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JOINT h... PBLLUllON STUDY OF

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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF ST. CLAIR-DETROIT RIVER AREAS

FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

Conducted by the

St. Clair-Detroit Air Pollution Board

and Cooperating Agencies

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION Ottawa

and Washington

January 1971

The St. Clair-Detroit Ai r Pollution Board and i t s cooperating agencies a r e responsible for the contents of this repor t . The Board expresses grati tude t o the Environmental Protection Agency fo r publication of the repor t .

Copies of this r e p o r t m a y be obtained upon request , a s supplies pe rmi t , f rom:

International Joint Commission 15 1 Slater St reet

Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada

International Joint Commission 1711 New York Avenue, N. W.

Washington, D. C. 20440, U.S.A.

ST. CLAlR -. DETROIT AIR POLLUTION BOARD Canada United States

W. B. Drowley, Chairman P. M. Bird J. L. Sullivan, Secre ta ry

J. C. Oppenheirner, Chairman B. D. Bloomfield D. R. Goodwin, Secre ta ry

The Board acknowledges the se rv ices of the following individuals who se rved on the Board during par t of the study:

T. H. Pat terson, F o r m e r Chairman, Canadian Section A. C. Stern, F o r m e r Chairman, United States Section R. E. Neligan, F o r m e r Secre ta ry , United States Section

The Board a l so acknowledges the ass is tance given by the following individuals who se rved on Advisory Committees:

COMMITTEE ON TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTION E. W. Hewson, Chairman, Oregon State University (United States) R. E . Munn, Department of Transport (Canada) G. T. Csanady, University of Waterloo (Canada) J. B. Harrington, Michigan State University (United States)

COMMllTEE ON SOURCES AND THEIR CONTROL E. R. Balden, Chairman, C h y s l e r Corporation (United States) R. M. Dillon, University of Western Ontario (Canada) A. C. Elliqtt, Steel Company of Canada (Canada) R. L. Broad, Rochester and Pit tsburgh Company of Canada (Canada) J. Hunter, Wyandotte Chemical Company (United States) S. Ozker, Detroit Edison Company (United States)

COMMITTEE ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION A. J. de Vill iers, Chairman, Department of National Health and Welfare(Canada) J. Isbis ter , Michigan Department of Public Health (United States) A. J. Vorwald, Wayne State University (United States) D. I r i sh , Dow Chemical. Company (United States) D. 0. Anderson, University of Bri t ish Columbia (Canada) R. B. Suthe rland, Ontario Department of Health (Canada) S. Linzon, Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada)

The Board a l so acknowledges the se rv ices of the following individuals who personally contributed to the study:

D. D. Tyler , Public Health Service (United States) L . Shenfeld, Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section LIST O F FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . LIST O F TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : SUMMARY: INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INVESTIGATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D e t r o i t - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Dioxide : ;

P a r t i c u l a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Dioxide P a r t i c u l a t e s . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odors . . . . . . . . . . . . A i r Quali ty S tandards . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 .1 PREVIOUS STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 DESCRIPTION O F THE AREA. . . . . . . . . . . . . .'

1.2 .1 Topography . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Demography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2. 2. 1 United States - Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 .2 .2 Canada - Onta r io . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . .

1 .2 .3 Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .2 .3 .1 Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 . 3 .2 Atmosphe r i c Stabi l i ty . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . 1.2.3. 3 O the r Meteorologica l F a c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 AIR QUALITY SURVEY DESIGN. 1 .3 .1 Des ign Considera t ions . . : . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 E m i s s i o n s Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Meteorologica l Observa t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 .4 Special S tudies on Effec ts . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . .

, . . 1.3.5 S u m m a r y of P r o j e c t Des ign . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

1 . 4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . 2. AIR QUALITY O F THE P O R T HURON - SARNIA AND'DETROIT - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WINDSOR AREAS,.

2 . 1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATES. . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . ' . . . . , . 2. 1. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . ' .' . . . . . . . . : . . . . .

2.1.2 M e a s u r e d A i r Qual i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1 .2 .1 High-Volume S a m p l e r s . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . 2. 1.2.2 Suspended P a r t i c u l a t e s - Soiling Index.. 2. 1 .2 .3 Suspended Meta ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . .

2. 1 .2 .4 Benzo(a)pyrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . - . . 2. 1.2.5 F luo r ides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . .

.. . . ' 2 . 2 . D U S T F A L L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a

x iv xiv XV

xv i xv i x v i

xv i i xv i i xv i i

xvi i i xv ii i

x ix 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-4 1 -4 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-8

1-13 1-15 1-15 1-16 1-16 1-17 1-17 1-28

2.2.2 M e a s u r e d Dust fa l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .2 .2 .1 P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.2 De t ro i t Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 3 SULFUR DIOXIDE 2.3. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 M e a s u r e d Ai r Qual i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 .2 .1 Sulfur Dioxide M e a s u r e m e n t s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 3.2.2 Sulfation Rate M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 4 HYDROGENSULFIDE

2 .4 .1 P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 De t ro i t - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .5 CARBONMONOXIDE 2 .5 . 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 M e a s u r e d Carbon Monoxide

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 HYDROCARBONS 2.6. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 Measu red Hydroca rbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 .2 .1 P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 .2 .2 De t ro i t - Windsor A r e a 2 .7 OXIDANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.7. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2 M e a s u r e d Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 .2 .1 P o r t Huron - S a r n i a A r e a 2.7.2.2 De t ro i t - Winds o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 8 NITROGEN OXLDES 2 .8 .1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.2 Nitrogen Oxide M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 .2 .1 P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a 2.8.2.2 De t ro i t . Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .9 ODORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9. 1 A i r Quali ty C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.2 Odor Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 9.2.1 P o r t Huron - Marysv i l l e Sec to r 2 . 9.2.2 M a r i n e Ci ty Sec to r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 E F F E C T S ON MATERIALS 2.10. 1 Meta l Cor ros ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.2 Color Fading of Dyed F a b r i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 .3 S i lve r Ta rn i sh ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 10.4 Nylon De te r io ra t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 .5 Rubber De te r io ra t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.6 S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 E F F E C T S O F AIR POLLUTION 2 . 11 . 1 Selec t ive Vegetat ion Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11 .1 .1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.1.2 Resu l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11.2 S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 VISIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 R E F E R E N C E S FOR SECTION 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMISSIONS INVENTORY 3 . 1 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 RESULTS O F EMISSIONS SURVEY 3 .2 .1 P o r t Huron - Sarn ia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.2 Detroit . Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION AT STATIONARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .4 FUEL COMBUSTION IN MOBILE SOURCES

3.5 REFUSE DISPOSAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 PROCESS AND SOLVENT LOSSES 3.7 POINT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 EMISSION CHANGES BETWEEN 1967 AND 197 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTANTS 4.1 POLLUTION ROSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.1 Application of Dispersion Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Es t imates of Pollutant Concentrations Due to Transboundary

Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 TRANSBOUNDARY FLUX MEASUREMENTS 4.4 CASE STUDIES OF MEASURED HIGH POLLUTANT

CONCENTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 C a s e N o . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.2 Case No . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 Case No . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.4 Case No . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . CONTROL AGENCY ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . 5.2 ONTARIO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM

5.2.1 Air Pollution Control Act of 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Administrat ion of the Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 Control Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .2 .4 Ai r Quality and Meteorological Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .3 MICHIGAN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 .1 Legal Basis 5.3.2 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 Activities . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.1 Plant Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 3.2 Investigation of Complaints 5 . 3 . 3.3 Cooperative Work Effor ts with Local Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contr 01 Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.4 Source Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 3.5 Community Ai r Pollution Studies 5 . 3 . 3.6 Emiss ion Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.7 P e r m i t System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.8 Tax Exemption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 3 . 9 Mobile Air-Sampling Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.10 Basic Air-Sampling Network

5.3.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 4.1 Short-Range Objectives 5.3.4.2 Long-Range Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 WAYNE COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM

5.4.1 Legal Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . CONTROL TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 POWER PLANTS (UTILITIES)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2. 1 Par t icula te Emiss ions and Controls 6 -1 6.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emiss ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6.2.3 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emiss ions . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 6-4

6.2.3.1 Low-Sulfur Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3.2 Flue-Gas Desulfurization 6-6

. . . . . . 6 . 3 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL F U E L CONSUMPTION 6-7 6.3.1 Boiler Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emiss ions f r o m Indust r ia l and

Commerc ia l Boi lers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 RESIDENTIAL F U E L CONSUMPTION 6-11

6 .5 INDUSTRIALPROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11 6 .5 .1 Steel Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5. 1 . 1 Pr inc ipa l Sources of Emis.sions 6-12 . . . . . . . . 6 . 5 . 1.2 A r e a Steel Mill Emiss ions and Controls 6-13 6.5.2 Cement Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . 6-13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 .3 Lime Plants 6-15 6.5.. 4 F e r t i l i z e r P lan t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15

. . . . . . . . . 6.5.5 Grain Handling and Process ing Companies 6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.6 Sugar Companies 6-16

6.5.7 Pe t ro leum Ref iner ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16 6.5.8 Chemical Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18

6.5.8.1 Sulfuric Acid Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.8.2 Other Chemical P r o c e s s e s ; 6-19

6 .5 .9 Grey-Iron Foundr ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20 6.6 SOLVENT EVAPORATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 7 AUTOMOBILES 6-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 ; 6-24 7 . TOTAL COST OF REMEDIAL MEASURES . . . . 0 . . . 0 . 7-1

7 .1 PARTICLE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.1.1 Detroi t - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.1.2 .Por t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL ; 7-4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 .1 Detroi t - W i n d s o r A r e a 7-6 . . 7 .. 2.2 :Por t Huron - Sarnia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

7.3 COSTSOFCONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 Industrial Boi lers 7-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 3 . 1.1 F u e l Substitution 7-11

7.3.1.2 Fue l Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 7.3.2 P o w e r Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

7.3.2.1 Fue l Substitution: Coal to L?ow-Sulfur F u e l . . . . . 7-14 7.3.2.2 Fue l Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 7.3.2.3 Flue -Gas Scrubbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

7.3.3 Indust r ia l P r o c e s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3. 3 1 Par t icula te Emiss ions 7-18

. . 7.3.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emiss ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 .4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7 7-27

LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure

1-1 Geography of the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Border A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pe rcen t Frequency of Wind Directions fo r Survey and Long-Term Per iods a t Detroit City Airpor t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pe rcen t Frequency of Wind Directions for Survey and ~ o n ~ - ~ e r m Per iods a t Sarnia Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wind Roses Showing Frequency ~f Wind Directions for Day (0700 to 1800 h r s ) and Night.(1900 to 0600 h r s ) a t Sarnia .Tower

. . . . . . (20-ft level) , December 1967 Through November 1968

Roses of Hourly Wind Direction Frequencies for Meteorological Network Stations, December 1967 Through November 1968 . . .

Locations of International Joint sampling stations . . Annual Average Suspended -Particulate concentrations in P o r t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huron - Sarnia A r e a .

Annual Average Particulate concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annual Average Particulate Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annual Geometric Mean Soiling Index in Detroit - Windsor Area. . Annual Geometric Mean Soiling Index in Detroit - winds o r Area. .

2 Dusffall (tons / m i -mo) for December 1967 Through November

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Geographic Distribution of Average Dustfall, tons /mi -mo . . . . Pat te rn of Sulfation Rates During Februdry 1969 in ' P o r t Huron -

Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annual Average Sulfation Rates in Detroit - Windsor A r e a . . . . . Shelter Locations for Vegetation Study . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . Hourly Average Concentration of SO2 and 0 3 fo r June 5, 1968,

in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hourly Average Concentration of SO and 0 fo r July 8, 1968,

2 3 in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hourly Average Concentration of SO2 and 0 for July 12, 1968, 3

in Winds.or, Ontario, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hourly Average Concentration of SO2 and 0 for July 13, 1968,

3 in Winds o r , Ontario, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page Figure

2-15 Visibility Roses Showing Percen t Frequency of Wind Direction with Occurrence of Smoke and Haze (relative humidity ,5+700/0)

L

Restricting Visibility t o <5 miles a t Indicated Airpor ts , December 1967 Through November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65

P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Source Areas fo r Emiss ion Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Point Source Locations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Windsor Areas . 3-19

Hourly Wind Roses fo r 24-hr Per iods with Suspended Par t icula te Concentrations in Excess of Indicated Values and Average Wind Speed >3 mph, Detroit River Vicinity, December 1967 Through

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1968 -4-3

Soiling Index Pollution Roses Showing Pe rcen t of Values for Each Wind Direction Exceeding 1.5 Coh/ l , 000 Lineal Fee t During Per iod Indicated fo r Detroit River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Sulfur Dioxide ' ~ o l l u t i o n Roses Showing Pe rcen t of Concentrations fo r Each Wind Direction Exceeding 0. 10 ppm for Per iods Indicated in Detroit River Vicinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Hourly Wind Roses fo r 24-hr Per iods With Suspended Par t icula te Concentrations in Excess of Indicated Values and Average Wind Speed >3 mph, St. Clair River Vicinity, December 1967 Through November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Soiling Index Pollution Roses Showing Pe rcen t of Values fo r Each Wind Direction Exceeding 1. 5 Coh/l, 000 Lineal Fee t During Per iod Indicated fo r St. Clai r River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Roses Showing Percen t of Concentrations fo r Each Wind Direction Exceeding 0. 10 ppm for Per iods Indicated in St. Clair River Vicinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

Observed Versus Estimated Par t icula te Concentrations fo r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detroit - Windsor Area 4-1 1

3 Spatial Distribution of Observed Particulate Concentrations (Pg/m )

f o r Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 3

Spatial Distribution of Estimated Particulate Concentrations (pg/m ) fo r Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Observed Versus Estimated SO concentrations fo r Detroi t - 2

Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

Spatial Distribution of Measured SO Concentrations (ppm) fo r 2

Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

Spatial Distribution of Estimated SO Concentrations (ppm) fo r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detroit - Windsor Area 4-17

Observed Versus Estimated Par t icula te Concentrations fo r P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 19

Figure Page

Spatial Distribution of Measured Par t icula te Concerltrations 3 (pg /m ) f o r P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20

Spatial Distribution of Est imated Par t icula te Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pg/m3) f o r P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area 4-2 1

Spatial Distr ibution of Measured SO2 Concentrations (pprn) f o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. 4-22

Spatial Distribution of Est imated SO2 Concentrations (pprn) f o r P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23

Observed Versus Est imated SO2 Concentrations for P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Sources to Annual Average . . . . . . . . . . Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Windsor Area 4-26

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources t o Annual Average . . . . . . . . Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in the Windsor A r e a 4-27

Est imated Contribution of U. S. A r e a Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . 4-28

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Sources t o Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Detroit Area. . . . . . . . . . . 4-29

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Detroit A r e a . . . . . . 4-30

Est imated Contribution of Canadian A r e a Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Detroit A r e a . . . . . . 4-31

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Sources t o Annual Average 3 . . . . . Concentrations of Par t i c les (pg/m ) in Windsor A r e a . 4-32

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources t o Annual Average 3 Concentrations of Par t i c les (pg/m ) in Windsor A r e a . . . . . . 4-33

Est imated Contribution of U. S. A r e a Sources t o Annual Average . . . . . Concentrations of Par t i c les (pg/m3) in Windsor A r e a . 4-34

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Sources to Annual Average Concentration of P a r t i c l e s (pg/m3) in Detroi t A r e a . . . . . . . 4-35

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of P a r t i c l e s (pg /m3) in Detroit A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36

Est imated Contribution of 'Canadian Area Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of Par t i c les (pg/m3) in Detroit A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Sources t o Annual Average Concentration of SO2 (ppm) in Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources t o Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39

Est imated Contribution of U. S. A r e a Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40

Page Figure

4-34 Est imated Contribution of Canadian Sources to ~ - u - l Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in P o r t Huron Area . . . . . . . . . 4-41

Est imated Contribution of Canadian point Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Por t Huron Area . . . . 4-42

Est imated contribution of Canadian A r e a Sources to A.nnua1 Average Concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in P o r t Huron Area . . . . 4-43

Est imated Contribution of U. S. s o u r c e s to Annual Average Concentrations of Par t i c les ( t ~ ~ / m 3 ) in Sarnia Area . . . . . . . 4-44

Est imated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of Par t i c les ( t ~ ~ / m ~ ) in Sarnia Area . . D . . . . 4-45

Est imated Contribution of U: S. A r e a Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of Par t i c les ( t ~ ~ / m ~ ) in Sarnia Area . . . . . . . 4-46

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Sources to A n n u a l ~ v e r a ~ e Concentrations of Par t i c les ( t ~ ~ / m ~ ) in P o r t Huron A r e a . . . . . 4-47

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual Average Concentrations of Par t i c les ( t ~ ~ / r n 3 ) in P o r t Huron

, A r e a . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48

Est imated Contribution of Canadian Ar e.a Sources to Anhual Average Concentrations of P a r t i c l e s ( t ~ ~ / m ~ ) in P o r t Huron A r e a - . . ., . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49

Aeria l Sampling Along International Border , May 22-24, 1968. . . 4-50

Suspended -Part iculate Aer ia l Sampling T r a v e r s e s a t Various Levels (Case No.. 1 -. May 22, 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51

Sulfur Dioxide Aer ia l Sampling T r a v e r s e s a t Various Levels (Case No. 1 - May 22, 1968). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4-52

Suspended-Particulate Aer ia l Sampling T r a v e r s e s a t Various Levels (Case No. 2 - May 24, 1968). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53

Sulfur Dioxide Aer ia l Sampling T r a v e r s e s a t Various Levels (Case No. 2 - May 24, 1968). . . . . . . . . . ., . .. . . . . . . . 4-54

Method of Computing Mass Transpor t ; Schematic C r o s s -Section Example f o r Detroit R i v e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . 4-55

Organization of Michigan's Air Pollution Control Agency. . . . . . 5-8

Par t icula te Emiss ion Regulations (Regulation A) . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

LIST OF TABLES Table

1- 1 Frequency of Wind Direction and Annual Average Wind Speed fo r . . . . . . . . . . Survey and Longer-Term Climatological Per iods

Page

1-7

Frequency of Occurrence of Inversions a t Detroit Airpor t Tower by Time of Day and Seasons, January Through December 1959 and March 1962 Through February 1,963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequency of Occurrence of Inversions a t Sarnia Tower by Time of Day and Seasons for Indicated Per iods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pers is tence of Temperature Inversions a t Sarnia Tower Between . . . . 20 and 200 Fee t , December 1967 Through November 1968.

Percen t of Possible H o u r s of Sunshine, Given by'Month; Based on 30-Year Record a t Detroit City Airpor t and 31-Year Record a t Chatham, Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . Climatological Average; Degree-Days Given by Month.

Normal Amounts of Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Number, of Days with Precipitation; Bas'ed on 'Per iod.

1951 Through 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Annual Meteorological Pa r ame te r s fo r the Survey

Per iod and Climatological Data for Detroit City ~ i r ~ o r t . . . . . . Legend of Sampling Operations a t Locatibns Given in Figure 1-6 . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario Air Quality Standards 2 -2

Average Concentrations of Metallic-Compound Par t icula tes i n the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Average Daily Suspended-Particulate Concentrations, P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area 2-6

Percentage of suspended-Particulate Samples that Exceeded Specific Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . 2-8

Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples Within Selected Concentl'ation Ranges in P o r t Huron - ~ a r n i a ' ~ r e a . . : . . . . . . 2-9

Cumulative P e r cent Frequency of Occurrence of Average Daily Suspended-Particulate concentrations, Detroit - Winds or Area. . 2- 12

Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples that Exceeded Specific Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . 2-13

Percentage of suspended-particulate samples ' Within Selected Concentration Ranges, Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Seasonal Variations in suspended-Particulate Concentrations, ~ e c e m b e r 1967 Through November 1968, Detroit - Windsor Area 2-15

Page Table

2-10 Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of 2 -Hour Soiling- Index Values, P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

Metal Concentrations a t Selected Stations in P o r t Huron - Sarn ia and Detroit - Windsor Areas , April 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -19

Metal Concentrations a t Selected Stations Detroit - Windsor Area , October 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 1

Average Concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas , December 1967 Through November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Average Fluoride Concentrations, 4-Hour Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -23

Seasonal Variations in Fluoride Concentrations, 4-Hohr Samples, in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24

Seasonal Variations in Fluoride Concentrations, 4-Hour Samples, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Detroi t - Windsor Area, 1968 2-24

Occurrence of Monthly Dustfall Within Selected Ranges in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dustfall in Detroit - Windsor A r e a 2-27

Occurrence of Monthly Dustfall Within Selected Ranges in Detroi t - Windsor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28

Cumulative P e r cent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Windsor Areas . 2-3 1

Cumulative P e r cent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroi t - Windsor Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32

Sulfation in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33

Sulfation in Detroit - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of 2-Hour Average Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . 2-37

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . 2-37

Seasonal Variatiorls in Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations, 2-Hour Samples, in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area, December 1967 Through November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of 2-Hour Average . . . Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Detroi t - Winds o r A r e a . 2-38

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Detroit River Study A r e a . . . 2-38

Seas cnal Variations in Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations, 2 -Hour Samples, in Detroit - Windsor Area , December 1967 through November 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39

Page Table

2-30 Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average . . . . Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Detroi t Windsor Area 2-40

Average Annual Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide in Several Cities in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -40

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average . . . . Hydrocarbon Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area 2-41

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average . . . . . Hydrocarbon Concentrations in P o r t Huron Sarnia Area 2-42

Seasonal Hydrocarbon Concentrations, 1-Hour Samples in P o r t Huron = Sarnia Area, December 1967 Through November 1968 . 2-42

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . 2-42

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average . . . . Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Detroit River Study Area. 2-43

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average Total Oxidant Concentrations in Pokt Huron - Sarnia A r e a . . . . . 2-44

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average Total Oxidant Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia A r e a . . . . 2-45

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average Total Oxidant Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area . . . . . 2-45

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average . . . . . . Total Oxidant Concentrations in Detroi t Windsor Area 2-45

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . 2-46

Cumulative Percen t Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations i n P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area . . 2-47

Cumulative P e r c e n t Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average . . . Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. 2-47

Cumulative P e r cent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . 2-47

Cumulative Frequency Distributions of Ai r Pollution Effects, In ters ta te Surveillance Pro jec t Data, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -5 1

Corrosion Rates in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroi t - Winds o r Areas ; Data f o r Five United States Cities Given fo r Comparison. 2-52 '

Fading of Dyed Fabr ics in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas ; Data fo r Five united States Cit ies Given for Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-53

Silver Tarnishing in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroi t - Windsor A r e a s ; Data for Five United States Cit ies Given fo r Comparison. 2-54

Nylon Damage in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas ; Data f o r Five United States Cities Given f o r Comparison. . . . . 2-54

Table Page

2-50 Rubber Deterioration in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroi t - Windsor Areas ; Data for F ive United States Cities Given fo r Compar i son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-55

2-51 Damage t o Plant Varieties During the 5-Week Per iod, May 6 Through June 6, 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57

2-52 Damage t o p l a n t Varieties During the 5-Week Per iod , June 7 Through July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58

2 -53 Average Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations and the Damage that Developed on Tobacco Plants f r o m May 6 Through July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61

2-54 Percentage ~ r o & h Suppression of Selective Vegetation. . . . . . . 2-62

2-55 Comparison of Exposed and Control Tobacco Plants Grown Between May 6 and July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62

2-56 Fluor-ide Accumulation in Leaf Tissue of Gladioli Growing in ,the Plant Shel ters Between May 6 and July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . 2-63

3-1 Air Pollution Emiss ions by Counties in Detroit. - Windsor and P o r t Huron - Sarnia Areas , Based on 1967 Data . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3 -2 Relative Annual Emiss ions f r o m United States and Canadian Sources in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas , 1 9 6 7 . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3 -3 Point Source Emiss ions in P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroi t - Windsor A r e a s , 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

3 -4 Proposed Emiss ion Changes t o be Implemented Between 1967 and 1971. . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . 3-22

3 -5 Projected Percentage Changes in Point Source Emiss ions , 1968 Through 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27

4- 1 Stability Class Versus Temperature Lapse Rate and Wind Speed a t Sarnia Meteorological Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

4-2 Observed Average Par t icula te Concentrations Versus Model Es t imates for Detroi t - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4-3 Observed Average SO2 concentra t ions Versus Model Es t imates fo r Detroi t - Windsor A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

4-4 Observed Average Par t icula te Concentrations Versus Model Es t imates for P o r t Huron - Sarnia A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 4-18

4-5 Observed Average SO Concentrations Versus Model Es t imates 2

fo r P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25

4-6 Flux of Pollutants Cross ing International Boundary on May 22 and 24, 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56

4-7 Number of Occurrences for Indicated Wind Directions of Soiling Indices Exceeding 2 .0 C o h / l , 000 Lineal F e e t o r SO2 Concen- t ra t ions Exceeding 30 ppm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57

5-1 Standards f o r Emit ted Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

Table Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agency Operating Statistics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Plant Particulate Emissions

. . . . . . . . . . . Scheduled Power Plant Control Improvements

Reduction in Power Plant Particulate Emission if a l l Collectors a r e Upgraded to 99 Percent Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reduction in Power Plant Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Made by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switching to 1 -Percent-Sulfur Coal.

. . . . . . . . . . . Industrial and Commercial Fuel Consumption

Particulate Emissions f rom Coal Firing by Industrial, Commer - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cial, and Governmental Installations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential Fuel Consumption

Great Lakes Steel Particulate Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . McClouth Steel Particulate Emissions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ford Steel Particulate Emissions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emissions f rom Cement Manufacturing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emissions from CIL Fert i l izer Plant.

Sulfuric Acid Mist Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

. . . Particulate Emissions from Champion Spark Plug Company.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emissions from Grey-Iron Foundries.

. . . . . . . . Solvent Emissions from Surface Coating Operations

Solvent Emissions from Degreasing Operations in Canada . . . . . . Solvent Emissions from Miscellaneous Operations in Canada

Relative Contributions of Sources to Ground-Level Concentrations of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in Detroit - Windsor Area . . . .

Relative Contributions of Sources to Ground-Level Concentrations . . . of Part icles and Sulfur Oxides in Por t Huron Sarnia Area .

Ground-Level Concentrations of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the Detroit - Windsor Area

Ground-Level Concentrations of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in the Por t Huron - Sarnia Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annual Costs of Control of Particles and Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources Excluded from Cost Est imates.

Fuel Costs for Detroit Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of Fuel Substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of O i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table Page

7-11 . . Cost of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

7-12 . . Cost of Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7'-13

7-13 . . . . Cost of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

7-14 Cost of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

7-15 Cost of Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

7-16 Cost of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

7-17 Cost of F lyash and sulfur Dioxide Removal by TVA P r o c e s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18 Assumptions Used for Control Cost Es t imates 7-21

7-1 9 ' Compatible Add-On Control Equipment for Removal of Par t i c les . . 7-24

7-20 Est imat ion of Adjusted Gas Volumes fo r Determining Size of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add-on Control Equipment 7-24

7-2 1 Annual Costs f o r Add-on Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

SUMMARY: INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS,

AND RECOMhlENDATIONS Air pollution in the Detroit - Winds o r a r e a has been a cause of public

concern for many yea r s . As a resul t of this concern, the City of Windsor in 1964 requested of the Government of Canada, through the Province of Ontario, that action be taken to abate the flow of transboundary pollution emanating f rom the industrial complex in Wayne County, Michigan.

The Governments of Canada and the U. S . , in considering this mat te r , decided to extend the geographical a r e a of consideration because of complaints in the P o r t Huron, Michigan, a r e a of a transboundary flow of a i r pollution emanating f rom the industrial complex in the Sarnia, Ontario, a r ea .

Accordingly, the Governments r e f e r r ed this ma t t e r , i n September 1966, to the International Joint Commission for investigation of the following questions:

1. I s the a i r in the vicinity of P o r t Huron - ~ a r n i a and Detroit - Windsor being polluted on e i ther side of the international boundary by quantities of contaminants that a r e detrimental to the public health, safety, o r general welfare of ci t izens o r that a r e detr imental to property on the other side of the international boundary?

2. If t h e f i r s t question o r any pa r t o f . i t i s answered i n the affirmative; what sources contribute to this pollution and to what extent?

3 . If the Commission should find that any sources on either side of the boundary in the vicinity of P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor contribute to a i r pollution on the other side of the boundary to an extent detrimental to the public health, safety, o r general welfare of ci t izens o r detrimental to property, what preventative o r remedial measu re s would be mos t pract ical f rom economic, sani tary , and other points of view? The Commission should give a n indication of the probable total cost of implementing the measu re s recommended.

