5. gmjaVoMo _hÎd : gmjaVm AW© ì`mßVr - {ZajaVo_wio hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ - gmjaVo_wio Hw$Qw>§~

gw{e{jV ~Zob - àËòH$ JmoîQ>rV bj KmbyZ OmñV \$m`Xm {_idVm òVmo. CXm :eoVr,

CÚmoJ, ì`dgm`, ì`mnma, amOH$maU, AmOÀ`m H$mimV Amnbm {dH$mg AmnUM H$am`Mm Va

Omo "{eHo$b VmoM {Q>Ho$b hoM Iao! gmja OZVm ^yfU ^maVm!

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nÌboIZnÌ åhUOo EH$m AWm©Zo boIr {Xbobm {ZamonM. AmnU Amnbm {Zamon EH$m H$mJXmda {b{hVmo,

Vmo Ë`mbm H$i{dVmo, oWoM nÌboIZmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. ^mfobm {b{IV ñdê$n Amë`mnmgyZ nÌboIZ Ho$bo

OmV Amho. gmh{OH$M Ë`mMo EH$ emñÌ ~Zbo Amho. nÎmm, VmarI, _m`Zm, _OHy$a, g_mamon, eodQ>

d ñdmjar Ago V§Ì R>abo Amho. ImgJr nÌmV Ooìhm nÌboIH$ Amnë`m ^md^mdZm, {dMma Iwë`m

_ZmZo, Vi_irZo, KaJwVr _Z_moH$ù`m Ab§H$m[aH$ ^mfoV ì`ŠV$ H$aVmo. Voìhm Vo nÌ H$bmË_H$ ~ZVo.

Aemdoir nÌboIZ hr H$bm R>aVo.

nÌmMo à_wI {d^mJ :

(A) nÌ {b{hUmè`mMm nÎmm d {XZm§H$

nÌ {b{hVmZm nÌmÀ`m daÀ`m COì`m H$monè`mV Amnbo Zmd, g§nyU© nÎmm, {nZH$moS>, XÿaÜdZr

H«$_m§H$ d {XZm§H$ {bhmdm.

CXm : lr A. ~. H$.

11 "Aja ghdmg' gwI{Zdmg H$m°bZr

dm§Ðm, _w§~B©, {nZ-425004

XÿaÜdZr - (0223)2443607

{XZm§H$ - 16-04-2012

(~) _m`Zm

nÌmÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm A{^dmXZmMm Omo _OHy$a {b{hbm OmVmo Ë`mbm "_m`Zm' Ago åhUVmV.

`m_Ü`o g_mOmVrb d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ì`{º${df`r _m`Zm H$gm {bhmdm `mg§~§Yr nwT>rb H$moîQ>H$ {Xbobo

Amho.

A.H«$. H$moUmg gwê$dmV eodQ>

1. AmB© / dS>rb VrW©ê$n .. `m§Zm {e.gm.Z. {d.{d VwPm/ Vw_Mm

2. dS>rb _§S>irg VrW©ñdê$n .. `m§Zm gm. Z. {d.{d Amnbm/ Amnbr

3. {ejH$m§g Jwéd`©.. `m§Zm gmXa àUm_ {d.{d. Vw_Mm AmkmYmaH$

4. YmH$Q>m ^mD$/~hrU {Ma§Ord .. `m§g AZoH$ Amerdm©X VwPm / VwPr

5. {_Ì / _¡ÌrU {à` {_Ì/ _¡ÌrU .. ømg / VwPm/ VwPr

hrg.. gào_ Z_ñH$ma

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6. gÝ_mZZr` _mZZr`... `m§Zm gm. Z.{d. {d. Amnbm Z_« / ì`ŠVr Amnbr Z_«

7. A{YH$mar à{V (hþÔm, g§ñWoMo Zmd) _hmoX` Amnbm/Amnbr {dœmgy

(H$) _OHy$a

nÌmVrb _w»` Ame` `mV {bhmdm Vmo gwñnîQ>, Zo_H$m Agmdm.

(S>) g_mamon d ñdmjar

"H$imdo hr {dZ§Vr' Ago {bhÿZ, ImbÀ`m AmoirV "Amnbm / VwPm' {bhÿZ Ë`mImbr Amnbr ghr H$amdr.

