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International

Design Studio 2012

YTU Children Science Center

University of Twente YTU Istanbul University of Sarajevo


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2012 by University of Twente, University of Sarajevo, YildizTechnical University

First paperback edition published in 2012

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form withoutwritten permission of the copyright owners. All images inthis book have been reproduced with the knowledge andprior consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibilityis accepted by producer, publisher, or printer for anyinfringement of copyright or otherwise, arising from thecontents of this publication. Every effort has been madeto ensure that credits accurately comply with informationsupplied.

Printed in The Netherlands

ISBN: 978-90-365-3399-7


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International

Design Studio 2012YTU Children Science Center

Edited by: Dr. Elma DurmievicDr. Birgul ColakogluDr. Adnan Paic

Authors: Casper Conradi

Andrea Herrera Jaramillo

Co authors: Roel DrieverYolanda KoevoetsEvelien Ploos van AmstelIda BegoviMirza KoluhAmela PodgoriZulejha Zatripela ZoreKoray BinglGizem Geim

GayeGnaydn HalideImamolu GzdeKartolu


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Coordinators

Dr.ElmaDurmieviUniversity of Twente

Dr.BirglolakoluYTU Istanbul

Dr.AdnanPaiUniversity of Sarajevo

Students

EnschedeCasper ConradiRoel DrieverAndrea Hererra JaramilloYolanda KoevoetsEvelien Ploos van Amstel

SarajevoIda BegoviMirza KoluhAmela PodgoriZulejha Zatripela Zore

IstanbulKoray BinglGizem GeimGayeGnaydnHalideImamoluGzdeKartolu


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Design Studio 2012YTU Children Science Center


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Chapter zero | Introduction 13

Foreword 14Design For Disassembly 17Multi-Criteria Design Matrix 21

Chapter one | Urban Analysis 27

Location 28Routes 30Impacts Of The Sun-path On The Location 32Sun Angle 34Weather Conditions And Temperature 35Wind Directions 36

Chapter two | Concept Design 41

Group One 42Multi-Criteria Design Matrix 43Design Process Group One 44Group Two 46Multi-Criteria Design Matrix 47Design Process Group Two 48Group Three 50Multi-Criteria Design Matrix 51Design Process Group Three 52Combination Of Concepts 54

Chapter three | Progress 59

Inspiration 61Progress 62Conclusion 69

Chapter four | Final Design 71

Climate Concept 72Cradle To Cradle 78Landscape 80Floor Plans 82Sections 84Scenarios 86Load Bearing Structure 92

Chapter five | Conclusion 97

Collaborative Design Learning 98MCDM Evaluation 102

Table Of Contents


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Andrea Herrera JaramilloCasper Conradi

Evelien Ploos van AmstelYolanda Koevoets Ida Begovi

Mirza Koluh

Roel Driever

Zulejha ZatriAmela Podgori


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pela Zore Gizem Geim

GzdeKartoluHalideImamoluGayeGnaydn

Koray Bingl

Dr.ElmaDurmievi Dr.AdnanPai Dr.Birglolakolu


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13

The project presented in this publication is a result of an internationalcooperation between University of Twente from Enschede, YildizTechnical University from Istanbul and University of Sarajevo thathas started in 2008.

This international cooperation has been structured around thetheme of sustainable and flexible building concepts and solutions .Projects that were done within this cooperation are linked to theplatform for innovation in green and transformable concepts andtechniques that were set up at the University of Twente in 2009. Thisprogram aims at integrating issues of flexibility, multi-functionality,energy and material recovery, and reuse into one green designstrategy for the 21st century. The innovation platform is organizedaround the design for disassembly strategy as an importantelement of transformation of the existing design and constructionmethodologies and forms a platform for collaboration betweenthe industry and educational institutions.

For the last two years students of architecture and industrial designengineering from the three universities were working on the designof a green and transformable building structure that has formeda base for the development and construction of the experimentalGreen Transformable Building Lab (GTBL) at the University ofTwente. The designed building is a dynamic structure that willallow yearly reconfigurations and upgrading of the building.

Besides, GTBL is also a showcase of an energy positive, C2C andflexible /multi-purpose building whose parts could be dismantled,replaced or reused in different configurations. This yearsInternational Design Studio was dealing with the integration of

principles developed within the Green Transformable Building Labat the University of Twente into a design of a Children ScienceCenter (CSC) at Yldiz University in Istanbul.

The main requirement for a CSC building was to design a buildingthat will be educative in itself. The buildings should illustrate (to thechildren) the relationship between the built environment and thenatural systems. On the other hand the building should also showhow natural systems can become a part of building systems. Theaim was to design a building as a showcase of green technologiesthat is presented through a playful and educative manner to thechildren.

The book illustrates the design process through a number ofdecision making stapes and gives a detailed overview of the finaldesign through its spatial and technical configuration as well asthrough applied green concepts.

Dr.ElmaDurmieviChapt

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Dr.ElmaDurmievi

Background

The most compelling question for any designer todayis; how to design for a sustainable future? In responseto this question the 21st century architecturalchallenge lays in solving tensions that are related tothe two key dilemmas in building design:

1. The impact of acceleration of short term changeswithin societies on design of buildings that form along term core of the identity and continuity of theplace (in other words: flexibility versus continuity)

2. The impact that changing climate conditions,

resource depletion and transition towards greeneconomy have on the design of a building and on thedecision making regarding the reduction of energyand resources used in buildings (in other words:energy and resource use prevention by design)

These two issues are interrelated and the level of theirsynergy will be a measure of success of architectureand its durability in the future.At the same time this brings a focus on the factortime in the built environment involving the life cycledesign approach in design of time resistant buildingstock.

Life Cycle Design requirements imposed on buildingdesign and engineering will require a fundamentally

different way of design and construction in thefuture. Buildings in the 21st century need to be moreproactive in terms of energy production, water reuse,adaptations to the necessary comfort level, individualuser demands and material reuse. Building structureswill need to be put together in an intelligent way sothat different climate, energy, aesthetic, spatial andmaterial concepts can be integrated into the buildingstructure in the course of time. Buildings in the futurewill become open platforms where new technologiesand requirements can easily be integrated andadopted. Instead of demolishing parts of the buildingor whole buildings and systems in order to upgradethem and increase their performance it should bepossible to reconfigure them without demolition andmaterial/energy waste. Their systems need to be

replaceable and reconfigurable and materials up-cycleable. Basically, buildings in the future will needto posses embodied transformation capacity onthree levels: spatial, structural and material.Design methodology needs to adopt the Design forDisassembly approach in order to provide such a hightransformation capacity of buildings. In other words,new alternative building methods are required thatwill provide a precondition for such dynamic andadaptable structures.

Green Transformable Buildings is a long term strategicprogram at the University of Twente which aims at atransformation of the architectural practice and theconstruction industry towards a green industry.The aim of the initiative is to set up a trend for building

Foreword

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construction in the 21st century together with theconstruction industry by developing new buildingmethods and systems and implementing them inan experimental Green Building Lab project at thecampus of the University of Twente.This strategic program is financially supported by the

Dutch government and the Dutch province Twente/Overijssel. The concept of Green Transformablebuildings has been developed together with Dutchconstruction companies and educational institutionsresulting in a concept in a different country on a newsite. The design of the Green Transformable Buildinglab is a long term project at the University of Twente(centre for green transformable buildings) thatworks towards the implementation of educationaland research results into practical developments ofgreen transformable building concepts and productsfor the 21st century together with the construction

industry. The main challenge of this development hasto do with mastering the transformation process ofbuildings, systems and materials and the impact oftransformation on perception/behavior and cultureon one hand, material and energy use on the other.During International Design Studios in 2010 and 2011the design concepts for the construction of theGreen Transformable Building lab at the University ofTwente have been developed.

