ii-anatomi_anatomical-terms

8/7/2019 II-Anatomi_ANATOMICAL-TERMS

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Susy Kristiani, drg.M.Kes.

Dept. of Oral Biology


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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

Standing erect

Face forward

Arms at the sides

Palms and toesdirected forward


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Certain terms are used to describe :

- The location of body parts

- Region of the body

- Imaginary planes by which the body can be

sectioned


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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Used to describe the location of one body part

in relation to another.


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ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL )

A body part is locatedtoward the front : The

windpipe ( trachea ) is

anterior to the

oesophagus

POSTERIOR ( DORSAL )

A body part is located

toward the back : Theheart is posterior to the

sternum ( breastbone )


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SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) A body part islocated aboveanother part, ortoward the head :

The face is superiorto the neck

INFERIOR (CAUDAL) A body part is below

another part, ortoward the feet : Thenavel is inferior tothe chin


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MEDIAL A body part is nearer

than another part toan imaginary midlineof the body : Thebridge of the nose ismedial to the eyes

LATERAL A body part is farther

away from themidline : The eyesare lateral to thenose


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PROXIMAL A body part is closer to

the point of attachmentor closer to the trunk :The elbow is proximalto the hand

DISTAL A body part is farther

from the point of

attachment or furtherfrom the trunk or torso :The hand is distal tothe elbow


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SUPERFISIAL

( EXTERNAL ) A body part is

located near thesurface : The skin issuperfisial to the

muscles

DEEP( INTERNAL )

The body part islocated away fromthe surface : Theintestines are deepto the spine


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CENTRAL

A body part is situated atthe center to the body or

an organ : The central

nervous system is

located along the main

axis of the body

PERIPHERAL A body part is situated

away from the center of

the body or an organ :

The peripheral nervous

system is located outside

the central nervous

system


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IPSILATERAL

A body part is on thesame side of thebody as anotherbody part : The righthand is ipsilateral tothe right foot

CONTRALATERAL A body part is on the

opposite side of the

body from anotherbody part : The righthand is contralateralto the left hand


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REGIONS OF THE BODYCan be divided into AXIAL and APPENDICULAR

portions

AXIAL PORTION Head & Neck

Trunk : Thorax ,abdomen , pelvis

APPENDICULAR

PORTION The upper limbs

The lower limbs


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PLANES AND SECTIONS OF THE

BODY

To observe the structure of an internalbody part, it is customary to section ( cut )

the body along a plane

A plane is an imaginary flat surface passingthrough the body

The body is customarily sectioned alongthe following planes


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SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANEextends lengthwise and divides the body into right

and left portions.

A midsagittal plane passes exactly through the

midline of the body ( fig.d )

Sagittal cuts that are not along the midline are

called parasagittal sections


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FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANE

Extends lengthwise, but it is perpendicular to a

sagittal plane and divides the body or an organ into

anterior an posterior portion


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TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANE

Perpendicular to the bodys long axis and thereforedivides the body horizontally to produce cross

section.

A tranverse cut divides the body or an organ into

superior and inferior portions


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2.1 SKELETON : OVERVIEW

The skeletal system consist of the bones( 206 in adult ) and joints,

along with the the cartilage and ligaments that occur at

the the joints

AXIAL skeleton

APPENDICULAR

skeleton


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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON

Supports the body. The bones of the lower limbs

support the entire body when weare standing, and the pelvic girdlesupports the the abdominal cavity

Protects soft body part The bones of the skull protect the

brain; The rib cage protects theheart and lungs.

Produces blood cells All bones in the fetus have red bone

marrow that produces blood cells.In the adult, only certain bonesproduce blood cells.


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Stores minerals and fat All bones have a matrix that contains calcium

phosphate, a source of calcium ions and

phosphate ions in the blood. Fat is stored inyellow bone marrow

Along with the muscles, permits flexiblebody movement While articulations ( joints ) occur between all

the bones, we associate body movement.


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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

LONG BONES Are longer and they are wide SHORT BONES

Are cube shaped; their lengthsand widths are about equal

FLAT BONES Are platelike and have broad

surfaces

IRREGULAR BONES Have varied shapes with many

places for connections with otherbones

ROUND BONES Are circular

PNEUMATIC BONES


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ANATOMY of a LONG BONE


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BONES GROWTH and REPAIR

OSTEOPROGENITORCELLS Unspecialized cells present in the inner portion of theperiosteum, in the endosteum, and in the central canal ofcompact bone

OSTEOBLASTS

Bone forming cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells.They are responsible for secreting the matrixcharacteristic of bone