INVESTIGATIONS

The Commission established in November 1966 the St. Clai r - Detroit Ai r Pollution Board to conduct on i t s behalf an investigation to answer the questions r e f e r r ed to the Commission by.Canada and the U . S.

In conducting this study, the Board utilized the facil i t ies and manpower of the following participating agencies:

1. National Ai r Pollution - Department of Health, - u. S. Control Administration Education, and Welfare

2. Environmental Health Department of National - - Canada Directorate Health and Welfare

3 . Air ~ a n a ~ e m e n t Branch - Department of Energy - Ontario, and Resources Canada Management

4. Division of Occupational , - Department of Public - Michigan, Health Health U. S.

5. Air Pollution Control Department of Health - Wayne County, Division Michigan, U. S.

Cooperation was obtained f rom municipalities in Ontario a s well a s f rom municipal agencies in Michigan.

During the 1968 study period the following work was undertaken:

1. Air quality measurements we re made on both s ides of the international boundary a t approximately 80 locations. The following pollutants and effects were sampled:

Par t icula te mat te r Fluorides Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Sulfation r a t e s Oxidants

In addition, samples of suspended particulates were analyzed quantitatively for 16 metals . Odorous pollutants were investigated in a special survey. An a i rc ra f t was instrumented and flown along the boundary to measure directly the f l ux of pollutants a c r o s s the boundary.

2. Meteorological measurements were taken a t 15 locations. 3 . An inventory of atmospheric emiss ions was made of pollutants emanating

f rom a l l sources . 4. A study of the effects of a i r pollutants in the a r e a on selected vegetation

and mate r ia l s was conducted.

Fo r the preparation of this repor t , the following methods of evaluation we re used:

1. Production of pollution r o s e s that show the frequency of wind directions along with selected pollution levels a t measur ing stations, thus indicating the frequency of the transboundary flow of pollutants.

2. Case studies of the wind direction that accompanied the occurrence of levels of pollution in excess of concentrations that cause adverse effects.

I \

3 . Use of a mathematical d ispers ion model to compute the average concen- t ra t ions on the opposite side of the boundary that resu l t f rom t r ans - boundary flow.

4. Direct measurements of the transboundary flux of pollution by measu re - ments taken on an instrumented a i rc ra f t .

Because of the m a s s of information collected, a l l the data have not been analyzed; however, sufficient analysis has been performed to war ran t the following conclusions :

1. A transboundary flow of a i r pollutants does occur a c r o s s both the St. Cla i r and Detroit River international boundaries in the vicinit ies of P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor, producing pollution levels that a r e in excess of des i rable a i r quality s tandards a l ready established in Ontario and about to be established in Michigan. Although many pollutants w e r e measured , par t icula tes and SOx only w e r e used i n this evaluation because of thei r magnitude and obvious relat ionship to a r e a and point sources . It h a s been determined that SOx and part iculate pollution does exist and, in some regions of the study, pollution i s being t r a n s - ported a c r o s s the international boundary to a n extent det r imental to the other country. In the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , far m o r e SOx and par t i - culate pollution i s being t ranspor ted f r o m the U. S. into Canada than f r o m Canada into the U. S. In the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a , t r a n s - boundary pollution was a l so verif ied; however, the contributions f r o m the respective countr ies w e r e approximately equal.

2. In addition to pollution f r o m transboundary flow of a i r pollutants, ce r ta in a r e a s i n both the U. S. and Canada a r e experiencing levels of a i r pollution in excess of t h e i r a i r quality s tandards because of sources located in their respective jurisdictions.

3. Transboundary and local pollution both exceed the level that i s det r imental to the health, safety, and general welfare of ci t izens, and to proper ty on the other s ide of the international boundary.

Detroit - Windsor Area

Sulfur Dioxide - The dispers ion model es t imates show that the combined contributions of U. S. point and a r e a sources to the annual average SO2 concentrations in the Windsor, Ontario, a r e a reached v a l u e s a s high a s 0 .04 ppm (Station 203), well above the acceptable annual average value of . . 0.02 ppm se t by the Ontario standards. On the other hand, the combined contributions of Canadian point and a r e a sources to annual average SO2 pollution concentrations in the Detroit , Michigan, a r e a were found to b e insignificant except for some minor effects in the vicinity of Belle Isle and Grosse Point, Michigan. In the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , the re were 17 continuous SO2 analyzers , 11 in Detroit , and 6 in Windsor. All 17 stations reported annual average SO2 concentrations equal to or g r e a t e r than 0.02 ppm. Three of the Detroit stat ions and two Windsor stat ions reported annual averages equal to o r g r e a t e r than 0.03 ppm. b

Par t i cu la tes - The dispers ion model es t imates show that the combined contributions of U. S. a r e a and point sources to the annual average concentrations of par t icula tes in the Windsor a r e a were ve ry significant. U. S. sources contribute the equivalent of a t l eas t the ent i re annual avera e part iculate concentration loadings allowed' 5 under Ontario s tandards (60 pg /m ) fo r a l a rge portion of the Windsor a r e a . F o r some sections of the a r e a , part iculate pollution f rom the U. S. exceeds 140 pg/m3.

An analys is of the part iculate pollution r o s e s for stat ions in Windsor shows a relat ively high frequency of occur rence of pollution associa ted with wester ly winds. This association tends to implicate a s a source the heavily industrial ized U.S. a r e a of Zug Island and the southern section of the city of Detroit .

A case study of Station 203 in Windsor showed that soiling indices exceeding 2. 0 ~ o h / l , 000 lineal. fee t occurred mos t frequently when the wind was f r o m a wester l$ direction.

x x i

The dispersion model estimates show that Belle Is le and the mainland a r e a in the immediate vicinity of Detroit a r e affected by Canadian a r ea and point sources

3 of particulates. The maximum contributions (20 pg/m ) f rom Canada to the Detroit a rea , however, averaged well below both the Ontario standards and the proposed Michigan standards.

In the Detroit - Windsor a rea , suspended particulates were measured at 34 locations. Thirty-three of the 34 locations reported annual means in excess of 60 pg/rn3. Ten stations in Windsor and 13 in Detroit reported annual means in

3 excess of 80 pg/m . Eight stations each in Detroit and Windsor reported annual means in excess of 100 pg/rn3.

Port Huron - Sarnia Area

Sulfur Dioxide - The dispersion model estimates indicate that for par t of the Cana- dian a r e a opposite and south of St. Clair , Michigan, SO2 f rom U. S. sources equaled or exceeded the concentration l imits se t by the Ontario standards (0.02 ppm annual average). Outside this affected a rea , U. S. sources contributed approximately half of the maximum concentration allowed by the Ontario standards.

A case study of Station 156 south of Sarnia showed hourly average concentrations of SO2 exceeding 0.30 pprn most frequently when the winds were f rom the south-southwest. The likely source of such pollution i s a thermal electric power plant on the U. S. side of the boundary.

Canadian point and a r ea sources were calculated a s producing average annual SO2 concentrations in the extreme eastern portion of the city of P o r t Huron that equal o r closely approach the Ontario standards for residential o r ru ra l a reas . Elsewhere in the U. S. portion of the a r ea , Canadian contributions to SO2 pollution were insignificant.

In the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a rea , SO2 was measured continuously a t 12 locations. All b2 locations reported annual averages equal to o r greater than 0. 02

ppm. One station each in P o r t Huron and Sarnia reported annual averages equal to or greater than 0.03 ppm.

Part iculates - Dispersion model estimates for the industrial a r e a south of Sarnia, Ontario, indicate that U. S. point and a r e a sources contributed on an annual average basis more than 35 pg/m3 of suspended particulates, o r more- than one-half of the total concentrations allowed under the Ontario standard. In general, throughout the region north of Sombra, Ontario, and within about 6 miles of the St. Clair River, U. S. sources contributed particulate pollution amounting to approximately one-third of the total concentration allowed under the Ontario standards.

The southeastern portion of P o r t Huron, Michigan, was calculated a s receiving from Canadian point and a r ea sources, on an annual average basis, one-third of the particulate concentrations 'allowed under the proposed Michigan standards .

The particulate pollution roses for stations in P o r t Huron - Sarnia suggest a transboundary flow from sources in the petroleum-related industrial complex south of Sarnia and from thermal e lectr ic power plants south of P o r t Huron.

x x i i

A case study of Station 310 in P o r t Huron showed 2-hour average concen- t ra t ions of soiling index in excess of 2 . 0 Coh/ 1 , 000 l ineal feet with wind f r o m the south-southeast. Winds f rom this direction would t ransport pollution f r o m Canadian sources south of Sarnia a c r o s s the boundary to the station in P o r t Huron.

In the P o r t Huron- Sarnia a r e a , suspended particulates were measured a t 22 locations. All 11 stations near Sarnia and 7 o f the 1 1 stations near P o r t Huron repor ted annual averages in excess of 60 pg/m3. Five stations in Sarnia and two in P o r t Huron repor ted annual averages i n excess of 80 pg/m3. Three stations in the Sarnia a r e a repor ted .annual averages in excess of 100 pg/m3.

Odors - The re i s an odor problem in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a that does not lend i tself to the quantitative analysis possible in the c a s e of SO2 and particulates; never theless , i t does deserve se r ious consideration.

Odors f rom industrial operations in the Sarnia a r e a have long been a source of complaints by local res idents who live along the bank of the portion of the St. Clai r River extending south f rom P o r t Huron and Sarnia to Marine City and Sombra. The odors observed in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a were considered to be a mix- t u r e caused by petroleum refining and petroleum-rela ted organic chemical manufacturing in Sarnia. The "dead fish" odor observed i n the Marine City a r e a appears to originate a t the Chinook Chemical Company south of Sombra, Ontario.

Odors which fall into the general category discussed above do not have the effects upon health associa ted with SOx and particulates. They do have aesthetic effects and can i n fact cause a lack of personal well being; if continued over a long period of t ime, they can indirectly produce ill health.

Air Quality Standards In analyzing the data, the Board noted discrepancies between the established

Ontario and the proposed Michigan ambient a i r quality s tandards a s follows:

Michigan (Proposed) Ontario

SOx, annual average 0 .04 ppm 0; 02 ppm

Suspended particulates, annual geometric mean 80 g / m 3

Although i t is beyond the scope of this Board to resolve these discrepancies , i t should be noted that the s tandards s e t by Ontario and proposed by Michigan have been used in the body of this repor t and in the summary to a s s e s s the a i r quality of the respective jurisdictions.

In addition, Ontario has se t standards for ten other pollutants for which no comparable l imi t s have ye t been fixed in Michigan. Ontario figures, therefore, were used a s a guide for evaluating the other pollutants measured.

x x i i i

Although Michigan has not officially promulgated i ts s tandards , Michigan officials have advised the National Air Pollution Control Administrat ion that they intend to adopt s tandards equal to o r m o r e s t r ingent than those used i n this repor t . In this connection, i t should be c lear ly noted that the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administrat ion has approved proposed a i r quality s tandards submitted to i t by a number of s t a tes in various federally-designated Air Quality Control Regions; the approved s tandards a r e approximately equal to the Ontario s tandards for SO2 and part iculates.

It i s apparent, then, that the agencies charged with the control of a i r pollution in the study a r e a have the necessa ry power to achieve a decrease in a i r pollution emiss ions , a s evidenced by the reductions of part iculate emiss ions that have .been accomplished during the period of study and since i t s completion.

In o rder to asce r ta in the costs of implementing remedia l m e a s u r e s fo r the study a r e a , i t was necessa ry to utilize a mathematical model and approach the problem on a n a r e a bas is .

In general , the s teps used to es t imate the control costs were:

1. T o categorize sources .

2. To identify part iculate and sulfur dioxide control al ternatives capab le of achieving the des i red reductions in each category.

3. T o es t imate the annual cost associa ted with each alternative.

The es t imated total annual costs of controlling sulfur dioxide and par t icula tes fo r the Detroit-Windsor and P o r t Huron-Sarnia a r e a s a r e a s follows:

Est imated L e a s t Annual Cost

Low High

Power plants $15, 479,480 $15,479,480

Industrial boi lers 45,585, 503 45, 588, 503

Industrial p rocesses 4,007, 595 5 ,139, 573

Total $65,072, 580 $66,204, 573

The costs include annualized total cos t s , operating and maintenance cos t s , overhead costs , and fuel p r ice differentials .

1. That the responsible control agencies in both countr ies acce le ra te thei r abatement p r o g r a m s t o bring a l l sources into compliance.

2. That the control agencies in both countries repor t semiannually to the Commission thei r p r o g r e s s in achieving compliance.

3. That the control agencies in both countr ies r e p o r t annually to the Commission the ambient a i r quality existing in the i r jurisdictions.

x x i v

4 That the Commission request the Governments of both countries and their respective a i r pollution control agencies to establish uniform a i r quality standards a s soon a s possible.

5 . That the governments of the United States and Canada, together with the State of Michigan and the Province of Ontario, cooperate to control t rans - boundary a i r pollution from existing sources and to prevent creation of new sources of transboundary a i r pollution.

6. That with the issuance of the Commission's report , the Board be terminated.

JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF ST. CLAIR-DETROIT RIVER AREAS

FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION

CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

1. INTRODUCTION Air pollution in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor a r e a s has

caused public concern for many y e a r s and has been the subject of extensive investigation by severa l organizations. , An ea r l i e r study, of the Detroit - Windsor a r e a only, was conducted by the International Joint Commission pr imar i ly to a s s e s s the extent and effects of vesse l smoke on both s ides of the international boundary and to make recommendations on remedial action.

The International Joint Commission initiated the investigation descr ibed in the present repor t in response to a request , by the Governments of the U.,S. and Canada that the Commission inquire into and repor t on the questions:

1. Is the a i r in the vicinity pf P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor being polluted on either side of the international boundary by quantities of contaminants that a r e detrimental to the public health, safety, o r general welfare of citizens o r that a r e detrimental to proper ty on the other side of the international boundary?

2. If the f i r s t question or any pa r t of i t i s answered in the affirmative, what sources contribute to this pollution and to what extent?

3 . If the Commission should find that any sources on e i ther side of the boundary in the vicinity of P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor contribute to a i r pollution on the other side of the boundary to a n extent detr imental to the public health, safety, o r general welfare of ci t izens o r detrimental to property, what preventative o r remedial measu re s would be mos t pract ical f rom economic, sanitary, and other points of view? The Commission should give a n indication of the probable total cos t of implementing the measu re s recommended.

The geographic region of concern i s shown in Figure 1-1

Figure 1-1. Geography of the Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor border area.

To provide the advisory support needed to answer these questions, the Commission in November 1966 formed an Air Pollution Board and designated i t s responsibil i t ies. The Board was t o undertake, through appropriate agencies in Canada and the U. S., any investigations needed to answer the questions. I ts f i r s t t a sk was to coordinate the r e sou rc s s of participating agencies on both s ides of the border , including the two Federa l governments, the Province of Ontario, the State of Michigan, and other city and county author i t ies .

In planning the survey, the Board conducted inspections, by a i r and on land, of the border a r e a s in question and attended public hearings a r ranged by the International Joint Commission in P o r t Huron and Windsor in June 1967. To a s s i s t the Board in designing and conducting the study, th ree advisory commit tees were formed in June 1967: a transboundary flow committee composed of member s with special knowledge of local meteorology and the t ranspor t of pollutants; an effects committee composed of member s of the medical profession with special knowledge

of a i r pollutants ; and a n industrial emiss ions committee composed of engineering representat ives f r om industry and control organizations.

1.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES

The pr imary objectives established for the study were: t o evaluate the extent and effects of transboundary a i r pollution; to identify the sources on each

JOINT A'IR POLLUTION 'STUDY

side of the boundary; and to recommend methods and estimate costs of control. The emphasis placed on the transboundary aspects differentiates this study from previous ones that were concerned mainly with problems within the respective countries. The previous investigation of the Detroit - Windsor a rea by the International Joint Commission, a task referred to. it by the two Governments on January 12, 1948, was undertaken solely to a s ses s the nature, extent, effects, and control of pollution in Detroit and Windsor by vessels on the Detroit River. The report1 on that study was submitted May 31, 1960. In that Commission report, notwithstanding i t s primary concern with vessel smoke, the question of transboundary pollution was discussed. It was pointed out that the factors affecting the transboundary flow of pollutants included the location and course of the Detroit River, wind patterns in the a rea , and the sites of major industrial sources, including vessel traffic. Studies of wind patterns indicated that a i r pollutants were blown f rom the U. S. into Canada more frequently than in the reverse direction.

Measurements made in that study indicated a considerable flow of particulates from sources in the River Rouge - Zug Island area of the U. S. into the Ojibway area of Canada. Observations of a i r movements across the boundary showed that any substantial source of pollution on either side concerns both coun- t r ies . In conclusion, the Commission also pointed out that industrial, domestic, and transportation activities on land contributed much more to the overall pollution of the atmosphere than did vessels plying the r iver , and that transboundary a i r flow was an important factor in that contribution. The Commission concluded, however, that adequate legal and administrative authority existed for enforcing the proper control of emissions from sources other than vessels.

Another study2 to a s ses s the extent of transboundary pollution affecting the Canadian side of the Detroit River opposite the industrial complex of River Rouge - Zug Island was made 'for the period September 20 to November 15, 1963, by the Canadian Departments of Transport and National Health and Welfare, and the Province of Ontario Department of Health. Total particulates and iron concentrations were measured a t seven sites in the Windsor a rea . Excessively high concentrations of suspended particulates were found on 49 percent of the days sampled. The 24-hour average iron concentrations were of the same magnitude a s the highest found by the U. S . National Air Sampling Network. When the a i r quality data were related to meteorological data, the highest pollution levels were found to occur when the winds were blowing from the direction of the industrial sources on the Detroit side of the river (Zug Island - Ecorse) .

No reports were available that identified and qualified the transboundary a i r pollution flow in the St. Clair River a rea . Measurements of the concentrations of several pollutants and of meteorological variables have been made, however, on both sides of the St. Clair River by the Province of Ontario and the State of Michi- gan. In addition, an-industrial group on the Canadian side has measured contaminant levels for many years .

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

The industrial and demographic characteristics of an area a r e clues to the potential. for a i r pollution. Whether the potential becomes reality i s determined in part by the topographical and meteorological characteristics peculiar to a n

Introduction

a r ea . An outline of the Detroit - Windsor and P o r t Huron - S a r n i a a r e a s in t e r m s of topography, demography, and meteorology provides a setting for the discussion of a i r pollution problems.

1. 2. 1 Topography

The a r e a includes the industrial ized sec tors along the St. Clai r and Detroit Rivers . The r i ve r s connect Lake Huron with Lake St. C la i r , and Lake St. Clai r with Lake E r i e . Lake Huron, with a n average elevation of 580 feet above mean sea level, dra ins southward through the St. C la i r River to Lake St. C la i r , which has a n average elevation of 574 feet . Lake St. Clai r d ra ins southwestward f rom Peach Island to Zug Island and then southward to Lake E r i e , which has a n average elevation of 572 feet. .

The nor thern a r e a i s a f lat plain which r i s e s gradually f r om a n elevation of 600 feet a t the banks of the St. Clai r River to 650 feet aboutJ5 mi l e s e a s t and 10

mi les west of the r ive r . The shallow valley of the St. C la i r River i s narrowest a t i t s Lake Huron end in the vicinity of P o r t Huron - Sarnia.

The t e r r a i n in the vicinity of the Detroit River i s nearly flat a s well. It r i s e s f rom 575 feet a t the r ive r to 625 feet southeast of Windsor. On the Michigan side, i t r i s e s to 600 feet within a shor t distance of the r ive r banks and i nc r ea se s gradually to nearly 800 feet within 15 to 20 mi les f rom the r i ve r .

The neares t hil ls a r e about 50 mi les away . in Michigan with a n elevation of about 1, 500 feet a t the highest point: There a r e no major t e r r a in elevation differences that would affect the dispers ion of pollutants within t he a r e a s under study.

1.2. 2 Demography

The political subdivisions, shown in Figure 1-1, that a r e involved in the study a r e Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clai r Counties in Michigan, and Essex , Kent, and Lambton Counties i n Ontario. The St. Clai r River f o rms the international boundary between St. Clai r and Lambton Counties, with P o r t Huron and Sarnia situated on opposite s ides of the r ive r . E s s e x County i s a peninsula bounded by Lake E r i e on the south, Lake St. C la i r on the north, and the curved course of the Detroit River on the west and northwest. Kent County l i e s e a s t of both Lake St. Clai r and E s s e x County. Wayne County borders on the ent i re course of the Detroit River and a l so on a smal l p a r t of Lake St. Clai r . North of Wayne County a r e Oakland and Macomb Counties, the la t ter bordering on Lake St. Clai r . Grea te r Detroit includes generally the northwest half of Wayne County plus adjacent pa r t s of Oakland and Macomb Counties. The city of Windsor borders on the upstream a r c of the Detroit River , and urban Detroit spans a lmost th ree quadrants northeast , northwest, and southwest of Windsor.

1. 2. 2. 1 United States - Michigan - Wayne. Oakland, and Macomb Counties, considered the Detroit metropolitan a r e a , have m o r e than 4 million inhabitants and over 4 , 700 manufacturing en te rpr i ses . Like other l a rge metropolitan a r e a s , population growth during the pas t two decades was high but variable. Between

JOINT AIR POLLUTION STLIDY

1950 and 1960, explosive suburban growth was accompanied by a slight decline in the ci ty1 s population.

Wayne County, with an a r e a of 623 square mi les , now has a population exceeding 2. 75 mill ion, with a projected population of near ly 4 mill ion by the y e a r 2000. The county i s highly industrial ized, and accounts for 35 percent of U. S. automobile manufacturing.

Oakland County has some 900 square m i l e s , of which 28 percent i s urban. By a recent calculation, 54 percen t of the county's a r e a will be urban by 1990. The population i s now approximately 800, 000 and i s expected to double by the y e a r 2000. Manufacturing accounts for near ly half of the 195, 000 jobs. Only 59 percent of the employed w o r k e r s who live in the county a l so work there .

Macomb County has a n a r e a of 481 square mi les ; i t s population, now over 575, 000, i s expected to reach 1 .6 mill ion by the year 2000. Until 1940, near ly the ent i re county was agr icul tura l , but the southern portion of the county i s under- going rapid residential , commerc ia l , and indust r ia l development.

St. C la i r County h a s a n a r e a of 723 square m i l e s and a population of near ly 110, 000. The future urban a r e a in St. Cla i r County i s expected to connect with the Detroit metropoli tan a r e a , with the St. C la i r population exceeding 250, 000 by the y e a r 2000. Manufacturing i s the l a r g e s t p a r t of the county's economy, employing 29 percent of a labor force of over 38, 000. The county specia l izes in four indust r ies : p r i m a r y meta l products, paper products, chemicals , and rubber and plastic products.

1. 2. 2. 2 Canada - Ontario - E s s e x County has a n es t imated population exceeding 295, 000, with m o r e than 212, 000 living in metropoli tan Windsor. Windsor, Amhers tburg, and Tecumseh, with 222, 000 people, a r e a l l nea r the Detroit River . The county population i s expected to be m o r e than 460, 000 by the year 2000. The manufacturing facil i t ies i n the county a r e located near the border . The labor fo rce was g rea te r than 93,000 i n 1961 and was es t imated a t 106, 000 in 1968.

Lambton County has a population of about 115, 000, of which over 62, 000 live in the Sarnia urban a r e a . The population of the county is expected to grow to 175, 000 by the year 2000. Over half of the county's population and work fo rce i s nea r the St. C la i r River border . The work force was 37, 000 in 1961 and was es t imated a t over 41, 000 in 1968. The major indust r ies a r e chemicals and oil refining .

1. 2. 3 Meteorology

This U. S. - Canadian border a r e a , lying between 42 and 43 degrees north latitude and approximately 83 degrees wes t longitude, h a s a continental c l imate charac te r ized by w a r m s u m m e r s and cold winters with a moderating influence due to the proximity of the Grea t Lakes . Wind direction and speed and the stability of. the lower a tmosphere a r e the meteorological f ac to rs of mos t . significance to the dispers ion of a i r pollutants in th is a r e a .

1. 2. 3. 1 Winds - Although the a r e a l i e s in the zone of the prevail ing wester ly winds, i t i s nea r the mean summer t ime position of the polar front. S to rm s y s t e m s that move generally eas tward a r e accompanied by northward and southward d i s -

lntroduct ion

placements of the front. Consequently, the spring and summer winds a r e l e s s consistent than those of fall and winter.

Table 1-1 gives the long-term frequencies of wind direction and average wind speeds a t the Detroit City Airpor t and a t the Sarnia Tower. Fo r comparison, the corresponding data a r e a l so given for the year of this investigation, December 1967 through November 1968. A graphic comparison, in the fo rm of wind ro se s that depict the wind direction frequencies for the two periods, i s shown in F igures 1-2 and 1-3.

A comparison of the wind direction and speed data of the two periods generally showed only sl ight differences. The only notable differences .indicated were in the Detroit a r ea . At the Detroit C i t y ~ i r ~ o r ' t , a g rea te r frequency of west winds was accompanied by l e s s frequent northwest and north winds during the investigation period a s compared to the longer period.

Differences between the Detroit and Sarnia wind direction frequencies reveal the influence of topography on the winds a t the two locations. In the St. C la i r River a r e a , channeling appears to occur along the St. Clai r R i v e r , and Lake Huron exer t s an influence on land-lake b reezes . Theseef fec t s produce a n increase in the frequency of winds f rom the north-northeast and south- southwest. The land- lake b reezes occur mostly during the spring and summer and show a diurnal cycle, with off -lake winds occurr ing during the day and off-land winds occurr ing during the night. The differences in the frequencies of wind directions during the day and night a r e i l lus t ra ted by Figure 1-4, which shows the wind ro se s for the investigation period. The decrease i n the frequency of north-northeast winds during the night i s str iking. By comparison, l i t t le difference appeared between the day and night wind ro se s for the Detroit City Airport .

Figure 1 -5 shows the climatological wind r o s e s for a l l stat ions used in the study. Although the winds that blow paral le l to the St. Clai r River predominate, the winds in that a r e a more frequently t ransport a i r f rom the U. S. into Canada than in the r e v e r s e direction. Because of the bend in the Detroit River and the north-south, east-west orientation of the International Boundary, the winds in the ~ e t r o i t - Windsor vicinity blow f rom one country to the other with a lmost equal frequency. In the southern portion of this a r ea , however, where the U. S. side of the border i s heavily industrialized, the winds blow more frequently f r o m the U. S. into Canada than in the r eve r s e direction, a s indicated by the ro se s for Stations 412, 2 11, and 410 in F igure 1-5. .-

Increased wind speeds cause a reduction in pollution concentrations when the pollutants a r e emitted f rom near ground level. The difference in the average wind speeds given in Table 1-1 for the Detroit City Ai rpor t (about 10 mph) and the Sarnia Tower (8 mph) a r e due to the differences in the heights a t which the s enso r s were exposed. The Detroit City Ai rpor t anemometer i s exposed a t 81 feet , whereas the Sarnia Tower data given a r e fo r an elevation of 20 feet. At the

JOINT AIIR POLLUTION STUDY

Table 1-1. FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION AND ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND

SPEED FOR SURVEY AND LONGER-TERM CLIMATOLOGICAL PERIODS

S t a t i o n

D e t r o i t City A i r p o r t

Sarn i a Tower, a t 20 f e e t

Per iod

Dec 1967- Nov1968

1951-1960

Dec 1967- Nov1968

1965-1968

r~nnua l ' - average wind

speed, n p h ,

10.2

10.1

8.0

8.0

--

Tine, %

N

6.1

9.9

5.3

8.0

NNE

3.0

4.3

9.2

8 . 9

ESE

4.6

3.7

3.9

3.3

NE

1.8

4.1

2.0

3.0

SE

4.0

4.6

3.3

4.4

S

12.0

9.7

10.1

9.5

SSE

4.0

3.0

7.6

5.5

-

NNWCaln

5.1

1.2

1.9

1 .1

ENE

3.4

3.8

1.9

1.8

SSW

4.6

NW

4.6

8.9

5.3

6 . 4

E

4.3

5.8

2.0

2.6

4.0

4.3

5.3

3.9

SW 'WSW

8.2

8.8

, 6.9

W

13.9 7.8

5.3 9 . 1

14.4 5.3

WNW

10.0 6.6

5.5 / 9.1

7.6 1 5.8

12.7 7 . 4 7 . 0 1 7.3

JANUARY-DECEMBER

DECEMBER 1967-

W

. .