In the last four years joint International Design Studios(organized by the University of Twente, Yildiz Universityand the University of Sarajevo) were dealing with thedesign of a green and transformable architecture asa showcase of the new trends in design in the 21stcentury.This years International Design Studio (IDS) isa continuation of the Green TransformableBuilding and will lean on the green systems designmethodologydevelopedbyE.Durmievi.Theideaof this years IDS is to implement the principles of theGreen Transformable Building into a different country(Turkey).

Project Objectives

The theme of this years project is a GreenTransformable Children Science Center building.

ThesciencecenterwillbelocatedatYldzTechnicalUniversity Davutpasa Campus in Istanbul.The task of the IDS is to develop an integrated designconcept for a Children Science Center building ofmaximum 700m2 building and 800m2 open area thatwill actively interact with the new climate, energy,

water and material recycling concepts and will be ashowcaseofgreentransformablestructuresatYldzTechnical University (YTU) Davutpasa Campus.

The Children Science Center building is aiming to bethe first building in YTU campus with a LEED certificate,an internationally recognized certification system forgreen buildings.The aim of the studio is to design an energy neutral,flexible multi-purpose and green Children ScienceCenter building whose parts can be dismantled,replaced or reused in different configurations based

on the Design for Disassembly approach for buildings.The IDS studio focuses on the design and constructionof a flexible building which can be transformedfor different purposes and whose systems andcomponents can be reconfigured and reused againfor different purposes.

The buildings structure will be transformed in winterand summer seasons adapting itself to the newclimate and use scenarios. This means that a flexibleand dynamic structure needs to be put in placethat will make different additions, replacementsand upgrades of use, energy and climate conceptspossible.A total of 15 students from three universities (Twente,Istanbul and Sarajevo) will work in mixed teams. Thecollaboration will be structured around the workshopsin Istanbul, Sarajevo and Enschede. During the lastworkshop in Enschede students will work on thefinalization of their own design.

The building will be assembled on the Davutpasacampus of YTU as a showcase for GreenTransformable building in Turkey. Once assembled

on the site the building will be transformed based onthe seasons, adapting itself to the climate conditionsand functional requirements. The main feature of the


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building must be that the structure provides enoughtransformation capacity for new additions andtransformations.

Project requirements

Math and science skills and innovation andcreativity through design and science integrationare necessary for kids to compete in the 21st centuryworkforce. YTU Children Science Center is committedto inspire and grow future scientists and engineersto ensure the continued prosperity of the high-techindustryinthestanbulregion.(Birglolakolu)

With the universitys engineering disciplines andknowledge incubator Technology Park, YTU ChildrenScience Center aims to play a vital role in being aspace for learning through playing for STEM (Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) for thekidsbetweentheagesof7to13.(Birglolakolu)

The task of the IDS 2012 is to develop an integrateddesign concept for a Children Science Centerbuilding of maximum 700m2 that will actively interactwith new climates, energy, water and materialrecycling concepts and will be an example for greentransformable structures. The concept of greentransformable buildings addresses issues such asflexibility, design for disassembly, energy production,closed material and water cycles in construction andthe use of ICT in design and construction.

International design studio will address the following:

The complex relationship between thetransformation of structures and functions,energy, climate, water and material concepts.

Streamline interaction processes between design,engineering, analysis and manufacturing.

Integration of individual systems into an openplatform concept.

The development of new materials andproduction processes for interactive skins of

buildings. The design, development and prototyping of

building systems.

Life cycle design methodology. Green certified building construction.

THE KEY REQUIREMENTS AND CRITERIA

The key requirements for the Green and Transformable

Children Center are:The building should have the capacity to transformfrom one use scenario to another on seasonal basisand should have functional requirements withoutdemolition and additional material reuse. Thestructure should accommodate different functionsand its components should be removable andreusable in different situations or configurations. Bothmulti-functionality of space and components shouldbe taken into account.

Design has to integrate following criteria:

The Children Science Center with its design (form,envelope) and building systems should providean attraction point on the Campus.

The building itself should be a learning example ofthe Green approach for children (visible buildingsystems) (teaching children about utilized greensystems by designing them partially or totallyvisible)

Multi-functionality, (The building should providetransformation capacity: for different innerconfigurations and for climate based envelopetransformations)

Adaptability for different functions Transformation and disassembly criteria Building should be energy positive at all times.

That means that the need for energy use shouldbe minimized and needed energy should beproduced by renewable energy sources.

Separation and reuse of water streams in thebuilding should be provided

Building should be made of industrializedcomponents

Comfort in terms of air temperature, light, airquality

The base of the structure should provide enoughcapacity so that parts and units can be added/attached, removed and reconfigured.


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One long-standing conviction held by many is thatbuildings last longer when made of more durablematerials. However, everyday demolition practiceproves the opposite. Buildings are designed to

last 70-100 years, yet today buildings with an ageof 15 years are demolished to give way to newconstruction. Developers and real estate managerswarn that there is a miss-match between theperformance of the existing building stock and thedynamic and changing demands with respect to theuse of buildings and their systems. 50% of investmentsin building construction in the Netherlands are spenton adaptation and 42% of new construction is dueto the replacement of demolished buildings. Besides,European building industry accounts for 40% of thewaste production, 40% of the energy consumption

and CO2 emissions and 50% of material resourcestaken from the nature are building related (CSB 2007).

Demolition in general can be defined as the processin which the building is broken up, with little or noattempt to recover any of the constituent parts forreuse. Most buildings are designed for such end-of-

life scenarios. They are designed for assembly butnot for disassembly and recovery of components.Different functions and materials comprising abuilding system are integrated (during construction)in one closed and dependent structure that doesnot allow alterations and disassembly. The inabilityto remove and exchange building systems and theircomponents results not only in significant energyand material consumption and increased wasteproduction, but also in the lack of spatial adaptabilityand technical serviceability of the building.

If the building sector is to respond to globalenvironmental and economic challenges it needs toadopt new ways of construction.

Design For Disassembly

Figure 1 left: 4D architects amsterdam transformation study; right: Richard Horden European House


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Rather than destroying structures and systems whileadapting buildings to fit into new requirements, itshould be possible to disassemble sections backinto components and to reassemble them in newcombinations. This means that we must consider howwe can access and replace parts of existing building

systems and components, and accordingly, howwe can design and integrate building systems andcomponents in order to be able to replace themlater on.

Re-configurable building structures withhigh disassembly potential

The moment when buildings start to transform is themoment when structures can be reconfigured andreused, or simply demolished and sent to wastedisposal sites. At that moment, the nature of thetechnical composition of buildings is crucial for thelife cycle of buildings and materials. The focus inthe debate regarding the durability of structures

should involve not only materials, but interfaces,arrangements of materials and technical compositionof structures. It is not only a type and durability ofmaterial(s) but more importantly an arrangement ofmaterials that determines the life cycle of buildingsand their products.

Building components and systems have differentdegrees of durability. While the structure of thebuilding may have a service life of up to 75 years,the cladding of the building may only last 20 years.Similarly, services may only be adequate for 10 years,and the interior outfit may be changed as frequentlyas every three years. Nevertheless, it is quite normalfor parts with short durability to be fixed permanently,preventing easy disassembly.

Therefore, at the end of components or building

service life there is usually little option but fordemolition, with associated waste disposal.