(B) Á`mbm nÌ nmR>dm`Mo Ë`mMm nÎmm, {nZH$moS>gh

nÌmÀ`m Imbr S>mì`m H$monè`mV Á`mbm nÌ nmR>dm`Mo Amho, Ë`mMm nÎmm _moOŠ`m eãXmV d Mm§-Jë`m AjamV {bhmdm. nÎmm {b{hVmZm Zmd, KaZ§~a, {d^mJ, Jmd, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, {nZH$moS> Z§~a `m JmoîQ>r {b{hUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

CXm : lr n. \$.~ 3288 "_mhoa' ~§Jbm OmJ¥Vr ZJa, nwUo {nZ - 490032.

nÌboIZmV XmoZ _hÎdmMo àH$ma AmhoV.

1. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nÌo

2. gm_m{OH$ qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$ nÌo

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nÌmMo {df` d gm_m{OH$ nÌm§Mo {df` doJio AgVmV. {df`mZwgma nÌmMm _OHy$a H$_r-OmñV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. nÌ {b{hVmZm Vo AmQ>monera Agmdo na§Vw {df`mMm nyU© Iwbmgm H$aUmao Agmdo `mH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo.

narjogmR>r nÌ {b{hVmZm Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~rH$S>o bj Úmdo. {dam_{MÝho `mo½`arVrZo ÚmdrV. Ë`mbm ñdV§Ì JwU AgVmV. narjoV nÌ {b{hVmZm {b{hUmè`mZo Amnë`m ZmdmMm CëboI H$ê$ Z`o.

Z_wÝ`mXmIb EH$ KaJwVr nÌ {Xbo Amho.

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2. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qH$dm KaJwVr nÌ

XhmdrMm Aä`mg H$gm Mmbbm Amho, ho WmoS>Š`mV nÌmZo {_Ìmg H$idm.

A.~.H$

gamoO {Zdmg,

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VwPo nÌ {_imbo, dmMyZ AmZ§X Pmbm. gÜ`m _mPm XhmdrMm Aä`mg gwê$ Amho. nwT>À`mM

AmR>dS>çmV _mPr àW_ gamd narjm Amho. `m narjoV n{hbm Z§~a àmßV H$aÊ`mMm _mPm ÑT>{ZíM`

Amho. åhUyZ BVa H$moUË`mhr H$maUmñVd doi dm`m Z KmbdVm Aä`mgM H$aV Amho. H§$Q>mim AmbmM

Va {\$aUo d WmoS>o IoiUo EdT>oM H$aV Amho. Pmboë`m ghm_mhr narjoV ghm JwU H$_r nS>bo Am{U

_mPm àW_ H«$_m§H$ Ambm Zmhr. nU `mdoir {ZpíMV `oB©b, {ZH$mb bmJVmM Vwbm nÌmZo H$idoZ.

narjoZ§Va _bm ~m~m _w§~B©bm ZoUma AmhoV d VoWrb àojUr` ñWio _bm nhm`bm {_iUma AmhoV.

Ho$ìhm EH$XmMr gwÅ>r hmoVo Ago _bm Pmbo Amho. VwPm Aä`mg H$gm H$m` Mmbbm Amho Vo H$id.

VwPm {_Ì

Am|H$ma

nÎmm :

n.\$.^

gwJ_ {Zdmg

K.Z 892, Zohê$ Mm¡H$

gmobmnya,

{nZ - 440059

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aOm AO©

Z_wÝ`mXmIb EH$ aOoMm AO© {Xbm Amho. {dÚmWu AmOmar Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo dJ©{ejH$mH$S>o

aOoMm AO© Ho$bobm Amho.

A.~.H$

h.H«$. 21, Zddr "A'

Jm§Yr {dÚmb`,

YmadmS>

13 Owb¡ 2013

à{V

_mZZr` dJ©{ejH$

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Jm§Yr {dÚmb`, YmadmS>.

{df` : Mma {Xdgm§Mr aOm _§Oya H$ê$Z KoUo~m~mV

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AmVm AO© H$aÊ`mg H$maU H$s, _r VmnmZo \$maM AmOmar Amho. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr _bm {dlm§Vr KoÊ`mMm g„m

{Xbm Amho. Var _bm 13 Owb¡ 2013 Vo 16 Owb¡ 2013 n`ªV Mma {Xdgm§Mr aOm _§Oya H$amdr hr Z_«

{dZ§Vr. emioV hOa Pmë`mZ§Va AnyU© am{hbobm gd© Aä`mg nyU© H$arZ, Aer ImÌr XoVmo.