FREQUENCY, percent

Figure 1-2. Percent frequency of wind directions for survey and long-term periods at

Detroit City Airport.

DECEMBER 1967- NOVEMBER 1968

JANUARY-DECEMBER

FREQUENCY, percent

Figure 1-3. Percent frequency of wind directions for survey and long-term periods a t Sarnia Tower (20-ft level).

1-8 JOINT A!lR POLLUTION 'STUDY

, , , , , , 5.0 10.0 15.0

FREQUENCY, percmf

Figure 1-4. Wind roses showing frequency of wind directions for day (0700 to 1800 hrs) and night (1900 to 0600 hrs) at Sarnia tower (20-ft level), December 1967 through Fjovember 1968.

200-foot level of the Sarnia Tower, the winds average about 13 mph. The annual average wind speed in the study a r e a s i s much the same a s the average wind speed a c r o s s most of the rea at Lakes region.

1.2. 3.2 Atmospheric stabil i ty - The stability of the lower a tmosphere , of which change in temperature with height i s a n indication,. affects the dispersion of a i r pollutants. The more rapidly the a i r temperature decreases with height, the m o r e unstable the a i r becomes. Unstable a i r enhances ver t ical d ispers ion and generally resu l t s in lower ground-level pollutant concentrations. A layer in which the t empera tu re inc reases with height i s called an inversion. Inversions inhibit ver t ical d ispers ion and dilution of pollutants. Prolonged inversions, such a s m a y occur during atmospheric stagnations of severa l days , can resul t i n the excessive concentration of a i r contaminants.

The percentage frequency of inversion occurrences by season and t ime of day for a tower in northwest Detroit (about 10 miles f r om downtown) and another south of Sarnia a r e shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3. Historical data a r e given in the tables for both the Sarnia and Detroit data. In addition, Sarnia tower data obtained during the investigation a r e included. The Detroit tower was not operated during the period of investigation. The data a r e not s t r ic t ly comparable since the Detroit r ecords were based on temperature measurements made a t 20 and 300 feet above the ground whereas the Sarnia data were f rom 20 and 200 feet. The difference in the depths of the l ayers and the height f rom which temperature measurements we re obtained contributes some to the g rea te r frequency of inversions shown for Sarnia. Inversions a r e usually formed by cooling f rom below, which favors the

Introduction

Figure 1-5. Roses.of hourly wind direction frequencies for meteorological network stations,

December 1967 through November 1968 (unless otherwise indicated).

JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY

Table 1-3. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF INVERSIONS AT SARNIA TOWER BY

TIME OF DAY AND SEASONS FOR INDICATED PERIODS

-----I- --

! I Hours, %

Table 1-2. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF INVERSIONS AT DETROIT

AIRPORT TOWER BY TIME OF DAY AND SEASONS, JANUARY THROUGH

DECEMBER 1959 AND MARCH 1962 THROUGH FEBRUARY 1963 --

Hours, %

Per iod Time

00-05

06-1 1

12-1 7

18-23

7.8

5.9

2.2

8.0

Jan

1963 - Dec 1964

00-05

06-1 1

12-17

18-23

To ta l

Dec

1967 - NOV 1968

Summer

12.7

4.6

0.7

9.0

Winter

18.9

00-05

06-1 1

12-17

18-23

To ta l

Annual Spring

19.6

creation of shallow inversions. The difference in the height of measurements a t the two stations, the different periods of data collection, and the "heat islandv1 effect of urban Detroit all could contribute to the greater frequency of inversions found at Sarnia. The differences in inversion frequency between the earl ier period and the period of the investigation were insignificant.

19 .O

6.9

1.6

11.6

The inversion frequency data indicated that on an annual bas is , ground-based inversions occur in the Detroit - Windsor and Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea between 30 and 50 percent of the time. They revealed the expected diurnal variations in frequency related to surface coolness; that i s , inversions occur most frequently when temperatures a r e minimal near sunrise and least frequently when temperatures a r e maximal in the afternoon. Inversions in the general a rea occur most frequently in summer and fall, when clouds, precipitation days, and average wind

'Introduction 1-11

14.5

7.6

0.8

13.0

13.5

6.3

1.3

10.4

speeds a r e minimal. Fur ther analysis of the inversion'data in relation to winds ( summar i e s not given) showed that few inversions occurred with moderate o r s t rong winds, apparently because of g r ea t e r mechanical mixing. The Detroit and Sarnia data showed that inversions were frequent when winds were l e s s than 4 mph but r a r e ly occurred when winds we re g rea te r than 10 mph. Fur ther , the data for Detroit and Sarnia revealed that inversions occurred mos t frequently with southerly winds.

Besides variations in the frequency of inversions with t ime of day, the per - s is tence of inversions i s of concern. Inversions that pe r s i s t for many hours will, of course , tend to cause a g rea te r build up of pollution than those that l a s t only a few hours . The number and percent of inversions pers is t ing for various lengths of t ime during the investigation period a r e shown in Table 1-4 for Sarnia tower. The table indicates that few prolonged inversions occurred. Although about half of the ca se s lasted 12 hours o r more , only one percent, o r t h r ee ca se s , las ted 24 hours o r more .

Table 1-4. PERSISTENCE OF TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS

AT SARNIA TOWER BETWEEN 20 AND 200 FEET,

DECEMBER 1967 'THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968

/ Casesa o f i nve rs i on dura t ions I nve rs i on dura t ion , 2 i n d i c a t e d hours

~ o n s e c u t i i e hrs . Number Percent

90

a ~ o t a l cases = 272.

There i s further evidence to indicate that prolonged per iods of poor d i sper - sion a r e infrequent in the a r ea . Numerous studies have shown that the potential f o r major a i r pollution episodes i s related-to incidence of stagnating anticyclones (high p r e s su re a r e a s ) with associa ted inversions that l inger a few days. Korsho- ver , i n a study examining the weather pat terns for the 30-year period, 1936 through 1965, found that stagnating anticyclones lasting 4 days o r m o r e occurred in the general vicinity of the study a r e a only 18 t imes , o r on the average of only once every 2 years . In contras t , there were 90 such ca se s in par t s of the Southern

JOINT AIR POLLUTION'STUDY

Appalachians during the s ame period. The grea tes t number of the stagnating high p r e s su re a r e a s i n Eas t e rn North Amer ica occur red in October. An examination of weather pat terns during the investigation indicated that no lengthy stagnation per iods occur red during th i s period.

1. 2. 3. 3 Other Meteorological Fac to r s

1. 2. 3. 3. 1 Sunshine - Photochemical reactions may take place between pollutants to produce compounds m o r e objectionable than the original ones. A s sunlight i s the energy source for these reactions, the amount of sunshine i s an important factor in a i r pollution studies. Table 1-5 shows the percentage of the hours between sunr ise and sunset when direct solar radiation was received a t the ground a t the Detroit City Airpor t and a t Chatham in Kent County. Some of the differences observed between a r e a s may resu l t f r om the different types of ins t ru - ments used and possibly f rom additional cloudiness a t Chatham due to i t s location relative to Lakes St. Clai r and E r i e .

Table 1-5. PERCENT OF POSSIBLE HOURS OF SUNSHINE, GIVEN BY MONTH; BASED ON 30-YEAR

RECORD AT DETROIT CITY AIRPORT AND 31-YEAR RECORD AT CHATHAM, ONTARIO I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Sept Oct + D e t r o i t City, A i r p o r t

Chatham, Ontar io

Nov Dec Annual + 1.2.3.3.2 Degree-days ' - During the heating season, the temperature of the

a i r indirectly affects a i r pollutant concentrations in an a r e a because of i t s inverse relationship to the amount of fuel required for space and residential heating. The heating "degree-day" paramete r i s used a s an index of fuel consumption and i s computed for each day by subtracting the daily mean temperature f r o m 65 O F ; negative values a r e considered "zero.

Jan

32

23

Table .1-6 gives. heating degree-day s by month for Detroit City Airpor t , Windsor Airpor t , Sarnia , and P o r t Huron. Differences in annual degree-days among them a r e l e s s than 10 percent. Since the mos t densely populated a r e a s show the lowest degree-days, pa r t of the differences can be explained by the urban heat island effect.

. .

Feb

43

33

1. 2. 3. 3. 3 Precipi ta t ion - Precipitation i s a n important weather element affecting a i rpo l lu t ion because o f - i t s washout o r scavenging effects on the l a rge particulat 'es-suspended in the a tmosphere . Rainfall i s thus desi rable since a i r

i s part ial ly cleansed by the coalescence of par t ic les with raindrops.

Precipitation occurs in th is a r e a most frequently during the la te fall , winter, and spring seasons. Table 1-7 gives by month the normal amounts of precipitation recorded a t Windsor Airpor t , Detroit City Airpor t , and P o r t Huron. Table 1 - 8

Mar

49

34

Introduction

Apr

52

39

May

59

47

June Ju l y

65

50

70

56

gives the average number of days each month that had measurable amounts of precipitation a t Windsor Ai rpor t and Detroit City Airpor t during the 10 y e a r s , 1951 through 1960.

Table 1-6. CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGE; DEGR

- -

D e t r o i t City A i r p o r t

W i ndsor A i r p o r t

Sarni a

P o r t Huron

Jan / Feb Apr May June J u l y

:E-DAYS GIVEN BY MONTH

Table 1-7. NORMAL AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITATION

( i n . )

Table 1-8. AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION;

BASED ON PERIOD 1951 THROUGH 1960

Table 1-9 gives a comparison of the percent of possible hours of sunshine, the number of heating degree-days , the amounts of precipitation, number of days with precipitation during the period studied, and long-term climatic data for the Detroit a r ea . The data indicate that the yea r studied had 15 percent m o r e hours of possible sunshine than normal. The year studied was somewhat wa rmer than normal and, correspondingly, the number of heating degree -days was l e s s than normal . Although the precipitation exceeded the normal by 20 percent, t he r e were fewer days with measurable precipitation during the yea r studied.

Oct

2.63

3 . 0 6 2 . 6 6 2 . 7 6 2 . 5 8 1 . 9 6

-

1-14 JOilNT A'IR P0LLUT:ION STUDY.

Aug

2.86

J u l y

2.82

Nov

2.41

2.21

Sept

3 .152 .362.81

2.44

Apr

3.00 D e t r o i t City A i r p o r t

P o r t Huron

Jan

Windsor 114 A i r p o r t I D e t r o i t C i t y , 14 A i r p o r t I

Dec

2.23

2.08

Feb

W i n d s o r A i r p o r t 2 . 2 1 2 . 2 2 2 . 7 4 3 . 0 5 3 . 5 3 2 . 9 3 2 . 9 9

2.08

Jan

2.05

1.85

Mar

14

13

Feb

13

13

Annual

32.41

- 30.95

31.25

May

3.53

Mar

2.42

1 .922 .142 .66

Apr

'12

13

Aug

9

9 9 9

May

12

13

~ u n e

2.83

3 .173.443.05

S e p t

9

Nov

12

12

Oct

9

9

June

10

I T

J u l y

10

Dec

14

1 3

Annual

138

138

Table 1-9. COMPARISON OF ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

FOR THE SURVEY PERIOD AND CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

FOR DETROIT CITY AIRPORT 1 1

Average temperature, OF I 51.4 1 50.1

Possible hours o f sunshine, %

Number o f hea t ing degree-days I 5898 6232 T o t a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n , i n . 37.67 1 30.95 Number o f days wi t h p r e c i p i t a t i o n I 107 I 138

2 0.01 i n .

Survey per iod

69

Data from the investigation of winds, atmospheric stability, and other meteorological factors showed some deviations from the long-term averages o r "normals. " In general, however, these anomalies were not excessive, so that the year of study may be considered to have had nearly normal meteorological conditions.

C l i m a t i c mean

54

Because of the different industrial characteristics of the St. Clair and Detroit River a reas , the types of pollution problems present also differ. This was apparent from the inspections made by the Board and from the comments made a t public hearings conducted in June 1967 in Por t Huron and Windsor by the International Joint Commission. E s sentially, complaints from the St. Clair River a rea a t the public hearings were from the U . S. side and related to odors from oil refineries and chemical plants on the Canadian side. Complaints from the Detroit River area. originated mainly from the Canadian side a s the result of particulate emissions from metallurgical industries south of the city of Detroit. In each case, responses from the public to the pollution that crossed the border were almost entirely one-sided, being directed against the Canadian side in Por t Huron - Sarnia and against the U. S. side in Detroit - Windsor.

1. 3. 1 Design Considerations

Sulfur dioxide was generally known to be a significant pollutant in Sarnia a s a result of the operation of the oil refineries in the Sarnia a rea and because of the proximity of the large coal-burning power plant facilities on both sides of the St. Clair River. Odors from sources in Sarnia were a problem in Port Huron and Sarnia, and particulates were a significant problem on both sides of the St. Clair River. When synergistic chemicals such a s styrene and halogens reacted, strong lacr imators were formed that, depending on wind direction, had profound effects on the receptor population. For a t least 25 years , until corrected in late 1969, emissions from the coal-burning facilities of the Polymer Corporation in Sarnia caused appreciable difficulty in the city of Por t Huron across the r iver .

The same type observations could not be made for Windsor and Detroit, mainly because the character of the industry there i s different and the extent of the development of the downriver Detroit a rea i s much more extensive and intense than that in Windsor to date. It was reasonable to expect that residents of the

Introduction 1-15

Windsor a r ea would readily complain about Detroit and downriver Detroit sources because transboundary pollution is obvious. On the other hand, residents of the Detroit and downriver Detroit a r ea have experienced pollution f rom local sources and perhaps did not complain of any sources on the Windsor side of the river because pollution from those sources was not readily apparent, even though i t existed: ,

The differences in the nature of the industries and the resulting complaints in the two a r e a s were considered in the survey design. In Windsor, Detroit, and environs, the greatest attention was given to particulates. The instr urnentation used to measure particulates consisted primarily of dustfall gauges, high-volume samplers f o r the measurement 'of total suspended particulates, and filter -tape samplers for t h e determination of smoke haze or soiling index. Considerable s t r e s s was placed upon defining the composition of suspended solid matter , and a substantial number of samples were analyzed for various metals, particularly iron.

Because of the large amount of fuel used in Detroit, S02, probably a major transboundary pollutant, was measured. For completeness, ra ther than for indications of border pollution, NOx, CO, HC, and oxidants a lso were measured in the Detroit - Windsor a rea . Other pollutants, including sulfates, polycyclic HC, sulfuric acid, and fluorides, were measured a t some locations.

In the Por t Huron - Sarnia region, greater emphasis was placed upon gaseous and volatile pollutants such a s HC, hydrogen sulfide (HZ S), NOx, SO2, and oxidants. Dustfall, suspended particulates, and soiling index a l so were measured, but l e s s intensively than in the Detroit - Windsor a r ea . Particulate samples were not subjected to the detailed analyses performed in the Detroit - Windsor study .

Attempts were made to evaluate odor problems by personal reaction, since

the substances which cause odors a r e extremely difficult i f not impossible to analyze chemically a t the concentrations which occur in the ambient atmosphere, especially since they a r e usually transient. Details of the techniques used and the observations made a r e contained in Section 2 . 1. 3 . 2 Emissions Inventory

A detailed inventory of a l l sources of pollution was conducted in each of the two survey a r e a s to identify the relative contributions of different source types and to establish the overall quantitative discharges of the various pollutants. Particulate, SO,, GO, HC, and NO, emissions were tabulated on the bases of a detailed questionnaire and engineering estimates made by the source inventory survey group. The information was classified to provide a n estimate of the respective quantitative contributions f rom industrial, governmental, domes tic, and vehicular sources.

1 .3 .3 Meteorological Observations

As a basis for determining the transboundary flow of contaminants and the identification of specific pollution sources, wind direction and speed data were collected a t several s i tes in both of the survey a reas . Data were obtained a t special stations a s well a s a t those of the weather services and the military.

JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

A secondary purpose of these observations was to provide, in conjunction with the source inventory data, a basis fo r developing simulation models for the prediction of p resen t pollution levels and future t rends . To facil i tate this work, t empera tures of the lower a tmosphere we r e measured routinely a t instrumented towers in Sarnia and Windsor. During special per iods of intensive study, pilot- balloon wind measurements and tethered-balloon tempera ture soundings were made.

In addition, a n instrumented a i r c r a f t was used during a 2Lweek period to a s s e s s the detailed pat tern of pollution in a c r o s s section along the border a t t imes of transboundary flow. Sulfur dioxide and particulates we re measured f rom the a i r c r a f t while detailed meteorological observations were being made f rom the ground.

The meteorological data were used to a s s e s s the representat iveness of the survey sampling period by comparing them with long-term data available f r om permanent national meteorological stations and f rom existing s ta te and provincial a i r quality stations.

1. 3 . 4 Special Studies on Effects

An Effects Committee was formed to advise the Ai r Pollution board and to make recommendations on the need for and development of studies on health effects o r epidemiology. After a review of the levels at which the effects of a i r pollution on health and welfare could be measured, the populations that were available for study, and the shortcomings of the ea r l i e r Windsor - Detroit health survey, the Committee recommended that a s e r i e s of new studies be undertaken. Arrangements for a public perception study to be conducted in the Windsor and Sarnia a r e a s a r e well underway. The Board intends to repor t on this work a t a l a t e r date. Other special observations we re made to a s s e s s the effects of pollutants on vegetation and mate r ia l s . These studies included the examination of existing plants, crops , and gardens , and the exposure of specific plant species to ambient pollutants in special chambers . , The influence of pollution on mate r ia l s was a s se s sed by the exposure to pollution of a variety of mate r ia l s in the Effects Package routinely used by the U. S. National Ai r Pollution Control Administration.

1. 3 . 5 Summary of Pro jec t Design

The general s t ructure of the 1968 survey a s 's tated in the final project out- l ine included the following separa te components:

1. A meteorological study of the two affected regions to delineate any international flow of pollutants;

2. Measurement of the contamination of a i r m a s s e s cross ing the international boundary;

3 . Identification and evaluation of harmful effects caused by the transboundary flow of a i r pollution;

4 . Identification and quantification of sources of transboundary pollution; 5 . Determination of the appropria te control measu re s and estimation of

the cos t s of implementing them.

The study a r e a contained a final network of 80 ae romet r ic sampling loca- t ions. Of these, 53 collected suspended particulate data and 26 monitored for SO2 concentrations. Almost every station had static devices .for the collection of

Introduction

dustfall and sulfation samples. Additional sampling for oxidants, HC, fluorides, and other pollutants was performed a t some of the s i t es . The locations of a l l International Joint Commission sampling stations a r e shown in Figure 1-6; a legend of the pollutants sampled for a t each location i s given in Table 1-10.

320

Figure 1-6. Locations of International Joint Commission sarnpl ing stations.

JOINT A!IR POLLUTllON STUDY

Figure 1-6 (continued). Locations of International Joint Commission sampling stations.

Table 1-10. LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS

GIVEN I N FIGURE 1-6

JUINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

h

w w I w C, - w m -0 I& -0 m - 3 4 4 J . r

u m w VI 3 m s m u c - L

S . r S X V) w U U ~ Y - ~ L - s ( u w x m o r C, -7 u u x w 3 0 C , m o u r o m a m ~ , m o a m . r - m -7 .r 0 A U- - 0 S S Q Ca aJ

u x E L O X - Q w - o s a s w r Q) 0 m - 0 0 m c ~ o E - . ~ m a Q ) Q V, u L E u S - r L E L a m C, C, 0 3 ? g ' . c C, .r 3 - 0 0 W C , .r .r o a r (C IB 0 0 2 > ( ~ m o ~ n ~ a ~ w ~ ~ r w ~ ~ ~ o s L - C , L U V ) m m . r C , U V ) - ( C C , . r U = 1 m w 3 O m ? 3 a a r o ~ w 3 3 r ~ r C , ? - - v , v , ~ - u s v , o v , w z ( ( , s ~ & n

ORFa x x x x x x x x x x

ORF x x x x x x x x

ORF x x x

ORF x x x x

ORF x x x x x x x x

ORF x x x x x x

ORF x x x x

ORF x x x x x x x x x x x

ORF x x x

ORF x x x x x

ORF x x x x x x x

ORF x x

ORF x x x x x x x

ORF x x

OR F x x

L

P 7 S

S 0 .F C, m C, v,

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

S t a t i o n 1 o c a t i on

Foot o f Loch ie l St. Sarnia, Ontar io

East S t . Sarnia, Onta r io

Sarnia A i r p o r t Sarnia, Onta r io

Sarn ia Yacht Club Po in t Edward, Onta r io

Lambton Col lege Sarnia, Onta r io

Moore and Township Rds. # 6

Sarnia, Onta r io

Lambton Generating P lan t

Cour twr ight , Onta r io

Tecumseh Park Sarnia, Onta r io

C.I.L. P l an t and Highway 40

Cour twr ight , Onta r io

Chu rch i l l and McGregor Rds .

Sarnia, Onta r io

Colborne S.E. Corunna, Onta r io

Lambton County, Rd. # 2

Sombra, Onta r io

Onta r io P o l i c e Post Sombra, Onta r io

Sombra Township Rd. Sombra, Onta r io

Lambton Count Rd. # 1

P o r t Lambton, Onta r io

Confederat ion S t . 3 m i l es eas t o f Modeland Rd.

Sarnia, Ontar io

Sombra Concession Rd .

Sombra, Ontar io

690 Highway 18 Windsor, Ontar io

Morton Dock,Termi na l Windsor, Ontar io

3822 Sandwich St . , W.

Windsor, Ontar io

Windsor City H a l l Windsor, Ontar io

1250 Langlo is Ave. Windsor, Ontar io

3631 Huron L ine Rd. Windsor, Ontar io

3120 Dougall Ave. Windsor, Ontar io

471 U n i v e r s i t y Ave., W.

Windsor, Ontar io

Windsor - Tecumseh Waterworks

Windsot?, Ontar io

Amherstburg Post O f f i c e

Amherstburg, Ontar io

Benetau Farm, R.R. # 2

R iver Canard, Ontar io

L i b r a r y St. - Old Fron t Rd .

Windsor, Ontar io

Table 1-10 (cont inued). LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6

X X X x x ' x

X X X X

Introduction

h

w w I w C,

7 - a m

h W 0 m 5 V) S 5 S 5 U c L 2 m w u U m CIY

w x m o s C, .r m o u s o o w "C,

U U ' Z f 5 E 3 m o a m

5 .r .r 0 L l -0- - 0 S S a a U X E L W S n - W - 0 w 0 m u u m rn O E - .,- m c w a s . 3 w u m

U L s u c-? L c L Q ~ w c , " h E ' f cr -r S 0 0 W 4 2 . r .r 0.r (C U O Y > Y - ~ ~ L ~ L ~ - W S C , ( C W L U L O G L - C , L U V ) f U V ) . r C , U V ) - ' 4 - C , . r U J t Q w s ~ m h ~ a w o w w s S + - Y C , h - - m m ~ u ~ v , m o m w z v , ~ ~ a

L W n 5 E:

s 0 .r C, a

S t a t i o n l o c a t i o n

Table 1-10 (cont inued) . LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS

GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6


w w I w C, C a m

- . a '0 V) C o m w z k O O C 1 . r V) 3 m S f a - 'C L

$ 0 -- o O O X Q I = I O C , m Y . r L6- s w m o o c o m a m c , m o n w - r ~

o c c n Z P ~ Z ~ _.I- o C m a = a s a w o m ' P O V) w w u v , o L c o C-,- L c L P % Z r c, - m e r -r 3 , - 0 0 w C , . r . r O ' F ' C m O O Y 0 L C , > 'C L ~ L ~ ~ W ~ ~ ' C W L O L O C L - 3 P o m a m . ? r c r u , - + r 3 m Q I ~ O I U - ~ P W O W Q I ~ ~ ' C . ~ C , ~ F , - V ) V ) I - U I V ) V ) c a m w w z r u n

Vol lan Farm R.R. # 4,

Amhers t b urg , Ontar io

DNHW

938 Mar t i n Lane R i ve r Canard, Ontar io l DNHW

Highway 3, f o u r miles N.W. Highway 114

Windsor, . '

Ontar io

Malden Rd. a t High- ways 3 and 114

Sandwich South, On t a r i o

Peck Farm Disputed Rd. R i ve r Canard, Ontar io

DNHW

DNHW

DNHW

5715 E. C. Row Ave. W i ndsor, Ontar io

Canadian Rock S a l t Co.

W i ndsor, Ontar io

DNHW

3933 Lesperance Rd. Tecumseh, Ontar io

DNHW

DNHW

Walker A i r p o r t W i ndsor, Ontar io l DNHW 495 Crawford Ave. Windsor, Ontar io l DNHW Water F i 1 t r a t i o n

P lan t P o r t Huron, Mich.

Water Treatment P lan t

Marysv i l l e , Mich.

S ta te Po l i ce Post S t . C l a i r , Mich.

D e t r o i t Edison St. C l a i r , Mich.

Pub l i c Service Garage Marysv i l le , Mich.

X X X X X

PHs

X



GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6

Holy Cross High School Marine C i ty , M i ch.

U.S. Coast Guard S t a t i o n

P o r t Huron, Mich.

4836 G r a t i o t St. Marys v i 1 1 e , M i ch . Sperry Dept. Store P o r t Huron, Mich.

Yankee - Ri ver Rds . St . C l a i r Township,

M i ch . S.E. o f Remer - Clark E. China Township,

M i ch . B e l l e R iver - King Rds E. China Township,

M i ch . M i c h i game Sch . P o r t Huron, Mich.

B a r t l e tt Road Kimbal l Township,

M i ch.

M i t c h e l l Road - R a t t l e Run

S t . C l a i r Township, M i ch .

Meisner and McKinley China Township, Mi ch.

Ri chman Road - Dove S t Kimbal l Township,

M i ch . G r a t i o t Rd. - Palms Columbus Township,

M i ch . Sel f r i d g e AFB, M i ch.


PHs

PHs

PHs

PHS x

PHs

PHs

PHS

PHs

PHs

PHs

PHs

PHs

PHs

USAF

w C, u a % @ . ? v 1 3 ul a

- S - r S X u l W U U w x a o s 0 .r t n o - w s o m a rncl

0 s W 0 5 U U 13, O E - U L S U S - r L S L P a .r 3 7 0 0 W C , 'r 3- 0.r 4- w 4- ai a - a 3 C, L - $ 2 k m a u l . r +'u 2 w ~ o a ~ ~ n w o w w m m l - U I m m P

'Introduction


GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6

JOINT AIR POLLU'FION STUDY

A

w a I w C, - w m -0 V) - u r n , y - 3 % C , . 7 m s m u L

s . 7 r x m 1 2 < u m 2 . r L - s w x m o s C, .r U U X Q ) 3 0 C , C n o u s o m w r n w 0 Q V ) * r - m -2 g 2 zT 2 0 s s a m w

-0 , - 0 s a s w c W 0 rC1 U U rC1 W l O E a J - 0 C)V, u L s u r-,- L s ~ a % S 3 Y % m a r -7 3 - o o w w . 7 . 7 0 . 7 % m U O Y O L C , > '4- a ~ a - w 3 ~ r w ~ ~ ~ o r L - 3 2 k V ) m C 1 . 7 C , o - C ) V , . - % c r . 7 ~ 3 m w 3 O m ~ 3 a w O w w 3 3 % ' r l - ~ - ~ v , v , l - u x v , v , o v , w z v , x L L a

PHs x x

PHs x

PHs x x x x

PHs x x x x

PHs x x x DET

PHs x x x x x x DET

PHs x x x x x x DET

PHs x

PHs x x x x

PHs x x x

WC x x x x

PHs x x x x x x

PHs x

PHs x x x x x x x x x

PHs x x x x x x

PHs x x x

PHs x x

L

P 3 s

s o -7

C, m C, v,

321

322

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

4.12

413

414


2750 M i 1 i t a r y Ave. P o r t Huron, Mich.

2445 M i 1 i t a r y P o r t Huron, Mich.

West end o f B e l l e I s l e D e t r o i t , Mi ch.

Three M i l e Park Grosse P o i n t Park,

M i ch . 1660 H i l l g e r De t r o i t , Mi ch . Coast Guard S ta t ion , B e l l e I s l e D e t r o i t , Mich.