Figure 2: design for disassembly in car industry translated to the building construction (one concept)


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If we recognise the potential of disassembly, it ispossible to divert the flow of materials from disposal

to reuse and save not only materials but also theenergy embodied in materials. One believes thatenergy embodied in materials will probably becomea greater problem than the operational energy ofbuildings.Taking this into account the design of sustainablebuilding is in danger of being carried out on an adhoc basis without disassembly aspects of the buildingstructure being an integral part of the design process.One can argue that the sustainability of design in thefuture will relay strongly on disassembly potential ofbuilding assemblies.

The Design for Disassembly (DfD) aims at designof transformable building structures made ofcomponents assembled in a systematic order suitablefor maintenance and reconfiguration of variableparts. Every scenario for transformable building orsystems results in different technical compositionsand different hierarchies of parts (figure 3). ThisDfD concept affects design of all material levelsthat are accounted for the technical compositionof buildings and accentuates interdependentrelations between the transformation process anddisassembly technologies. Considering this, one can

say that this concept introduces three dimensionsof transformation in the buildings namely spatial,structural and material transformation. The key toeach dimension of transformation and ultimately

towards a three dimensional transformable buildingis disassembly. By adoption of the concept of design

for DfD, spatial systems of a building become moreamenable to modifications and change of use. Newsteps in exploitation of the structure by reuse andreconfiguration can be achieved and conscioushandling of raw materials through their reuse andrecycling is stimulated(Durmisevic 2006).

Main characteristics of buildings designed fordisassembly are:

0) Setting the boundary conditions fortransformation and specification of the longand short term use scenarios,

1) Separation of material levels, whichcorrespond to independent building functionsas presented in figure 3,

2) Creation of open hierarchy of distinctsubassemblies,

3) Use of independent interfaces asintermediary between individual components,

4) Application of parallel instead of sequential

assembly/disassembly processes,5) Use of dry - mechanical connections insteadof chemical connections.

Figure 3: different transformation scenarios correspond to different arrangement and hierarchy of subsystems and components


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In order to achieve this, a fundamental change inarchitects perception of buildings is needed in termsof:

Conceiving a building not as a static but adynamic and open structure that can easily

adapt to the changing requirements, Extending the transformation capacity of

buildings and systems by considering the wholelife cycle of the building and building systems,

Treating building materials as a long-term valuableasset through their whole life cycle by utilisingreconfiguration, reuse and remanufacturingoptions on building, system and material level,

Considering waste and demolition as a designerror,

Decoupling fixed function-material relationshipin buildings by design of reconfigurable systems,

Involving construction industry into the whole lifecycle of the building and building systems,

A typology of the technical configuration of a buildingis an indicator of building sustainability. A major shifttowards green design and engendering involvesa shift from design of closed building systems andassemblies towards design of open and transformable

building structures with a high disassembly potential.These structures are made of independent andexchangeable building components and systems.Such a concept allows for future alterations toexternal screening, and to internal partitioning. Itallows for services to be independent of the fabric,to provide for accessibility, servicing and alteration. Itcreates the precondition for reuse and recycling andopens the way for designs of greater diversity.

Dr. Elma Durmievi

References:

Durmisevic 2006: E.Durmisevic, Transformablebuildiong structures, Design for Disassembly as a wayto introduce sustainable engineering to the buildingdesign and construction, PhD theses, TU DelftFebruary 2006, Nederland

CSB 2007: Center for Building Statistics in theNetherlands Bouwvergunningen, huur-enkoopwoningen, 2007


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The Multi-Criteria Design Matrix (MCDM) used inthe design process of the YTU Children ScienceCenter is based on eight design aspects, each ofthem with several criteria. The matrix consists of two

mayor types of criteria: subjective and objectivenature. The subjective criteria have been analyzedby expert group, and a number of assessmentand measurement tools are available to measureobjective criteria. Additionally some sub criteriawere defined in order to evaluate the concepts fromthe objective point of view.

The criteria list has resulted into the list of requirementsthat design should meet in order to achieve requiredperformance. Technical requirements help to getbetter understanding of the meaning of each

criteria. Technical requirements were defined in theMCDM for the majority of the criteria presented. Asa result this matrix allows a unanimous and objectiveinterpretation.

Following a description of the eight design aspectsis given:

1. Architectural qualityThis category can be seen as the aesthetics partof the building. Here social, esthetics and moresubjective criteria are analyzed.

Quality is defined as: The classifiable characteristicsof a material or product as demanded by use orsuitability [1].

Based on the previous definition, the product toclassify is the building. The suitable characteristics arethe criteria selected for this category: identity, scaleand proportions, integrity and coherence, inviting

building and expression of transformability.

2. Multi-functionalityMulti-functionality defines buildings potential toaccommodate different functions. Multi-functionalityis also related to the internal flexibility and replacesability of functions within the space. Some of the subcriteria evaluated in this aspect are: adoptability todifferent functions, suitability for internal flexibility,installation capacity, structural capacity, andpossibility to install equipment.

3. TransformabilityTransformation indicates in general a change ofshape, form, or structure without loss of substance.This design aspect is translated for the building intosome sub criteria that are: Easy transformation from one use concept

to another. Possibility to combine or separate multiple

functions. Extending/shrinking of space Transformation of open area into closed

area and opposite Adaptability to the weather and day/night

configuration Adaptability to different inner climate

concepts

Multi-Criteria Design Matrix


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4. Energy, water & materialsThis aspect analyses the energy performance, watersupply/reuse and materials used, focusing on thepositive impacts of these factors on the environment.The sub criteria defined in this aspect are relatedto energy positive performance concepts of the

building, material transformation, Cradle to Cradle,and reuse of different water streams.

5. Comfort & healthComfort can be translated as a persons satisfactionwith the ambient. Environmental conditions such astemperature, humidity, sound and air quality mightbe considered. This design aspect takes care ofkeeping those conditions in allowable ranges withoutinterference or harm to human health. Here the subcriteria are related to the thermal comfort duringsummer and winter, indoor air quality, acoustics, and

visual comfort.6. Constructability and handling of componentsThis aspect seeks to assess the feasibility of thecomponents from the standpoint of manufacturing,transportation, assembly, disassembly and reuse.One of the criteria considers for instance thetransportability of the components/systems from thefactory to the site.

7. Cultural and local site contextThis aspect seeks to link the culture of a place andthe context in which the building will be located.

The culture of a place may be influenced by socialand political issues. Therefore one could say that userbehavior is culture dependent. For instance a criteriahere assesses whether the most important elementsof user behavior are consistent with the design of thebuilding.

8. CostsThis design aspect evaluates the cost relate to theproject. Its evaluation includes investment costs,annual exploitation costs, and life cycle costs.

This aspect will be evaluated and considered in thefurther development of the project. Therefore noanalysis of this aspect is presented here.

The MCDM includes the eight design aspectsmentioned above, each of them related to differentcriteria and consequently to some sub criteria. Eachsub criteria is illustrated with an explanation, variable,unit and value which seem to make a more objective

analysis (see complete MCDM, table 5.1-5.5, page103-106). These requirements give an output to thedesigners about the boundaries of the project andwill help to evaluate the final concept at the end.In some cases it is not possible to comply with allthe values set forth, therefore the students and thecoordinators should prioritize those criteria that havea higher importance.

References:

[1] Davies, N., Jokiniemi, E., 2008, Dictionary of architectureand building construction.[2] Geraedts, R., Future value of Buildings.