H$imdo

Amnbm

AmkmYmaH$ {dÚmWu

A.~.H$.

nmbH$m§Mr ghr.

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Am_§ÌUn{ÌH$m

Am_§ÌUn{ÌH$m V`ma H$aUo ho H$m¡eë`nyU© H$m_ AgVo. Ë`mMo ñdV… Mo Ago EH$ _m§S>Ur V§Ì AgVo.

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U dmL²>_`rZ joÌm_Ü`o Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m

OmUmè`m {d{dY g_ma§^m{Z{_Îm Am_§ÌU n{ÌH$m N>mnë`m OmVmV. Ë`mMm EH$ Z_wZm Imbr {Xbm Amho.

ñZoh g§_obZmMr Am_§ÌU n{ÌH$m

gm¡. d lr ...............

gào_ Z_ñH$ma {dZ§Vr {deof,

Am_À`m emaXm {dÚmb`m_Ü`o dm{f©H$ ñZohg§_obZ d nm[aVmo{fH$ {dVaU g_ma§^ {X. 28 {S>g|~a

2013 amoOr Am`mo{OV Ho$bm Amho. `m H$m`©H«$_mMo à_wI nmhþUo _m. {Oëhm{ejUm{YH$mar.... ho Amho

VgoM Am_À`m {ejU godm _§S>imMo AÜ`j _m. ........ ho AÜ`jnX ^yf{dUma AmhoV. Var

AmnU gdmªZr `m H$m`©H«$_mbm CnpñWV ahmdo. hr Z_« {dZ§Vr.

{X. 28 {S>g|~a 2013

doi - Xþnmar 3 Vo 6 dm.

ñWi - emaXm _hm{dÚmb`mMo àm§JU

Amnbo Z_«

{dÚmWu à{V{ZYr {dÚmWuZr à{V{ZYr gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d^mJ à_wI _w»`mÜ`mnH$

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ZmoH$argmR>r AO©

emgH$s`, ImOJr g§ñWm_Üò ZmoH$ar {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mhr g§ñWm {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmV

N>mnboë`m AOm©Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. nU AZoH$ {R>H$mUr C_oXdmamZo ñdhñVo {b{hboë`m AOm©Mm ñdrH$ma

Ho$bm OmVmo. AO©boIZ d _OHw$amMr _m§S>Ur ho H$m¡eë` AgVo. Aem AOm©V ñdV…{df`r g§nyU© _m{hVr

ñnîQ>nUo, AMyH$nUo {b{hUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$s Á`mVyZ Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm à^md OmUdob Ago boIZ

Agmdo. AOm©V MwH$sMo boIZ qH$dm Ë`m_Üò A{Ve`moŠVr Agy Zò.

ZmoH$argmR>r AO© H$aVmZm Imbrb JmoîQ>r bjmV ¿`mì`mV.

(1) AO©XmamMo Zmd, nÎmm d VmarI H$mJXmÀ`m darb ~mOyg Amnë`m COdrH$S>o Agmdm.

(2) ZmoH$ar XoUmè`m g§ñWoMo Zmd åhUOoM Ë`m g§ñWoÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m nXZm_mZo (AÜ`j/g{Md

/ì`dñWmnH$/_w»`mÜ`mnH$/ àmMm`©) _yi nÎ`mgh ñnîQ> {bhmdm.

(3) nÌm§Mm {df` ñnîQ>nUo {Z{X©îQ> H$amdm.

(4) "_hmoX`' `m AmXamWu g§~moYZmZo nÌmMr gwédmV H$amdr.

(5) AOm©À`m _OHw$amV ZmoH$argmR>r Om{hamV H$moR>>o à{gÕ Pmbr Ë`mMm g§X^© Úmdm. qH$dm [aŠV

nXm{df`r H$moUË`m _mÜ`_mÛmao _m{hVr g_Obr Ë`mMm g§X^© {Xbm Omdm.

(6) d` Am{U e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm `mg§~§Yr _m{hVr ZrQ> {bhmdr.