Veterans Memori a1 B u i l d i n g

D e t r o i t , M i ch.

City - County B u i l d i n g D e t r o i t , Mich. 7420 West F o r t St . D e t r o i t , M i ch . R i v e r Rouge High School R i ve r Rouge, Mich.

Anchor and Burke R i ve r Rouge, Mich.

Hennepin P o i n t Grosse I l e , Mich.

Wyandotte Chemi c a l s , South P l a n t

Wyandotte, M i ch . 19505 L ighthouse P o i n t Grosse I l e , Mich.

Naval A i r S t a t i o n Grosse I l e , Mich.

87 B idd l e Ave. Wyandotte, M i ch.

5201 Woodward . D e t r o i t , Mich.


GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6

I

S t a t i o n 1 oca ti on

X X X

X X X

X

X X X

X X

X X X X X

Introduction

PHs x x x x

PHs x x x x x WC

PHs x x x WC

PHs x x x x WC

PHs x x x x x DET

PHs x

PHs

PHs

WC x

PHs

PHs

L IV

PHs WC

WC

DET x x

as f o l 1 ows :

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

429

430

a ~ e r v i ORF - Ontar io Research Foundation.

DNHW - Department o f Nat ional Heal th and Welfare - Canada. PHs - Uni ted States P u b l i c Heal th Serv ice.

USAF - Uni ted States A i r Force. DET - C i t y of D e t r o i t .

WC - Wayne County. LIV - C i t y o f L ivon ia .

J u l i a n Strong J r . High School

Melvindale, Mich.

14700 Moran A l l e n Park, Mich.

19366 A l l e n Rd. R i ve r v i ew, M i ch . South Rd. School Woodhaven, M i ch . 12985 Houston-Whi t t i e r D e t r o i t , Mich.

Conservatory Workshop B e l l e I s l e , Mich.

D e t r o i t C i t y A i r p o r t D e t r o i t , Mich.

10750 Grand R iver D e t r o i t , Mich.

Wayne County Hosp i ta l E lo ise, Mich.

D e t r o i t Met. A i r p o r t Romul us, M i ch.

Eurekadale Elern. School Tay lor , M i ch.

Ben t l y High School L ivon ia , Mich.

Bessie Hoffman J r . High School

Sumpter Township, Mich.

Ann Visger School R iver Rouge, Mich.

1115 Cop l in D e t r o i t , Mich.

ce agencies a re abbrev iated

1. Report of the International Joint Commission, United States and Canada, on the Pollution of the Atmosphere in the Detroit River Area. Inter- national Joint Commission. Washington, D .C . , and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1960.

2. Munn, R.. E . , D. A. Thomas, and A. F. W. Cole. A Study of Suspended Par t icula te and Iron Concentrations in Windsor, Canada. Atmospheric Environ. - 3(1), January 1969.

3. Kor shover, J. Climatology of Stagnating Anticyclones E a s t of Rocky Mountains, 1936-1965. U. S. DHEW, EHS, Public Health Service. Publication No. 999-AP-34, 1967.

2. AIR QUALITY OF THE PORT HURON-SARNIA AND DETROIT-W INDSOR AREAS

The significance of measured concentrations of pollutants in the ambient a t - mosphere m u s t be judged in re la t ion to established a i r quality s tandards based on c r i t e r i a that es tabl ish the deleterious effects of the pollutants. The a i r quality s tandards considered by the Board to be applicable in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor a r e a s a r e those present ly in use in the Province of Ontario and those proposed by the State of Michigan. Throughout this section measured pollutant concentrations a r e presented in relat ion to those a i r quality standards.

In the U. S. , the National Air Pollution Control Administrat ion designated on December 9, 1969, in accordance with the Air Quality Act of 1967, a Metropolitan Detroit - P o r t Huron Int ras ta te Air Quality Control Region which includes Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. C la i r Counties. These s a m e counties make up the International Joint Commission study a r e a on the U. S. s ide of the St. C la i r and Detroit Rivers . The Governor of Michigan has a l ready indicated in a l e t t e r to the National Ai r Pollution Control Administrat ion that i t i s the intent of the State of Michigan to adopt s tandards fo r sulfur dioxide and suspended part iculate m a t t e r in accordance with the provisions of the Air Quali tyAct of 1967 onthe bas i s of ambient a i r quality c r i t e r i a a l ready promulgated. When specific s ta te s tandards a r e adopted, they will be equal to o r somewhat higher than the F e d e r a l c r i t e r i a establishing health effect levels . F o r the sake of d iscuss ion in this r epor t the ambient a i r quality s tandards submitted by Michigan to the National Air Pollution Control Admin- is t ra t ion will be re fe r red t o a s the s tandards to be used by the Michigan Depar t - ment of Health and local agencies in the implementation of the i r air pollution con-

trol program. The ambient air quality s tandards f o r part iculate m a t t e r and sulfur dioxide a r e : particulate m a t t e r concentrations >7 0 pg /m3, annual geometr ic mean ; and sulfur dioxide concentrations >I00 pg /m3 (0. 035 ppm), annual mean.

The Province of Ontario proclaimed a i r quality s tandards under the A i r Po l - lution Control Act of 1967. These requ i re industries and other sources in the province to achieve controls sufficient t o maintain concentrations below cer ta in levels a s shown in Table 2-1.

The considerations which appeared to be relevant in the adoption of s tandards fo r the a s s e s s m e n t of pollution in the two survey a r e a s of the p resen t study a r e discussed separa te ly in the following sections.

2.1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATES

The t r a n s p o r t of part iculate m a t e r i a l i s the m o s t obvious aspec t of the t r a n s - boundary pollution problem in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a . F r o m visual observations

Tab1 e 2-1 . ONTARIO A I R QUALITY STANDARDS

I

Po l l u tan t

so2

Suspended p a r t i cu l a te

S u l f a t i o n I 30 days 1 0.4 mg/100 cm2-day

Sample period

1-hr avg 24-hr avg annual avg

annual geometric mean 1 60 u g h 3

D u s t f a l l

Soi 1 i ng index

Concentration

0.25 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.02 ppm

30 days annual monthly avg

annual geometric mean

Oxidants

Fluor ides i n a i r

N i t rogen oxides

Carbon monoxi de 1

1-hr avg 24-hr avg

24-hr avg

0.15 ppm 0.10 ppm

1-hr avg 24-hr avg

1-hr avg I 8-hr avg

0.20 ppm 0.10 ppm

1.0 ppb

and a knowledge of the industries present, i t is realistic to acknowledge that particulates a r e emitted into the atmosphere and a r e transported across the border by the winds. The purpose of the 1968 survey was to determine whether the quantities of particulates flowing across the boundary were sufficient to produce ambient pollution in excess of reasonable cr i ter ia in the other country.

The significance of particulate concentrations has been investigated extensively, and certain cr i ter ia have been recommended for some particulates. A review of existing knowledge was published in January 1969 by the U. S . National Air Pollution Control Administration. 1

In urban areas of the U. S . , typical annual total particulate concentrations range from 60 to 200 t ~ ~ / m ~ , although concentrations in many cities fall outside this range. Standards adopted in the U. S. cover a wide range extending from about 50 to 150 for periods varying from 12 months to 24 hours, respectively.

Information on the suspended-particulate standards for the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan i s presented in the introduction to this section.

Particulate concentrations which appear to be of least significance from a health aspect also appear to represent the minimum threshold for other adverse effects, including the restriction of visibility and the accelerated corrosion of metals. The properties of the particulate material, including composition and particle size, a r e important in assessing such effects a s reduced visibility and damage to materials and vegetation. Particulate materials that a r e measured as soiling index a r e mainly of submicron size and make up the fraction which affects visibility the most. The index, normally expressed in Coh/1000 lineal feet (Coh = coefficient of haze), which a r e units based on optical density, is obtained by measuring the light transmitted through the stains produced on filter paper. It is

2 -2 JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

greatly influenced by the composition of particulates. Carbon particles in combustion products. .are the chief cause of the stains produced on the paper. Their main consequences a r e the production of haze and the soiling of buildings.

. .

Few if any publications have shown a connection between soiling index and health effects, although there i s probably a strong correlation between this index and the Brit ish method of determining mass concentrations. Most a i r pollution workers agree with an a rb i t ra ry scale of values which indicates responses to dif - ferent smoke haze levels a s follows:

Subjective reacti'on

Light haze Moderate smoke haze Heavy smoke haze Very heavy haze . Extreme

Cob/ 1000 lineal feet

0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 3 3 - 4

Above 4

h he Ontario standards for soiling index were presented in 'the introduction to this section.

Some of the suspended particulate samples f rom the Detroit - Windsor a rea were analyzed for the presence of specific metals which would be expected to exist a s oxides or other compounds. The findings were not intended to provide an assessment of health effects, since concentrations of metals found even in heavily polluted a i r have not yet been implicated a s causing any disease. Not even lead, though well known to be toxic in certain concentrations, is presently considered capable of causing ill effects a t the concentrations occurring in ambient a i r . Metal concentrations have been measured in a number of cities in the U. S. A guide to the significance of metallic -compound particulate pollution in the study a r ea can be found by comparing measured concentrations with the average values in Table 2-2 found in U. S. cities.

Table 2-2. AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALLIC-COMPOUND

PARTICULATES IN THE UNITED STATES

Cadmi um 1 <0.011 / Manganese I 0.11 1 Vanadium 1 0.05

(?Jg/m3)

Chromi um 0.015

Cobalt 1 <0.006

Metal

Antimony

Bery l l ium

Bismuth

1 Z inc

I

Concentration

~ 0 . 0 4

<0.0002

<O .001

Molybdenum

Benzo(a)pyrene i s one of the polycyclic hydrocarbons normally associated with carbonaceous solids in the atmosphere. These compounds a r i s e principally f rom the incomplete combustion of fuels in furnaces. Although liquid fuels contribute some of the polycyclic hydrocarbons in a i r , coal burning produces mos t of

<O .003

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas

Metal

Copper

I r o n

Lead

Concentrat ion

0.034

0.02

0.04

Concentrat ion

0.09

Metal

Nickel

1.6

0.79

them. Motor vehicles a re sources of some of these compounds but a r e not considered responsible for more than 20 percent of the total which may occur in most atmospheres.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons a r e of interest chiefly because of their carcino- genicity. Numerous tests have demonstrated their capacity to produce skin and other forms of cancer in experimental animals. Therefore, by inference, they a r e suspected as possible contributors to the increasing incidence of lung cancer in humans. Because no direct evidence of this has been found, no cr i ter ia or standards have been applied. The samples were analyzed for benzo(a)pyrene because of public health significance. The possibility of relating the occurrence of benzo(a)pyrene to specific pollution sources was not considered likely.

Fluorides in the atmosphere, either a s gaseous hydrogen fluoride or a s particulate metallic salts, have been associated with damage to vegetation and toxic effects in livestock. Some plant species a re particularly sensitive to fluorides, especially gaseous fluoride compounds, and can be damaged by concentrations on the order of one part per billion (ppb). Ingestion by livestock of forage on which particulate fluorides have been deposited, or of forage which has assimilated and accumulated fluorides, results in the accumulation of fluorides in the bones and teeth (fluorosis). Symptoms of fluorosis in livestock a r e decreased milk production in dairy cattle, loss of weight, stiff posture, lameness, and rough hair coats. Most attempts to associate the symptoms of fluorosis in livestock with a i r pollution have involved cases occurring in locations near sources such as superphos- phate plants and aluminum smelters .

Fluorides a r e ubiquitous in the atmosphere because they exist in most rocks and soils. Small concentrations occur in most collected particulate samples, but the possibility existed that concentrations in Windsor and Detroit might be higher than the usual background levels because fluorides a r e sometimes employed in steel processes a s fluxes.

Although humans a r e more tolerant of fluorides than plants and foraging animals a re , a ir quality cr i ter ia a r e normally established on the basis of potential effects on plants and animals. Because of the sensitivity of plants, standards suggested a r e usually on the order of a few parts per billion.

2.1.1 Air Quality Criteria

In North America and some other parts of the world, suspended particulates normally a r e measured a s 24-hour samples collected by filtration. The particulates thus collected include some of every size occurring a t the sampler in a day, with the possible exception of large particles which settle too rapidly to be deflec- ted into the shelter used for these instruments; this fraction is not likely to be appreciable. The normal volume of a i r passed through the filter in the collection of a sample is about 2,000 cubic meters and results a r e expressed a s micrograms

3 per cubic meter (pg/m ).

Samples a r e collected in Great Britain by a completely different technique, although the results a r e expressed in the same way. The method employed there and in many parts of Europe involves collecting a sample from an air volume of about 1. 5 m 3 and then determining the mass concentration bv computation from a


calibration based upon a reflectance measurement of the f i l ter -paper stain. This probably yields a resu l t only roughly comparable to that obtained by the high- volume sampler method. The distinction i s important because much of the work on the health effects of pollution has been done in Grea t Britain.

The effects of particulates on health a r e difficult to a s s e s s . The influence of particulates on associated pollutants i s believed t o be significant, especially in the case of sulfur dioxide and other i r r i t an t gases , whose effects tend to be emphasized o r synergized by cer ta in particulates. Surface absorption of i r r i t an t gases by solid par t ic les i s a l so considered significant and, therefore , the character is t ics of the par t ic les a r e important. In mos t of the cases described in the l i tera ture in which adverse health effects have been attributed to par t icula tes , sulfur dioxide was involved a s well.

An a i r quality c r i t e r ia document2 published by the U. S. National Air Pollu- tion Control Administration presents information f rom various Bri t ish sources indicating a var ie ty of effects f r o m mixtures of particulates and sulfur dioxide. Thus, the combination of a particulate concentration of 750 pg/rn3 with about 0. 25 ppm of sulfur dioxide (24-hour mean) m a y resu l t in deaths and a considerable inc rease in i l lnesses .

Increases i n d i seases like chronlc bronchitis have been observed with lower concentrations of both sulfur dioxide and particulates. American data have been presented which indicate that increased death r a t e s in persons over 50 yea r s of age could resu l t in a r ea s where the annual geometr ic mean concentrations of par - t iculates were a s low a s 80 to 100 pg/m3 and sulfur dioxide was present in an amount equivalent to sulfation ra tes of 30 m g / 100 cm2-month.

2. 1. 2 Measured Air Quality

2. 1.2. 1 High-Volume Samplers - The concentrations of suspended particulates' were measured using high-volume samplers with glass f iber f i l ters . Each sample

- -

was for a 24-hour period s tar t ing a t midnight. At mos t stations, one sample was taken every 3 days, although a few stations collected two samples during each 3-day interval. Results were expressed a s micrograms of particulates pe r cubic m e t e r of sampled a i r (pg/m3).

2. 1.2. 1. 1 Po r t Huron - Sarnia a rea . Twenty-two sampling stations were located in the vicinity of P o r t Huron - Sarnia and southward along the St. Clair -

River. A s ta t is t ical suxnmary. on an annual basis for each of these stations i s given in Table 2-3. In addition to average values (ari thmetic means) , the concentrations a t each station that were exceeded by specified percentages of the samples a r e given. Figure 2-1 is a map of the distribution of average concentrations.

Table 2-4 presents on an annual basis the percentage of samples with concentrations exceeding specified values. Table 2-5 gives by station the percentage of samples in specified concentration ranges.

Only 13 of the 22 stations obtained data during each quar ter of the year . Seven of the stations had their maximum seasonal average concentration in summer , but in general the differences between seasonal averages were sma l l and, m o r e - over , were not tested for s ta t is t ical sign&cance.

Air ~ u a l ' i t y of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Windsor Areas

Table 2-3. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE DAILY SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE

CONCENTRATIONS, PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

S t a t i o n number

151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160 161 163 30 1 303 30 5 307 31 0 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 31 8 31 9

