IB HOA ~ Unit 2, Day 2:• Objective: SWBAT…describe

U.S. foreign policy with Latin America between 1933-1945.

• Agenda:– Discuss HW in groups:

• Thesis?• To what extent was region

unified?– submit

– Reminder: HW due next class: FDR PLO (FP)

• (No homework due the day you return from break.)

– Lecture notes: Inter-American Diplomacy, circa 1933 – 1945 w/ video clips etc.

First, some background information….

George Washington’s Foreign Policy:

• Isolationist!• (Farewell Address 1796):

– Warned against foreign influence and meddling in European affairs

– supported armed neutrality– supported world trade– supported only temporary

alliances with foreign nations – and only when necessary

• opposed long-term alliances

George Washington’s Farewell Address is often cited as laying the foundation for a tradition of American non-interventionism:

“The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to domestic nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.”

U.S. FP under GW = Isolationism

"The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Europe has a set of primary interests…hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns…therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves in her politics…."

George Washington’s

Farewell Address, 1796

U.S. FP today = Interventionism

HOW DOES A NATION (X) GET ANOTHER NATION (Y) TO PURSUE THE

POLICIES IT PREFERS?

• diplomacy• economic pressure • military pressure

• (Please refer to hard copy foreign policy flow chart for more detail).

Terminology:• boycott: to abstain from dealings (general term)• sanction: an economic or military coercive

measure adopted usually by several nations to force another nation (who is violating international law) to yield to adjudication (e.g. U.S. et al imposed sanctions on S. Africa during Apartheid)– e.g. a ban on humanitarian aid to a country.

• embargo: a government order prohibiting the departure or arrival of merchant ships in its ports (the U.S. still has an embargo against Cuba, which was imposed as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, so the U.S. does not trade w/ Cuba, nor are Americans allowed to travel there. )

The Basics:

• In FP, countries always try to protect their own self-interest (a.k.a. “national interest”), & the U.S. has not been any different.

• In its early years - and now – the U.S. has based its FP decisions on seeking to gain economically and to protect itself from foreign invasion.

Terms to Know:Isolationism: belief that a nation should stay out of the disputes/affairs of other nations (dominant US Policy from Washington Administration to late 19th C.)Imperialism: the political, economic, or cultural influence over a region and or country. It is not necessary to control land to be imperialistic in a region, but imperialism can include land acquisition. Colonialism: when a home/mother country controls the land/governments of others (e.g. British India)Jingoism: extreme and emotional FP intertwined with chauvinism and an assertion of masculinity, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war (e.g. TR, George W. Bush et al).

Monroe Doctrine, 1823:

• doctrine = a particular principle, position, or policy taught or advocated: (e.g. Catholic doctrines; Monroe D.)

• Def? A statement of FP issued by Pres. James Monroe, declaring U.S. would not tolerate intervention by European powers in Americas region.

Translation: 1. don’t colonize anymore LA countries, & 2. don’t intervene in any LA countries.Significance? U.S. had little intl. clout in 1823, so this did not cause immediate changes, BUT.. 1)MD did set precedent for future FP decisions re. LA. 2)2)It also marked 1st time U.S. laid claim (i.e. tried to control) to an area outside U.S. - (MD ex. of: unilateral proc.)

The Monroe Doctrine – why?As Spain’s 19th c. empire and power weakened, many of its South American colonies were declaring independence.

Fearing their colonies might revolt, too, other European monarchs were ready to help the Spanish reclaim these territories….

…In response, President Monroe delivered this famous warning to European nations: Stay out of the Western Hemisphere (translation: stay out of LA)

more on The Monroe Doctrine, from AP text:

• The Monroe Doctrine might more accurately have been called the Self-Defense Doctrine. President Monroe was concerned basically with the security of his own country – not of Latin America. The U.S. has never willingly permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near its strategic Caribbean vitals.”

