igc1 - element 6 principles of control (1st ed) v.1.0

7/27/2019 IGC1 - Element 6 Principles of Control (1st Ed) v.1.0

1/87

Copyright RMS Publishing

IGC First Edition - IGC1 Element 6 - v.1.0 - Slide 1

860409

NEBOSH

InternationalGeneral Certificate


2/87



860409

Licence details

RMS Publishing Limited

Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA

ACT Associates Limited.

First Edition September 2007.

All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers.

This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published,without the prior consent of the Publishers.

This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnail handout forimmediate use by the tutor.

Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS/ACT can bear no liability for anyomission or error.

Issued to: Strabag

Single LicenceLicence No: 860409


3/87



860409

NEBOSH

InternationalGeneral Certificate


4/87



860409

Unit IGC1

Management ofInternational health

and safety


5/87



860409

Element 6

Principles of control


6/87



860409

6.1 Describe the general principles of control and a basichierarchy of risk reduction measures that encompass

technical, behavioural and procedural controls

6.2 Describe what factors should be considered when

developing and implementing a safe system of workfor general work activities and explain the key

elements of a safe system applied to the particular

situations of working in confined spaces and lone

working


Learning outcomes


7/87



860409

6.3 Explain the role and function of a permit-to-work

system

6.4 Explain the need for emergency procedures and the

arrangements for contacting emergency services

6.5 Describe the requirements for, and effective

provision of, first aid in the workplace


Learning outcomes - continued


8/87



860409

Contents of element


6.1 General principles of controlling hazards and

reducing risk

6.2 Safe systems of work

6.3 Permit to work systems

6.4 Emergency procedures

6.5 First aid


9/87



860409

Contents of element



reducing risk




6.5 First aid

f


10/87



860409

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural

and procedural controls)

General hierarchy of control


General principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk

P i i l f t l


11/87



860409

In order to control the risks identified by risk assessments

Workers and the self-employed need to introduce a risk

control strategy of preventive and protective measures

To be effective a risk control strategy needs to considertechnical, behavioural and procedural controls



General principles of prevention (technical,

behavioural and procedural controls)

P i i l f t l


12/87



860409



Avoiding risks



If risks are avoided completely then they do not have to be

either controlled or monitored

For example- Not using pesticides or not working at height

P i i l f t l


13/87





Evaluating unavoidable risks



Carry out a suitable and sufficient assessment of risks

P i i l f t l


14/87





Controlling hazards at source



Repairing a hole in the floor is safer than displaying a

warning sign

The use of local exhaust ventilation to remove a substanceat source

The design of equipment so that mechanical movement is

enclosed

P i i l f t l


15/87





Adapting work to the individual



This emphasises the importance of human factors in

modern control methods

If the well-being of the person is dealt with, there is lesschance of the job causing ill-health

Consideration should be given to the design of any

equipment

All equipment should be clearly labelled Alleviating monotonous work by breaks or task rotation

can help the individual to remain alert

P i i l f t l


16/87





Adapting to technical progress



This can lead to improved, safer and healthier working

conditions

For example:- New non-slip floor surfaces

- Less hazardous equipment

The use of waste chutes for removal of materials from

scaffolds and the use of lower vibration equipment

P i i l f t l


17/87





Replacing the dangerous by the less/non-dangerous



For example, using a battery operated drill rather than a

mains (supply voltage) powered tool

Providing compressed air at a lower pressure Providing water based chemicals instead of solvent based

chemicals



18/87





Developing a coherent prevention policy



Taking a holistic stance to the control of risk

Involves consideration of the organisation through the

establishing of risk / control identification systems Consideration of the job through the use of task analysis

and selection of the people

Consideration of human factors that affect an individual

such as mental and physical requirements



19/87





Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual

protective measures



Provide individual protective measures such as warning

people of hazards and provision of personal protectiveequipment using the safe person strategy