(7) AZw^d d Ë`m§g§~§Yr à_mUnÌ `mMr _m{hVr {b{hbr Agob Va Vr à_mUnÌo gmo~V OmoS>bobr

AmhoV. Aer Zm|X H$amdr.

(8) {Z`wŠVr Pmë`mg àm_m{UH$nUo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr ½dmhr Úmdr.

(9) eodQ>r "Amnbm {dídmgy' Ago {bhÿZ ghr H$amdr d Zmd {bhmdo.

(10) S>mì`m ~mOybm ñWi Am{U VmarI `m§Mm CëboI H$amdm.

Z_wZm : ZmoH$argmR>r AO©

lr A. ~. H$. am. JmoYrir Vm. ImZmnya {O. ~oiJmd ho H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb {dÚmb`, ~oiJmd

`m g§ñWoV _amR>r {df` {ejH$ nXmgmR>r AO© H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m AOm©Mm Z_wZm nwT>rb à_mUo -

Zmd A ~ H$

am. JmoYmoir Vm. ImZmnya

{O. ~oiJmd

{X. 23-5-2013

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à{V

_m. _w»`mÜ`mnH$

H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb {dÚmb`

~oiJmd

{df` : _amR>r {df` {ejH$ nXmgmR>r AO©

g§X^© : X¡{ZH$ gwà^mV _Yrb {X. 13-5-2013 Om{hamV

_hmoX`,

Amnë`m emioV {ejH$m§À`m [aº$ OmJm ^amd`mÀ`m AmhoV. Ë`m~ÔbMr Om{hamV X¡{ZH$ gwà^mVÀ`m

13-5-2013 À`m A§H$mV dmMbr. Om{hamV nmhÿZ _r _amR>r {ejH$mÀ`m OmJogmR>r AO© H$arV Amho.

_mPr d¡`pŠVH$ _m{hVr Imbrb à_mUo

(1) g§nyU© Zmd : A. ~. H$

(2) nÎmm : am. JmoYmoir, Vm. ImZmnya. {O. ~oiJmd,

(3) OÝ_VmarI : 25-7-1987

_mPr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm Imbrb à_mUo Amho.

(1) CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ embm§V narjm ~|Jiya - 2005 - 74% JwU

(2) ~r.E. H$Zm©Q>H$> {dÚmnrR, YmadmS> - 2008 - 78% JwU

(3) ~r.ES²>. H$Zm©Q>H$> {dÚmnrR, YmadmS - 2009 - 75% JwU

(4) E_.E. H$Zm©Q>H$> {dÚmnrR, YmadmS - 2012 - 70% JwU

Amnë`m emioV _bm {ejH$mMr ZmoH$ar {Xë`mg _r àm_m{UH$nUo d {ZîR>oZo AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© H$arZ,

Var _bm ZmoH$arMr g§Yr Úmdr, hr Z_« {dZ§Vr.

H$imdo

ñWi : JmoYmoir Amnbm {dídmgy

{XZm§H$ : 23-5-13 A.~.H$.

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gmo~V OmoS>boë`m à_m{UV àVr :

(1) CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ embm§V narjm JwUnÌH$

(2) ~r.E. JwUnÌH$

(3) ~r. ES²>. JwUnÌH$

(4) E_. E. JwUnÌH$

_yi H$mJXnÌo _wbmIVrÀ`m doir gmXa H$arZ.

AmH$bZ

boIZ H$m¡eë`m§er g§~§{YV Agboë`m Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªMr "AmH$bZj_Vm' {dH${gV H$aUmam hm àH$ma Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªZr dmMboë`m JÚ d nÚ CVmè`mMo AmH$bZ nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r "CVmè`mdarb àíZm§Mr CÎmao' {b{hÊ`mg gm§{JVbo OmVo. `mbmM CVmè`mMo AmH$bZ Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mgmR>r {Xbobm CVmam {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMmdm. _Ü`dVu Ame` ZrQ> g_OyZ ¿`mdm. àíZm§Mm AW© bjmV KoD$Z CÎmao Amnë`m ^mfoV g_n©H$ Aer {bhmdrV. ^mfoMo H$m¡eë`, eãXmMm dmna, dmŠ`mMr _m§S>Ur d Zo_Ho$ CÎma `mVyZ {Xboë`m CVmè`mMo {dÚmÏ`mªg {H$Vr AmH$bZ Pmbo Amho ho Ë`mdê$Z H$iVo.