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Table 0.1 | MCDM


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Site conditions play a major role when designing a greenbuilding. The orientation, the climate, the position of sun, winddirections and shadows from trees and surrounding buildings areimportant determining factors of green architecture. In order toget a better understanding of the site where the building will besituated, an analysis was conducted during the first workshop inSarajevo. These analyses included also dimensions, traffic routes

and parking opportunities. Furthermore weather conditions wereanalyzed as well. These consist of wind direction, hours of sunlight,and temperature. Due to the fact that the location changed forthe YTU Children Science Center a new analysis was conductedduring the second workshop in Istanbul. This chapter illustrates theanalyses of the new location.C

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The YTU Children Science Center will be located atthe Davutpasa campus of Yildiz Technical Universityin Istanbul. Istanbul is situated in the North West ofTurkey within the Marmara Region. This is the largest

city in Turkey and has a population of 13.4 millionand is therefore one of the largest cities in the world.Istanbul is the only city in the world located on twocontinents. One third of the population lives in Asiawhile the cultural and historical center is located inEurope.

The Davutpasa campus is a completely new campusfor Yildiz Technical University and is now underconstruction. The University campus has served asa military base in the Ottoman Empire in the 19thcentury. Now the campus itself is considered as a

historical site.The location for the YTU Children Science Center isnear the library and close to the campus entrance.An old ruin behind this location can be found andmust not be demolished.

Images of the location for the YTU Children ScienceCenter are displayed in the figure 1 zooming in froma continental perspective to the exact location.

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Figure 1.1 | The location from a global to local perspective


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Davutpasa Campus is located on the European sideof Istanbul, approximately 5 kilometers away from thehistorical center of the city. Visitors to YTU ChildrenScience Center can use the Metro (Rail System) and

stop at Davutpasa-Yildiz Teknik Universitesi statiton.The main entrance of the campus is near to thismetro station and to a bus stop. Using these publictransportations, pedestrians can follow the path thatleads them to the building. Furthermore there aretwo parking areas that might be used when visitorsare travelling by car or bus. Since the West and Northroutes of the location are not congested routes, itis not necessary to build a parking area next to thelocation. The existing parking areas are suitable forvisitors; a group of children can safely walk to thebuilding accompanied by an adult.

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Routes

Figure 1.2 | Satellite map of Istanbul

Figure 1.3 | Satellite image of the exact location


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Figure 1.4 | Visitor flow


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Impacts Of The Sun-Path On The Location

These images illustrate the shadows generated bythe library and the old ruin building, which are theclosest constructions to the location. From March toAugust these buildings do not generate shadow on

the location. This means that YTU Children ScienceCenter should provide shadow itself to the visitors onareas where necessary. On the other hand if solarpanels are integrated, it could be said that on thesemonths they will be able to collect more solar energy.

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Figure 1.5 | Sun analysis


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January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Figure 1.6 | Shadow analysis


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Sun Angle

The images on these pages show the movement ofthe sun on 41 latitude.

The diagram below shows the results of solar access

analysis during the year which calculates total, directand diffuse solar radiation falling on objects. It showsthat a 30 degree angle is the most suitable angle forphotovoltaic panels.

The diagram on the top right shows the effect of thesun angle to project site on 21 st of June at 12:00.

The diagram on the bottom right shows the effect ofthe sun angle to project site on 21 st of December at12:00.

10

20

30

40

OBJECT ATTRIBUTESAvg. Daily RadiationValue Range: 200.0 - 4000.0 Wh/m2

(c) ECOTECT V5

Figure 1.8 | 21st of June at 12:00

Figure 1.9 | 21st of December at 12:00Figure 1.7 | Sun angle


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Weather Conditions And Temperature

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Istanbul has a latitude of +41.1 (410600N) and alongitude of +29.0 (290000E). Istanbul has a warmMediterranean climate with hot and dry summersand wet and not to cold winters. The humidity is

often very high, especially in the morning. Istanbulexperiences rain and also snow is not uncommon,but the snow normally does not last long. February isconsidered the coldest month of the year, whereasJuly and August are the hottest. Table below presentsthe average temperature among others factors foreach month of the year.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Avg temp 6C 6C 8C 12C 17C 21C 23C 23C 20C 16C 12C 8C

Min temp 3C 3C 4C 8C 12C 16C 18C 18C 15C 12C 8C 5C

Max temp 8C 9C 11C 17C 21C 26C 28C 28C 25C 19C 15C 11C

Rain 99.1mm 66.0mm 61.0mm 48.3mm 30.5mm 20.3mm 20.3mm 25.4mm 40.6mm 71.1mm 88.9mm 121.9mm

Daily sun hours 3 4 4 6 9 11 12 11 8 6 4 3

Wind direction nne nne sw nne nne nne nne nne nne ssw ssw

Wind speed 5 m/s 6 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 6 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 6 m/s

Humidity AM 82% 82% 81% 81% 82% 79% 79% 79% 81% 83% 82% 82%

Humidity PM 75% 72% 67% 62% 61% 58% 56% 55% 59% 64% 71% 74%

Table 1.1 | Weather conditions in Istanbul. (www.weather.com, www.windfinder.com, www.bbc.co.uk)


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Wind Directions

The wind direction and temperatures that must betaken into account for the design of the building arethose occurring during summer and winter.

Considering the wind characteristics for both seasonsallows covering the spectrum for the complete year.The wind temperature in summer for the location isbetween 20-30 and the dominant direction is NorthEast with a speed less than 30 kilometers per hour.

In winter the wind temperature is between 5-10and there are two wind directions, a main directionfrom North-east and a secondary direction fromSouthwest.

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Figure 1.10 | Average wind temperatures June - August

Figure 1.11 | Wind frequency June - August


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Figure 1.12 | Average wind temperatures December - February

Figure 1.13 | Wind frequency December - February


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After the analyses in Sarajevo, the three groups started developingconcepts in line with the requirements from the MCDM, resultingin multiple concepts per group. Each concept was evaluatedbased on the key design criteria. From these three concepts onewas chosen to be developed further by each group. In betweenworkshops each group was working on improving the design ofthe chosen concept which had the most potential to meet thedesired requirements. This resulted in a very interactive processof shaping, reshaping and sometimes completely redesigningthe concepts. All this time the analyses from the first workshopwere used for guidance in the process, finally resulting in one final

concept per group.

In this chapter several important steps presenting this process areshown, to give a general idea about the followed design route.However, the chapter predominantly focuses on explaining andillustrating the final concept per group.C

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The first group initially developed the three conceptswhich can be seen on the right. Since all conceptswere developed in one day, they were not thatmuch worked-out, but still give a nice idea of how

the building should look like. After the conceptswere presented the best concept was chosen to bedeveloped further.

In the first concept a part of the building can beextended by rotating a whole room. This way an atriumcan be created in the center of the building. Eventhough this gives a lot of flexibility, the constructionneeded will probably be extremely difficult to designsince a complete room needs to be moved.

The second concept was a pyramid-like shape witha large glass part on top. The front wall is covered ingrass and is not too steep so it is possible for visitors tosit on and relax. The glass part is used at day to getlots of sunlight inside, while at night light from insidethe building can be seen from far away through theglass part, this way functioning like a beacon. Thebuilding is fairly high, this way creating the possibilityto have several floors inside.

The last concept resembles a stadium. The roof isgoing down to the middle of the building, this waycreating a tribune for visitors to sit on, as well as lotsof space to put solar panels. Inside, the building is

shaped in a circular manner so that people can walkaround. The outer walls can partly be removed infavor of an open exhibition.