• But the MD in 1823 was largely an expression of the post-1812 nationalism energizing the U.S.

• Monroe had publicly warned the Old World Powers to stay away.

US FP w/ LA between 1898-1928?

= generally one-sided, dictatorial

…and deeply resented by LA

countries

Effects & Significance of Spanish-American War:

• This war established the U.S. as an international superpower for the first time - with its first overseas territories (in Latin America and the Pacific), cultivating its imperialistic interests for the first time– Platt Amendment (1901) = replaced the earlier Teller

Amendment and stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops, remaining in Cuba since the Spanish–American War. It also defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Platt Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

• U.S. soldiers consequently stationed outside country for 1st time – so first overseas military bases

• Teddy Roosevelt = elevated to war hero status (cavalry member of Rough Riders in Cuba)

• Reunited North & South in U.S. via patriotism/support for war

• To varying degrees, the U.S. exerted influence/control over its newly-acquired territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Roosevelt Corollary (to the MD), 1904:

• Def: extension of MD by U.S. Pres. TR; asserted a right of the U.S. to intervene in order to "stabilize" the economic affairs of LA countries– more aggressive than original MD (e.g. 1902,

Venezuela vs. Germany) – this sanctioned U.S. interventionism in LA!

– To Europe: “Not only must you stay out of LA, but if you violate this, you will be met with U.S. military force!”

• Sig: asserted U.S. sphere of influence/domination in LA, essentially making U.S. a W. hemispheric policeman

Between 1898 - 1928, U.S. relations with LA were mostly

strained, but relations improved w/ Presidents Herbert Hoover and FDR

(especially FDR)….

To what extent was the U.S. involved in LA circa 1898 - 1929?

• From 1898-1932, U.S. intervened militarily in nine LA nations, a total of 34 times….

• Economic intervention: – By 1914, U.S. had $336 million invested in

Cuba & W. Indies; $93 million in Central Amer.; over $1 billion in Mexico, & considerable influence in region

• Military intervention:– 1912: Taft ordered 2,700 marines to land in

Nicaragua to protect pro-American regime against rebels•1st use of U.S. military to suppress a foreign

revolution.– President Hoover eventually withdrew these U.S.

soldiers after 20 years of being there.

6. U.S. Pd. of Interventionism in LA• had generally left a bad taste in the mouths

of LAs:– Big Stick Diplomacy (TR) – negotiate peacefully

while simultaneously threatening with the “big stick” (i.e. military); a good offense is the best defense…critics → TR was 1st imperialistic president.

– Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) - substitution for military force (“dollars for bullets”); U.S. gave loans to developing countries as it sought to influence them economically & politically…critics → economic imperialism.

– Moral Diplomacy (Wilson) – by refusing to support non-democratic LA countries, U.S. hoped to hurt them economically and thus force them into submission…critics → military interventionism.

Counterclaim: However, one can also argue that there were some U.S. interventionist policies in

LA, which had positive effects for LAs:• In first 100 years of Monroe Doctrine…

– When France & England sought to acquire territory on Yucatan Peninsula (1848), U.S. protested and protected this region, securing local (& sometimes indigenous) autonomy.

– 1851: U.S. prevented British from gaining control of Nicaragua.

– The U.S. helped Venezuela retain its established borders during a dispute with British Guiana in 1895.

– Panama Canal (opened in 1914) stimulated trade between U.S. & LA

• Panama Canal impetus for development of Panamanian infrastructure (e.g. roads to deliver and receive cargo)

– These occurrences pleased many LAs & diminished European influence in the region (= good for U.S.).

President

Herbert Hoover & Latin America

:

• President Hoover was troubled over the poor relationship the U.S. had with is southern neighbors.

• 1928: took goodwill tour of LA…granted, it was on a U.S. battleship, but this was MUCH more than his predecessors had done.