Z_wZm CVmam : (1)

nwT>rb CVmam dmMyZ Ë`mImbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm hm {dH$gZerb _mZdr OrdZmMm AmË_m Amho. hr ^mdZm Zoh_r VrZ àH$mam§Zr àH$Q> hmoVo. eãXm§Zr, AlyZr Am{U H¥$VrZr. "H$mì`' ho ^mdZoMo n{hbo gw§Xa ñdén nU H$mì`mVrb eãX {H$Vrhr gw§Xa Agbo Var eodQ>r Vo dmè`mdaM {dê$Z OmVmV. "Aly' ho ^mdZoMo Xþgao ê$n ! nU _mUgmÀ`m jwãY öX`gmJamVyZ ~mhoa `oUmao ho _moVr eodQ>r _mVr_mobM R>aVmV. S>moù`mVë`m nmÊ`mZo _Zwî` ñdV…À`m öX`mVrb AmJ gwÕm em§V H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. _J OJm-Vbm dUdm Vmo H$m` {dPdUma? g^modVmbMo Xþ…I nmhÿZ ì`mHy$i Pmbobo _mUgmMo _Z hbHo$ H$aÊ`mn{bH$S>o eãX Am{U Aly `m§À`mV gm_Ï`© AgV Zmhr.

`m ^mdZoMo {Vgao ñdê$n åhUOo "H¥$Vr' Oo _mZdr àJVrbm CnH$maH$ hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m

ñdê$nmV Vr Vm|S>mZo qH$dm S>moù`m§Zr ~mobV Zmhr. Vr Zoh_r hmVmZoM ~mobVo. ñdV…Mo aŠV qenyZ

Vr BVam§Mo OrdZ \w$b{dVo.

eãX, Aly Am{U aŠV ! {VKm§À`m CJ_mMo ñWmZ EH$M nU Ë`mMr OJo {H$Vr {^ÝZ.

boIH$ : {d.g. Im§S>oH$a

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àíZ :

(1) {dH$gZerb _mZdr OrdZmMm AmË_m H$moUVm Amho?

(2) ^mdZm H$moUË`m VrZ àH$mam§Zr ì`ŠV hmoVmV?

(3) _Zwî` S>moù`mVë`m nmÊ`mZo H$m` em§V H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr?

(4) _mZdr àJVrbm H$m` CnH$maH$ R>aVo?

(5) darb CVmè`mg `mo½` Vo erf©H$ Úm.

CVmam (2)

hmñ` hr OrdZmMr EH$ _yb^yV àd¥Îmr Amho. dmL²>_`m_Ü`o Ë`mbm agmMo ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo Amho.

eãXm§À`m `moOZoZo hmñ`ag {Z_m©U H$aUo ømbm {dZmoX åhUVmV. gw{e{jV AZ gwg§ñH¥$V _mUgm§À`m

g_mOmV Am{U dmL²>_`mV {dZmoXmbm \$ma _moR>r à{VîR>m Amho. qH$~hþZm {dZmoX~wÕr AgUo ho g§ñH¥$VrMo

bjU g_Obo OmVo. {dZmoX hm H$mhr ZwgVm eãXm§Mm Ioi Zmhr. Vr OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr EH$ {demb

ÑîQ>r Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m qH$dm g_mOmÀ`m ~wÕrMm {dH$mg Pmë`mdmMyZ hr ÑîQ>r Ë`m§Zm àmßV hmoV Zmhr.

Á`m g_mOmV ì`ŠVrbm g§nyU© ñdmV§Í` Amho, Ë`m g_mOmV VméÊ`mMo dmVmdaU CËnÞ hmoVo; Ioi,

H$bm, CËgd `mMr dmT> hmoVo; Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ g_¥Õ hmoVo. Amemdm{XËd, Am¡Xm`©, IoimSy>nUm

Am{U ghmZw^yVr øm gX²JwUm§Mm Aem g_mOmV {dH$mg hmoVmo Am{U _J Ë`m_YyZ {dZmoXmMo VÎdkmZ

{Z_m©U hmoVo. {dZmoX hm B§J«O Am{U A_o[aH$Z bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmMm Va EH$ ñWm`r^md hmoD$Z ~gbobm

Amho. Á`m g_mOmV ì`ŠVrbm ñdmV§Í` Zmhr, qH$~hþZm g_mOmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r qH$dm gwajogmR>r ì`ŠVrMo

ñdmV§Í` {Z`_m§Zr, ê$T>rZr Am{U H$m`Úm§Zr Á`m g_mOmV _`m©{XV Ho$bobo AgVo, Ë`m g_mOmV {dZ-

moXmMr dmT> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

AmMm`© à. Ho$. AÌo

àíZ :

(1) {dZmoX H$embm åhQ>bo OmVo?

