Cyberlaw and Sovereignty

Oleh :

Dr. Edmon Makarim, S.Kom, SH, LLM

Outline • Apakah substansi Cyberlaw = Internet Governance ?

– Law of Info-comm sesungguhnya lebih luas dari Internet Law

– Internet Governance adalah tata kelola pemanfaatan Internet utk melindungi dan mengembangkan kepentingan nasional (bangsa dan negara)

• Apa dan bagaimana “trustworthiness” terhadap Internet ..? – Sejauhmana cybersecurity => accountability + responsibility/liability

• Apakah yang selayaknya menjadi Fokus Materi – Hukum dalam arti luas ataukah dalam arti sempit ?

• Apakah yang menjadi “mimpi” atau cita-cita besar kita sebagai bangsa dan negara dengan pemanfaatan Internet ? – Melihat posisi strategis maka tampaknya kita layak menjadi Hub

atau bahkan mungkin Sentra komunikasi dan informasi dunia.

Source: Jovan Kurbalija, An introduction to Internet Governance, Diplo Foundation

cybercrime

E-commerce

Cyberspace law

Law of Information & Communication

ICT Law => Telematika

Cybersecurity

Sistem hukum yang berlaku dalam konteks cyberspace.

E-government

Sources: Cybersecurity (ITU) + Redesigning E-gov

Keterpaduan Paradigma ICT Law/Cyber

Law/Internet Law + Internet Governance

Cyber Law Paradigm:

Libertarian vs

Paternalistic /

Conservative

• Sistem hukum yang

berkenaan dengan

cyberspace baik dalam

lingkup nasional

maupun internasional.

• (Andrew Murray,

Cyberspace

Regulation)

Internet Governance

Paradigm

(main issues,5

basket):

• Resources

• Economy

• Legal

• Development

• Socio-cultural

(Jovan Kurbalija)

Ethics & Law of ICT (global common good/national

public interest):

• Privacy,

• Accuracy,

• Property,

• Accessibility/ Availability

• Responsibility

• Accountability

• Due Process

• Liability

(AM De joie et.al + Kenneth C

Laudon

Indonesian Commitment to

Internet Governance + Law of Info-comm

Global Cybersecurity Agenda (ITU)

Internet Governance

The WGIG Report (2004),

Identified four main areas Jovan Kurbalija (five baskets)

Fokus Materi IGF ala

Indonesia • Issues related to infrastructure and the

management of critical Internet

resources.

Infrastruktur dan

Standarisasi

Perspektif hukum dalam arti luas

bukan dalam arti sempit

• Isues related to the use of the Internet

including spam network security and

cybercrime.

Legal: -Jurisdiction

- Cybercrime (include IPR’s)

- Alternative Dispute Resoultion

• Constitutional Rights and ICT

(New Technologies) => Privacy &

Data Protection

• Internet Cryptography + Security

• Infrastruktur & Standarisasi

• E-government + e-ID

Management (access to e-public

services)

• E-commerce + ADR

• Cyber-crime (including IPR)

• Jurisdiction

• Issues relevant to the Internet but have

an impact much wider than the Internet

and for which existing organisations are

responsible such as in Intellectual

property right (IPR) or international trade.

Economy

• Issues related tot the developmental

aspects of Internet governance in

particular capacity building in developing

countries.

Development

Socio Cultural

Constitutional Rights & ICT

Constitution

UUD-NRI 1945

(Amend 1-4)

Intenational Instruments of Human Rights: • Freedom of Expression • Access to knowledge • Access to technology • Access to administration • Privacy, Dignity & Reputation • Right Against Self-Incrimination • Due Process of Law

Ethics: • Privacy,

• Accuracy,

• Property,

• Accessibility/Availability

• Responsibility

• Accountability

• Due Process

• Liability

Individual Rights:

• Freedom of Expression

• Privacy (Anonymity, Reputation)

• Property

• Access to Public Information

• Rights Against Self Incrimination

Public Interest and

Public Trust Obligation

• Freedom of Expression and the Press

• Public infrastructure

• Administration

• E-voting

• Security

Other

Countries

Constitution

Legislation Products and Cases

Keranjang Hukum

• Fokus Materi (pemanfaatan internet yang sesuai dengan kepentingan nasional)

1. Yurisdiksi => Ekstra-teritorial + multilateral

2. Keberlakuan HKI (Hak Cipta)

3. Keamanan critical public infrastructure

4. Cybercrime (Mutual Legal Assistance)

5. Alternative Online Dispute Resolution => Badan Arbitrase + BPSK

Fokus Materi (1) dampak Crossborder:

Sovereignty Jurisdiction

(Negara Mana Yang Berhak Menghukum ?)

• Warga Negara Siapa ?

• Dimana dilakukannya (apakah delik

formil) ?

• Dimana Victim dan Akibat serious

damages-nya (apakah delik materil)

dan bgmn kepentinga nasionalnya ?

• Dimana bukti dapat diperoleh ?