• Hoover strove to abandon the interventionist twist given to the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt. – e.g. In 1932 he negotiated a new treaty with

the French-speaking people of Haiti, and this pact, later supplanted by an executive agreement, provided for the complete withdrawal of American platoons by 1934.

– Again, in 1933 Hoover’s efforts saw the last U.S. soldiers sailing away from Nicaragua after a 20-year military presence there.

• Hoover’s foreign policy efforts in LA are noteworthy and significant because he paved the way for his successor’s (FDR) Good Neighbor Policy….

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy:• The Good Neighbor policy was a policy of "love thy

neighbor." The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors, especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise in the world once again.

• This act was more or less intended to garner Latin American support, mostly during FDR Administration: 1933-45

• Renouncing unpopular military intervention, the U.S. shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: it sought to mitigate anti-Americanism, support strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, export-import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political subversion.

• The GNP meant the U.S. would still keep its eye on Latin America but in a more peaceful, politically-correct manner.

• On March 4, 1933, FDR stated during his inaugural address that: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor--the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.“

• This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull, FDR's Secretary of State in 1933…Hull said: "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.“

Past Paper 3 Exam Question:

• To what extent were attempts at “hemispheric cooperation” successful before and during WWII?

• “The main aim of Franklin Roosevelt’s policy towards Latin America (1933-45) was to improve relations between the two regions.” Assess the validity of this statement.

• “The New Deal was the most effective policy of FDR’s presidency.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Inter-American Diplomacy:

• Inter = Latin prefix meaning: between, among, within

• Inter-American Diplomacy = diplomacy among Americas Region’s countries– U.S. & Latin American countries

What about Canada?• This topic is directed

toward U.S. & LA relations, but U.S. & Canadian relations were strong as were Canadian relations w/ LA.

• FDR 1st U.S. president to visit Canada in an official capacity.

• FDR charmed Canadians, and they received him well.– “Interested people are

interesting.”

Good Neighbor Policy (1929-1945):

1. GNP, 1929-45• Era of unprecedented

positive relations between U.S. & LA.

• Never before – and never since – have relations been this good.– U.S. rejected past military

interventionism in LA, which had “caused more problems than it had solved.”

2. Pan-Americanism?

•pan = all•P-A → an ideology & movement which -

through diplomatic, political, economic, & social means - sought to create hemispheric cooperation via trade, investment, mutual (military) defense, cultural exchange…, which promoted common interests throughout the Region.

3. Good Neighbor Policy:• Def: U.S. FP w/ LA, circa 1929 – 1945, based

on principles of trust, friendship, & the sovereign integrity of nations….

•Non-interventionism became established policy of U.S. (e.g. last marines withdrawn from Caribbean area: 1936).

•American diplomat Sumner Welles publically admonished “the bullying and domineering” attitude of the U.S. during the previous half century.

• Sig: cause of U.S. relations w/ its southern neighbors to be more cordial than at any other time in history; also unified region for WWII.

4. GNP = President Herbert Hoover’s

brainchild• Though usually associated with FDR, the GNP

originated during Pres. Herbert Hoover's term in the late 1920s as a policy of non-intervention in Latin America. He was the 1st to speak this phrase.

• As the Great Depression gripped the United States in the 1930s, the GNP redirected U.S. funds from Latin American aid toward domestic programs.

• FDR continued the policy after his election in 1932, which helped the U.S. maintain good relations with LA and contributed to LA's support of the U.S. during World War II (with the exception of Argentina, which remained neutral until 1944).

5. Motivations behind the GNP?

• FDR and PM Mackenzie King had more than one conversation about their mutual concern that the Nazis – if they were able to overtake Great Britain – would invade North America (due to Canada’s connection to GB).

• Historian John Charles Chasteen:– Security was FDR’s main concern & objective.– To FDR, the world was dangerous in the 1930s,

& he felt the need to have allies all around him.– U.S. – Canadian relations already strong, so FDR

looked south….– FDR did everything possible to cultivate strong

relationships with U.S.’ southern neighbors….