(2) {dZmoXmbm \$ma _moR>r à{VîR>m H$emV Amho?

(3) gX²JwUm§Mm {dH$mg H$moUË`m g_mOmV hmoVmo?

(4) {dZmoXmMr dmT> H$moUË`m g_mOmV hmoV Zmhr?

(5) darb CVmè`mg `mo½` erf©H$ {bhm.

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{^ÎmrnÌH$

embo` OrdZmV {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY CnH«$_ am~{dbo OmVmV. Ë`mVrb

EH$ CnH«$_ åhUOo {^ÎmrnÌH$ hmo`. hm CnH«$_ {dÚmWu d {ejH$m§Zr {_iyZ H$amd`mMm Amho. `m

CnH«$_mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {d{dY gwßV H$bmJwUm§Zm g§Yr {_imdr Ë`mVyZ ^mfmH$m¡eë`mMm {dH$mg ìhmdm

hm hoVy Amho. {Z~§Y boIZ, KmofdmŠò, {MÌo Am{U _m{hVr {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z KoUo Am{U Vr emioÀ`m

`mo½` {R>H$mUr àX{e©V H$aUo. `m CnH«$_m_wio Á`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr `m CnH«$_mV gh^mJ KoVbm Amho Ë`m§Zm

àmoËgmhZ {_iob. Am{U {^ÎmrnÌH$mVrb _m{hVrMm d kmZmMm {dÚmÏ`mªZm Cn`moJ hmoB©b.

CXm :

(1) nmM OyZ n`m©daU {XZ : `m {XZmÀ`m AJmoXa {dÚmÏ`mªZm n`m©daU {df`m~Ôb _m{hVr

g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo.

(A) n`m©daUmg§~§Yr {d{dY ñdê$nmV {MÌo H$mT>Uo.

(Am) n`m©daUmVrb g_ñ`m d Ë`mda Cnm` `mda boIZ H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo.

(B) n`m©daUmg§~§Yr KmofdmŠò V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo

(B©) n`m©daUm{df`r H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`º$s¨À`m H$m`m©Mo g§H$bZ H$aUo.

Aem {d{dY ñdê$nmV {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z g§H$bZ H$adyZ KoUo d n`m©daU {XZm{Z{_Îm `mo½` {R>H$mUr d

gdmªZm dmMVm òB©b Aem {R>H$mUr àX{e©V H$aUo.

Imbrb {Xboë`m {df`m§da Amnë`m emioV {d{dY CnH«$_ am~dmdoV :

(1) 31 _o ì`gZ_wŠVr {XZ.

(2) 5 OyZ OmJ{VH$ n`m©daU {XZ.

(3) 7 Owb¡ dZ_hmoËgd {XZ.

(4) 11 Owb¡ OmJ{VH$ bmoH$g§»`m {XZ.

(5) 2 AmŠQ>mo~a _hmË_m Jm§Yr O`§Vr.

(6) 1 {S>g|~a ES²>g {XZ.

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eãXg§J«hAAZwamJo - ào_mZo

Aà_Îm - Z_«

AdJUZm - qZXm

AI§S> - I§S> Zgbobm

AZW© - g§H$Q>

Aó - _§ÌmoÀMmamZo CJmaÊ`mMo hË`ma

AYmer - hmdaQ>

AY_ - ZrM

An[a{MV - AZmoiIr

AZm{_H$ - Zmd Zgbobo

AmAmn§{Jbo - Amnbm åhQ>bo

Am~mi hmoUo - hoigm§S> hmoUo.

AmXm~ - d§XZ, _wOam

AmagnmZr - ñdÀN>, nmaXeu

AmaVr - ñVwVr

BB§Ji - _moR>m qdMy

CCbmT>mbr - CMmnVr, CnX²ì`mn

C{Û½Z - hVme, {Zame

CX²Y¥V - gm§JUo

CËH$f© - ^a^amQ>

D$D$hmnmoh - MMm©

G$G$U - CnH$ma

AmoAmoemiUo - bpÁOV hmoUo.