Number o f observa t ions

96 20 84 9 5 79 83 95 87 96 87 80

- - - -

Suspended-parti cu l a t e concent ra t ions , pg/m3 I I 1 ,

% o f s a m ~ l e s > s t a t e d va l uea i Maximum observed

va lue Geometric

mean A r i t h m e t i c

mean

- ~~~~~ -- - -

a ~ e r c e n t a g e o f samples w i t h observed concentrat ions equal t o o r g r e a t e r than those shown.

b~aximum observed va lue used when l e s s than 100 observat ions were ava i lab1 e.

A r i t hme t i c standard

d e v i a t i o n

LAKE HURON

- md*s ----

Figure 2-1. Annual average suspended particulate concentrations @g/m3) in Port Huron - Sarnia area.

Graphic presentations of data from Table 2 - 3 and Figure 2 - 2 show clearly that most portions of the region have concentrations that exceed the standards set by the Province of Ontario. Figure 2 - 3 shows that only a few stations' exceed the proposed Michigan standard for suspended particulates.

2 . 1 . 2 . 1 . 2 Detroit - Windsor area. Thirty-four particulate sampling stations operated in the Detroit - Windsor area. Statistical data a r e given in

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Windsor Areas 2-7

Tab1 e 2-4. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES THAT EXCEEDED SPEC1 FIC

CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA P - --- -

S t a ti on number

151 152 153 1 54 155 156 158 159 160 161 163 30 1 303 305 307 31 0 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 31 8 31 9

65 d m 3

7 2 4 3 43 80 84 4 5 6 9 4 7 53 6 6 44 63 48 47 4 5 6 6 37 31 2 7 4 4 31 3 1

% o f sampl es exceeding L

125 pg/m3

3 2 7

11 44 2 5

7 2 2 8 7

17 2

23 15

9 4

25 9 4 3

10 0 4

75 vg/m3

6 5 3 3 3 5 74

100 pg/m3

4 7 15 20 5 8

s t a t e d values : --

150 pg/m3

20 0 6

3 1 12

2 8 3 2 7 1

13 8 4 1

16 5 2 0 4 0 1

7 3 I 45 36 I 17 61 ' ;; 3 7 41 20 56 34 32 11 54 36 40 1 25 3 7 19

- - - - - - 175 pg/m3

14 0 4

19 9 0 5 2 0 6 0 7 5 2 0 9 2 0 0 3 0 0

3 3 56 29 23 19 36 23 23

- - - - - - - - 200 pg/m3

6 0 1

13 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 3 1 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0

12 37 16 10 8

20 6

10

Table 2-5. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES WITHIN SELECTED

CONCENTRATION RANGES I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

S t a t i o n % o f samples w i t h i n s ta ted ranges:

number 125-1 50 ug/rn3 150-200 vg/rn3 >200 pg/rn3

151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160 161 163 301 303 305 307 31 0 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 31 8 31 9

2 8 57 5 7 20 16 5 5 3 1 5 3 47 34 56 3 7 5 2 53 5 5 3 4 6 3 69

I 7 10 8 6

11 9 8

10 12 10 12 9 8

10 12 10 8

18 15 I 18 8 15 9 i

12 7 5

13 13

5 14 5 5

10 1

10 7 5 3 9 4

7 3 56 69 69

16 28 19 2 1 18

14 2 0 10 18 11

0 0 0 0

14 0 5

18 9 2 7 2 2 6 1 9 5 3 1

10 3 2

11 1 16 8 8 I 17 8 1 13

0 4 6

6 0 1

13 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 3 1 0 6 2 0

5 10 6 6

2 1 13 I

0 3

22 21 18 15 18 2 1 19 13 13

0 1

17 9

13 10 10 8

12 7 6

UNITED STATES

e - m O 0 . Y - , ~ $ ~ ~ O C I ~ M ~ * ~ ( D C ' . " ( D W 7 - -

E Z - m - m m 2 2 - - z z m ~ 2 m m m m SAMPLING STATIONS

Figure 2-2. Annual average particulate concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia area.

I

Tables 2-6 through 2-8. Twenty-five of the stations collected data in each of the four seasons of the year; seasonal average values a re given in Table 2-9. The highest average concentrations occurred at more stations during winter and spring than during any other two seasons. The largest number (11) of maximum average values occurred during winter.

A comparison of the air quality in the Detroit - Windsor area with the Ontario Air Quality Standards and the proposed Michigan standard is shown in Figure 2-3. As apparent from the charts, all stations except 427 exceeded both the Ontario standard for annual average concentrations. Thirty-one of the 34 stations exceeded the proposed Michigan standards for suspended particulates.

2. 1.2.2 Suspended Particulates - Soiling Index - Soiling index was measured using sequential filter-paper-tape samplers. Two-hour samples were collected and data were reported as Coh per 1,000 lineal feet.

2. 1.2.2. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. Samples were collected a t 12 stations in the Port Huron - Sarnia area. Results a re summarized in Table 2-10 and Figure 2-4. The only two stations having annual geometric mean Coh values exceeding the Ontario Air Quality Standard a r e in commercial zones; their annual mean values are 0.6 and 0.5 Coh per 1,000 lineal feet.

2. 1.2.2.2 Detroit - Windsor area. In the Detroit - Windsor area, .2 1 stations measured soiling index. Their annual geometric mean Coh values, arrayed in descending order; a r e shown graphically in Figure 2-5. Stations 206, 204, 406,


--"I fl UNITED STATES

SAMPLING STATIONS

Figure 2-3. Annual average particulate concentrations i n Detroit - Windsor area.

and 203 reported annual averages exceeding the Ontario standards. Stations 206, 204, 406, and 203 reported annual averages exceeding the Ontario standards.

2 . 1. 2. 3 Suspended Metals - Analyses were made to determine the metallic elements in monthly composite particulate samples collected during April 1968 a t 20 stations (17 in the Detroit - Windsor a rea and 3 in the Por t Huron - Sarnia area) . The samples were examined quantitatively for 16 metals by emission spectroscopy. In Table 2-11 the measured concentrations for each element a re arranged in descending order , and the U. S. National Urban Average values for the metals a r e indicated. Antimony, bismuth, and cobalt were not detectable in the samples. Four other metals - tin, nickel, vanadium, and titanium - were not found in concentrations higher than the U. S. National Urban Averages. Molybde- num occurred only a t the minimum detectable level. Beryllium was above the minimum detectable concentration at one station only. Copper occurred a t concentrations above the urban averages at only two stations. .Concentrations of the remaining six metals were redetermined by atomic absorption spectroscopy from samples collected in a 10-station network in the Detroit - Windsor a rea during October 1968. The monthly average concentrations a r e shown in Table 2-12. This network provided somewhat denser coverage of the River Rouge - Zug Island - Ecorse heavy-industry sections of Detroit than did the network used in April. In spite of this, the U. S. National Urban Average concentrations for cadmium and. chromium were exceeded at only one station each, and for zinc a t only two stations.

During the October 1968 sampling, manganese exceeded the U. S. National Urban Average a t more stations than any other metal. The occurrence of relatively

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - l indsor Areas 2-1 1

Table 2-6. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE DAILY SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE


20 1 20 2 203 204 205 206 207 209 21 1 21 2 21 5 21 7 2 20 40 0 401 402 403 40 4 406 407 409 41 1 41 2 41 4 41 5 41 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426 427

a~ax imum

Number o f observa t ions

114 116 99 84 9 3 6 7

109 102

88 9 5 6 5 8 7 86 7 2

110 100 199 103 197

92 176 108 21 4 20 3 108 11 7 104 110 9 1

110 92

110 86 8 2

observed va lue

CONCENTRATIONS, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA -

Geometric mean

102 121 164 125 124 116

93 77 7 1 7 1 90 70

109 91 58 93 82

123 137 121 88 78 6 4

108 99 7 6 64 70 7 7 89 6 1 58 7 ti 40

A r i t h m e t i c s tandard

d e v i a t i o n

4 1 5 4 87 50 7 1 6 5 4 4 53 2 7 3 5 37 34 6 8 55 47 6 5 5 1 61 70 6 8 6 4 3 3 30 7 1 6 6 41 3 8 3 7 5 7 60 40 3 9 5 5 24

Suspended-par t icu la te

Maximum observed

va lue

290 31 9 537 326 471 400 27 2 281 154 202 21 3 21 7 575 280 225 41 1 284 300 386 284 41 6 179 185 41 1 371 270 209 221 3 28 321 239 245 253 129

concen t ra t i ons , ug/m3

A r i t h m e t i c mean

110 133 183 137 140 129 101 9 1 7 6 7 9 9 7 77

120 107

7 1 111

96 136 152 136 103 85 69

127 115 8 5 7 3 78 9 2

105 7 1 6 8 93 46

90

59 59 80 67 71. 71 50 33 41 40 53 34 62 44 25 44 38 70 70 84 44 47 38 52 51 40 31 38 27 41 28 28 34 i 6

used

1

27 2 299 390 3 26a 471 400a 265 279 154a 202a 21 3a 21 7a 575a 280a 21 8 41 0 1 80 295 370 284a 357 177 179 369 368 255 204 21 8 328a 31 7 239a 23 4 ~ 9 3 ~

, 123a

a v a i l a b l e .

2 s t a t e d

25

131 163 228 166 166 141 122 124

92 96

116 9 5

139 145 9 5

139 123 172 198 175 123 102 8 2

159 147 104 100 96

118 138

92 90

138 61

100

% of

75

79 100 126 93 88 88 68 52 54 57 67 52 80 64 36 62 56 89

101 82 61 59 49 74 71 55 46 51 51 60 43 40 48 27

when l e s s

va lue

10

163 21 1 293 21 6 228 226 167 160 111 133 137 117 167 177 127 200 164 21 7 244 234 184 131 105 242 192 139 127 126 170 200 134 119 176 76

observat ions

samples

5 0

107 130 167 124 122 117 90 78 75 7 0 93 73

112 97 5 9 96 89

121 138 117 89 78 63

110 94 78 66 71 82 92 60 58 78 4 2

than

Table 2-7. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES THAT EXCEEDED SPECIFIC

S ' ta t ion number

20 1 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 21 1 21 2 21 5 21 7 220 400 401 402 40 3 404 40 6 40 7 409 41 1 41 2 41 4 41 5 41 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426 427

200 ug/m3

4 15 3 7 1 3 15

9 5 6 0 1 1 1 1 7 1

10 5

14 2 6 16 8 0 0

16 10 3 1 2 6 9 1 2 7

1 0

% of samples exceeding s t a t e d va lue :

65 w / m 3 86 91 96 9 3 8 5

100 7 8 62 6 2 63 81 5 9

150 pg/rn3

15 40 6 1 32 30 2 3 14 15

1 5 6 2

175 pg/m3

7 20 4 5 2 1 2 2 1 5

6 9 0 1 5 2

75 ug/m3 1 79 87 93 87 7 7 87 6 7 5 4 48 50 71 47

9 14 6

14 9

2 6 3 6 2 7 11

2 1

22 17

5 2 3

10 11

1 2 9 0

8 8 7 6 47 73 67 90

100 87 71 71 45 8 1 7 8 63 52 5 7 6 3 7 1 47 44 6 4

100 ug/m3

5 6 7 3 8 4 68 59 59 43 36 19 25 43 22

81 6 8 3 9 64 5 8 85 87 8 1 6 2 59 32 7 4 70 52 42 45 55 6 2 37 3 5

I 5 5

125 ug/rn3

31 5 6 7 3 48 43 3 8 25 24

5 12 2 0 8

I 19 9

61 5 0 22 46 3 7 7 0 74 66 42 31 1 3 56 49 30 2 3 23 36 44 21 1 8 3 7

0 0

37 1 8 33 I 12

i 32 2 1 2 2 5 4 61 5 1 29 1 3

6 4 1 3 3 17 12 12 23 30 12

1 3 38 48 36 19 4 2

3 0 2 2

9 6 6

15 2 0 7

10 6 2 5

Table 2-8. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES WITHIN SELECTED

CONCENTRATION RANGES, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA


% o f samples w i t h i n s t a t e d ranges:

<65 pg/m3 65-75 pglm3 75-100 pg/m3 ) 100-125 pg/m3 1 125-150 pg/m3 / 150-200 pg/m3 [ >200 p g h 3

Table 2-9. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS,


201 202 20 3 204 205 206 207 209 21 1 21 2 21 5 21 7 220 400 40 1 40 2 40 3 404 406 40 7 409 41 1 41 2 41 4 41 5 41 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426 427

1968, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

Number o f observat ions

29 27 2 6 2 7 22 2 7 2 3 2 5 29 30 -- 2 1 20 16 29 32 5 5 29 59

DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER

. . --- - . -. -- -. . December - February Number o f A r i thme ti c

observat ions mean, ug/m3

27 145 2 7 176 2 2 224 - - - - 19 161 23. 140 2 7 11 7 2 5 120 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - 20 81 15 131 41 90 21 153 3 7 125 l8 94 1 112 25

101 39 6 4 4 1

23

;:; 21 I 24 80 18 68 i 2 1 7 2

I 13 67 I 19 84

12 62 20 56

Number o f observed values > 200 pg/m3

3 7

10 - - 4 4 3 3 - -

- - - - - - - - - -

2 2 1 4 2 0 3 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

March - May A r i t hme t i c mean, ug/m3

104 104 168 125 135 129

90 92 7 6 84 - - 68

109 110 6 2

113 78

137 160

1 - - I -- - - 1 10 50 0 I

Number o f observed values > 200 pg/m3

0 0 7 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 1 0 5 0 4

17 2 3 I 178 5 5 116 1 3 1 ! 8 1

64 I 74 63 137 29 130 32 86 31 8 2 32 j 8 2 2 7 114 3 2 I 115

I 27 . , 7 9 31 ! 69 26 116 28 4 1

7 8 0 0

12 4 ' 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 0 --

Tab1 e 2-9 (cont inued) . SEASONAL VARIATIONS I N SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

I I


Number o f o b s e r v a t i o n s

June - August A r i t h m e t i c mean, pg/rn3

110 151 1 86 152 128 116 101 90 78 81

105 83

138 109 7 9

112 114 141 155 133 101

82 75

1 40 117 95 . 78 83 94

106 75 79 96 56

Number o f observed va lues > 200 ua/m3

September - November Number o f observed va lues > 200 pg/m3

0 4

Number o f 1 A r i t h m e t i c observa t ions

29 29

mean, pg/m3

109 128

Table 2-10. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF '2-HOUR

SOILING-INDEX VALUES, PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA


I Cohf1000 l i n e a l f.t I I I

Geometric s tandard dev ia t i on


3,913

340

3,469

3,518

1,053

I 3,973

1 4,229

3,726 I

2,354

3,704

3,539

3,467

O ~ r L n a ) r . o - . N m m m F i F Z E ~ ~ 2 2 Z F 2 %

SAMPLl NG STATIONS

Figure 2-4. Annual geometric mean soiling index in Detroit - Windsor area.

high concentrations of manganese and of i ron could be attributed to the s tee l indus- t ry . Lead, which exceeded the U. S. urban average a t l e ss than half the sampling stations during this period, i s probably introduced into the a tmosphere f rom automobile fuel.

% o f samples 2 s t a t e d value:

Air Ouality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Windsor Areas

Maximum observed Geome tri c

90

0.2

<0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

1

2.6

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.6

1.9

1.8

1.5

0.8

2.1

1.4

25

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.4

75 150 value , mean I

6.9 1 0.5

1.9 0.2

5.5 0.4

2.3 0.2

2.3 0.2

10

1.3

0.5

0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.4

0.9

0.7

0.3

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

2.1

6.0

4.8

2.4

2.8

4.2

2.8

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.2

3.7 1 0.6 1.4 0.3 0.7 j 9.1

UNITED STATES

CANADA

SAMPLING STATIONS

Figure 2-5. Annual geometric mean soiling index i n Detroit - Windsor area.

2; 1 .2 .4 Benzo(a)pyrene - Suspended particulate samples were analyzed for benzo(a)pyrene a t . ~ t a t i o n s 202, 303, 401, 406, and 409 fo r the year . Samples f r o m Stations 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, and 211 were analyzed for December through March. The monthly average values a r e reported in Table 2-13. Pa r t i c - ulate collections f rom Stations 303, 401, 406, and 409 were each analyzed a s composite monthly samples. The 24-hour collections f rom other stations we re analyzed separate ly and the monthly average concentration computed. Consistently higher values than a t other stations were observed a t Station 406, the highest occurring in October (16.2 ng/m3). Higher values a l so occurred during February a t Stations 203, 206, and 209 (9.8, 10. 5, and 1.04 ng/rn3, respectively).

2. 1.2.5 Fluorides - Fluoride monitoring stations we re a t two s i t es in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a and three s i t es in the Detroit - Windsor area . The stations consisted of specially designed sequential samplers using a f i l ter paper impregnated with sodium formate for the chemical sorption of hydrogen fluoride. Sam- pling was done fo r s i x $-hour periods every third day. The samples were analyzed fo r fluoride content, both the sorbed hydrogen fluoride and particulate f luorides, by means of a specific ion electrode. The resul ts a r e reported a s 4-hour averages in ppb fluoride a t 25' C and 760 m m pressure .

2. 1.2.5. 1 Po r t Huron - Sarnia a rea . Results of sampling in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e shown in Table 2- 14. Both sampling stations measured approximately the s ame fluoride concentrations. The maximum concentrations exper i - enced, 2.2 ppb a t Station 305 and 1.3 a t Station 307, were above the l imit of 1. 0 ppb specified by Ontario. The ar i thmet ic mean, however, was 0 .3 ppb a t Station 305 and 0.2 ppb a t Station 307.

Seasonal variations in fluoride concentrations a r e given in Table 2- 15. Slightly higher f luoride concentrations we re detected during s u m m e r a t both stations than during spring and fall. Winter values a r e not available.


Table 2-11. METAL CONCENTRATIONS~ AT SELECTED STATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA

AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, APRIL 1968

Metal

Minimum detectable

l eve l , pg/m3 1 Concentration, pg/m3

~ntimony N D

ND

N D

ND

(201') 0.019

ND

(417) 0.08

(422) 4.4

(417) 0.78c

(414) 0.15

ND

(414) 0.021

(202) 0.004

N D

(211 0.0002c

I 0.04

Be ry l l i um ; 0.0002

(204) (201) ' (422) (212) ND

I j 0.0004 i 0.0002

N D : ND

ND 1; :4 ND ! ND ND ;

ND ND ND 1 ND

T i t a n i um

0.0002

Bismuth 1 ND 1 ND

0.01 i (414) i (406) (415) (202) 1 (211)

Cadmi um ND 1 NO

0.04C 0.04 : 0.03 i 0.02 1 0.02 1 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 i

(406) 1 ::02) -

Vanadium 0.003 1

Zinc j 0.12 i

I

(303) (310) (414) i (204) (161) / (205) ' (406) (422) (202) 1 (211) 0.022C 0.007 1 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 ' 0.006 0.005 0.005 ( 0.004

(414) (406) (303) / (310) (415) (411) (202) (422) (419). (417) 2.5 1.7 1.5 i 1.3 ! 0.91 ( 0 . 9 0 . 0.89 0.75 0.59c ' 0 . E

0.013 (211)

N D

(212) 0.05

(419) 2.3

(201) 0.55

0.10 (21 1 )

ND

Chromi um

Cobal t

Copper

I r o n

Lead

Manganese

Molybdenum

Nicke l

T i n

(406) (303) (417) 1 (205) 0.019 . 0.016 0.016 / 0.014C

ND 1 ND / ND 1 ND

(406) 0.020

(211) (205) (201) ! (209) i

0.002 0.002 ' 0.002 , 0.002 1 0.002

(415) 1 (310) (209) 0.07 1 0.07 0.06

(201) ' (211) 1 (417) 3.4 i 2 . 7 1 2 . 7

(415) 1 (205) 1 (310) 0.76 0.64 1 0.63

(41.5) i (419) j (411) 0.15 ; 0.12 i 0.11

10.021 i 0.018 0.017 0 . 0 1 1 ~

(406) 0.06

(411) 2.7

(202) 0.56

(205) 0.10c

0.006

0.006

0.01

0.16

0.04

0.01

0.003 N D ND '0 .003 ' 0.003

0.006 ( ( 2 0 2 ) ( 2 0 1 ) (303) 0.025C j 0.023 0.023 i

0.001 1 (414) ' (422) 0.015c 0.009

(422) I (415) (414) 1 (202) 0.035 1 0.027 0.025 0.023

ND ; ND ND ( ND ' (303) j (427) I (414) (422)

0.09C 1 0.08

(415) ' (414) 4.6 I 4.4

(422) 1 (419)

0.13 j 0.11

(202) 5.3

(414)

( 406 ) 4.7

(401 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 0 . 9 2

(422) (202) (406) 1 (201) 0.17 1 0.17 0.16 j 0.15

, (406) 1 (202)

aData fo r each metal - a re presented i n order o f decreasing concentrat ions. ~ N D = not detectab le . CNational urban average. d ~ t a t i o n numbers are given i n parentheses.

Table 2-1 1 (continued). METAL CONCENTRATIONSa AT SELECTED STATIONS I N PORT HURON - SARNIA

-- ..............

Metal

An t i mony

Bery l li um

Bismuth

Cadmi urn

Chromi urn

Cobalt

Copper

I r o n

Lead

Manganese

Molybdenum

N icke l

T i n

T i t a n i urn vanadium

Zinc

- - - . .. ... -........ AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, APRIL 1968.

. .

Minimum de tec tab le

l e v e l , pg/m3

0.04

0.0002

0.001

0.011

0.006

0.006

0.01

0.16

0.04

0.01

0.003

0.006

0.001

0.01

0.003

0.12

..... -.

1

Concentration, pg/m3

' ND : ND : , ND ; ND ND 1 ND I i N D

ND I

ND ND : ND I ND 1 ND 1 ND i ND

ND

NC

(310) 0.013

ND

(202) 0.04

(205 2.2

(303) 0.51

(417) 0.11

N D

(209) 0.01 5

(204) 0.002

ND

(209 1 10.004

ND

N D

(419) 0.009

ND

(211) 0.04

(204) 2.0

(204) 0.47

(209 0.09

ND

(161) 0.015

(303) 0'.002

ND ND

1

I ND NO I

I / ND 1 ND ! ND i ND ND I i I ND

0.26 0.19

ND

(209) 0.009

N D

ND ND

ND N D

j ND ! ND

ND

ND

i ' ND

(411 0.02

0.83 (427)

0.17 (427)

(161 0.04

N D

ND

N D

N D

ND

ND

ND

ND 1 l: 1 :: i

(419) 0.03

(207) 0.92

(411) 0.24

(427) 0.05

!

(205) 0.04

(209) 1.9

(209) 0.41

(21 2 0.09

ND i ND ND.

ND

I

(201) (204) 1 (217) (207) 0.03 i 0.03 0.03 ' 0.03

(212) (310) 1 (303) 1 (217) 1 - 8 i i 1.4C ) 1.4 1 1 . 1

(211) (207) , (212) (161) ' 0.35 ! 0.35 0.30 i 0.28

(204) (303) (207) / (217) 0.08 1 0.08 1 0.06 i 0.06

N D 1 ND ' ND I ND 1 ND ND i

N D 1 ND

ND j ND I ND ND / ND

(310) (417) (411) (212) / (419) (207) (217) 0.015 1 0.014 i 0.012 0.012 0.010 : 0.009 i 0.009

(161) 0.03

(161) 0.95

(217) 0.26

(310) 0.05

ND N D i ND I ND ! ND : !

i ND I ND 1 !

(201) ND ND : ND ; ND ND j ND 0.14 !

(161) 0.001

ND 1 ND i ND / ND 1 ND ! I I I I

---- . - -- .. .

Metal

Cadrni urn

Chromi urn

I r o n

Lead

Manganese

Z inc

- - - - - -- - a ~ a l ues were determined by atomic absorp t ion ana lys is and a re presented i n

the o rder o f decreasing concentrat ions.

Table 2-12. METAL CONCENTRATIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS

DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, OCTOBER 1968a - -

Concentrat ion, pg/m3

b ~ t a t i o n numbers i n parentheses.

2. 1.2.5. 2 Detroit - Windsor a r ea . Fluoride data for the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e summarized in Table 2 - 14. Maximum values a t the three stations were above the 1.0 ppb level. The concentrations a t Stations 202 and 420 were about the s ame , but those a t 41 1 were considerably lower. The maximum concentration was 2. 9 ppb a t Station 202; the s ame station exceeded 2.7 ppb for 1 percent of the

Q observations.

(203)b

0.013

(212) 0.021

(406) 8.6

(414) 2.55

Seasonal variations (Table 2-16) indicate that higher fluoride concentrations . existed during summer than during fa l l o r spring a t Station 202. Data fo r winter were not available.

(406)

0.007

(406) 0.008

(203) 3.5

(403) 0.98

(414) 0.009

(220) 0.011

(414) 4.2

(406) 1.25

2.2 DUSTFALL

Part icula tes which set t le f rom the atmosphere and a r e measured in dustfall gauges a r e coarse in s ize , mainly 20 microns and above. Although dustfall amounts often vary in accord with concentrations of other contaminants which may be r e - sponsible for health effects, sett leable coarse par t ic les a r e not considered to be of concern f r o m the health aspect. The chief problem f rom dustfall i s proper ty damage. Buildings, motor vehicles, furnishings, e tc . , a r e adversely affected by dust deposition, s o that cleaning costs a r e increased. Frequently, the particles contain adsorbed acidic mate r ia l s or other corrosive substances and may be par t icular ly damaging.

(425) 0.06

(425) 0.16

2.2. 1 Air Quality Cr i t e r ia

(425)

0.002

(203) 0.000

(409) 1.4

(217) 0.54

(409) 0.08

(212) 0.22

(406)

Quantitative relationships between the amount of dustfall and the sever i ty of proper ty damage or inconvenience to the community have not been established. The

(220)

0.003

(425) 0.002

(425) 1.6

(220) 0.58

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Wiridsor Areas 2-21

(409)

0.004

(217) 0.002

(217) 1.6

(409) 0.59

(202) 0.006

(414) 0.008

(403) 2.9

(217) 0.10

(212) 0.28 0 .21 / 0.20 0 . 1 6 0.14

(203) l ( 2 2 0 ) (414) ' (202) 0.12

(403)

0.004

(409) 0.003

(212) 1.6

(403)

(212) (217)

(425) 0.64

(414) i(406) ! (203) 1 (403) ; (220) 1.02 ,O.8O 10.63 10.55 0.34

0.004

(202) 0.006

(220) 2.8

(203) l ( 202 ) 0.97 10.79

0.004

(403) 0.006

(202) 2.5

(212) 0.66

(409) (217) 0 . 2 4 10.23

Table 2-13. AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF BENZO(A)PYRENE, PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR

AREAS, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968

. . . - - - - -. .- - - - ( ~ g / m ~ >

aIndi vidual p a r t i c l e c o l l e c t i o n s were pooled and analyzed as a monthly composite sample. A t a1 1 o t h e r s t a t i o n s , ind iv idua l p a r t i c l e c o l l e c t i o n s were analyzed and t h e values averaged.

b ~ h i s s t a t i o n i s i n t h e P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area. All o the r s t a t i o n s a r e i n t h e De t ro i t - Windsor Are!.

I Date

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

A P ~

May Jun

Ju l

A'-J!3

S ~ P Oct

Nov

- -- S t a t i o n number

20 1

- - 2.3

1 . 6

1 . 3

202

2.1

2.9

1 . 6

1 .1

1 . 4

0.4

2.4

0.7

1 .O

5.9

, 1.4 ! 1 4.6 ! I I

0.6

203a

3.8

4.9

21 1

-- - - -- 0.4

1.1

205

4.1

3.9

- 303b

1.1

1.4

1.1

1 . 3

1 . O

1 . O

0.9

1 . O

0 .6

0 .6

0 .8

3 .6 g.8 I 1:; I

6.7

206

1 . 3

1 .O

401 a

- - 2.1

1 .7

1 . 3

7.2

1 . O

0 .9

1 . O

0.7

0 .8

1.1

1 .O

10.5

0.6

207

1 .2

0 .8

406a

5.9

6.1

3.4

14.9

6.1

3.4

4.3

2.0

2.8

12.0

16.2

209

1.7

1 .9

8 . 6 - -

409a

2.1

1 .5

1 .4

1.7

0.8

0.9

1 . O

1 . O

0 .7

0.7

0 .6

10 .4

0.9

Table 2-14. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 4-HOUR SAMPLES


P o r t Huron

30 5

30 7

D e t r o i t - 20 2

41 1

420

Sampl i ng p e r i o d

- Sarn ia Area

4/68-10/68

4/68- 10/68

Windsor Area

4/68-10/68

5/68-9/68

6/68- 10/68

Number o f samples

231

244

20 1 87

200

Concentrat ion, ppb

% of observa t ion 1 s t a t e d value: Maximum

value

2.2

1.3

2.9

0.8

2.0

1

0.9

0.9

2.7 --- 1.5

90

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

A r i t h m e t i c mean

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.4

A r i thme ti c standard devi a t i on

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.3

7 5

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

- 25

0.3

0.3

0.7

0.2

0.4

50

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.3

10

0 .4

0.4

0.9

0.3

0.9

Tab1 e 2-1 5. SEASONAL VARIATIONS I N FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 4-HOUR SAMPLES,

-. . . . - . .

Concentrat ions exceeded by

10 % o f samples, ppb

IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA, 1968

Sampl i ng per iod

-.

i 1 i ! 1 A r i t hme t i c

Sampling , S t a t i o n j Number o f I mean, pe r i od ! number samples 1 P P ~

Mar-May , 305 1 27 0.2 I 307 1 41 j 0.2 I

I June-Aug 1 305

I 132 / 0.3

Mar-May

June-Aug

Sept-Nov

Table 2-16. SEASONAL VARIATIONS I N FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS,

4-HOllR SAMPLES, I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1968

-- .

Geometric mean,

P pb 0.2 0.1

0.3


-- Concentrat ions

exceeded by 1 % o f

samples, ppb

0.8 0.9

1.4 3 0 7 ' 1 133 0.2

I Sept-Nov / 305 72 i 0.2 0.2

i 307 i 72 0.2 1 0.2

Number of samples

1 .O

0.8 0.5

Concentrat ion exceeded., by 1% o f

samples, ppb A r i t hme t i c mean, ppb

Concentrat ions exceeded by 10% o f

samples, ppb Geometric mean, ppb

Ontario Air Qubiity Standards, however, do include a standard for dustfall, p r e - viously presented in the introduction t o this section.

2. 2. 2 Measured Dustfall

Dustfall samples were collected over monthly periods using a plastic con- ta iner with a 7.5-inch opening. Weights of both the soluble and insoluble portions of each sample were obtained. The data, expressed a s tons of dustfall pe r square mi le per month (tons/mi2-month), represent the sum of the weights of soluble and insoluble solids .

2.2.2. 1 P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area - Dustfall samples were collected a t 29 locations in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r ea . The s ta t is t ical summary given in Table 2-17 shows the number of samples with dustfall in cer ta in ranges. Of the 269 samples , only nine yielded dustfall values equal t o o r g rea te r than 40 tons/mi2-month. The

2-24 JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

I T a b l e 2-17. OCCURRENCE OF MONTHLY DUSTFALL WITHIN

I SELECTED RANGES I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA I

'eight stations that repor ted the nine observations of dustfall equal t o o r '40 tons /mi2-month each had mean dus tfall values of 25 tons /m i2 -month nea r l y twice the Ontario annual standard.

exceeding o r g r ea t e r ,

1 The a r e a l distribution of dustfall i s shown in Figure 2-6. The locations of the eight stations with measured dustfall exceeding 40 tons/mi2-month a r e indicated I by l l ~ ' s l l .

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas 2-25

Figure 2-6. Dustfall (tons/mi2-mo) for December 1967 through November 1968 (stations taking samples Yor 6 or more months).

2.2.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - There were 38 dustfall sampling stations in the Detroit - Windsor a r ea . Maximum, minimum, and average values a r e given in Table 2-18. Forty-five of the 397 samples had dustfall exceeding 40 tons /rni2- month, and a l l 45 occurred a t 10 locations. The value of 40 tons/mi2-month was exceeded in a l l 12 of the samples a t Station 406, in 10 of the 11 samples a t Station 404, and in 8 of 11 samples a t Station 203. The number of occurrences of dustfall amounts in various ranges is given in Table 2 - 19.

The geographic distr ibution of average dustfall i s shown in Figure 2-7. The centra l commercial-industrial a r e a s of Windsor and Detroit show heavy dustfall,

2-26 JOINT AIR PClLLUTlON STUDY

Table 2-18. DUSTFALL IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

Sta t ion 1 Number o f number s a m ~ l es

Dus t fa l l , tons/mi 2-mo

Maximum Ar i thmet ic value mean

Ar i thmet ic standard dev ia t ion

with the heaviest dustfall occurring in Detroit, south of the city's center.

2.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE

Sulfur dioxide is one of the most abundant pollutants in urban atmospheres because of its widespread production through fuel burning. All fossil fuels except refined natural gas contain sulfur, which i s converted predominantly to sulfur dioxide in combustion.

2 . 3. 1 Air Quality Criteria

Information available throughout the world on the effects of sulfur dioxide has been exhaustively examined and documented by the U. S. National Air Pollution


Table 2-19. OCCURRENCE OF MONTHLY DUSTFALL WITHIN

SELECTED RANGES I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

Control Administration. The publication defines a i r quality c r i t e r i a fo r sulfur oxides and has been used for the a s s e s smen t of the significance of sulfur dioxide concentrations occurring in the study a r e a s covered by this repor t .


201 202 203 205 206 207 209 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 214 21 5 21 6 21 7 218 21 9 220 401 402 403 404 406 407 409 41 1 41 2 41 3 41 4 41 5 41 6

Air quality standards fo r sulfur dioxide have been established by severa l s ta tes in the U. S. Others a r e now considering standards following the publication of the U. S. Air Quality Cr i t e r ia , and some of those a l ready using s tandards may modify them. The Ontario s tandards and proposed Michigan s tandards for sulfur dioxide were given in the introduction to this section.


Number o f samples

12 12 11 12

8 12 12 11 7 9

11 9

12 11 6

12 12 7 9

11 12 11 12 11 11 12 12 10 12 11 ' 12

41 7 12 418 1 11 41 9 9 422 I 11 I 423 10 425 I: 12

- >40

1 1 8 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 -

10 12 5 - - - - 1 - -

<10

- 1 - 1 - 2 2 - 3 1 6 2 5 5 3 1 6 - 1 - 4 - - - - 2 6 - - - 1

- - - - - -

2 3 2 - 2 1

D u s t f a l l , 10-24

8 10 - 2 6 9

10 4 4 8 5 6 6 6 3 9 6 5 6 4 8 - - - 5

10 4 6 5 9 8

tons/mi 2-mo

25-39

3 - 3 7 2 1 - 5 - - - 1 1 - - 2 - 2 2 4 - 1 - 6 6 - 2 4 6 2 3

8 7 7 9 7 8 ! 3

2 1 - 2 1

Figure 2-7. Geographic distribution of average dustfall'. tons/rni2-mo.

2. 3. 2 Measured Air Quality

2. 3.2. 1 Sulfur Dioxide Measurements - Atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations were measured a t 26 locations in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor a r ea s . At the Canadian stations, sulfur dioxide was measured by continuous - record ing electroconductivity analyzers , except a t Station 202 where a continuous coulo- me t r i c analyzer was used f rom August through November 1968. The data repor ted a r e average values for 1-hour periods.

At U. S. stat ions, 2-hour average concentrations were measured a t Station 303 f rom March through November 1968, Station 310 f rom January through Apri l 1968, and Station 408 f rom February through May 1968, using sequential samplers and spectrophometric techniques. At a l l other U. S. stat ions, continuous coulometric analyzers were used and average values fo r 1-hour periods were reported.