6. FDR (1936 speech excerpts):

“Of all the Nations of the world today we are in many ways most singularly blessed. Our closest neighbors are good neighbors. If there are remoter Nations that wish us not good but ill, they know that we are strong; they know that we can and will defend ourselves and defend our neighborhood.”

“…so long as war exists on earth, there will be some danger that even the nation, which most ardently desires peace, may be drawn into war.”

Discuss → What was happening in 1936? Where was this happening?

What are the implications of

Roosevelt’s statements?

7. 1936 Presidential Address:• “Of all the Nations of the world today we are in many

ways most singularly blessed. Our closest neighbors are good neighbors. If there are remoter Nations that wish us not good but ill, they know that we are strong; they know that we can and will defend ourselves and defend our neighborhood.

• We seek to dominate no other Nation. We ask no territorial expansion. We oppose imperialism. We desire reduction in world armaments.

• We believe in democracy; we believe in freedom; we believe in peace. We offer to every Nation of the world the handclasp of the good neighbor. Let those who wish our friendship look us in the eye and take our hand.”

8. FDR’s efforts to improve U.S.-LA Relations:

• In 1st Inaugural Address (1933), FDR announced a “good neighbor policy” toward LA in order to abandon past U.S. military intervention.

• @ 7th Congress of the Pan-American Movement (1933), FDR’s reps. publically swore off military interventionism.

• Then, FDR called for Cuba & Panama no longer to be U.S. protectorates w/ U.S. Marines able to come and go as they pleased.

• All of this marked a remarkable shift in U.S.- LA relations.

9. FDR’s Efforts Toward Security in the Region:

• Then, FDR took full advantage of these restored relations to advance hemispheric security via various Pan-American Conferences throughout 1930s.– e.g. Brazil allowed U.S.

to build military bases in its country.

10. FDR Admin. SUCCESSFULLY utilized propaganda to garner support of GNP from

U.S. public:

•GNP sought to redefine the way Americans perceived LAs - while at same time maintaining hemispheric unity. •To accomplish this, FDR created: Office of the Coordinator Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in August 1940, which was essentially a U.S. propaganda tool to define LA society favorably. •Sister division to the CIAA, the Motion Picture Division, sought to abolish preexisting stereotypes of LAs - through movies - that were prevalent throughout U.S. society.

– Belief: “power of Hollywood films could exert in the two-pronged campaign to win the hearts and minds of LAs and to convince Americans of the benefits of Pan-American friendship.”

– Film studios were urged to hire LAs and to produce movies that placed LA in a favorable light.

– Filmmakers were also urged to refrain from producing movies that perpetuated negative stereotypes of LAs, who had previously been portrayed as lazy, backwards, and suspicious.

11. Carmen Miranda:• Portuguese Brazilian samba

singer, dancer, Broadway actress, and film star, who was popular from 1930s to 1950s.

• Used as an icon/symbol to promote positive hemispheric relations.

• She “became the muse of the Good Neighbor Policy.”– since her films explicitly

promoted the GNP

• Carmen Miranda - Chica Chica Boom Chic

12. The Three Caballeros (1945):

• A Walt Disney film about an adventure for three friends through parts of LA, combining live-action and animation.

• Produced as part of Walt Disney Studio’s good will message for LA.

• Stars Donald Duck, who represents the U.S. & is joined by old friend José Carioca, the cigar-smoking parrot, representing Brazil, and later makes a new friend in the persona of pistol-packing rooster Panchito Pistoles, representing Mexico.

• Youtube clip: – The Three Caballeros (Sing Along Song)

13. CBS’ Viva America:• U.S. musical radio program, which was broadcast

live over the CBS radio network and to LA over the La Cadena de las Americas (Network of the Américas) between 1942 -1949.