H$H$nr - dmZa, _mH$S>

H§$Oyf - H¥$nU

H$bÌ - nËZr

H$dmS> - Xma

H$bmJV - ^m§S>U

H$Q>dbo OmUo - Xya H$aUo

H$mgo - H$_aobm

H$mbdm - JXu

H¡$dmar - g§H$Q> _wº$ H$aUmam

IIramar - JwamIr

IwamH$ - ImÚ

Iwem_V - ñVwVr

JJT>r - bhmZ {H$„m

JrVm»` - ^JdX²JrVoZo gm§{JVbobo

Jw_u - _Jê$ar

JmoË`mV - g§H$Q>mV

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157

MMS>H$Um - hmVmMm àhma H$ê$Z

{MÎmr - _ZmV

MmoI§Xi - {M{H$ËgH$

OO~mZr - Vm|S>r hH$sH$V

ObX - T>>J, _oK

OmM - Ìmg

R>R>m_ - ÑT>

S>S>m\$aUo - amJmdUo

T>T>miUo - Imbr Q>mH$Uo

VViwgw{V - H§$~aH$gyZ

VmQ>r - XadmOm

Vm§~yb - {dS>m

Vmbr_ - gamd

XXIb KoUo - bj XoUo

Xadoer - AñdbmMm Ioi XmI{dUmam

Xmam - nËZr

Xþ_ªÌr - XþîQ> ñdmWu _§Ìr

ÚmoVH$ - àVrH$

ZZ{bZr - H$_i

{ZImam - {dñVd

{ZO - ñdV:Mm

{Z`§Vm - {Z`§ÌU R>odUmam

{Z{d©H$ma - AmH$ma Zgbobo

ZoH$ - gainUm

Zm¡~X - ZJmam

nnamì`m H$maUo - Xwgè`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r

nmH$mb` - ñd`§nmH$Ka

nm§X - bhmZ dmQ>

nmW© - AOw©Z

qnS> ~m§YUo - OI_ ~m§YUo

nmo`m - nmoim

àJë^Vm - n[anŠdVm

ào{fV - AZw`m`r

~~iramOm - eoVH$ar

{~H$Q> - H$R>rU

{~bmH$gya - {~ZMyH$

~¡amJr - g§Ý`mgr, gmYw

~moO - é~m~, _mZ

~mobr - dmUr

^^wO~im - ~mhþgm_Ï`m©Zo

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158

__JXÿb - ImD$Z gwñV hmoUo

_hÎmm - _hÎd, _moR>onUm

_m - bú_r

_mWm - H$nmi

_mYd - lrH¥$îU

_w{H$`m - _wH$m

_¡\$b - g§JrV g^m

_moH${bVr - XÿaH$aUo

_moJar - bmH$S>r hmVmoS>m

``Vr - gmYw

`oaJQ>Uo - Jwa\$Q>Uo

aamd - amOm

amg - T>rJ

bb§KZ - Cndmg

ddQ>nÌ - dS>mMo PmS>

dY - R>ma _maUo

d{Y©îUw - dmT>Umam

d_© - CUrd Agbobr JmoîQ>

dgZmJma - H$nS>o R>odÊ`mMr OmJm

dmMm - ~mobUo

dmËgë` - ào_, _m`m

{dXoh - Xoha{hV

{d^d - g§nÎmr

{d`moJ - VmQ>mVyQ>

ì`` - IM©

eeŠH$b - `wŠVr

eoO - A§Wê$U, eæ`m

ggË`mW© - gË`mgmR>r

g§VVr - _wbo~mio

gÝ_Vr - Mm§Jbr ~wÕr

gÝ_m¡pŠVH$ - gw§Xa _moVr

gm - Vr (gd©Zm_)

gm`aZ - YmoŠ`mMr gyMZm XoUmam ^m|Jm

qgYw - gmJa, g_wÐ

grdmé - amZmV

ñ\w$aU - ñ\y${V©

hhdmbm - Vm~m

{h_m`V - nmR>~i, Aml`

hoH$m - hÅ>, {ZûM`

h|S>mby - Pm|~mPm|~r

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