2. 3.2. 1. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. The precentage frequency of occurrence of hourly average and daily average sulfur dioxide concentrations for the Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea i s given in Tables 2-20 and 2-21, together with maximum and average values for the entire period of observation a t each station. All stations measured hourly average concentrations of sulfur dioxide equal to or greater than the 0.25 ppm limit specified by the Ontario regulations. Seven of the 11 locations had hourly average concentrations in excess of 0.40 pprn..

All but three stations (157, 163, and 305) exceeded the Ontario standard of 0.10 pprn sulfur dioxide concentration, and four of the 11 equaled o r exceeded 0.20 pprn for a 24-hour period.

From the mean values of hourly concentrations, only two stations, 152 and 310, indicate annual average sulfur dioxide concentrations a s high as the Ontario standard. Two stations 'reported annual average sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than the proposed Michigan standard of 0.035 ppm.

2. 3.2. 1.2 Detroit - Windsor area. Table 2-22 gives the percentage frequency of occurrence of hourly and 24-hourly values of atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations for 15 locations in the Detroit - Windsor area. Average and maximum values of concentration a r e also given.

All 'stations, except 41 1, showed average concentrations equal to or greater than the 0. 02 pprn limit of the Ontario standard. Station 411 reached this limit for hourly averages, but not for daily averages.

Only one station, 208, measured an annual average concentration of 0.05 ppm. Ten stations exceeded the 1-hour limit set by the Ontario standards. Eight locations exceeded the Ontario limit for 24-hour average concentrations. Only Stations 208 and 408 exceeded the Michigan standard of 0.035 pprn for an annual average sulfur dioxide concentration.

2. 3.2.2 Sulfation Rate Measurements - The conversion of exposed lead peroxide to lead sulfate by atmospheric sulfur dioxide provides a static method of obtaining an index of the presence of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. This index is used a s a measure of the effects of sulfur dioxide on materials , such as fabrics, metals, paints, masonry, etc.

2. 3.2.2. 1 Por t Huron - Sarnia area. Thirty-two locations in the Por t Huron- Sarnia a rea were used to study sulfation rate. Table 2-22 summarizes the data: At al l stations, the mean value over the period of observation equaled or exceeded

the 0 . 4 mg S03/100 cm2-day limit se t by the Ontario a i r quality standard. Sixteen of the stations had average values equaling or exceeding 1 .0 mg So3 / 100 cm2 -day. It should be noted that those stations reporting mean Values of 0.5 mg S03/100 cm2- day or less did not collect samples during December, January, and February.

During February 1969 an intensive survey was made of sulfation rates in the Por t Huron - Sarnia area. Sulfation sensors were installed a t 121 locations along lines parallel to the St. Clair River, with scattered additional sensors located in Sarnia as well a s up to 10 miles from the river.


Table 2-20. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY SULFUR DIOXIDE

CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS

I - I Concentrat ion, ppm

. - --

S t a t i o n 17 of samples 1 s t a t e d value:

number (samples 1 90 ( 75 / 50 ) 25 ( 10 1 1 I I I I I I I

D e t r o i t I- windsor area 202 1 855 1 <0.01

P o r t ~ u r o n - ~ a r n i a area

Maxi mum value

151

152

155

156

157

1 58

161

163

3 0 3 ~

30 5

31 oa 31 0

-

a~wo-hour samples.

A r i t hme t i c F Ar i t hme t i c

standard dev ia t i on

c0.01

<0.01

<0.01

cO.01

0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

0.01

0.01

0..01

7,765

1,438

5,959

7,774

3,922

8,540

7,662

2,789

1,349

1,579

547

2,656

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Deboit - Windsor Areas

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

c0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

<0.01

Table 2-21. CLIMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY SULFUR DIOXIDE

CONCENTRATIONS I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS


Number o f

samples / 90 I

P o r t Huron - Sarni; area

Maxi mum va lue

Concent ra t ion, ppm

% o f samples g . s t a t e d v a l ue:

151

152

1'55

156

157

158

161

163

303a

30 5

31 0

D e t r o i t -

A r i thmet i c mean 75 1 50 1 25

i I

a Two-hour samples.

10

202 144 <O. 01

208 9 8 0.02

21 1 18 <O .01

21 2 36 <0.01

220 81 <O. 01

40 3 280 0.01

404 275 <O .01

408 173 0.01

41 1 5 1 <0.01

41 2 7 3 <0.01

41 5 143 <O. 01

41 6 135 <0.01

41 9 107 <O .O1

423 7 3 <0.01

430 140 <0.01

343

61

263

339

170

362

329

121

118

9 1

20 1

Windsor


<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

<O. 01

<O .01

<O. 01

<O. 01

<O. 01

<O .01

area

Table 2-22. SULFATIONa I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

a Determined by the lead-peroxide candle method.



151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

170

30 1

303

305

307

308

31 0

31 1

31 2

31 3

31 4

31 5

31 6

Number o f samples

11

5

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

' 11

11

11

8

8

8

8

8

3

11

11 '

10

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Maximum value

2.8

2.6

2.0

2.2

1.8

1.9

1.6

1.7

3.1

2.2

2.0

2.1

0 -7

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.8

1.2

2.2

2.3

1.7

1.4

2.1

3.1

1.6

2.0

2.1

1.8

1.7

317

Concentrat ion, mg --

Arithmet ic mean

1.6

1.4

0.6

1 .O

1.3

1.1

1 .O

1 .O

1.9

1.2

1.1

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.2

1 .O

0.7

1 .O

1.4

0.9

1.1

0.8

0.9

0.7

" I ;:; 1 l1 I

----- .-

s03/100 cm2-day --- --

Ar i t hme t i c standard dev ia t i on

0.6

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

318 1 ' 1.5 lo I 31 9 10 1 1.3

0.8

0.6

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.3

Q

The pattern of sulfation r a t e s measured during this survey is given in Figure 2-8. Centers of high sulfation ra tes appear in the southern portion of Sarnia and in the a r e a eas t of Marine City, Michigan, and Bickford and Sombra, Ontario.

Figure 2-8. Pattern of sulfation rates during February 1969 in Port Huron - Sarnia area.

2. 3 .2 .2 .2 Detroit - Windsor a r ea . The sulfation ra te data collected a t the 41 stations in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e summarized in Table 2-23. Only 17 stations had average r a t e s l e s s than 1.0 m g S03/100 cm2-day. Only one station had a r a t e a s low a s 0 .4 , the Ontario standard.

Only one station had a r a t e a s low a s 0.04, the Ontario standard. The pat tern of annual average sulfation ra tes shown by Figure 2-9 c lear ly indicates the effects of industrial activity along the Detroit River.

2- 34 JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY

Table 2-23. SULFATION I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAa

a ~ e t e r m i n e d by the lead-peroxide candle method.


20 1 202 203 205 206 207 209 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 21 4 21 5 216 21 7 21 8 21 9 220 400 40 1 402 403 404 406 407 409 41 1 41 2 41 3 41 4 41 5 41 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426a 427a 429a

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sampling stations were located a t s i x s i t es in the St. Clai r River a r e a and a t four s i t es in the Detroit River a rea . The H2S was collected on mercu r i c chloride-impregnated fi l ter tape using a n automatic sequential- tape sampler for a 2-hour sampling period. The 2-hour average H2S concen- t ra t ion was determined by developing the tape with ammonia and then measur ing the optical density of the result ing spots with a densitometer.


-

1 ~ o n c l

A r i t hme t i c mean

1.1 1.7 2.4 1.2 1 .O 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.5 1 .O 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.1 1.2 1 .O 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1 .O 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.4

Number o f samples

11 11 11 11 7

11 11 9 8 8

11 7

11 10

8 1 10 10 4

11 11 11 10 11 11 11

A r i t hme t i c standard d e v i a t i o n

0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 0 .2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4

I Maximum value

2.0 2.6 3.4 2.7 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.8 1 .O 0.8 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.9 1.3 1.5 2.9 2 .O 2.6 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.6

11 j 1 . 6 11 10 9

12 11 11 12 11 12 11 12 12 10 9

12

1.9 1.7 1.1 2.3 3.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.9 1 .O 1.2 1 .O 0.8 2.3

Figure 2-9. Annual average sulfation rates in Detroit - Windsor area (mg S03/100 cm2-day).

The data f r o m Stations 151, 155, 158, 161, and 212 were reported to the neares t 1 ppb, with a minimum reported value of 1 ppb. Data f roin Stations 202, 303, 310, 408, and 409 were recorded, however, t o the nea r e s t 0. 1 ppb, with a min imumrepor ted value of 0. 1 ppb. This difference in resolution i s reflected in the tables.

2 .4 . 1 P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area

The data obtained in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e summarized in Tables 2-24, 2-25, and 2-26. The highest 2-hour average soncentra t ion of 100 ppb and the highest daily average of 9 ppb were recorded a t Station 158. The reported pe r - ceptible odor levels ranged f rom 1 ppb t o 50 ppb.

Only Stations 303 and 3 10 (December-February) and 15 1 (September-November) experienced seasonal average concentrations equal to the perceptible odor t h r e s - hol.ds reported.


Tab1 e 2-24. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR AVERAGE


HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA I I 7--

. . . . . . .. . . . ..-. . 8

1 Concent ra t ion, ppb 1 A r i t h m e t i c

A r i t h m e t i c s tandard mean dev i a t i o n

0.0

Number o f samples

3,652

3,414

4,100

3,785

Table 2-25. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE

HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCEIVTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

1 i Concent ra t ion, ppb !

Yaximum va lue

50.0

30.0

100.0

2,164 /<0.1

% o f s imples % s t a t e d value:

i I % o f samples 2 s t a t e d value: I S t a t i o n Number o f .--- I Maximum A r i thmet i c number samples 90 11 50 1 25 1 1 I va lue 1 mean

90

<1.0

<1.0

1 . 0

Table 2-26. SEASONAL VARIATIONS I N HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 2-HOUR

<1.0

SAMPLES, I N PORT HlIRON - SARNIA AREA, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968 --... - - . - -. ..

7- --

0 . ,<0.4 <0.1

75

<1.0

<1.0

0


25

<1.0

<1.0

1 .

50

<1.0

<1.0

1 . 0

<1.0


151

155

158

161

303

<1.0

0.9

<1.0

4 .4 6.6

10

2.0

~ 1 . 0

1.0

A r i t h m e t i c mean, ppb

1

10.0

4.0

4.0

<1.0 i 2.0, 11.0

Number o f samples

1,036

1,065

970

1,066

807

Sep t - Nov

1 .O

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

Number o f samples

1,003

1,090

1,068

749

172

Mar- May

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

Number o f Dec- samples 1 Feb

922

321

1,043

953

Number o f samples

691

939

1,019

1 ,017

80 8

<1 .O

<1 .O

0.0

0.0

June- Aug

<1 .O

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2 377 1 1.0

2 .4 .2 Detroit - Windsor Area

Only two stations, 408 and 409, both in the U. S., made a sufficient number of observations to permi t the calculation of meaningful s ta t is t ics . F r o m the data available fo r the stations with incomplete r e co rds , the maximum 2-hour concen- t ra t ion measured a t Canadian Station 212 was l e s s than 1 ppb, whereas Station 202 had a maximum 2 -hour value of 5 .2 ppm.

A s ta t is t ical summary for Stations 408 and 409 is given in Tables 2-27 and 2-28. Of these two stations, only 408, in the highly industralized River Rouge a r e a experienced a mean concentration of.H2S in excess of 1 ppb.


Table 2-27. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR AVERAGE

HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT RIVER STUDY AREA

I Concentrat ion, ppb i I

-


408

409

-- - - - - - .- -

Number o f samples

2,804

2,383

Table 2-29 shows the s ta t is t ics f o r the 2-hour average concentration of H2S on a seasonal basis.

---

i 1 A r i t hme t i c

-Maximum I A r i thmet ic standard va lue i mean d e v i a t i o n

40.8 1 1.4 3.3 I

10.6 0.3 0.7

-- - - - - - - --

Concentrat i on, ppb

% s a m ~ l es stated

S t a t i o n Number o f number I samples

I

2.5 CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide was not considered f rom the aspect of transboundary pollution but was included only fo r completeness of the survey. The only significant source of CO a i r pollution in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a i s the automobile. In the Po r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a , industrial p rocess losses were responsible for near ly three-fourths of the CO emissions. In city s t r e e t s , the concentrations of CO com- monly r each 10 to 50 ppm o r higher, but some distance away the gas concentration drops to bare ly detectable levels. Thus a few hundred c a r s in the vicinity of a sampler will produce higher concentrations than will many thousands of c a r s a mi le away. Although the large number of automobiles in Detroit would produce a g r ea t e r total amount of CO than that found in Windsor, the CO detected in Windsor

90

<0.1

<O.l

% of samples z s ta ted value: ; Maximum A r i t hme t i c


75

<0.2

0.1

90 7 5 1 5 0 / 25 1 1 0 I

408 i 241 , !

0.2 0.4 ; 0.8 6 3.5

1

1 va lue mean

9.9 16.6 1.4

10 50 25

3.0118.7

0 . 8 ' 3 . 4

<0.6

0.1

1.3

0.4

Table 2-29. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS,

2-HOUR SAMPLES, IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968

would largely be the resu l t of local ra ther than Detroit traffic.

2. 5. 1 Air Quality Cr i t e r ia

Carbon monoxide is important mainly in relation to health. . I t has l i t t le o r no potential f o r damage t o vegetation o r mater ia ls in conceivable ambient concentrations. The toxic proper t ies of relatively high concentrations of the gas a r e well known. It i s a frequent cause of sudden death i n confined spaces . The effects of exposure t o the t ransient levels which occur in city s t r e e t s o r the a tmosphere a t l a rge a r e l e s s well known. Relatively low concentrations will cause unpleasant symptoms by interfering with the oxygen t ranspor t capacity of the blood. These effects a r e apparently revers ible , but not a l l medical authorit ies would ag ree that t he r e a r e no harmful sequelae t o repeated doses of the gas . Evidence indicates that human responses t o low concentrations may include diminished visual acuity and a n impaired ability to concentrate.

Cr i t e r ia fo r CO a r e to be published by the U. S. National Air Pollution Con- t ro l Administration but a r e not yet available. Some s ta tes and cit ies in the U. S. have s e t standards. Fo r example, Pennsylvania has adopted an a i r quality standard of 25 ppm on the basis of 24-hour samples. Ontario regulations, a s previously mentioned, allow up t o 60 pprn for 1 hour o r 15 ppm for 8 hours , i r respect ive of land use .

2.5.2 Measured Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured i n the Detroit - Winds or a r e a a t Station 408 f rom December 1967 through June 1968, and a t Station 208 f rom June 1968 through November 1968. The measurements were made by continuous -monitoring nondispers ive in f ra red analyzers. Cumulative percent f r e - quency distributions of hourly average CO concentrations for the period of observat ion a r e presented in Table 2-30. A concentration of 3 .0 ppm was exceeded by 50 percent of the samples a t both stations, and 6.7 ppm was exceeded by 10


Tab1 e 2-30. CUMLILATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA -.

I -- --

I I I I

number I s a m ~ l e s 1 90 1 75 1 50 1 25 10 1 1 1 value I mean i d e v i a t i o n S t a t i o n

percent of the samples a t Station 408; 13.5 ppm was exceeded by 10 percent of the samples a t Station 208.

, Concentrat ion, ppm ! I

1 A r i t hme t i c 1- % of s a y l e i ; s t a t e d value: 1 1 Arithmetic standard Number o f 1

Carbon monoxide concentrations within urban a r e a s show la rge variations, depending on the location of the sampling station and the period of observation. Consequently, the CO concentration data given in Table 2 - 30 cannot be considered representative of Detroit and Windsor. Rather they a r e only measurements for par t icular locations over specific periods of time. F o r comparison, the average annual concentrations of CO measured a t the Continuous Ai r Monitoring P rog ram (CAMP) stations of the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration a r e given in Table 2 - 3 1.

Table 2-31. AVERAGE ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS OF, CARBON MONOXIDE

I'N SEVERAL CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES

( P P ~ )

City

Chicago

C inc i nna t i

Denver

Phi 1 adel ph i a

San Francisco

St. Louis

Washington

Year

Low-boiling-point aliphatic and aromat ic HC occur in the a tmosphere a s emissions f rom automobile crankcases and exhausts, evaporative losses f rom gasoline handling and s torage, and process losses f r om industries such as chemical plants and petroleum ref iner ies . The severa l ref iner ies and chemical plants in Sarnia were considered possible ma jo r point sources of HC, but, relatively speaking, such sources were not a s significant in the ~ e t r o i t - Windsor a rea . In the Detroit - Windsor a r e a the automobile was the mos t significant source of HC.


Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured in both a r e a s , however, using continuously recording flame-ionization analyzers . Measurements were given a s one-hour averages .

2.6. 1 Air Quality Cr i t e r ia

The chief significance of HC a s a i r pollutants l ies in their capability t o reac t with NOx in the presence of sunlight t o produce photochemical pollution character ized by oxidants. Hydrocarbons, in concentrations that conceivably can occur in the ambient a tmosphere , have not been reported a s being responsible for di rect health effects. Accordingly, health effects do not f o r m the basis for a i r quality c r i t e r ia .

With the exception of ethylene, t o which some plant species a r e particularly susceptible, HC pose no known th rea t to vegetation. In regard to ethylene, how- eve r , orchids, for example, cannot safely be exposed t o concentrations in excess of 0.01 pprn for 24 hours or 0.3 pprn fo r 1 hour. Other species such a s r o se s can tolera te concentrations severa l thousand t imes g rea te r . Ethylene was not specifically measured in the study.

Hydrocarbons a l so a r e not considered to be responsible for damage to mate - r i a l s except indirectly through the formation of oxidants.

2.6.2 Measured Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured a t three locations in the Po r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a and one location in the Detroit - Windsor a r ea .

2 .6 .2 .1 Po r t Huron - Sarnia Area - Hourly average HC concentrations measured in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e summarized in Table 2-32; corresponding daily average values a r e given in Table 2-33. An hourly average of 5.0 pprn was equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the observations and a daily average of 3. 0 pprn was equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the observations. Hourly and daily mean values ranged f r o m 0.5 t o 0 . 7 ppm. As shown in Table 2-34, the re was little change in average concentrations with seasons.

Tab le 2-32. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

I 1 I I . Concen t ra t i on , ppm . 1 S t a t i o n Number o f number 1 samples 1

Z. 6.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - The measurements of HC concentrations made a t the single station in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e summarized in Tables 2-35 and 2-36. An hourly average concentration of 10.8 pprn was equaled o r exceeded by 1 percent of the samples , and a daily average concentration of 9.1 pprn was equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the samples .


Table 2-33. CUMLILATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE

HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIOIVS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

j !

Tab1 e 2-34. SEASONAL HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS, 1 -HOUR

SAMPLES, I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA,

DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968

Concentrat ion, ppm I S t a t i o n number

151

155

Sampl i ng per iod

S t a t i o n 1 Number o f number samples

Ar i thmet ic mean, ppb

Number o f o f samples 1 s ta ted value:

Concentrat ions, ppm, exceeding

1% of samples

Maxi mum val ue

4.4

4.7

Concentra- t i ons , ppm,

exceed1 ng 10% of samples

A r i t hme t i c me an

0.5

0.7

Dec-Feb

Mar-May

Jun-Aug

Sept-Nov

10

1.2

2 5

0.7

samples 75 / 50

Table 2-35. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

HYDROCARBON CONCEIVTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

1

3.2

3.0

0 . 0.3 346

- - - - - -- --


1 . 0 , 1.5

0 .


408

0.1 1 0 . 5 265 0 .

Number o f

samples

3.1.89

Concentrat ion, ppm -- % 1 stated - -,laximum

value

16.8

1

10.8

90

0.9

I A r i thmeti c ~ ~ i ~ h ~ ~ ~ i ~

mean 75

1.5


2.9 1 2.1

50

2.4

25

3.7

10

5.4

Table 2-36. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQLIENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE

HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS I N DETROIT RIVER STLIDY AREA I I I I

Concent ra t ion, ppm L--

Concentration measurements were made at the Detroit station during only one complete quarter and portions of two other quarters of the year; thus, seasonal statistics a r e not available.

I S t a t i o n 1 Number o f I % of samples 2 s t a t e d va lue:

number samples , b 0 / 75 1 50 25 1 1 0 ) l 1 va lue I I I I I I I I

2.7 OXIDANTS

A r i thme ti c mean

Oxidants, a s a class of a i r pollutants, a r e usually formed by photochemical reactions in mixtures of NOx and unsaturated HC. Ozone is often a major constituent of the class. Other gases such a s chlorine, however, a r e oxidants and may be emitted directly to the atmosphere from chemical process operations.

In large urban areas or cities, the occurrence of oxidants can be linked to the density of automobiles, since the latter a r e the main source of HC and a r e also a major contributor of NOx emissions.

Point sources cannot be identified for oxidants formed photochemically because the basic constituents have usually dispersed before and during the reaction process; therefore, it was not a purpose of the survey to t ry to attribute oxidant pollution to specific causes.


Oxidants in the atmosphere have several undesirable properties. At a certain level, usually considered to be about 0. 15 ppm expressed a s ozone, eye irritation becomes noticeable. Such pollution also affects human performance in other respects , but evidence concerning long-term or i r reversible health effects is not substantial or conclusive.

Many plant species a r e also subject to damage by oxidant pollution and some types a r e especially sensitive. Ozone itself adversely affects some crops in concentrations from about 0. 05 ppm. Damage can be rapid in concentrations of a few tenths of a part per million. Other oxidants, particularly peroxyacetyi nitrate, a r e even more damaging than ozone. Peroxyacetyl nitrate was not specifically measured in the survey, but plants were examined according to the effects that this and other phytotoxic substances produce.

Material damage is a lso greatly enhanced by oxidants. Rubber is particularly susceptible, but textiles and metals a r e also affected. Damage to property has been reported with oxidant concentrations of a few parts per 100 million.

Air quality cr i ter ia for photochemical oxidants4 have only recently been published by the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration, and few


a r e a s have adopted standards a s yet. They have been in use in California for many yea r s , chiefly a s indicators of a l e r t conditions, but not a s desi rable a i r quality. The Ontario standards have been presented in the introduction to Section 2.

2. 7. 2 Measured Oxidants

Total oxidant concentrations were measured a t s ix locations in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a and a t th ree locations in the Detroit - Windsor a r ea . Measurements were made with continuous-monitoring coulometric type analyzers except a t Station 208 where a color imetr ic technique was used.

2 . 7.2.1 P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area - All oxidant concentrations measured in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a were obtained on the Canadian side of the St. Clair River. Hourly average values for the s i x stations a r e summarized in Table 2-37.

Table 2-37. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQLIENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

A r i thme ti c standard

d e v i a t i o n

TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

Only one station, 155, had a maximum 1-hour average concentration value a s high a s the maximum allowed by the Ontario s tandards .

Maximum. values of daily (24-hour) average concentrations were 0.05 ppm o r l e s s a t a l l stat ions (Table 2-38). This value i s well below the 0. 10 ppm maximum concentration allowed by the Ontario Air Quality Standards.

2. 7.2.2 Detroit - Windsor - Total oxidant concentration measurements made in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e summarized a s hourly averages in Table 2-39and a s daily (24-hour) averages in Table 2-40. It should be noted that these a r e based on shor t periods of observation.

value

0.11

0.11

0.15

0.09

0.11


151

152

155

158

161

163

The maximum 1-hour average total oxidant concentration a t Station 208 exceeded the l imit specified by Ontario, and the corresponding maximum a t Station 420 was close to that l imit . Similarly, the 0. 13 ppm 24-hour average concentration a t Station 208 exceeded the Ontario limit.

Arithmetic mean

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

Number o f

samples

7,425

1,419

6,113

6,109

7,424

4,521

Concentrat ion, ppm

% o f samples 2 s ta ted value:

2.8 NNROGEN OXIDES

0.11 1 0.01

Nitrogen oxides a r e somet imes emitted into the a tmosphere f rom chemical plants, but they a r e a l so formed in combus tion and other high-temperature

1

0.06

0.06

0.05

0.05

2-44 JOINT A'IR POLLUTilON STUDY

90

<0.01

q0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

<0.01

50

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

<0.01

75

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

~ 0 . 0 1

<0.01

<0.01

~ 0 . 0 1 1<0.01

:25

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

10

0 .020 .020 .06

0.03

0.03

0.02

0 .020 .030 .07

0.02

Table 2-38. CUMLILATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE

S ta t i on number

Table 2-39. CLIMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA I I I I I

Number o f samples

342

S ta t i on

Table 2-40. CLIMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE

TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

A r i thmeti c mean

0.01

Concentration, ppm I

% o f samples 2 s ta ted value: I i Maxi mum

n u m b e r

208

220

I-_- Concentration, ppm

Number o f

S ta t i on I Number o f 1 % o f samples 2 s ta ted value: I Maximum 1 Ar i thmet ic

90

<0.01

Concentration, ppm

% o f samples 1 s ta ted value: I I

A r i thmeti c

samples

584

375

10 1 [ v a l u e

operations a s the resu l t of the d i rec t combination of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Motor vehicles a r e major contributors. In the survey a r ea , there were no significant d i rec t chemical p rocess sources of NO,, and the presence of these compounds was attributed only t o high tempera ture reactions. Stationary sources of NOx a r e located in both countries, although in the Po r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a , the g rea te r pa r t of the emiss ions occurred in Sarnia, whereas in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , the bulk of the NOx was generated in Detroit. It was not expected that t r ans - boundary flow of NO, would be detected because i t was recognized that any t r an s - boundary effects would be masked by discharges f r o m motor; vehicles. In the vicinity

75

<0.01 0.02

90

<0.01

<0.01

number

208

220

420


0.04 1 0.04

50

0.01

7 5

<0.01

<0.01

samples

29

20

55

25

0.01

50

0.01

0.01

90

<0.01

<0.01

0;02

25

0.06

0.01

7 5 ------- <0.01

<0.01

0.02

10 ---------- 0.09

0.02

50

0.08'

0.01

0.05

1

0.13

0.03

25

0.02

<0.01

0.03

value

0.20

0.04

10

0.05

0.01

0.03

mean

0.03

0.01

1

- - -

dev ia t ion

0.04

0.01

2 val ue

0.13

0.02

0.07

mean - 0.01

0.01

0.03

of heavy t raff ic , NOx concentrations may reach o r exceed 1 ppm, but generally, a t - mospher ic levels of only a few par t s pe r 100 million a r e found. It i s inevitable that NOx will be t ransported ac ro s s the boundary, but the t ransported gases can be expected to be insignificant compared to the amount that i s produced locally. Con- sequently, inclusion of NOx in the survey was mainly fo r completeness and not a s a transboundary indicator.

2. 8. 1 Air Quality Cr i t e r ia

Air quality c r i t e r ia for NO, will be published by the U. S. National Ai r Pol- lution Control Administration, but a r e not yet available. The chief significance of NOx a s pollutants is their reaction with HC in the production of photochemical pollution. Nitrogen dioxide, however, is a l so a pulmonary i r r i t an t . So f a r , NOx in urban pollution have not been implicated a s causes of adverse health effects, but i t would be prudent t o t r e a t them a t l e a s t a s se r ious ly a s SO2. Combinations of the two might v e r y reasonably be t reated a t l eas t additively a s causes of resp i ra to ry irr i tat ion.

Nitrogen oxides, especially the dioxide, a r e a l so harmful t o vegetation, but usually t o a l e s s e r extent than SO2. Nitrogen dioxide, a s a corrosive agent, is a l so capable of damaging mate r ia l s , but l i t t le information i s available on the effects of different levels of the gas. Still l e s s is known about possible harmful effects of nitrogen monoxide; in any case , it normally oxidizes t o the dioxide in the atmosphere.

Air quality standards fo r NO, have not been adopted in many a r e a s . These oxides a r e , however, included in the Ontario regulations that were presented ea r l i e r in this section.

2.8.2 Nitrogen Oxide Measurements

Nitrogen oxides were measured a t Stations 151 and 152 in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a and a t Stations 202 and 208 in the Detroit - Windsor a r ea . All measu re - ments were made with continuous monitoring instruments employing Saltzman r e - agent.

2.8.2. 1 P o r t Huron - Sarnia Area - Measurements of hourly average and daily (24-hour) average concentrations of NOx in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e summar ized in Tables 2-41 and 2-42. The maximum hourly and maximum daily ave r - age concentrations a t Station 151 exceeded the limiting values of 0.20 ppm and 0. 10 ppm, respectively, of the Ontario regulations. Station 152 measured no concentrations exceeding the l imits in the regulations.