OSTEOCYTES Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. Once the

osteoblasts surrounded by matrix, they become theosteocytes in bone

OSTEOCLASTS Perform bone resorption, that is, they breakdown bone

and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in the

blood.Important to the growth and repair of bone


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2.2 MAJOR BONES of theSKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON Skull Hyoid bone

Vertebral column( spine )

The Rib cage

APPENDICULARSKELETON Pectoral Girdle andUpper limb

Pelvic Girdle andLower limb


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN ( VC )

Extends from the skull to the pelvis It consists of a series of separate bones,

the VERTEBRAE intervertebral disks (fibrocartilage )

7 CERVICAL ( neck ) V

12 THORACIC ( chest ) V 5 SACRAL V fused to form the

SACRUM

5 LUMBAR ( lower back ) V

3 to 5 COCCYGEAL V fused into onecoccyx

In the fetus, the VC has but one curve concave anteriorly

Protects the spinal cord VERTEBRALCANAL


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THE RIB CAGE ( THORACIC CAGE )

C

omposed of : THORACIC VERTEBRAE( 12 ) RIBS and ASSOCIATEDCARTILAGES ( 12 )

12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in theback

The upper 7 pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum by means

of costal cartilages TRUE RIBS / VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS The next 5 pairs of ribs FALSE RIBS Ribs 8, 9, 10 VERTEBROCHONDRAL RIBS, attach indirectly to

the sternum using the cartilage of rib 7

Ribs 11 ,12 short ribs with no attachment to the sternum FLOATING RIBS

STERNUM ( composed of 3 bones ) :

The manubrium, the body, the xiphoid process

Protects the heart and lung Provides support for the bone of the pectoral girdle


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PECTORAL GIRDLE & UPPER LIMB

PECTORALGIRDLE

( SHOULDERGIRDLE ) Contains 5 bones :

Manubrium sterni Two clavicles

Two scapulae

It supports the arms and

serves as a place ofattachment for musclesthat move the arms

UPPERLIMB :

Humerus ( the bones of

the arm ) Radius & Ulna

( the bones of theforearm )

Carpals, Metacarpals,Phalanges

( the bones of the hand )


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PELVIC GIRDLE & LOWER LIMB

PELVIC GIRDLE Contains :

2 coxal bones( hipbones ) ilium,ischium, pubis

Sacrum & Coccyx

The pelvis also servesas the place ofattachment for thelower limbs

Protects : Urinary bladder

Internal reproductiveorgans

Large intestine

LOWER LIMB

Femur ( the bones of thethigh )

Patella ( the bones of the

kneecap ) Tibia & Fibula ( the

bones of the leg )

Tarsals,

Metatarsals,

Phalanges

( the bones of the foot )


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2.3 JOINT ( ARTICULATION )

There are two systems for classification : According amount of movement they allow

According to their structure ( the convention followed

here )

A joint called : SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )

AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHTMOVEMENT)

DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )


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SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )

Occur where fibrousconnective tissue

joints bone to bone

fibrous joint

Sutures, in thecranial vault and

face; and are

immovable


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AMPHIARTHROSIS( SLIGHTMOVEMENT )

Where bones are joinedby hyalin cartilage or

fibrocartilage

cartilaginous joints

Slightly movable

The pubic symphysis,the joint between thetwo pubic bones


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DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )

Bone ends do not contacteach other, but are enclosedin a capsule

Generally freely movable

Two bones are separated bya joint cavity is lined by asynovial membrane, whichproduces synovial fluid, alubricant for the joint

Ligament, which arecomposed of dense regularconnective tissue, bind thetwo bones and add evenmore stability


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MOVEMENT PERMITTED BY

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendonsthat cross joint. When a muscle contracts, one

bone moves in elation to another bone

Types of movement :

ANGULAR MOVEMENT

CIRCULAR MOVEMENTSPECIAL MOVEMENT


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ANGULAR MOVEMENT

FLEXION Decreases the joint

angle

EXTENTION

Increases the jointangle

ADDUCTION the movement of

body part toward themidline

ABDUCTION The movement of the

body part laterally,away from midline


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CIRCULAR MOVEMENT

CIRCUMDUCTION The movement of the body

part in a wide, makes armcircle

ROTATION The movement of a body part

around its own axis: The arm is twisted toward

the trunk ( MEDIALROTATION

The arm away from the trunk( LATERAL ROTATION )

SUPINATION The rotation of the forearm

the palm in upward

PRONATION Is the opposite, the movement

of the forearm the palm isdownward


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SPECIAL MOVEMENT

INVERSION Turning the foot so that the sole

faces inward

EVERSION

Turning the foot so that the solefaces outward

ELEVATION and

DEPRESSION Refer to the lifting up and down,

respectively, of a body part Shrug shoulder

Move jaw up and down


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