• All broadcasts supervised under the strict government supervision of the U.S. Department of State and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs as part of the U.S. Cultural Exchange Programs Initiative authorized by FDR during WWII through the Office for Coordination of Commercial and Cultural Relations.

• Conceived in an effort to foster benevolent diplomatic relations throughout Americas Region during World War II by showcasing the talents of a wide variety of respected professional musicians. – In this regard, it proved to be highly successful.

• e.g. Juan Arvizu, the Mexican "Tenor with the Silken Voice”– Youtube: JUAN ARVIZU - Enamorado De Ti

14. GNP also benefitted U.S. Economically:

• to re-direct U.S. funds from LA to U.S.

domestic programs during Great Depression

• (Americans lost $ on their investments in LA, starting in 1929, which soured Americans’attitudes toward economic imperialist agendas.)• Remember: Americans staunchly

isolationist at this time!

15. Most historians argue GNP → highly effective b/c it:

– improved LA – U.S. relations (HUGE departure from past U.S. FP measures in LA)•(to LAs: TR = the bad Roosevelt; FDR = the

good one)– unified region prior to WWII, which secured

defense & helped Allies to win•LA only non-combat region in the world

that was producing that many raw materials for the war effort (e.g. oil)

16. Positive Effects of the GNP:

• GNP more than paid off for U.S.• Only a few weeks after Pearl Harbor attack

(1941), LA countries met in Rio de Janiero (1942)– 1st time military representatives (from most of the

region’s nations) met to discuss security of the region.

decided: to break diplomatic relations w/ Axis powers– “Let us stand together as one solid block against

those who would divide and conquer us.” Mexican Foreign Minister Ezequiel Padilla

• Only a few weeks after that: LA countries granted U.S. use of strategically-located military bases, & majority of LA countries joined the U.S. in WWII to fight against the Axis Powers

17. ACT OF CHAPULTEPEC: Declarations on Reciprocal Assistance and

American Solidarity ~ March 3, 1945

•Def: product of mtg. in Mexico, est. the first multilateral collective security system in the Western Hemisphere (if one of us is attacked = we’re all attacked)Sig: further affirmed the solidarity of the Americas region and its abiding intention to remain united during the postwar years

18. Its (GNP) End?= The era of the GNP ended in 1945 w/ the threat of the Cold War, which forced a change in policy as Americans felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from the Soviet (communist) threat. •Thus, these changes conflicted with the GNP's fundamental principle of non-intervention and resulted in a new wave of American interference into LA affairs. •Until the end of the Cold War, the U.S. directly or indirectly attacked all suspected socialist movements in the hope of ending the spread of communist Soviet influence.

– e.g. American intervention during the usurping of the socialist regime in Chile (1973).

19. Brazil’s role in WWII:• neutral at first• declared war against Axis Powers and joined

Allied Powers: 1942 – (after German U-boats had sunk many Brazilian

ships in Atlantic)• Allies (U.S.) built several airfields on

Brazilian soil (& elsewhere in LA)– Natal = the largest single American air base

outside of its own territory, which helped the North African campaign

• Brazil: only LA country to send (army) troops overseas in WWII (to Italy, fought w/ U.S. soldiers) …also: B. Air Force– Also, B navy helped patrol Atlantic to mitigate

German U-boat attacks & interruptions to commerce

20. Counterclaims:

• However, some historians with a more cynical approach have argued that it was just a less egregious way for the U.S. to keep an eye on its southern neighbors…Here are some of those points:– US never lost its ambitions for hemispheric

hegemony.– The U.S. still sought to be in charge but now it saw

itself as the head of a Benevolent Empire….

Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, once said "Somoza's a bastard!" And Roosevelt replied, "Yes, but he's our bastard."

21. Historian Carleton Beals• U.S. historian of that era• critic of Good Neighbor Policy• represented minority view in U.S.• His main points:

Message: They’re just like us and, therefore, deserve our friendship and

respect.

• Youtube: Americans All 1941– After beginning, …move to 4:30 min. point