Table 2-41. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA


.


151

152

Number o f

samples

7,666

1,541

Maximum value

0.80

0.16

Ar i t hme t i c mean

0.05

0.02

Concentration, ppm - % o f samples s t a t e d value: A r i thme ti c


0.06

0.02

90

0.01

<0.01

75

0.02

0.01

50

0.03

0.01

1

0.30

0.07

25

0.06

0.02

10

0.10

0.04

1 Table 2-42. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURREIVCE OF DAILY AVERAGE I NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS I N -PORT HllRON - SARNIA AREA

Concentration, ppm

2.8.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - As is shown in Tables 2-43 and 2-44, which summarize the N- concentrations measured in the Detroit - Windsor area , neither of the two stations had maximum hourly average or daily average concentrations approaching the limits set by Ontario.

Stat ion number

151

Table 2-43. CLIMLILATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE

NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATION I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA I I I I I

Number o f samples

342


S ta t i on number

202

NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS I N DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA I I I I

% o f samples 2 s ta ted value:

Number o f

samples

1,458

Maximum ' v a l u e

0.15

90

0.01

I

Volatile substances which evoke an olfactory response, usually objectionable, but which a r e not necessarily identifiable as individual chemical compounds a r e classified as odorous substances. Although i t has a strong and unpleasant odor, H2S is usually considered specifically and not as a member of the general class. This is largely because H 2 S can be readily measured quantitatively in the concentrations which produce barely detectable olfactory response. In some instances, the odor-producing substance may be well known, but techniques a r e not available for measuring it in the extremely low concentrations at which it occurs in the atmosphere. For example, some complaints made a t a public hearing in Port Huron

Ar i thmet ic mean

0.04

S ta t i on number

202

Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - ,Windsor Areas 2-47

7 5

0.02

Concentration, ppm

% o f samples g s ta ted value:

Concentration, ppm

Maximum value

0.11

90

c0.01

I Number o f

samples

75

50

0.03

A r i thmetic mean

0.02

7 5

0.01

Ar i thmet ic standard

dev ia t ion

0.01

% o f samples g s ta ted value:

1

0.12

25

0.05

50

0.02

Maximum val ue

0.03

. 10

0.08

A r i thmeti c mean

0.02

90

~ 0 . 0 1

25

0.02

50

0.02

75

0.01

10

0.03

2 5

0.02

1

0.04

10

0.03

1

-

apparently arose be cause of trimethylamine emissions f rom one plant. No chemical or other technique could be devised to measure continuously the minute amounts of this compound which may have occurred in the atmosphere during the survey. In such cases , recourse must be made to human olfactory responses. This technique was used in the survey described here , and reliance was placed upon the subjective reactions of the survey staff and volunteers.


Odors which fall into the general category discussed above rarely, i f ever , have any direct effect upon health. They a re , however, aesthetically distasteful and may in fact cause somatic illness because of their objectionable properties. This response often can be attributed indirectly to the apprehension many persons might have concerning the presence of any unknown constituent in the atmosphere. So f a r , no c r i te r ia have been established o r standards s e t for this type of odor. Odors a r e not considered to cause vegetation' or property damage.

2 . 9 . 2 Odor Survey

Odors from industrial operations have been a source of complaints by local residents along the bank of the St. Clair River f rom the cities of Po r t Huron and Sarnia south to Marine City and Sombra. The identification of specific industrial plants or groups of plants as sources of odors has been inferred from the nature of the odors, wind directions, and chronology. Thus the initial complaints of a "dead fish1' odor in Marine City, Michigan, and Sombra, Ontario, were registered im- mediately following the opening of the Chinook Chemicals plant south of Sombra. Similarly, the halogen or gasoline odors in Po r t Huron that occur with eas t to south winds a r e circumstantially associated with the petroleum refineries south of Sarnia.

In order to obtain data on the frequency of occurrence and intensity of odors, investigators patrolled the route between Por t Huron and Algonac, Michigan, be - tween August and December 1968. The patrols were usually made during the ear ly morning or late afternoon when odors could be expected to be strongest because of low rates of atmospheric dispersion. The investigators used a scentometer to classify the intensity of the odor on a scale of 0 to 4. The 0 classification represents an odor that can be smelled without using the scentometer, and 1 through 4 indicate increasingly intense odors. Wind direction a t the place where odor was measured was determined by observing the path of a helium-filled free balloon; wind speed a t that location was measured by a portable anemometer.

Since the odor problem in Marine City - Sombra could apparently be attributed to one offending source, results of the survey in that region were examined separately from the results of the survey of the region between P o r t Huron and Marysville.

2 .9 .2 . 1 Por t Huron - Marysville Sector - The odors observed in the Por t Huron area were considered by the investigators to be a mixture caused by petroleum r e - fining and petroleum-related organic chemical manufacturing. Odors may have come not only from process losses but f rom safety f lares used by the chemical plants and refineries to oxidize dangerous compounds to prevent their re lease into the atmosphere. The f lares , which a t t imes provide incomplete combustion, were noted to be sooty and black. Records of the investigators showed detections of odors on 18 of the 2 7 patrols in the Por t Huron area. Fifteen of the detections showed a strength of 0, two showed a strength of 1, and one showed a strength of 2. In


each case of odor detection, the wind was blowing f rom the sec tor eas t through south. On one patrol , an odor was detected adjacent to the Chrysler Marine Plant south of Marysville. This was classified by the investigator a s a paint odor.

F r o m mid-October through the end of November 1968, four interested r e - sidents of P o r t Huron maintained records of their a s s e s smen t of the odor problem in their neighborhoods. Three of these observers lived in the southern portion of P o r t Huron, which i s close t o the r i ve r and north and slightly west of the chemical and re f inery facil i t ies south of Sarnia. The other observer lived in the nor thern section of the city, not far f rom a cement plant and a paper mil l . Odors repor ted ranged f rom a t l eas t a slightly objectionable odor every day of the 7-week period t o odors on only 18 of the 49 days. In the l a t t e r case , a l l except two of the repor ted odors were classified a s severe . The records of the observer who r e - ported odors on every day included wind direction es t imates ; ve ry objectionable odors we re reported only when winds were eas te r ly or southerly, except on one occasion when a very objectionable odor was repor ted with a north wind.

2.9. 2.2 Marine City sec tor - Many complaints have been regis tered in the Marine City, Michigan, and Sombra, Ontario, a r e a because of a malodor attr ibuted to the Chinook Chemical Company south of Sombra.

Odors were detected in the Marine City - Sombra a r e a on 13 occasions during the 33 patrols by odor investigators during August and September 1968. Seven of these odor detections occurred in the immediate vicinity (within one mile) of the Chinook Chemical Company facil i t ies. One of these odors was recorded a s a scento- m e t e r s t rength of 2, one a s a s t rength of 1, and a l l o thers a s a strength of 0. The remaining s ix odor detections, not in the immediate vicinity of the chemical plant, were a l so a s t rength of 0.

Five interested residents of Marine City, Michigan, maintained records of odor occurrences in their neighborhoods during the 7-week period f rom mid- October through the end of November 1969. Odors were reported by one o r more of these observers on 21 of the 48 days. All five observers reported the occurrence of odors on only one day. The odors noted were attributed to the Chinook Chemical Company plant, except on one occasion when one of the two observers noting the odor recorded that it was "definitely not Chinook".

Records of the Marine City municipal government show that ci t izens ' complaints about odors increased f rom an average of about two per month during the l a s t half of 1966 to more than th ree per month during the f i r s t half of 1968. These complaints s tar ted in June of 1966, approximately coinciding with the opening of the Chinook Chemical Company plant in May. On appr oxirnately 20 percent of the days when complaints were filed, the Chinook plant experienced equipment fa i lure o r breakdowns that might have resulted in the re lease of effluents.

2.10 EFFECTS ON The Effects Package was used t o es t imate effects of a i r pollution on selected

mate r ia l s a t eleven s i tes in the study a rea . The Effects Package i s a static sampling device that contains fourteen components with which to monitor specific pollutants and /or their mate r ia l effects. The monitoring components used a r e : s t e e l and


zinc plates, various types of dyed fabrics, rubber s t r ips , nylon hose, s i lver plates, sulfation candles, sticky paper, and dustfall buckets. The data obtained were compared to U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration Interstate Surveillance Project (ISP) data, which a r e summarized in Table 2-45. Effects Packages for the ISP a r e located a t 270 stations in approximately 85 interstate and international population a reas throughout the U. S.

The Hennepin, Illinois, station was used as a background clean a i r station because its climatic conditions a r e s imilar to those of the study area. Results f rom Effects Packages in Cincinnati, Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Chicago a r e included for comparison.

2. 10. 1 Metal Corrosion

Annual and quarterly average zinc corrosion rates and annual steel corrosion rates measured during the study a r e shown in Table 2-46. Highest zinc corrosion rates occurred a t Stations 429 and 400, where the rates measured fell in the 90th and 75th percentiles of ISP data, respectively. The rate a t Station 429 was approximately five t imes that a t Hennepin, Illinois. Rates reported at Stations 429 and 400 were lower than a t Buffalo and Chicago but higher than a t Cincinnati and Philadelphia.

Highest annual and quarterly average steel corrosion rates occurred a t Station 305. The annual rate was in the 90th percentile and the quarterly ra te in the 75th percentile of the ISP data a t four of the seven other stations reporting. The quarterly average steel corrosion rate was in the 75th percentile a t s ix of ten reporting stations. In general, the rates reported by all stations were higher than those, for the same period, in Cincinnati and Chicago, but far lower than those in Buffalo.

2. 10.2 Color Fading of Dyed Fabrics

Dye fading was measured with standard dyed fabrics, Numbers 3 and 5, which a r e sensitive to NOx and ozone, respectively (Table 2-47). Color fading rates of the Number 3 fabric fell in the 75th percentile of ISP data a t three (400, 429, 202) of 11 stations reporting (Table 2-45). Color fading rates of the Number 5 fabric fell in the 75th percentile of ISP data at three (427, 154, 217) of the 11 stations.

The color fading rates of the Number 3 fabric a t a l l stations were lower than those reported in Chicago, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and Buffalo. In contrast, the color fading rates of the Number 5 fabric a t a l l stations were higher than reported in those other cities.

2. 10. 3 Silver Tarnishing

Silver tarnishing i s caused to some degree by a number of pollutants, but H2S is usually the pr imary causative agent.

No stations reported silver tarnishing rates higher than the 50th percentile of ISP data (Tables 2 -45, 2-48) although four (Stations 400, 429, 30 1, 305) reported data twice that of background (Station 56).


Table 2-45. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS,

INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT DATA, 1968 --

Measurement

Metal co r ros i on ra tes , P ~ / Y r Zinc

S t e e l

S tee1

Dye fad ing , Judd u n i t s Color change, type 3 dyed f a b r i c s

Color change, type 5 dyed f a b r i c s

S i 1 ve r ta rn ish ing , re f lec tance , % l oss

Nylon d e t e r i o r a t i o n , t o t a l number o f defects

Rubber d e t e r i o r a t i o n , average crack depth, urn

Exposure per iod

1 year

I 1 year

3 months

i

1 week j 11,349 1 0.0

Number o f samples

21 6

204

874

0.0

3 months

3 months

1 month

3 months

1 month

Maxi mum

15.4

88.0

194.0

Minimum

0.1

0.0

0.0

822

796

2,835

921

2,849

0.0

62.8

22.6

100.0

255.0

233.0

6.8

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

I

48.0

%

10

0.64

6.0

3.0

16.2

6.1

22.0

0.0

0.0

144.0

of samples

25

1.05

16.0

11 .O

19.7

8.0

36.0

0.0

0.0

220.0 683.0

values:

90

4.93

53.0

89 .O

41.1

15.2

85.0

5.0

2.0

l ess

50

1.87

29.0

38.0

23.8

11.0

55.0

0.0

0.0

than s ta ted

75

3.53

42.0

67.0

31 .O

13.4

75.0

1 .O

0.0

Table 2-46. CORROSION RATES I N PORT HURON - SARNIA

AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE

UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON I

409

426

427

20 2

301

305

154

158

21 7

Hennepin, I 1 1 . C inc i nna t i , Ohio

Phi 1 adel ph i a, Pa.

Bu f f a l o , N. Y .

Void

2.8 --- 2.3

3.3

2.6

1.3

1.4

4.1

1.1

1.9

3.1

7.1

S t a t i o n number o r l o c a t i o n

400

429

S t a r t i n g date

5-02-66

5-03-66

Corros ion ra tes , pm/yr

a ~ a s e d on average va lues ' f o r 3 months.

Z inc

3.7

5.7

Chicago, I 1 1 . 1 1-31-66 1 5.2

The s i lve r tarnishing r a t e s repor ted throughout the study a r e a compared ve ry closely with those repor ted in Cincinnati but were somewhat lower than those in Philadelphia, Buffalo, and Chicago.

3 1 1 50

2. 10. 4 Nylon Deterioration

S tee1

51 - -

Nylon damage is associated with acid m i s t in the atmosphere. Although nylon damage was observed a t Stations 400 in January, 429 in August, and 217 in July (Table 2-49), the occurrences a r e f a r too few to be considered a ser ious problem. The nylon damage repor ted a t a l l stat ions in the a r e a was far less than that repor t - ed a t Philadelphia and Chicago during the s ame period.

Steel a

7 5

7 7

2. 10.5 Rubber Deterioration 1 Rubber deterioration is associated with the presence of ozone in the a tmos-

phere. Its ra tes throughout the study a r e a (Table 2-50) fa l l within the 50th per - centile of ISP data (Table 2-45). These ra tes a r e lower than those a t the control stat ion in Hennepin, Illinois. The rubber deterioration reported in the a r e a was slightly higher than that repor ted in Chicago, Philadelphia, Buffalo, and Cincinnati.


Table 2-47. FADING OF D Y E D FABRICS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA


UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON .-

I

Station number or location

400

429

409

426

427

20 2

30 1

305

154

158

21 7

Hennepin, I1 1 . Cincinnati , Ohio

Philadelphia, Pa.

Buffalo, N . Y .

Chicago, 111.

S ta r t i ng date

5-02-66

5-03-66

9-08-67

10-04-67

9-27-67

2-07-68

9-1 3-67

9-1 3-67

2-28-68

2-28-68

2-28-68

6-21 -66

1-1 9-66

1-1 3-66

1-27-66

1-31 -66

Color change,

Number of Judd units ( A E )

quarterly samples Ozone

2. 10.6 summary

When data f rom this study a r e compared with the ISP data, i t can be concluded that the major mater ia ls . problem in the International Joint Detroit - St. Clair River study a r e a i s the corrosion of meta l s ( s tee l and zinc). Dye fading due to NOx and ozone, although observed, i s not unusually great . No major prob- l ems were noted in nylon deterioration, s i lve r tarnishing, o r rubber deterioration, although levels were usually above those a t the background clean station.

2.11 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution damage t o vegetation i s important not only for the economic losses i t causes agriculture, but a l so because vegetation damage i s a forewarning of a i r pollution problems that might effect man and his environment.

Plant var ie t ies have been used extensively in monitoring programs a s indica to rs of a i r pollution.6-10 Their usefulness in this capacity is based on the sensitivity of selected plant species to specific a i r pollutants.

P r i o r to 1969, no published information indicated that a i r pollution might be causing damage to vegetation in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor

Air Qual i tyof the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Windsor Areas 2-53

Tab le 2-48. SILVER TARNISHING I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR

305

154

158

21 7

Hennepi n, I 1 1 .

AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE UNITED STATES CI'TIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON

C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio 1 1-19-66 1 12 I 5 5

P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa. 1-1 3-66 11 81

B u f f a l o , N. Y . 1-27-66 11

~e f lectance, % l o s s

73

71

6 2

59


400

429

409

426

Tab le 2-49. NYLON DAMAGE I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR

S t a r t i n g d a t e

5-02-66

5-03-66

9-08-67

10-04-67

Hennepi n, I 1 1 . 6-21 -66

C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio 1-1 9-66

P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa. 1-1 3-66

Bu f fa lo , N. Y . 1 1-27-66

Number o f mon th l y samples

12

12

11

11

AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON

Chicago, 111. ! 1-31-66 1 12 I 26


-- . . . . - - - - T o t a l number

o f defects

2

2

0

0

0

Number o f month ly samples

12

12

11

12

11


400

429

409

426

427

S t a r t i n g d a t e

5-02-66

5-03-66

9-08-67

10-04-67

9-27-67

Table 2-50. RUBBER DETERIORATION I:N PORT HURON - SARNIA


UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON I I I

S t a t i o n number o r locat ior r

400

429

409

426

427

202

30 1

305

154

158

21 7

Hennepin, Ill.

Cinc inna t i , Ohio

Ph i lade lph ia , Pa.

Buffalo, N. Y .

Chicago, Ill.

S t a r t i ng date

5-02-66

5-03-66

9-08-67

10-04-67

9-27-67

2-07-68

9-1 3-67

9-1 3-67

2-28-68

2-28-68

2-28-68

6-21 -66

1-1 9-66

1-1 3-66

1-27-66

1-31 -66

Number o f samples

5 2

47

39

52

32

36

44

46

43

4 3

36

46

50

45

46

51

Average crack depth,

study areas . This report is an attempt to identify some of the toxicants present in those areas and to evaluate the effects on vegetation of the pollutants found in the a i r a t Por t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor. The presence of these toxicants indicated by changes in the leaves of selected, sensitive plants grown in the study areas.

2. 11. 1 Selective Vegetation Study

2. 11. 1. 1 Methodology - To obtain information on a i r pollution effects on vegetation in the a rea , a study was undertaken to assess damage on plant species. Selective vegetation was cultured hydroponically in vermiculite in exposure shelters a t s ix locations f rom May 6 through July 17, 1968, at Belle Isle Park, Grosse Ile, Detroit, and Por t Huron, Michigan, and in Windsor and Sarnia, Ontario, as shown in Figure 2-10.

Six plant shelters (6 feet in diameter by 7 feet high) were made from trans- lucent fiberglass panels with aluminum frames, and then erected on wooden plat- forms. Three vents in the sides near the.bottom admitted ambient a i r and an exhaust fan in the roof provided one complete a i r change per minute. A control shelter with activated charcoal fi l ters was installed a t the Grosse Ile site.

Tobacco W3, pinto bean, geranium, petunia, begonia, and gladiolus were grown in vermiculite hydroponically in 4-inch pots under controlled conditions in


Figure 2-10. Shelter locations for vegetation study.

2-56 JOINT AIR POLLUTllON STUDY

the laboratory. Seedlings of selected plants were t ransported into vermiculi te in 8-inch pots and placed in shallow t rays containing a prepared nutrient solution.

Vegetation was examined for leaf injury when the plants were tended, two to th ree t imes each week. Accumulation of leaf injury and suppress ion of growth were summarized af ter the f i r s t 5 weeks, the second 5 weeks, and for the ent i re 10-week study period.

2. 11. 1.2 Results

2. 11. 1.2. 1 Ozone and sulfur dioxide. The plants exhibited SO2, fluoride, ozone (03) . and PAN-type damage, a s weil a s chlorosis and generalized growth suppression.

Tables 2-5 1 and 2 -52 summar ize leaf damage on the selective vegetation. Data a r e shown for two 5-week periods, f r o m May 6 through June 6 and f r o m June 7 t o July 17, 1968. Both the type and amount of damage a r e listed.

Sarni a

Table 2-51. DAMAGE TO PLANT VARIETIES DURING THE 5-WEEK

PERIOD, MAY 6 THROUGH JLlNE 6, 1968

03 PAN (MI

P l a n t

Tobacco

Pinto ' bean

Petunia

Begonia

Gerani um

Suppression

I Ch lo ros is

I ( T I Chloros is

Pigmentat ion (MI

P o r t Huron

03 Ac id m i s t

(MI

Suppression

(T )

Suppression

( T I

Suppression

( T I

Ch lo ros is ( T I

Grosse I l e

03

(MIa

0 3 Suppression

( M I

Suppression

( T I

Suppression

( T I

Chl oros i s ( T I

a ~ e t t e r s i n d i c a t e e x t e n t o f damage: T ( t r a c e ) = 0 t o 5 percent o f l e a f area damaged. M (moderate = 5 t o 25 percent o f l e a f area damaged. E (ex tens ive) = 25 t o 50 percent o f l e a f area damaged.

x SO2 i nd i ca tes synergism between ozone and s u l f u r d i ox i de .

W i ndsor

03 x so2b

(E)

03 x SO2

Suppression (MI

03 x SO2

Suppression (M)

0 3

(MI

Ch lo ros is (MI

When the type of injury i s specific to a ce r ta in pollutant, the pollutant responsible i s listed. If the type of injury i s nonspecific, however, i t i s classified according to type of damage, such a s chlorosis. Figures 2- 11 and 2-12 show the levels of ozone and SO2 in Sarnia on selected dates. Figures 2-13 and 2-14 show the levels in Windsor on selected dates . These levels of pollutants correspond with the

B e l l e I s l e

0 3

(E )

PAN

Suppression (MI

Suppression

(MI

0 3

(MI

Ch lo ros is (MI


Table 2-52. DAMAGE TO PLANT VARIETIES DURING THE 5-WEEK PERIOD, JUNE 7 THROUGH JULY 17. 1968

P l a n t * Tobacco

P i n t o bean

Petunia

Begonia

Gerani um

Grosse I l e

O3 a (E)

03 (MI

Chloros is

(M)

03

(MI

Chloros is (M)

W i ndsor

Ch lo ros is (E l

B e l l e I s l e

03 x sop

( E l

03 PAN

(MI

Oxidant

(E)

Oxidant

(E l

Oxidant (E 1

P o r t Huron 1 Sarn ia

03 x so2

Ac id m i s t (E)

03

(MI

Ch lo ros is

( M I

03 x so2

Ch lo ros is (MI

Chl o r o s i s (MI

03 x sop

Ac id m i s t (S)

03 PAN so2 (E

03 Ch lo ros is

( S )

03 Ch lo ros is

( s )

Ch lo ros is (E l

a ~ e t t e r s i n d i c a t e ex ten t o f damage:

T ( . t race) = 0 t o 5 percent o f l e a f area damaged. M (moderate) = 5 t o 25 percen t of l e a f area damaged. E (ex tens ive) = 25 t o 50 percent o f l e a f area damaged. S (severe) = >50 percent o f l e a f area damaged.

b03 x SO2 i n d i c a t e s synergism between ozone and s u l f u r d iox ide .

severity of damage that developed on Tobacco W3 in plant shelters. Work done by the National Air Pollution Control Administration in cincinnati1' indicated that identical injury was produced with levels of SO2 as low as 0. 1 ppm when combined with 0. 03 ppm 03. Published information12 indicated that SO2 concentrations from 0. 05 to 0.25 ppm will react synergistically with 0 3 to produce moderate to severe injury on sensitive plants. This reaction provides good evidence that 0 3 and SO2 combined to meet the injury threshold of leaf tissue and caused the damage.

In the absence of measured SO2 and O3 data, sulfation and rubber cracking data were used to approximate the average concentrations of these pollutants a t - the plant shelters .

Rubber cracking was measured by expos ing rubber s t r ips under constant s t r e s s adjacent to each of the plant shelters. After exposure for 1 week, the rubber s t r ips were examined microscopically to determine the average crack depth in millimeters. A linear relation i s reported to exist between the extent of crack depth in rubber strips and the duration of exposure to a given concentration of 03. According to Vega and Seymour, l3 i f the exposure is 7 days, the average O3 concentration can be approximated in pphm by multiplying the average crack depth in millimeters by 6.


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, hr

Figure 2-12. Hourly average concentration of SO2 and 0 3 for July 8, 1968, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.

Air Ouality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME. hr

Figure 2-13. Hourly average concentration of SO2 and 0 3 for July 12, 1968, in Windsor, Ontario. Canada.

E r, 12.0 -

- E

a 0.07 a

i i 0 i 0.05 I-

t 0 z 0 0

0" 0.02

-

D 7 1 1 ! I I ! I ! ! I l I I ! I I I I ! ! . -

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

TIME. hr

Figure 2-14.. Hourly average concentration of So2 and 0 3 for July 13, 1968, in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.


The average 0 3 concentration for the entire 10 weeks, May 6 through July 17, 1968, was 1. 0 pphm in Grosse Ile, 0.7 pphm in Belle Isle, Por t Huron, and Sarnia, and 0.5 pphm in Winds or, a s shown in Table 2 -53.

Table 2-53. AVERAGE OZONE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS . ,

AND THE DAMAGE THAT DEVELOPED ON TOBACCO PLANTS

Windsor . . 1 2.4 1 1.7 1 . 0.5 1 35

FROM MAY 6 THROUGH JllLY 17, 1968

Sarni a 2.6 -3.1 50

P o r t Huron 1 3.6 1 3 3 1 O a 7 0.7 30

S ta t ions

Grosse I l e

B e l l e I s l e

Sulfation, an indication of the long-term average SO2 concentration, was measured by lead peroxide plates exposed in an effects shelter adjacent to each plant shelter. After exposure for approximately 5 weeks, the candles and plates were analyzed for total sulfate and the sulfation rate was calculated. Sulfation was highest in Por t Huron, followed by Sarnia, Windsor, Belle Isle, and Grosse Ile, respectively (Table 2-53).

8. 11. 1.2.2 Nonspecific damage. In addition to tissue destruction, a l l plant species showed growth suppression. Comparable plants grown in the control station with activated carbon fil ters had longer leaves, a wider stem, a darker green color, and generally more vigorous growth and appearance. Table 2-54 lists the percentage by which exposed specimens were smaller than the control specimens of the same age. A value of 20 per cent means that the growth of plants in an exposure chamber was estimated by visual comparison to be 20 percent less than that in the Grosse Ile control shelter. Table 2-55 lists measurements made of the root system of tobacco plants exposed for 10 weeks a t the five stations. The root systems of the controls weighed more and the diameters of the stems of the controls were larger than those of the exposed plants. The tobacco plant grown in the Sarnia station had the smallest root system; i ts weight was approximately 46 percent of that of control plants and the s tem diameter was two-thirds the s ize of c ontr 01 plant stems.

2. 11. 1.2.3 Fluorides. Fluoride i s an accumulative toxicant, so that the development of plant injury is usually associated with the buildup70f fluoride in the leaf over a relatively long period. This is in contrast to the action of most phyto- toxicants, which normally cause injury within a short period of exposure. Hydrogen fluoride is toxic to some plants at concentrations as low as 0. 1 ppb for 5 weeks. 14

All fluorides, particulate as well a s gaseous, can accumulate either outside or in- side the leaf and can cause injury to the leaf. Low concentrations also cause r e - ductions in growth and food formation.

502, pphm

To find whether fluoride injured vegetation in the study -areas snow princes, which a r e gladioli sensitive to fluoride, were planted in vermiculite a t the five

~ -03, pphm

1 .O

0.7

Candles

1.4

2.1


I n j u r y , % *

3 5

40

P l a t e

1.2

1.9

a ~ s t i m a t e d by v i sua l comparison.

Table 2-54. PERCENTAGE GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF SELECTIVE VEGETATIONa

Table 2-55. COMPARISON OF EXPOSED AND CONTROL TOBACCO PLANTS GROWN

Leaf area damaged, %

Diameter o f stem, i n .

Sarnia

50

25

60

70

50

P o r t Huron

30

15

20

25

20

Stem cross e c t i o n area, i n . 5

Control

0

0

0

0

0

P lan t

Tobacco

P in to bean

Petunia

Begonia

Gerani urn

Cross sec t ion area, % less than con t ro l

Windsor

35

15

30

30

30

Grosse I l e

35

10

20

20

15

Root system weight , 9

B e l l e I s l e

40

20

35

50

45

Root system weight, % less than con t ro l

Control:

BETWEEN MAY 6 AND JULY 17, 1968

station s i t e s . Tip and margin burns started to develop about 5 weeks after the gladioli were planted a t the shelter sites. Leaf samples from gladioli grown at the sites were analyzed for fluoride content. The results of the analyses of leaf t issue a r e shown in Table 2-56.

2.11.2 Summary

Sarnia

50

1.20

1.13

56

430

Ozone and PAN caused damage to the selective vegetation. Ozone caused fleck, stipple, and bleaching on tobacco, pinto bean, and petunia plants. PAN damaged pinto bean plants. Ozone damaged plant varieties exposed a t a l l five locations, whereas PAN only injured the plants exposed a t Belle Isle and Sarnia. The effect associated with a given amount of 0 3 in ambient a i r on Tobacco W3 was more severe in exposed plants than in laboratory plants exposed to the same concentration of 0 3 because ambient a i r i s contaminated with SO2, which interacts with and enhances the effect of 0 3 on vegetation.

P o r t Huron

40

1.50

1.77

30

775

Grosse I l e

35

1.75

2.40

6

650

Tobacco W3 was injured more severely in Sarnia than in other locations because of the higher concentrations of 0 3 and SO2 that occurred simultaneously there on several days during the course of the study. In Por t Huron, the damage to plant varieties was not a s severe a s in Sarnia. Because emissions a r e carr ied by the wind from the power plants and oil refineries across St. Clair River, the SO2 level in Por t Huron appeared to be dependent upon wind direction. Synergistic

2-62. JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

Windsor

35

1.60

2.00

21

800

B e l l e I s l e

40

1.50

1.77

30

750

method used was that of constructing a wind rose for only those hours when visibi- l,ity was a given distance o r less and the obstructing phenomenon was recorded as smoke or a combination of smoke and haze. Visibility, or visual range, is determined by a trained observer and i s the fa r thes t prevailing horizontal distance a t which selected objects or marke r s can be seen. So that the roses would pr imari ly show the effect of pollutants and not moisture, only those cases without precipitation o r fog and with a relative humidity of 7 0 percent o r less were considered. Hence, the roses indicated the a r e a of origin of the a i r pollutants that reduced visibility a t the two locations.