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Figure 2.1 | Concept one

Figure 2.2 | Concept two

Figure 2.3 | Concept three


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All three concepts were reviewed using the Multi-Criteria Matrix. In concept one architectural qualitydoes not stand out, but its multi-functionality andtransformability can have a lot of potential. Thebuilding however is not very sufficient when it comesto material use since it is very massive.

The second concept is much better in terms of itsarchitectural appearance. The glass rooftop whichcan act like a beacon at night creates a nicereference point for the campus. Because of theheight of the building the multi-functionality scoresreally well. Transformability is a bit difficult, becausethe building is pretty fixed, however, because of allother good aspects this concept has been chosenfor further development where other aspects that donot score well should be better integrated.

Concept three lacks architectural quality, but themulti-functionality and transformability are fine,although they do not stand out.


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Design Aspects Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3

Architectural quality +- ++ -

Multi-functionality + ++ +

Transformability + +- +

Energy, water & materials - + +-

Table 2.1 | Multi-Criteria Design Matrix

Figure 2.4 - Chosen concept


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On the right the design process of group one can beseen. It started with the pyramid with a green roof atthe South-side. The second design looked less artificialand was more organic, blending a bit more into the

landscape. The final concept is almost completelyunderground. The focus is put on landscaping, lettingthe building blend in with the natural environment.This way it does not compete in a visual way with thelibrary which can be seen as a landmark. During theapproach from the main road, the building itself is notvisible. The only things which can be seen are somehills with colored domes. This triggers the children toexplore the mysterious area. The domes are all indifferent colors to create an interesting atmosphereinside. The glass domes on the roof can be openedso a natural airflow is created.

Underground the building contains two large openspaces. The spaces are rounded in a natural way togive a more organic look to the building.

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Figure 2.5 | Top view

Figure 2.6 | Section view


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Figure 2.7 | Pyramid rear Figure 2.8 | Evolved organic design

Figure 2.9 | Building as a landscape


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In comparison to group one, group two developednot three, but two concepts as shown on the right.

The first concept was derived from the Rubix Cube.

By shaping the building with the Rubix Cube as a ref-erence the building would be recognizable to all. Itwould link the function of the building as a ChildrenScience Center to the form as a Rubix Cube. Be-cause of the shape people will associate the build-ing with childhood and more importantly, by therepresentation of a complex puzzle made easy. Thebuilding consists of a fixed steel construction and ismade transformable by giving the possibility to addor remove blocks from the construction.

The second concept was more focused on the inte-gration in the landscape. This was realized by goingpartly underground and letting the roof at the backliterally flow from the earth. Because of the accesspath sloping down, the visitors get sucked in at theentrance. At the back they can exit the buildingagain and can sit or walk on the roof of the building.

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Figure 2.10 | Initial concept

Figure 2.11 | Second concept


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By reviewing the two concepts using the Multi-CriteriaMatrix the good and bad aspects of both conceptswere revealed. The first concept scores high on themulti-functionality and transformability aspects.By being able to add and remove wall panels thepossibilities are endless. The building can be as bigor small as is desired, making it very multi-functional.This is also why this concept was chosen to be furtherdeveloped.

The second concept is way less multi-functional andthe transformability is not as good either, since thebuilding is very fixed. The building is situated partlyunderground and this way the constant temperatureof the soil can be used to keep energy costs low.Therefore scoring good on Energy, water & materials.


Design Aspects Concept 1 Concept 2

Architectural quality +- +

Multi-functionality ++ +-

Transformability ++ -

Energy, water & materials + ++

Figure 2.12 | Rear view


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On these two pages the design process of group twocan be followed. At first the Rubix Cube got furtherdeveloped. Following the basic design remained,only the focus shifted more to the experience of

the kids; playful and educational. In the final designthe Rubix Cube is abandoned, but the playfulnessand educational value are kept. The building is anexhibition in itself by introducing the five elementsas the theme; earth, water, wind and sun as well asthe additional element man. The building will createawareness about these four environmental elementsand how the children themselves have an impacton them. A large open exhibition space (man) wascreated underground. On top a web of ramps andplatforms introduce the children to the four elements.On the platforms physical principles are explained tothe children by bringing the (invisible) inner workingsto the outside; making them visible. This inside-outside contradiction is also shown in the envelopeand creates a better integration in the landscape.

Design Process Group Two

Picture 2.13 | Open cube

Picture 2.14 | Open cube rear view


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Picture 2.18 | Section


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The concepts generated by group three focused onincluding a children program in its exhibition area.This program includes for instance exhibitions such asbiology, astronomy, environment recycling, human

body, robotic and technology. Additionally the areasto be included in the building were: administration,lab, information, toilets, refreshment, multimediaroom and workshops.

Considering the aspects mentioned before, thestudents of group three proposed modular conceptsthat allows transformation based on the needs ofthe users. The modules suggested in these conceptsrepresented each of the area needed. Base on themodules configuration the building can createbigger or smaller areas, connecting or disconnectingthe modules between each other.

After an analysis on the modular configurations forthe building a linear configuration was chosen. Thislinear configuration intends to connect the differentmodules with a large hall. The hall leads visitors fromthe entrance to the end of the exhibition path,approaching the different modules.

Two options were created for the transformabilityof the areas. Option one proposes a connection oftwo modules using a connection element that cango inside or outside the module itself. Option two

presents folding walls that connect or disconnect themodules.

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Picture 2.19 | Configuration one

Picture 2.20 | Configuration two

Picture 2.21 | Configuration three


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The concept was evaluated based on the mainaspects of the Multi-Criteria Design Matrix. In thearchitectural quality aspect, the modular identitygives the impression of transformability, but it doesnot have the green identity, nor does it suggest the

playfulness of a building that is made for childrenrelated activities. The entrance is the biggest elementof the building and welcomes and invites visitors toenter, but the hall that they reach afterwards is notplayful and inspiring for them.

The multi-functionality and transformability of theconcept is related to the modules, which allowspatial and technical transformation with any of theproposed transformation options.

It is necessary to defined energy and water systems

that contribute to performance of the building. Inthis phase of the design process these systems andmaterials were not well specified. As a result a furtherdevelopment of the concept is needed.


Design Aspects Concept 1

Architectural quality +-

Multi-functionality ++

Transformability ++

Energy, water & materials -

Figure 2.24 | Concept birds eye view

Figure 2.22 | Programs

Figure 2.23 | Areas


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A redesign of the previous concept was necessary.The design team focused on the improvement ofthe architectural quality and the energy, waterand material aspects. The expo area inside allows

transformation to the different scenarios. Dividingwalls transform the space into six smaller roomsand can also be moved outside enlarging the totalvolume. The west faade offers an open space insummer or closed space in winter. During the daythe building can be cooled through the open glassfaade. The secondary wood faade helps to controlthe amount of wind desired into the building.

The concept proposes different renewable energysystems. With the use of these, it aims to generatemore energy than is being used. A rain watercollector is installed underground to provide water

to the services inside the building. Solar panels areintegrated in the green roof and plants are placed inan internal garden to purify the air.

Now the main attributes of the buildings identity arethe colorful modules, the rectangular shape andgreen roof. The secondary wood faade revealssome bright colors. In this way the kids feel invitedto enter and discover the colorful exhibition that isinside.

A further analysis and a change of the location of the

building lead to the proposal of a green wall on thenorth side instead of the wood faade. The greenroof was integrated to the landscape with an outside

ramp. A lighter transparent building constructionwas necessary in order to use the sun as a source ofnatural light.

Visitors entering the building on the west side can finda information desk and ticket service. In this modulethe administration room is located and the internalexhibition space is longitudinal. The refreshment areais located on the East part of the building. This areacan be extended outside during warmer months ofthe year.