• Dimana Suspect dapat ditangkap?

• adakah perjanjian ekstradisi ?

• Dimana Ancaman Pidana Yang

Sesuai Nilai Keadilan

• Dimana Fair Trial / impartial

Transfer of Proceedings

Fokus Materi (2) : Property vs Propriety • Mungkinkah IP Abuse =>

– Larangan melanggar Kepentingan ekonomi nasional + unfair competition

– Jangan membuat barriers for access to knowledge

– Jangan mensalahgunakan Pendaftaran, Pencatatan krn vs Prinsip Originalitas Ciptaan

– Sham litigation => eksploitasi

• Kriminalisasi Pelanggaran – TRIPS mengamanatkan piracy

on commercial scale bukan commercial use ?

Source: Jovan Kurbalija,

An introduction to Internet Governance

• Indonsia perlu Aturan ttg IP Abuse

• Indonesia perlu membuat Watchlist

Spectrum of License

All rights reserved

Public Domain: - Moral right - Economical Rights

Haruskah didaftarkan ?

Models Regulations of PKI

Cross Recognition

• Self-Regulation

=>communities PKI

• “Mesh” PKI =>

Peer-to-peer

• “bridge” CSP.

Fokus Materi (3) : Security + National e-Authentication

Perlu aturan ttg • Kebijakan Kriptografi

• classified Information

• Privacy & Data Proteksi

• National Root CA + BridgeCA

• National Gateway ?

Fokus Materi (5) = Conducive/Cost Effective + Efficiency Economy + ADR

• Penerapan e-Apostile (Hague Agreement 1961) => Mengilangkan Inefisiensi Lintas Authenticity Document utk National dan International Private Transaction => Cybernotary/e-Notary (setidaknya untuk RA dan pembuatan salinan otentik elektronik)

• Cost effective terhadap Tax (reporting dan clearing house dan Duty-stamp ?

• Voluntary Accreditation/Accredited-List bagi para penyelenggara layanan (IS Provider) dan Profesional Penunjang TIK

• Forum dan Mekanisme untuk Coercive Self-Regulation

• Kejelasan aturan E-payment system dan e-Transferable Records (e-money)

• Komitmen untuk mengembangkan National Data Centre

• Consumer Protection Right => White-list (paling tidak harus ada notice, choice dan consent serta jaminan limitation purpose dan “preventing harm”)

• Mediasi dan Arbitrase => BAM-HKI dan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen

Terima Kasih

LAMPIRAN

Konvergensi Industri • Telematics Convergence =>

content, network & services – Industry restructure <=>

ICT/multimedia orientation

– Scope of content industry => digital works & services (text, picture/images, audio, video, etc)

• Database

• Computer program

• Games

• news

• E-book

• Photograph

• Music

• Paintings

• Maps

• etc

US$ 25.000

Enthropia

Universe

US$ 800.000

Point Blank US$ 299

Wolrd of Warcraft Virtual Property

(ITU => Cybersecurity) • “Cybersecurity is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards,

guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user’s assets.

– [Organization and user’s assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure, applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored information in the cyber environment].

• Cybersecurity strives to ensure the attainment and maintenance of the security properties of the organization and user’s assets against relevant security risks in the cyber environment. The general security objectives comprise the following: Availability; Integrity,( which may include authenticity and non-repudiation); Confidentiality

• The Global Cybersecurity Agenda has seven main strategic goals, built on five work areas:

1) Legal Measures => cybercrime legislation

2) Technical and Procedural Measures => End users and businesses (direct approach); and Service providers and software companies

3) Organizational Structures => highly developed organizational structures, avoid overlapping,

4) Capacity Building & User’s education => public campaigns + open communication of the latest cybercrime threats

5) International Cooperation => Mutual Legal Assistance of the LEA’s

Extra Teritorial Jurisdiction

18

• Pasal 2 : Undang-undang ini berlaku untuk :

– Setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam UU ITE;

– Baik yang berada di wilayah hukum Indonesia maupun di luar wilayah hukum Indonesia;

– Yang memiliki akibat hukum di wilayah hukum Indonesia dan/atau diluar wilayah hukum Indonesia dan merugikan kepentingan Indonesia.

Crime

Merugikan kepentingan Indonesia: meliputi & tidak terbatas pada merugikan kepentingan

Ekonomi indonesia, perlindungan data strategis, harkat dan martabat bangsa, pertahanan

& keamanan negara, kedaulatan negara, warga negara, serta badan hukum Indonesia.

Ketahanan Bangsa

• Orang => Warga

Negara, Bangsa

dan Negara

• Sumber Daya

• Pemerintah dan

Sistem Hukum

• Privacy, Dignity & Reputation

(HAM setiap orang)

• Kesejahteraan (ps33 UUD 45)

dan Utilitas Publik

• Melindungi atau menghianati

konstitusi (cita2 luhur bangsa)

mampukah menghadapi AGHT => pengaruh dari luar dan

mengendalikan hasrat dari dalam …???