A more developed and effective approach is to give priority

These two strategies are supported by a third strategy

sometimes called the safe system strategy Reliance on only a safe/healthy person strategy is the

weakest of controls



20/87





Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual

protective measures



By ensuring a safe/healthy place all people that find

themselves in it will gain protection This approach is reflected in the hierarchy used for

safeguarding dangerous parts of equipment

The most successful organisations use a combination of

the three strategies Studies have shown that this is a critical aspect of effective

management of health and safety



21/87



Information

Instruction Training

Supervision



Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to

employees





22/87



Information

To improve awareness about health and safety generally inrelation to specific hazards, their controls and management

performance to bring about these controls




behavioural and procedural controls)Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to

employees



23/87



Information

Subjects Legislation

Company policy statements

Accident statistics

General hazards and controls Names of appointed first aiders

Means of communication Bulletins and news sheets

Notice boards, propaganda,

films

Team briefing Written material for visitors

Site signs and labels





employees



24/87



Instruction

To control workers, contractors and visitors behaviour withregard to general and specific health and safety arrangements





employees



25/87



Instruction

Subjects Health and safety rules

Policy, arrangements and plans

Use of PPE

Specific hazards Emergency procedures

Reporting accidents

Means of communicating Verbal, written and visual

material

Notice boards

Induction and job training

Direct issue of document

Tool-box talks





employees



26/87



Training

To develop people, their attitudes, perception and motivation witregard to health and safety to ensure acceptable actions.

Training should use two-way communication - information /

instruction given and understanding checked.





employees



27/87



Training

Subjects

Accident investigation

Risk assessments

Inspections / audits

Instructions

Display screen workstation





employees

Work equipment

Use of PPE

Manual handling techniques

Emergency procedures



28/87



Training

Means of communicating

On/off the job

Internal/external trainers

Explanation, demonstration,

discussion and practice

One-to-one or group

Written, oral and visual material





employees



29/87



Supervision

Provision / reinforcement of performance standards ofemployees

Subjects

Activity operations

Machinery / equipment use Workplace behaviour

Employee attitude

Means of communication

Direct verbal interaction

Written work instruction Demonstration





employees



30/87



Competence v supervision



Source: RMS


behavioural and procedural controls)Providing appropriate training, information and supervision toemployees



31/87




Source: RMS



behavioural and procedural controls)Categories and features of safety signs



32/87



Avoiding risks Elimination / substitution

Reducing / time limiting exposure

Isolation / segregation

Engineering control

Safe systems of work

Training and information

Personal protective equipment Welfare

Monitoring and supervision






33/87





Avoiding risks


Avoiding risk at source is the best option for controlling risk

Everyone is protected and there is no residual risk to

manage

In order to avoid the risk of falling it is critical to design outthe need to work at height



34/87





Elimination/substitution


Removal of the hazard in total from the working

environment

Reducing the hazard to an acceptable level by substituting

something less hazardous Reducing the strength of the hazardous material

Reducing the quantity in use/etc



35/87





Reducing/time limiting exposure


Reduction of exposure may be achieved by keeping the

numbers at risk to a minimum by timing certain work so that

other tasks are not taking place nearby

Rotating work to minimise the exposure to any one person For example, by reducing the frequency and duration of

exposure to radiation, noise or vibration



36/87



Principles of controlGeneral principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk

Isolation/segregation


Enclose the hazard so there is a controlled barrier between

people and the hazard

For example, fitting fixed guards around dangerous parts of

a machine, provision of guard rails on scaffolds or barriersround street works



37/87




Engineering control


Control the numbers at risk by systems of working or by

engineering methods

For example

- Provision of an overload or over run device on a crane orhoist

- Control dust / fumes released into the atmosphere by

local exhaust ventilation

- To limit the noise level emitted by use of sound insulation



38/87






A safe system of work is a formal procedure which results

from systematic examination of a task in order to identify all

the hazards

It defines safe methods of working In some cases the system of work is controlled by the use of

structured checklists

This is often called a permit to work



39/87




Training and information


Relevant information and training on risks and on protective

and preventive measures

Should be limited to what workers need to know to ensure

their own health and safety and not put others at risk



40/87



Requirements:

Ensure PPE is suitable

Adequate training / instruction

Issue, obtain signature and record Monitoring systems

Provide suitable storage

Routine exchange systems

Cleaning / sterilisation Written / verbal instructions



Personal protective equipment



41/87



Benefits and limitations

Aprons

Adverse weather gear

High visibility clothing

Gloves

Safety footwear

Safety helmets

Eye protection

Life-jackets

Respirators Safety harness

Underwater breathing

gear






42/87



Benefits and limitations

Often protection limited, rarely 100%

Hair length

Spectacles

Stubble growth male faces

Incorrect fitting / adjustment

c p es o co t oGeneral principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk





43/87



The provision of adequate welfare facilities is intended to

reduce the likelihood of ill health and skin disease

Promoting good personal hygiene through the provision

of suitable and sufficient toilets, washbasins andchanging rooms

pGeneral principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk


Welfare



44/87



Monitoring of the success or limitations of a selected

control in the hierarchy is critical and enables improved

control to be put in place

The supervisor has a crucial part to play in controllinghazard and risk

It is critical to balance the amount and timing of

supervision against the work being done

Supervision helps to ensure that workers understand therisks associated with their work

Necessary safety precautions are carried out

pGeneral principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk


Monitoring and supervision



45/87



Contents of element

p


reducing risk




6.5 First aid



46/87



pSafe systems of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe

system of workDefinition of safe system of work (SSW):

the integration ofP eople, E quipment and M aterials in the

correct E nvironment to produce the safest possibleconditions in a specific work area



47/87



People

Equipment

Materials Environment

p

Components of the system (PEME)



system of work



48/87



People

Safe behaviour - sound knowledge

Skills (both mental and physical) Risk and control aware

Motivation

Resistance to pressures

Adequately trained

Job experience

Working in harmony

p




system of work



49/87



Equipment

Good design and safety specification of plant, machinery

and equipment Taking into account the work that it is to do

The environment and ergonomic factors, inspection and

maintenance requirements

p




system of work



50/87



Materials

Safe and healthy in both the raw state and as the finished

product Appropriate purchasing and quality standards

Consideration of use, handling, storage, transport and safe

disposal of waste

p




system of work



51/87



Environment

Establishing critical elements in the workplace that surround

the workforce:- Effective control of heating, lighting and ventilation

- Safe levels of noise and vibration

- Effective control of dust, fumes, radiation, chemicals and

biological hazards- Effective means of access and egress

p




system of work



52/87



pSafe systems of work

It is critical that those involved in the development process

gain a perspective on the acceptability of the standards of

proposed systems of work

It may be necessary to get a perspective from someone thatis competent in the technical health and safety issues

involved

The onus is on the employer to determine the competence of

people who may be involved

A competent person should have knowledge and skill as wellas experience

The role of competent persons in the development

of safe systems



53/87




Worker involvement in the development of safe systems is

essential to ensure their safe behaviour when working to the

system

The absence of equipment specified or requirements thatmean more people to do the task than are available

Poor access/egress

Discussing proposed systems of work with workers

Possible to learn these practicalities and ensure the system

of work takes account of them Involvement in this way often ensures that the agreed system

of work is followed

Importance of involvement in the development of

safe systems



54/87



Serves as a clear setting of standards of work

Enables monitoring against clear standards of performance

Construction industry makes particular use i.e. method

statements

Higher change of being complied with

Job / task analysis essential for preparing written

procedures

Translates to comprehensive training plans

Ensures correct skills and knowledge for work to be carried

out safely


Importance and relevance of written procedures



55/87




The distinction between technical, procedural

and behavioural controlsTechnicalEquipment - design and maintenance

Access / egress - aisles and storage

Materials (substances and articles) - packaging

Environment (temperature, light, dust, noise) - LEV



56/87




The distinction between technical, procedural

and behavioural controlsProceduralPolicy and standards / rules / procedures / permit to work

Authorisation and co-ordination / purchasing controls

Accident investigation and analysis / emergency preparedness

Behavioral

Awareness, knowledge, skill, competence

Attitude, perception, motivation, communication

Supervision

Health surveillance




57/87



Analysing the task

Hazard identification and risk assessment

Introducing controls and formulating procedures

Instruction and training in the operation of the system Monitoring the system

Confined spaces

Lone working


Development of a safe system of work



58/87



The task to be done

Where the task is done

That which is used

The current controls

Adequacy of controls

Correct use by operators of the controls

Behavioural factors operators/supervisors

Analysing the task





59/87



The identification of hazards and the assessment of risks

are key factors arising from the task analysis step of

developing safe systems of work

A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should be made ofall risks to which workers and others who may be affected

are exposed

Considerations should be given to who does what, when

and how

Hazard identification and risk assessment





60/87



860409

1) Hazards should be eliminated at source

2) Specific responsibilities

3) The need for protective or special equipment

4) Adequate emergency procedures5) Task rescue methods should be identified

6) System should be checked against three main criteria:

- Adequately control hazards associated with the task

- Comply with company standards

- Comply with relevant legal standards

Define the safe methods



Principles of controlS f f


61/87



860409

The process of implementation will involve:

