i. kolmasova 1 , o. santolik 1,2 , j. soucek 1 , j.-e. wahlund 3 , j. bergmann 3
DESCRIPTION
IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RPWI EXPERIMENT ONBOARD THE JUICE SPACECRAFT. I. Kolmasova 1 , O. Santolik 1,2 , J. Soucek 1 , J.-E. Wahlund 3 , J. Bergmann 3. 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected] - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
RPWI EXPERIMENT ONBOARD THE JUICE
SPACECRAFTI. Kolmasova1, O. Santolik1,2, J. Soucek1,
J.-E. Wahlund3, J. Bergmann3
1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected] Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic3 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
MOTIVATIONUN Space Treaty of 1967Article IX
States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter, and where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose.
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
MOTIVATIONCOSPAR (Commitee on Space Research) is
responsible for the formulation of the the planetary protection rules
any mission to planetary bodies must follow guidelines for protection of terrestrial and extraterrestrial biosphere and for the preservation of the integrity of sites for future exploration studies
planetary protection and organic contamination control are important to mission planning, science, and design of hardware systems
A probability of introducing 1 viable terrestrial organism should be less than 10-4
(for Ganymede)
The solar system bodies are divided in 5 categories according to the body structure and mission type (flyby, orbiter, lander).
The categorization is supported by an analysis of the “remote” potential for contamination of the liquid-water environments that may exist beneath their surfaces.
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES CATEGORIZATION
CATEGORY SPECIFIC LISTING
Category I: Flyby, Orbiter, Lander: Undifferentiated, metamorphosed asteroids
Category II: Flyby, Orbiter, Lander: Venus; Moon (with organic inventory); Comets; Carbonaceous Chondrite Asteroids; Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune; Ganymede; Titan; Triton; Pluto/Charon; Ceres; Kuiper-Belt Objects > 1/2 the size of Pluto; Kuiper-Belt Objects < 1/2 the size of Pluto
Category III: Flyby, Orbiters: Mars; Europa; Enceladus
Category IV: Lander Missions: Mars; Europa
Category V: Any Earth-return mission
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
PLANETARY PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
Probability of impact and survival factors analysis
Spore Burden analysisSpores - a special dormant state of some bacteriaBurden - in PP practice, the part of sampled microbes that survive a heat shock (80°C, 20 min)
Probability of ContaminationContamination ControlRecontamination Prevention
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
PROBABILITY OF IMPACT
expected maximum probability of accidental impact on Europa, Titan, Ganymede, Callisto and Enceladus
Flyby and Orbiter spacecraft value: 10-2
Launch vehicle (or part thereof) value: 10-4
the impact analysis includes failure modes, which is needed for the assessment of transfer of spores to the surface
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
SURVIVAL FACTOR ANALYSIS
The number of microbes of type X that could survive on an icy body is based on the initial contamination level [NX0] and various survival factors:
NXS = NX0 xF1x F2x F3x F4 xF5 xF6 xF7
F1—Total number of cells relative to assayed cells (NX0) F2—Bioburden reduction survival fraction, when applied F3—Cruise survival fraction F4—Radiation survival fraction F5—Probability of impacting a protected body, including
spacecraft failure modes F6—Probability that an organism survives impact F7—Burial survival fraction
NXS should be less than 10-4
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
HOW TO ACHIEVE ACCEPTABLE CONTAMINATION (Nx0)
Surfaces must tolerate sampling with damp swabs
Areas that cannot be cleaned/assayed must be identified
Surfaces should be smooth, spores like rough surfaces
Components and materials should tolerate temperatures used for dry heat microbial reduction (110°C to 125°C)
Record keeping (assay results, hardware treatment history, manipulation with hardware after collection of assays or microbial reduction process)
All of the above apply also to hardware from outside sources
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
Class 105 (ISO class 8) or better for payload assembly
Cleanliness Spore density, m-2 Total Microbe density, m-2
Min Class 104 (ISO7) highly controlled 50 500
Class 104 (ISO7) normal control 500 5x103
Class 105 (ISO8) highly controlled 1x103 1x104
Class 105 (ISO8) normal control 1x104 1x105
Uncontrolled manufacturing 1x105 1x106
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
RECONTAMINATION PREVENTION
good cleanroom practices minimize recontamination
use of remove-before-flight covers
proper storage
transport in clean boxes
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C
Microbial examinationof flight hardware and cleanrooms
Swab assay 1 for aerobic mesophilic heat tolerant spores and vegetative bacteria
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C
Microbial examinationof flight hardware and cleanrooms
Swab assay 2for aerobic mesophilic bacteria
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
RPWI (RADIO & PLASMA WAVES IINVESTIGATION)
Experiment selected for the JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) spacecraft
RPWI is a highly integrated instrument package that provides a set of plasma and fields measurements
The key planetary protection requirements for the ESA JUICE mission are:
1) the probability of impact on Europa should be evaluated and strictly controlled
2) the chance for contamination of Ganymede’s putative ocean should be negligible.
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
DESIGN RULES FOR RPWI TO FULFILL PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
consider parts qualifications and manufacturing processes when selecting components; all components and materials should survive 125°C when inactive
take into account the advantage of vacuum and
radiation conditions after launch
assess temperature/time profiles of manufacturing processes, especially for items behind radiation shielding
design for tolerance to assays, accountable surfaces must tolerate sampling with damp swabs or wipes
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
identify areas that cannot be cleaned/assayed
IPA or ethanol are acceptable for passive contamination control
assembly and test of flight hardware in ISO 8 clean room conditions
follow ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C (microbial examination of flight hardware and cleanrooms) and ECSS-Q-ST-70-58C (bioburden control of cleanrooms)
transport in clean boxes to prevent recontamination
DESIGN RULES FOR RPWI TO FULFILL PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
International Colloquium and Workshop "Ganymede Lander: scientific goals and experiments” IKI, Moscow, Russia, 7 March 2013
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