Exhibition space can still be divided with lightremovable walls allowing to adapt to differentscenarios.

On the north side of the internal exhibition space

green building systems are integrated into the greenwall. Some of these installations positioned on theNorth side break the green facade, making it possiblefor the visitors to get a glimpse of the inside beforethey enter the building.

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Figure 2.25 | Facade sketches


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Each group has presented their concepts. Evaluationof each proposed concept was done and oneconcept with the most potential per group shouldbe chosen for further developed. However, every

group had put their focus on some specific designcriteria therefore a combination of the best elementsof each group was integrated in order to get to thefinal design for the building.

The best element of the concept from group 1 is thefact that it really blends into the landscape, creatinga more organic structure and making it fun for childrensince this is not a regular building. Furthermore inthis way the building does not compete with thelibrary, which can be considered as a landmark. Theapproach to the building can be an exploration onits own by having a curved path going through the

hills, slowly revealing the building inside these hills.

From group 2 the dynamic, challenging and invitingspatial configuration from the perception of achild was chosen. The building will contain variousexperiences on different platforms. These platformswill be placed on different levels and ramps willconnect them. As a result a p layful 3D exhibition canbe created and children will be amazed to followthe creative path that leads inside. Additionally thebuilding should have different scenarios inside andoutside and its transformations must be a logical part

of the total concept.

From group 3 the green aspects were chosen to beintegrated. These aspects include different systemsthat contribute to the energy performance of thebuilding. An air purification system at the green

faade collects the CO2 emissions. A rain waterpurification container distributes the treated water tothe different services inside the building. Solar panelsallow the use of renewable energy in the systems andnatural ventilation can be used instead of artificialventilation. Taking advantage of the fact that a partof the building is underground, geothermal energyshould be used for instance in the heating system.The green aspects mentioned before should beintegrated in a logical way of the total volumetric,programmatic and ultimately architectural concept.

In conclusion, the final design for the building should

blend well into the landscape, this way creatingan organic structure where the approach to theentrance is already an exploration. Furthermore thespatial configuration inside should be design with theperception of a child kept in mind. A 3D exhibitionwith platforms on different levels will make the waythrough the YTU Children Science Center really funfor children. At last the green aspects that contributeto the energy performance of the building should bewell integrated into the architectural concept.

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When all groups finished their concepts the best elements of allconcepts where combined in order to get to a final concept.The process of going from all good elements to one final modelthat includes all these elements was very intensive and thisprocess really defined the final shape of the building. Althoughthe organic shape of group one has been accentuated as animportant starting point, the first integrated proposals were ratherorthogonal and have lost many qualities that previous conceptshad. It took some time for all students to start working as one bigteam instead of three individual teams and to get a consensuson how to reintegrate the qualities from these three concepts

in a proper manner. During this process the building has beenchanged several times and this chapter includes all differentconcepts that were proposed in this phase. As can be seen in thischapter the building slowly evolved from a more straight shape toa more organic shape, which better integrates in the landscapeand can be seen as more playful for children.C

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Figure 3.1 - Grin Grin


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The source of inspiration for the YTU Children ScienceCenter was a building designed by Toyo Ito AssociatesArchitects. This building can be found in Japanand is named Grin Grin. The building consists out of

three domes covered in green. The building blendsnicely into the landscape just as desired for the YTUChildren Science Center. Furthermore the buildingwas designed in a playful and organic way whichwill be compelling to the children. Different conceptswere developed with the source of inspiration kept inmind. These can be found on the upcoming pages.

References:

Toyo Ito Associates Architects, www.toyo-ito.co.jp

Inspiration

Figure 3.2 | Grin Grin birdseye view

Figure 3.3 | Grin Grin from below


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Different aspects from the three final concepts,presented in the previous chapter, were combinedinto one design. From group one the main aspect wasthe building as an extension of the landscape, from

group two, the 3D exhibition and indoor organizationand from group three the green concepts as alogical part of the building.

Considering these aspects and the building Grin Grinas a source of inspiration, a redesign process followed.The images displayed in this chapter exemplify thisredesign process. The first attempt consists of onebox-like building which is partly underground andis situated in a hill. On the South-side a large glassfaade can be found were children can take alook inside before they enter the building. When thevisitors arrive by bus they first follow a path which

leads them to the entrance. From the bus stop andthe North-side street the building itself is not visible.The children only see the big hill. When approachingthe entrance, the building will slowly reveal itself upuntil the point that the whole South faade becomesvisible.

Progress

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Figure 3.4 | Site plan


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Figure 3.5 | Program

Figure 3.7 | Artist impression

Figure 3.6 | Section


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Inside the building, a rectangle shape containsdifferent departments on different levels. One ofthe disadvantages of this box-like concept is thelack of coherence between the organic shaped hilland the rectangle shape for the interior part. Therectangle shape does not represent a challengeor proposes a playful configuration suitable forchildren. Furthermore the path leading toward theentrance seems to be more a physical barrier thanan architectural added value. Therefore a redesign isnecessary to design an organic shape and a playfulpath that visitors would be pleased to follow.

The redesign of the previous concept began to lookmore like an organic building with rounded edgesand less rectangular forms. This concept consists outof two buildings or modules above ground which are

connected as one module underground. Instead offollowing an explorative path to reach the entrance,this concept proposes now a simplified path thatleads to it. Therefore the entrance is now better tounderstand.

Inside the building different platforms are connectedand together form the exhibition area, this waymaking it more fun to explore for children sinceeverything can be found on different levels. Outsideat the South-side an amphitheater is located forchildren to see a presentation for instance, or

students to watch a movie projected on the faade.Even though this concept is more organic than theprevious one, it still looks artificial in the landscape.

In other words this concept does not fit with thesurroundings very well.

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Figure 3.8 | Plan redesign


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An improvement was made using the space betweenthe two modules of the building. Here the conceptproposes a path that goes through the two modulesand leads to the entrance at the amphitheater area.As a result the children follow an organic path whileexploring the area in an interesting way. In addition thispath encourages the visitors to look at the technicaland green faade that the concept presents. Theidea of these facades is the representation of thegreen and technical aspects used in the building.Children can learn for instance how a green house(green faade) can purify the building absorbing theCO2 emissions.

The internal area of this concept is quite similar tothe previous concept, although now it is even morecurved and none of the existing lines are straight. Theproposal of an amphitheater at the South-side waskept. Now this area presents a more rounded shape,fitting better into the landscape.

Figure 3.9 | Combination of concepts view one

Figure 3.10 | Combination of concepts view two

Figure 3.11 | Combination of concepts view three


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An evaluation of the previous concepts proposes twoparts or modules above ground that are connectedto each other instead. Underground they continueforming one large area for the different exhibitionsand departments. The architectural quality of thisconcept is more in balance with the landscape.Now it is an organic and playful shape and is morecompelling to children.

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Figure 3.12 | Plan top view

Figure 3.13 | Section


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Figure 3.13 | approach

Figure 3.14 | Terrace


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Figure 3.15 | Organic shape

Figure 3.16 | Levels

Figure 3.17 | Program


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The final concept, after the redesign process,consists out of a small construction or module wherethe entrance is placed. The entrance was changedto this place so it does not interfere with the bigamphitheater and the presentations given there. Thespace between the two modules can be used as asitting area for visitors while looking at the green andtechnical facades. In the big construction or moduleabove the ground the exhibitions area, lecture roomsand a refreshment area can be found.

This final proposal will be used in the detailed designprocess that can be found in the following chapter.