Person in charge of work must ensure that elements

outlined in the Planning and Organisation stages are

clearly understood and implemented If problems arise which necessitate modification to the

system, formal approval and documentation should be

made

Any permanent record of any monitoring must be kept andregularly checked by a member of the management team

Implementation



Principles of controlS f t f k


62/87



860409

For certain high risk tasks this will often involve a training

course to develop knowledge and understanding

This is then followed by practical application either

utilising a work simulator or close one to one supervision

while on the job

Where training requirements have been identified, a

record of those affected should be made

The required training should be confirmed as successful

and recorded


Instruction and training in the operation of the

system



63/87



860409

All safe systems should be formally monitored andrecords kept of compliance and effectiveness

Direct observation or by discussion at team meetings or

safety committee meetings

A system of monitoring and feedback should beimplemented to ensure it is effective

Audits and accidents that occur can provide a valuable

insight into whether systems of work are effective


Monitoring the system



64/87



860409

Can the work done without the need for entry

Testing of atmosphere

Safe access and egress

Respiratory protective equipment Emergency arrangements


Confined spaces

Work in confined spaces



65/87



860409


Confined spaces

Source: HSG150, HSE.

Access to a confined space



66/87



860409

Identify the hazards e.g. flammable substances

Prevent the need for entry e.g. clean from outside

Develop safety working practice - permit to work

Develop emergency procedures including fire safety Providing training


Confined spaces

Summary of main points



67/87



860409

In establishments

Only one person at work

People work separately

from others

People work outside

normal hours

Mobile

Construction

Maintenance

Agriculture Social


Lone working



68/87



860409

Questions to ask

Importance of training

Supervision

Procedures for monitoring purposes Medical considerations


Lone working



69/87



860409

Contents of element


reducing risk




6.5 First aid

Principles of controlPermit to work systems


70/87



860409

Permit to work systems

Operation and application

Main elements

Permit to work document

Requirements of the system

Operation



71/87



860409

Typical permits and circumstances in which they

may be appropriate

Hot work

Work on electrical systems

Machinery maintenance




72/87



860409

Example of a permit to work for entry into confined

spaces

Source: HSE Guidance note on permi ts to w ork .




73/87



860409

Contents of element


reducing risk




6.5 First aid


74/87

Principles of controlEmergency procedures


75/87



860409


Should be in place, or developed, to control likely incidents

e.g. fire, spillage, exposure to poisoning and pathogens

Fire is a specific risk

Assembly points may change

Procedures should be in writing and regularly tested

Results of such exercises should be recorded

For identified high-risk activities, arrangements should be

formalised with local Accident and Emergency services

(A&E)

The importance of developing emergency

procedures

Principles of controlEmergency procedures


76/87



860409


Employer should consider the risks

May be necessary before work is started to contact the

external emergency and rescue services if complex

hazardous work is to be carried out

Employer must identify and assess the nature of any injury

likely to occur and consider the distance to emergency

hospital facilities

May be necessary to provide a first aid room and train staff

in specific emergency techniques

Arrangements for contacting emergency and

rescue services



77/87



860409

Contents of element


reducing risk




6.5 First aid

Principles of controlFirst aid


78/87



860409

First-aid requirements

Different work activities Difficult access to treatment

Workers working away from employers premises

Workers of more than one employer working together

Provisions for non-employees

Number and size of first-aid boxes required

Additional facilities

First aid



79/87



860409

Role of first aiders Appointed person

First aid




80/87



860409

Role of first aiders Give immediate assistance to casualties

Summon an ambulance or other professional help

First aid




81/87



860409

Appointed person What to do in an emergency

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

First aid for the unconscious casualty

First aid for the wounded or bleeding

First aid




82/87



860409

Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical

location

Shared facilities and arrangements

Additional staff to cover out of hours, shift working or

overtime

Ensure coverage in place throughout period of work Particular care to high risk work outside of normal working

hours

If a geographically large area of work all staff may need to

be trained

First aid



83/87



860409

Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical

location

Shared facilities and arrangements

Arrangements to identify and inform people of where first

aid equipment is and who responsible

Possible for agreement between occupier and employer Eliminate need to make separate arrangements

Provide cover for each others first aiders

Written agreement

First aid



84/87



860409

Contents of element


reducing risk




6.5 First aid


85/87



860409

Element 6



86/87



860409

Unit IGC1Management of

International health

and safety


87/87

igc1 - element 6 principles of control (1st ed) v.1.0

Documents