Conclusion

Figure 3.18 | Render one

Figure 3.19 | Render two


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Now the basics of the final concept are clear, all details needto be specified. This has been done during the last workshop inEnschede. During this week all groups worked together to finalizethe design and explain every detail. In this chapter all informationabout the final design can be found, such as the floor plans, theclimate concept, the Cradle to Cradle aspects, as well as manymore aspects. By seeing also the 3D model the looks of the buildingshould be clear to everyone.C

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One of the main criteria for the Childrens ScienceCenter is to create an energy positive building thathas a positive footprint. To actually create a buildingthat produces more energy than it uses is a toughjob to achieve, especial ly considering a building withan open space and rooms of these dimensions. Thisdoesnt mean this is impossible though. The creationof a building with a positive footprint can be donein several ways. Besides the used climate systemsand techniques, the building also has a very bigpositive footprint in a social perspective. The buildingeducates the visitors, who bring that knowledgehome, spread it and apply some aspect theyhave learned in their daily lives: the pay it forwardeffect. Besides the educational function the climateconcept also consists of several issues as discussed inthe chapter below.

Energy

The most important factor for creating an energypositive building is to become self-sufficient by thegeneration of energy and by the use of naturallypresent energy. This can be done by using solarand wind energy, as well as the thermal mass of thebuilding and the surrounding soil in which the buildingis submerged.

Solar

The sun is an enormous and endless source ofenergy, not only in the form of light, but also in the

form of thermal energy. Sunlight is used to generate

electrical energy, by using solar panels, as well as toprovide natural light for the inner spaces. However,direct sunlight is too bright and undesirable,especially in summer. Therefore sun shading is usedto only let indirect natural light enter the building.The natural light will enter the glass faades on thesouth faades and the north faade of the largerpart of the building, as well as through the glass roofparts and smaller windows spread across the otherfaades.

The thermal energy from the sun is used for heatingthe building during winter. The sun shines through thewindow, warming the air inside like a greenhouse.This is realized by putting large glass panels in the

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Figure 4.1 | Facades

Figure 4.2 | Facade types


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south faades, as well as an innovative air purifyinggreen house in the west faade of the larger partof the building. As is schematically shown in figure4.3 the sun warms up the air between the two glassfacades of the greenhouse, providing heat for theinner climate; the air in between the two faadesgets heated by the sun. As a secondary effect the

cavity of air in between the two glass faades alsoserves as an insulator, preventing the warmth fromthe indoor climate from escaping. In summer thesame effect occurs, however in a reversed manner;the system will prevent the enormous heat from thesun from entering the inner climate and the coolinner air from escaping through the glass faade.

Wind

Wind is also a big source of energy, from which canbe greatly benefitted, considering the windy c limateof Istanbul. Therefore wind turbines can be built in thelandscape to generate large amounts of electricalenergy.Thermal mass

The Childrens Science Center is built partlyunderground, it therefore is in direct contact withthe subsoil. This subsoil has a constant temperature

during the year of around 12 C. In summer this canbe used for cooling the building. The building radiatesits heat to the soil surrounding the walls, therefore

lowering the temperature inside.Energy saving

Besides generating energy and using natural energysources, also the saving of energy is essential forgiving a building a positive footprint. Hereby needingless energy in the sense of consumption, but also in

the sense of reducing the amount of energy neededto be generated to create a positive energy building.There are various ways of reducing the energy use,some are general, but some are also time or seasonspecific.

General

Besides the use of natural sun light, the use of LED lightsin the Childrens Science Center will limit the amountof electrical energy enormously in comparison tothe use of light bulbs or energy saving lamps. Also

the use of appliances that require a voltage of 12Vinstead of 230V, like LED lights, reduces the electricalenergy needed, because no converters are neededfor converting the energy generated from sun andwind (12V) to high voltage levels.

Summer

In summer the saving of energy mostly consists ofreducing the need for cooling. For instance this is doneby the application of shading on large glass surfacesthat come in contact with direct sunlight. On thesouth faade of the smaller part of the building this isdone by shading that consists of connected woodenbeams, overgrown with greenery. The shading on the

other southern faade is formed by the ramp goingto the top of the roof. Above this ramp, the glass ofthe faade is replaced by a Smart Skin.

Figure 4.3 | Two glass facade

Figure 4.4 | Light types


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This material filters the sun light and consists ofpolycarbonate tubes filled with water that blockheat flows but are still translucent. The shading ofthe green house on the other hand, is situated atthe inside of the faade this to ensure that the greenhouse will function properly. The shading of the glassroof is situated on the inside as well. At this part, the

shading is done by using a translucent fabric thatfilters and diffuses the light. Besides that, the coldwind flows that are present in summer are used forthe cooling of the building.

Analysis

To effectively use the needed shading and to definethe exact dimensions of the canopies, a shadowanalysis is carried out. The passive design of thebuilding is mainly based on this analysis, using theorientation of the faades and the angle of the

roof and shading elements in an optimal way. Thisresulted in canopies with a width of 3 meters, as canbe seen in the analysis of figure 4.7.

Figure 4.5 | Smartskin

Figure 4.6 | Smartskin implementation

Figure 4.7 | Section 1-1 shading


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Winter

In winter most of the energy saving consists of theprevention of heat loss, as well as the reduction ofthe need for heating. The prevention of heat loss isrealized using several techniques. One is the closingof the glass faades, as well as the glass roof parts.This will prevent hot air from flowing out. Also theimplementation of heat exchangers at all ventilationgrids will reduce the loss of heat to the environment.

The green roof will serve as insulation and all solidfacades, window frames and gaps will be insulated.The Smart Skin mentioned earlier also serves as aninsulator in winter, using the same principle as insummer. Also the application of floor heating reduces

the energy use.

Figure 4.8 | Section 2-2 shading

Figure 4.9 | Section overview


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The green roof will serve as insulation and all solidfacades, window frames and gaps will be insulated.The Smart Skin mentioned earlier also serves as aninsulator in winter, using the same principle as insummer. Also the application of floor heating reducesthe energy use.

In contrast to the cold wind flows in summer, the windflows in winter are warmer, which provides a naturalway of reduction of heat loss using natural ventilation.While in summer the temperature of the soil is used tocool the building, in winter this will result in the loss ofhighly needed heat. To prevent this, a second wallis placed in front of the underground outer walls,between which a pneumatic wall is placed, therebycreating a flexible insulating wall.

Ventilation

As mentioned, ventilation will be natural throughoutthe building, only the toilets will contain mechanicalventilation. Istanbul in general has two dominantwind flows, cold wind flows in summer and opposite,warmer wind flows in winter. By the implementationof ventilation grids at the top of the southernand northern faades, the natural wind flowsare captured to create natural ventilation inside.

Because the wind flows are opposite during summerand winter, ventilation rosters are on opposite sides

of the building, functioning as inlet as well as outlet inthe other season. In summer the glass roof parts areopened, to create additional ventilation.

Air

The basic idea underlying Cradle to Cradle is to

reduce waste and to have a positive footprint instead.Several innovative techniques help to achievethe goal for this project. A part of the faade, thegreenhouse, fig 4.11, makes use of plants to pur ify theair by converting the exhaled CO2 from visitors intoO2. The plants need CO2 to grow and purified airwill be given back to the environment. The cycle isclosed again. The system is composed of two glassfaades with 80cm of space in between. Ventilationgrids on the bottom and upper parts determine theflow of air. The greenhouse faade functions as ashowcase where children can see how air is purified

using the nature, see beautiful flowers and seebutterflies fly around. During the winter, the faadeacts as a greenhouse, providing heat to the building.

Water

In Western countries the use of helophyte filters fordecentralized wastewater treatment is increasingbecause there are sustainable, ecological andcheap to apply. At the children museum, thecaptured grey rain water can be transformed

into clean water by using Helophytes. These plantslive in or at the waters surface and are capable of

Figure 4.10 | Green- vs traditional roof

Figure 4.11 - 4.12 | Green house facade

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purifying water. In order to use Helophytes to filterwaste water from toilets, special filters are required toseparate solid and liquid waste. There will be a pondfilled with Helophytes embedded in the landscape.Besides that, there are also types of Algae that canbe used to recover almost 100 percent of nitrogenand phosphorus nutrients from manure. After a while,

the dried-out algae can act as slow-release fertilizer.The Algae have to be separated from the Helophytesbecause they quickly cover the whole water surface.

Conclusions

In order to successfully implement the conceptsabove, the requirements have to be specified. Theinside air temperature, speed and ventilation rate areimportant factors to take into account. These valuesdepend on several factors like the availability of air

conditioning systems or the use of passive design.When a building is cooled by natural ventilation usingoperable windows, visitors will feel comfortable athigher temperatures.

Figure 4.13 - Helophytes

Table 4.1 | Climate systems


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In 2002 architect William McDonough and chemistMichael Braungart have introduced their view onsustainability, called: Cradle to Cradle. The basicidea is that after the useful life of a material in acertain product, it could be used in another product,under the condition that there is no loss of qualityor so called down cycling and all residuals shouldbe reused or neutral to the environment. This closesthe cycle, turning waste into food. There is a strictseparation of two cycles: The biosphere, includingall natural, bio-degradable, non-toxic materials andthe technosphere, which contains high-specificationmaterials that should be kept apart from theenvironment.

We increasingly see buildings as raw materialsbanks, in which valuable raw materials are

kept for future re-use Thomas Rau, architect.

Now C2C is becoming more widely accepted, it offerspossibilities for the theory to be implemented in thedesign of the museum. When you look at a buildingas a living organism, it should draw the nourishmentand energy it needs from its immediate surroundings.This was translated into the wish for the museum tobecome energy positive. Braungart considers theearth as a closed system, fed by solar energy. Wasteis never gone and therefore always causes damageelsewhere. When you consider that the buildingindustry forms a substantial share, approximately30% of the total waste mountain, the importanceof closed cycles becomes clear. Although it is still

nearly impossible for a whole building to becomeC2C certified, the subsystems or components can beC2C certified. Unfortunately, there are not sufficientcertified building materials available. To solve this,some materials and systems are used that are inline with C2C, but not certified. Our vision on thequality of the interior space and the positive footprintcorresponds with C2C, making it interesting to apply.Besides that, one of the main goals is to learn childrenabout having a positive impact on the environment,in which C2C could help. Sustainability should notbe based on guilt or the assumption that we shouldconsume less. It should be about having a positiveimpact and celebrate diversity.

In the design of the museum C2C mainly applies to thedesign of the climate systems and the propagation

of the positive message. In order to see what thepossibilities are, a diagram was made, assigningfaade & energy related elements to the biological-or technical cycles to keep the cycles closed andthe materials separated. These elements include:Glazing to provide daylight, wall- & roof panels, agreen roof and a green wall for heating, insulationand purification, a water pump, heat transformerand an algae pond. These systems will be furtherdiscussed in Climate Systems.

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Figure 4.14 | Green wall system

Figure 4.15 | Cradle to Cradle logo

Figure 4.16 | C2C cycles (via mbdc.com)


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The location is surrounded with streets at the fourcardinal directions. The main route is at North-side,where public transport transit during the day. Eastand West routes are secondary and not congestedstreets. South-side route is not close to the location,

hence this is considered to be a passive and notactive route for the building. The pedestrian paththat leads visitors to the entrance starts in the West-street, next to the location.

When reaching the YTU Children Science Centerby vehicle, users can use two parking areas. Oneparking area is next to the library of the Davutpasacampus and the second one is near to the basearmy building located as well inside the campus.Since the West and North routes of the locationare not congested routes, as mentioned before, it

is not necessary to build a parking area next to thelocation. Even though the existing parking areas arenot situated next to the location, a group of childrencan safely walk to the building accompanied by anadult.

At the South-side of the location an old building hasinfluence on the YTU Children Science Center. This oldconstruction is considered as an historical buildingthat cannot be demolished. Therefore aspects suchas the minimum space between the buildings andthe shadow that this old construction generates mustbe considered.

An artificial hill on the North-side of the buildingprevents visitors to see the building when approachingfrom the North route. This keeps children exited andcurious to discover the building they are visiting.Furthermore this hill fits well with the surroundings that

are mainly characterized by a green environment.

The landscape presents an open area for exhibitions.Elements of different shapes and actions canbe part of the open exhibitions which teach forinstance about mechanics, physics, mathematicsand environmental technology. A lake below the hillpurifies the water to be use inside the building.

On the South side of the building an openamphitheatre can be found. This area proposesdifferent scenarios for the warmer months of the

year. Some of these scenarios include lectures,shows, experiments, and a cinema using the facadeto place the screen.

A ramp is leading from the East ground level to thegreen roof of the building. Following this playful pathchildren can have a different perspective of thesurroundings and learn about the benefits of thegreen roof. The path finishes near the lake which canbe used as a exhibition area to explain the waterpurification system.

The area in the middle of the two modules above theground is an open space that can be used duringsummer as a plateau for exhibitions. Opening the

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allow enlarging the area for summer exhibitions. Ina similar way the West facade of the bigger moduleabove the ground can be open on the warmer months

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most suitable for open exhibitions and for Food andDrinks extension because it has shadow and blocks thecoldest wind.

Figure 4.17 | Landscape

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The fact that the YTU Children Science Center is partlyunderground is clearly visible on these images. At thebackside the amphitheater can also be used as astairway, leading the visitors from the undergroundlevel to the ground level. From here the visitors

can explore the gardens around the building. Thebuilding is partly hidden in the hill on the North side ofthe building. This way the building is not clearly visiblefrom the main road, but will reveal itself slowly whenvisitors approach. On the South side a ramp goingto the roof acts also as a canopy to hide shield theSouth faade from direct sunlight.


Sections

Figure 4.20 | Sections


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Figure 4.21 | Sections


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Winter scenario 1

On the ground level of the North part of the building afood and drinks or refreshment area has been planedthat can be extended all the way to the stairs. Visitorscould sit on these stairs or go to the -3,9 m level. Thestaircase forms a sort of tribune/audience for theevents that are taking place on the underground

level. The space on the underground level is usedfor different workshops organized around a closedmultimedia room.

Winter scenario 2

The refreshment area is located next to the entrance.The staircase leading to the -3.9 m level is used asan exhibition area itself. Sub-terrain level is usedfor open exhibitions and workshops. Additionally alecture area located in the center of the room allowsdividing the area into two when necessary.

Scenarios


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IDS2012.

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Figure 4.22 | Winter scenarios


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Summer scenario 1

During the summer the refreshment area, which isplaced behind the entrance to the building, can beextended into a part of outside space (the spacebetween the North and South part of the buildingabove the ground). The -3.9 m level of the buildingis used as an exhibition space. This area could be

extended to the outside area on the South side. Aclosed lecture room is located in the central part ofthe building.

Summer scenario 2

The space between the North ant the South partof the building above the ground is used for openworkshop spaces. The lower level has a semiorganized exhibition with an i

ids book 2012 final

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