The selection of a visibility range below which any further reduction becomes objectionable t o the public or to commercial elements is difficult. F o r this analysis, therefore, a visibility range was selected somewhat arbi t rar i ly , although the selection was guided by restraints on the data and by the availability of l i terature pertaining to some of the major effects of visibility. A p r imary consideration was that in the official observations taken a t the two a i rpor t s , the obstructing phenomenon r e - ducing the visibility was not recorded unless the visibility was reduced to 6 miles or less . Relative to effects of visibility, the Air Quality Cri ter ia fo r Particulate Matter, l 7 published by the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, states : "In addition to aesthetic degradation of the environment, reduced visibility has many consequences,for the safe operations of a i rc ra f t and motor vehicles. Federal (U. S. ) a i r regulations prescr ibe limitations on a i rc ra f t operating under conditions of reduced visibility; they become increasingly severe a s the visibility decreases f rom 5 miles to 3 miles to one mile. I ' Based on the above considerations a smoke rose was constructed for each station for the cases in which vis i - bility was reduced to less than 5 miles. The roses a r e shown in Figure 2 - 15.

The three mos t prominent legs on the roses , south through southwest for Metropolitan Airport and ea s t through southeast for City Airport , indicated that the pr imary source a r e a of the affecting smoke (or smoke and haze) was centered along the lower Detroit River vicinity. The conditions represented by the roses occurred 109 times a t Metropolitan Airport and 416 times a t City Airport. The relative infrequency of easter ly winds, which advect smoke toward Metropolitan Airport , probably limited the occurrence of such conditions a t that location.

F rom the analysis of conditions a t the two major Detroit a i rpor t s , some inferences can logically be made with regard to transboundary pollution. F i r s t , the indication that south' to southeast winds affect visibility mos t a t City Airport , and that a major proportion of the affecting pollutants have their origin in the lower Detroit River vicinity, lead to the conclusion that a portion of the pollutants f rom the downriver a r e a were transported across the boundary. Pollutants f rom the U. S. side, where mos t of the pollution sources a r e situated, would have tended to c ros s into Canada and then back into the United States on their t ravel toward City Airport . Those pollutants emanating f rom the few sources in Canada that would have added to the overall pollutant load would have simply crossed the boundary into the United States to reach City Airport . Second, i t would be reasonable to assume that i f the two major Detroit a i rports have significant visibility effects due to a i r pollution, then the Windsor Airport o r any other location in the vicinity of Windsor would be s imilar ly affected. Since emissions a r e grea te r on the U.S. side, the reduction of visibility in Windsor would probably resu l t p r imar - ily f r o m the transboundary movement of pollutants. Finally, since westerly winds occur more frequently than easter ly winds, visibility reductions caused by a i r contaminants a r e likely t o occur more often on the Canadian than on the United States side,

@ I , FREQUENCY, percent

Figure 2-1 5. Visibility roses showing percent frequency of wind directions with occurrence of smoke and haze (relative humidity 2 70%) restricting visibility to <5 miles at indicated airports. December 1967 through November 1968.

2.13 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2

1. A i r Quality C r i t e r i a for Pa r t i cu la te Mat ter . U. S. DHEW, PHs , CPEHS, National Ai r Pollution Control Administrat ion. Washington, D. C. Publication No. A P -49, 1969.

2. A i r Quality C r i t e r i a for Pa r t i cu la te Mat te r . U. S. DHEW, PHs, CPEHS, National Ai r Pollution Control Administrat ion. washington, D. C. Publication No. A P -49, 1969.

3 . A i r Quality C r i t e r i a for Sulfur Oxides. U. S. DHEW, PHs, CPEHS, National A i r Pollution Control Administrat ion, Washington, D. C. Publication No. AP-50, 1969.

Air. Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas

4. Ai r Quality C r i t e r i a for Photochemical Oxidants. U. S. DHEW, P H s , EHS, National A i r Pollut ion Control Administrat ion. Washington, D. C. Publicat ion No. AP-63, 1970.

5. Ju tye , G. A . , R. L . H a r r i s , and M, Georgevich. The In te r s t a t e A i r Pollut ion Surveil lance P r o g r a m Effec ts Network. J . A i r Pollut ion Control Assoc . - 17(5):291-293, 1967.

6. Heggestad, H. E . and J. T . Middleton. Ozone i n High Concentrat ions a s Cause of TobaccoLeaf Injury. Science 128:208-210, 1959.

7. Mense r , H. A . , H. E . Heggestad, and 0. E . St ree t . Response of . .

P l a n t s t o A i r Pollut ion. 11. Effec ts of Ozone Concentrat ions and Leaf Maturi ty o n Injury to Nicotiana tabacum. Phytopath. - 53: 1304- 1308, 1963. ;

8. Middleton, J. T . , J. B. Kendrick, and E . F. Dar ley . A i r Borne Oxi- dants a s Plant-Damaging Agents. National A i r Pol lu t ion~Symposium. Stanford R e s e a r c h Institute. 1955.

9. Haggen-Smith, A. J . , -- et . al . Invest igation on Injury t o P l a n t s f r o m A i r Pollut ion in the L o s Angeles A r e a . P l a n t Physiol . 27:18-34, 1952. .-

10. Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks, and G. R. ' ~ i l l . Sulfur Metabol ism of P lan t s . Ind. Eng. Chem. - 42:2231-2235, 1950.

11. Heck, , W. W. F a c t o r s Influencing E x p r e s s i o n of Oxidant Damage to P lan t s . In: Annual Review of Phytopathology (In P r e s s ) .

12. Heck, W. W. Discuss ion of 0. C. T a y l o r ' s P a p e r , "Effect of Oxidant A i r Pollutants". J. Occupational Med. - 10:497-499, 1968.

13. Vega, Theodore and Clifton J . Seymour . A Simple Method fo r D e t e r m - ing Ozone Leve l s i n Community A i r Pollut ion Surveys . J . A i r Pollut ion Control Assoc . U:28-38 and 44, 1961.

14. Moyer , Thomas D. Ef fec t s of A i r Pollut ion on P lan t s . In: A i r Po l lu - tion. World Health Organization Monograph S e r i e s No. 46. Columbia Univ. P r e s s , New York, 1961.

15. Huffman, W. T. Effect onLives tock of A i r Contamination Caused by Fluor ine F u m e s . In: A i r Pollution. McGraw-Hill Book Co . , New York, 1952.

16. P r i n c e , A. L . , e t al . F luor ide; I t s Toxicity t o P l a n t s and I t s Control in Soils . Soil Science 67:269-277, 1949. -

17. A i r Quality C r i t e r i a fo r Pa r t i cu la t e Mat t e r . U. S. DHEW, PHs , CPEHS, National A i r Pollut ion Control Administrat ion. Washington, D. C. Publ ica t ion No. AP-49, 1969.

JOINT AllR POLLUTION STUDY

3. EMISSIONS INVENTORY

An inventory of pollutant emissions from sources in the Por t Huron - Sarnia, Detroit - Windsor a rea was compiled from data for the year 1967, for the counties of Essex, Kent, and Lambton in Ontario, and Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair in Michigan. The county boundaries were considered to extend to the inter - national border where necessary to include emissions from ships. The types of pollutants reported were particulates, sulfur oxides (SOx - primarily SOz), nitrogen oxides (NO,), hydrocarbons (HC) , and carbon monoxide (CO) .

The particulates emitted included both organic and inorganic matter from fuel combustion, charred cellulose from refuse combustion, oxidized gasoline additives (mainly lead compounds) from motor vehicles, mineral dust from asphalt - batching plants and cement plants, and metallurgical fumes and organic and inorganic dusts from industrial processes.

Sulfur oxides were found to include S02, which i s primarily a product of combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels such a s coal and fuel oils; SOg, from ilidustrial processes; sulfuric acid mist , from the acid production; and SO,, from crude oil refining and coke production.

Nitrogen oxides a r e produced during the combustion of all fuels, from both mobile and stationaiy sources.

Hydrocarbons and CO a r e usually products of inefficient fuel combustion; however, they also emanate from the petrochemical industry. Even though large quantities of fuel a r e consumed in power plants, the high boiler temperatures r e - sult in low HC and CO emissions. Combustion of gasoline in the internal combustion engine and open burning of refuse result in high HC and CO emissions.

The year 1967 was used a s a base for determining emissions since that was the last complete year for which data were available. The quantity of each fuel sold by retail dealers and the quantity sold to industries were determined and used in calculating emissions from fuel combustion. Data on traffic volumes, gasoline consumption, diesel fuel consumption by trains and trucks, and fuel consumption by ships and aircraf t were gathered and used in calculating emissions from mobile sources. The quantity of refuse generated in the a rea and methods of disposal were determined; then the data were used to calculate emissions from burning refuse. Data on industrial processes were collected by questionnaires sent to the larger companies. Calculations of process emissions were made with the help of these data; also, observations were made of some of the processes.

Any individual site that emitted 100 tons or more of any single pollutant per year was considered a s a point source. T h e r e w e r e 178 such point sources.

Activities emitting l e s s than 100 tons of a pollutant pe r yea r were grouped on a n a r e a basis and were collectively considered a s a n a r e a source. Area s were graduated in s ize - 1, 3, o r 5 ki lometers on a side - inversely, according to the industrial activity. Nearly 2, 000 a r e a sources were designated in the seven U. S. and Canadian counties of the study region. These a r e a s a r e shown in Figure 3- 1.

3.2 RESULTS OF EMISSIONS SURVEY:

The contaminants discharged to the a tmosphere in 1967 a r e l i s ted in Table 3-1 by types, source categor ies , and counties for the Detroit - Windsor and P q r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a s . The relative importance of the contribution of sources in each country in the two a r e a s , P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor, i s shown in Table 3-2.

3. 2. 1 P o r t Huron - Sarnia A r e a . .

This a r e a consis ts of St. Clai r County on the Michigan s ide and Lambton County on the 0n t a r i o side of the international border . Table 3-1 p resen ts s ta t i s - t i c s on emiss ions of each type of pollutant by source categor ies in each of the two counties.

The 51, 000 tons of par t icula tes emitted i n 1967 were principally f r om indus- t r i a l fuel combustion in Lambton County and power plants in St. Clai r County, 44 and 37 percent , respectively. The next l a rges t sources were industrial p rocess l o s se s in Lambton County, 6 percent, and industrial p rocess losses , 3 percent, in St. Clai r County. The remaining 7 percent wai well distr ibuted in the other source categor ies .

Of the 373, 000 tons of SOx emiss ions , the main contribution was f rom fuel combustion by the th ree U . S . s team-electr ic power plants, 74 percent; followed by industrial fuel combustion, 22 percent; and industrial p roce s s l o s se s , 5 percent, in Lambton County.

The 71,000 tons of NO, emiss ions was f rom U. S. power plants, 62 p e r - cent; industrial fuel combustion i n Canada, 27 percent ; U. S. industrial fuel combustion, 2 percent; and l e s s in other categor ies .

The HC emiss ions , 67,000 tons, were f rom industrial p roce s s l o s se s and gasoline-handling l o s se s in Canada, 56 and 15 percent, respectively; followed by gasoline-fueled vehicles and open burning of refuse in the U. S . , 9 and 6 percent, respectively; and by gasoline-fueled vehicles in Canada, 5 percent . The remaining 9 percent was emitted by a l l other source categories.

The 209, 000 tons of CO emiss ions was f rom the following'source categor ies ; industrial p roce s s l o s se s in Canada, 74 percent; gasoline combustion in vehicles in the U. S. and Canada, 15 and 8 per.cent, respectively; and 3 percent distr ibuted over the re:maining categor ies .

3 . 2 . 2 Detroit - Windsor Area

Of the 258, 000 tons of particulate emiss ions in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , 61 percent came f rom the U. S. : industrial p rocess losses , 23 percent; s t eam- e lect r ic power plants, 22 percent; and industrial fuel combustion, 16 percent .


Figure 3-1. Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor source areas for emission, inventories.

Almost 94 percent of the emiss ions f rom these th ree types of sources occur red in Wayne County. Other source categor ies each'contributed l e s s than 7 percent of the total part iculate emiss ions in the a r e a .

The 551, 000 tons of SO, emiss ions in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a came f rom power plants in Wayne County, 55 percent; U. S. industrial fuel combustion, 2 1 percent, of which a lmost four-fifths was in Wayne County; and U. S. c.ommercia1 and government fuel combustion, 7 percent . Other source categor ies each contr ibuted l e s s than 5 percent of the total.

Of the 271, 000 tons of NO, emission in the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , the major sources were: gasoline combustion in U. S. mobile sources , 28 percent; power plants in Wayne County, 26 percent; U . S. industrial fuel combustion, 20 percent; and U. S. commercia l and government fuel combustion, 7 percent.

Emissions 'Inventory

JOINT AIR POLLUT'ION STUDY

Table 3-1. AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES I N DETROIT - WINDSOR

AND PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAS, BASED ON 1967 DATA

( t ons / y r

P o l l u t a n t Res iden t ia l I n d u s t r i a l

7,001 11,761 7,248 3,119

14,736

1,236 1,956 2,213

462 1,597

7 20 1,116 1,423

256 81 7

122 476 51 7

28 93

20 59 89

4 12

506 3 96 391 235

' 1,061

50 21 4 188

14 46

S ta t i ona ry

Power u t i l i t i e s

D e t r o i t - W i ndsor area

Wayne County 1 56,209

305,060 69,542

7 22 4,403

- - - - - - - - - --- --- - - - --- --- --- ---

695 15,840 3,970

40 99

--- --- --- -- - - - -

18,975 266,000 43,863

439 1,095

--- --- --- --- ---

P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx HC CO

Oak1 and County P a r t i c u l a t e s Sox

Ex CO

sources o f f u e l combustion

34,418 89,498 45,558

1,187 3,478

2,438 8,172 3,407

113 31 7

Heat ing p l a n t s

4,999 9,100 4,223

5 1 133

- - -

Commercial and government

10,042 29,170 12,559 3,317

15,690

2,000

Macomb County P a r t i c u l a t e s 1 4,563 sox 1 li:ii[ NOx H C CO 1 639

Essex County P a r t i c u l a t e s I 12,466 sox 9,491 NOx 5,369 H C 228 CO 1 632

Kent County I P a r t i c u l a t e s 1 116 sox 978 NOx I 595 H C 16

I CO 43

Po r t Huron - Sarn ia area

St . C l a i r County I P a r t i c u l a t e s ' 1,495 sox 1 3,481 NOx 1 1,461 H C 84 CO 1 272

Lambton County P a r t i c u l a t e s Sox NO, H C CO

- - - 5,482 - - - 1 3,517 - - - 596

22,209 80,368 18,907

57 1 1,376

- - - --- --- - - - --- -- - - - - - - - - - - --- --- --- --- --- - - - ---

--- --- - - - --- - - - - - - --- - - - - - - ---

2,764

4,342 3,840 2,055

339 1,530

354 1,917

7 80 106 467

3 2 192 103

7 29

233 656 399

7 1 325

120 61 8 303

34 142

Emissions 'Inventory i

Table 3-1 (continued). AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES I N DETROIT - WINDSOR


( tons/yr)

o f f ue l

Tra ins

825 300

1,665 1,020

450

- - - --- --- --- ---

- - - --- --- - - - ---

177 79

357 21 9

96

87 39

combustion

Ships

1,316 2,948 2,746

158 149

- - - --- --- - - - - - -

1,418 2,161 3,444

950 424

2,455 4,498 1,613

21 1 250

--- --- ---

A i r c r a f t

21 6 0

67 5 2,191

10,103

--- --- - - - --- - - -

2 0

17 64

302

9 --- 40

146 719

-- - - - - ---

Mobi le sources

Diesel

3,129 1,138 6,314 3,868 1,707

27 1 99

547 335 148

120 44

242 148 6 5

524 234

1,056 652 289

135 60

273

Vehicles Pol 1 u t a n t Gasoline

I

D e t r o i t - W i ndsor

Wayne County Pa r t i cu la tes Sox NOx HC CO

Oakland County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx HC CO

Macornb County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx HC CO

Essex County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx HC CO

Kent County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx 1:; ---

47 ---

I 166 93

area

6,884 3,610

39,175 1 55,592 964,207

2,319 1,739

21,835 49,977

444,429 '

1,476 1,109

13,895 31,804

282,820

305 228

3,241 8,110

55,014

79 5 7

841 H C CO

Por t Huron - Sarnia

--- --- 2,016

12,933 I area

--- --- --- --- --- --- ---

5 20

106

I S t . C l a i r County

Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx HC CO

Larnbton County P a r t i cu l ates sox NOx HC CO

21 o 105

1,287 6,310

30,422

106 81

1,178 3,024

15,781

140 1 --- 498 5 1 - - - 1 2,120

282 i --- 601 109 1 164

187 298 84 "1 897

378 297 232 1 57 1 64

53 102 25

Table 3-1 (cont inued) . AIR, POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR


( t o n s l y r )

De t ro i t W i ndsor area

Wayne County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx HC CO

Oakland County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox

CO Macornb County

P a r t i c u l a t e s sox

CO Essex County

P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx HC CO

Kent County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx H C CO

P o r t Huron - Sarn ia area

St . C l a i r County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx H C CO

Larnbton County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx HC CO

Refuse cornbusti on

Open burn ing

JO!INT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

Table 3-1 (cont inued). AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR


( tons /y r )

Emissions !Inventory

Pol 1 u t a n t s

D e t r o i t - Windsor

Wayne County Pa r t i cu la tes Sox N Ox H C CO

Oak1 and County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx H C CO

Macomb County Pa r t i cu la tes

. sox .

NOx H C co

Essex County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx H C co

Kent County Pa r t i cu la tes sox NOx HC CO

P o r t Huron - Sarnia

St. C l a i r County P a r t i c u l a t e s sox NOx HC co

Lambton County P a r t i c u l ates sox NOx HC CO

Tota l a1 1 sources

197,460 473,647 192,939 301,154

1,092,982

17,574 18,377 32,100 99,590

470,514

c . 16,509 24,598- 26,939 67,715

296,905

25,759 32,767 17,079 ..

16,853 58,724

946 1,394 2,127 3,464

13,517

,

24 ,'216 273.41 1 49,254 14,108 35,015

26,216 99,642 21,951 52,823

1 73,987

I n d u s t r i a l

area

55,924 20,003 1,637

30,252 43,738 .,

3,053 664 .1.11

2,495 : : '

' 6-,696 . .' . ( I. . - . .

26 .i: ( . i . ,. . , oy.. ..; , , . : . A , , ..., -.

0 . . . < . i 957

20 -. .

8;'419 . --- .

- -- 3,719 ---

3 55 - - - ---

655 28

area . .

1,600" 99

948 1,349

0

3,232 17,356

346 37,796

154,393

Process 1 osses .

Gas01 i n e hand1 i ng and storage

- -- - -- -- -

15,787 --- --- --- ---

. . 5,294 . .. ---

. . . ... ---

: .- :. ?,, , . .. - -

--- 3,369 i--

. . - -- . ---

--- 2,780 --- - - - --- ---

362 - --

--- --- ---

674 - - - . .

- - - --- ---

10,323 ---

.

Sol vent 1 osses

--- - - - ---

16,331 --- --- --- ---

10,075 - -- . .

--- - - - .

--- 6,682 --- --- - - - ---

259 --- . --- --- ---

6 - - -

- - - --- ---

- 931 --- --- - - - --- --- ---

Table 3-2. RELATIVE ANNUAL EMISSIONS FROM UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN SOURCES

I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, 1967 I I

1 Emissions. P o r t Huron - Sarn ia I Emissions. D e t r o i t - Windsor

P o l l u t a n t

The HC emissions we re mostly f rom gasoline combustion in U. S. vehicles, 49 percent, and open burning of refuse in the U. S . , 25 percent. Each other source category contributed l e s s than 7 percent.

P a r t i cu l a tes

Sox

No, H C

CO

The CO emissions were a lmost entirely f rom gasoline combustion in vehicles, 87.5 percent in the U. S. and 3 .5 percent in Canada. , The other 9 percent of CO emissions was distributed over the remaining source categories .

3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION AT STATIONARY SOURCES (Total Study Area]

Uni ted To ta l , I S t a F s ,

l o 3 tons

51

373

7 1

6 7

209

Coal, fuel oil, and natural gas we re considered' to be the only significant fuel types used in the study a r e a for space, water , and process heating. Fuel oil and coal a r e significant sources of particulates and SO,. They emi t more pollutants to the atmosphere than does natural gas; the principal contaminants resulting f rom the combustion of natural gas a r e NO,,

Uni ted Tq ta l , States,

10 tons i % Canadian,

%

Fuel combustion in residential dwelling units is a source that affects the level of pollution in a wide a r ea . Residential fuel combustion was the source o f . only 3 percent of khe a r e a ' s particulate emissions, 2 percent of the SO, emissions, 4 percent of the NO, emissions, l ess than 1 percent of the HC emissions, and 1 percent of the total CO emissions.

Canadian, %

48

7 3

69

21

17

Coal i s used in a l a rge number of dwelling units on the U. S. side of this border a r ea , ranging f rom 20 percent of the homes in ru r a l a r e a s and the ol.der dwelling units in the hear t of Detroit to l e s s than 4 percent of the homes in suburban a r ea s . It was assumed that only 1 percent of the dwelling units on the Canadian side used coal a s a fuel. Fuel oil is used in nearly 40 percent of the U. S. homes and only 16 percent of the Canadian homes in the a rea . Natural gas i s the fuel used in most of the remaining homes. Electricity is used exclusively. i n a very smal l percentage of the dwelling units.

Fuel consumed for space and water heating for a l l nonindustrial, nonresiden- t ia l buildings i s classified a s commercial and governmental use. Commercial and governmental fuel combustion was the source of 6 percent of the a r ea ' s particulate emissions, 5 percent of the SO, emissions, 6 percent of the NOx emissions, l ess than 1 percent of the HC emissions, and 1 percent of total CO emissions. Com- merc ia l and governmental establishments us e a significant quantity of bituminous

5 2

2 7

31

79

83


10

6

7

4

4

258 1 90

551

271

489

1,933

94

9 3

9 6

9 6

coal and residual and distillate fuel oils. These fuels accounted for most of the particulate and SO, emissions from this source category.

Six heating plants in Detroit supply s team heat to cornmercial and governmental facilities and appartment buildings. These a r e a l l coal-fired and discharged .nearly 2 percent of the area 's total. particulate emissions and approximately 1 percent of the SO, and NO, emissions.

Industrial fuel combustion for space heating, process heat, and steam and power generation released approximately 25 percent of the particulate emissions, 2 1 percent of the SO, emissions, and 24 percent of the N4 , emissions. Because the la rger industrial boilers usually operate a t high combustion temperatures, l e s s than 0.5 percent of the area 's HC and CO emissions emanated from industrial fuel combustion processes.

In the Canadian area , industrial fuel combustion was the source of 65 percent of al l particulate emissions, 68 percent of al l SO,. emissions, and 60 percent of al l NO, emissions. The greatest portion of these emissions i s the resul t of the use of large amounts of bituminous coal by industry. In the U. S. area, industrial fuel combustion constituted approximately 17 percent of the particulate emissions, 15 percent of the SO, emissions, and 19 percent of the NO, emissions.

There a r e 13 steam-electric power utilities in this area. Nine a r e located in Wayne County and one in Essex County, along the Detroit River. The other three power plants a r e in St. Clair County along the St. Clair River. Bituminous coal was used in all of these plants during 1967. There a r e plans to convert some of the boilers to oil and gas burners. Steam-electric power plants were the source of 25 percent of the particulates, 64 percent of the SO,, 34 percent of the NO,, and small amounts (less than 0.5 percent) of the HC and CO emissions for the study area.

The 12 power plants on the U. S. side discharged approximately 29 percent of the particulate emissions, 72 percent of the SO, emissions, and 38 percent of the NOx emissions from the U. S. area. In the Detroit - Windsor a rea , the nine U. S. power plants discharged 22 percent of the particulate emissions, 55 percent of the SO, emissions, and 26 percent of the N 4 , emissions. In the Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea , the U. S. power plants emitted 30 percent of the particulate emissions, 7 4 percent of the SO, emissions, and 62 percent of the NO, emissions.

3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION IN MOBILE SOURCES

Included under the category of mobile sources a r e emissions from gasoline - and diesel-fueled motor vehicles; diesel railroad engines; ships on the St. Clair River, Detroit River, and Lake St. Clair; and emissions f rom aircraft . Altogether, mobile sources discharged approximately 8 percent of the particulate emissions, 2 percent of the SOx emissions, 30 percent of the NO, emissions, 48 percent of the HC emissions, and 85 percent of the CO emissions. Automobiles accounted for a major portion of NO,, HC, and CO emissions, discharging 24 percent, 46 percent, and 84 percent of these pollutants, respectively.


In the U. S. a r ea , automobiles were the source of 25 percent of the NO, emiss ions , 51 percent of the Hc emiss ions , and 91 percent of the CO emiss ions . In the Canadian portion, automobiles were the source of 13 percent of the NO, emiss ions; 18 percent of the HC emiss ions , -and 34 percent of the cO emissions.

3.5 REFUSE TIISPOSAL

Nearly a l l refuse collected and disposed of under sponsorship of a municipal government i s burned in an incinerator o r deposited in a sani tary landfill.

The City of Detroit operates four large incinerators and two brush burners ; severa l sma l l e r communities a l so have organized incinerator authorit ies t o solve their solid-waste disposal problem. Nearly a l l of these incinerators a r e controlled t o some extent, but each emits over 100 tons of particulates pe r year .

Although open-burning dumps a r e unlawful in the State of Michigan, such burning did take place, in 1967. Open-burning refuse i s assumed t o consist of household waste paper , waste paper f r om the offices of sma l l business establishments located outside the city, and some industrial and agr icul tural wastes. The large proportion of paper,. 'garden t r immings , and agr icul ture wastes included in the refuse resul ted in HC emiss ions of 123, 000 tons pe r yea r ( o r 145 pounds pe r ton of refuse burned) in the U. S. a r e a . That was 26 percent of the total HC emiss ions in that a r e a ; open burning a lso discharged 7 percent of the particulate emiss ions .

'Open burning i s unlawful in the Province of Ontario; never theless , some municipal refuse i s burned in dumps, but the total emissions a r e smal l . Open- burning emiss ions constituted only 1 percent of the NOx emiss ions , 2 percent of the HC emiss ions , and 1 percent of the CO emiss ions fo r the a r ea . Par t icula te emiss ions f rom the combustion of refuse constituted slightly more than 1 percent of the total part iculate emissions. Most of this was f rom open burning.

The combustion of refuse was the source of 9 percent of the total part iculate emiss ions , l e s s than 1 percent of the SOx emiss ions , 1 percent of the NO, emi s - sions, 23 percent of the HC emiss ions (all f r o m open burning), and 3 percent of the CO emis sions.

3.6 PROCESS AND SOF-VENT LOSSES

In the U. S. a r e a , gasoline handling and s torage losses produced HC emiss ions of 25, 100 tons pe r yea r o r 5 percent of the total. In the Canadian a r e a , a loss of 13,500 tons of HC, o r 18 percent of the total, resulted f rom gasoline handling and s torage losses .

The major portion of industrial prockss losses came f rom major point sources , l i s ted in Table 3-3. Los se s f r om smal le r companies that repor ted on their p rocesses a r e a lso included.

. .

Industrial p roce s s l o s se s constituted 24 percent of the particulate emiss ions in the a r e a , 4 percent of the SOx emiss ions , 1 percent of the NO, emiss ions , 14 percent of the HC emiss ions , and 10 percent of the CO emiss ions .


Table 3-3. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

Source U n i t e d S ta tes :

Wayne County

C h r y s l e r Corp. 1. Chemical Div., T ren ton

P l a n t 2. T ren ton Engine P l a n t 3. J e f f e r s o n Assembly P l a n t 4. Mack Avenue Stamping

P l a n t 5. Hamtramck Assembly P l a n t 6. Huber Foundry 7. H igh land Park Machining 8. D e t r o i t Forge P l a n t 9. Eldon Ave. Ax le P l a n t

10. Lynch Rd. Engine P l a n t 11. Mound Rd. Engine P l a n t 12. E i g h t M i l e Stamping

P l a n t

Ford Motor Co. 13. Wayne Assembly P l a n t 14. Engine and Foundry D i v . 15. S tee l Div. Powerhouse 16. S t e e l Div. 17. Schaefer Rd. Dump 18. Dearborn Glass P l a n t 19. Dearborn Stamping P l a n t 20. Elm St . Powerhouse

General Motors Corp. 21 . F i s h e r Body Div. ,

Fleetwood P l a n t 22. C a d i l l a c Motor Car Co. 23. Chevro le t Motor Div.,

L i v o n i a P l a n t 24. F i s h e r Body Div. .

D e t r o i t C e n t r a l P l a n t 25. F i s h e r Body Div..

L i v o n i a P l a n t 26. D e t r o i t D iese l Engine

D i v . 27. Chevro le t Motor Div.,

D e t r o i t Forge P l a n t

( tons lyr) .. .. -

Fuel combustion

P a r t i c -

-

HC

-

i 5 7

I 2 11

3 10

3

13

68

- , - 166

u l a t e s / SOx

-

CO

- - -

- - - - - -

-

CO

47 18 36

28

- 8 26

. 8

40

, 170

- 1 1 1 4

P a r t i c - u l a t e s

12 -

. - -

8 -

-

- -

NO,

7

d isposa l

P a r t i c - u l a t e s

34

3 2

5 5

3 85 5

4 3

3.281

3.275

Refuse

! SO, , NOx

1 j

- 1 - I

7 1 , 18 - - - - - I -

i - ! - 2 : - 2 - -

- ! - - ; -

- , -

- # -

I

I

- . - - ; _ - ! -

- , -

-

- -

- - -

HC

4

losses - HC

116 / 1 , 6 8 8 1 311 1,013 1 2,107 / 720

636 "39

2:: 1.925 ( 2.090 1,100

8 ; - 86 8 0 1 139

7,084 587 ! 1 , 0 3 0 '

2.084 - I - 1 - 1 1 1 -

750 587 1 300

CO

3

-

SO,

184

- -

- 3,100

Process

-

530

4,000

36

- -

Process

NOx

-

- -

- -

-

-

Solvent

500

225 3,448

4,795

1 . 0 1 0 ' 266 - 1 -

11,400 , 6,891 - j -

1.85 I1 -

_ I -

: 1 :

i - I -

1

82 126 788

3.000 143

-

-

- , -

3,000

458 - 30 -

30

77

70

I -

285

- -

- 1 -

-

-

12

48

81

- I - 11 -

99

45 217

- 49 1 j

I

321 , 137 : 7 21

168 9 8 i 5 15 i

I 309 199 10 j 30

2,460 ' 693 1 32 i 97

- -

5 i - 6 0 : - . 7

2,273 4 . 3 9 1 1,650 : 82 246

- -

5

-

630 / - - 1 -

I

1 ,786 i 501

2

1 - '

1

4 1 1 : 19

-

Table 3-3 (continued). POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

Source

28. American Motors 29. Kelsey Hayes C O . ~ 30. Budd CO. 31. Champion Spark Plug Co. 32. Lear -3 ieg ler Co., Inc. 33. Dana Corp. 34. Great Lakes Steel C O . ~ 35. McLouth Steel Corp. 36. Valcan Mold and I r o n Co. 37. ~i restone Stee l Products

CO . 38. Huron Va l ley Steel Co. 39. Young Spr ing and Wire

Corp. 40. Wolverine Aluminum Corp. 41. U n i s t r u t Corp. 42. Whitehead and Kalesa 43. Wolverine Tube Div.,

Calumet and Hecla, lnc . 44. Revere Copper and Brass

Div. 45. Hoskins Manufacturing Co. 46. 8rass C r a f t Manufacturing

Co . 47. Evans Products Co. 48. Bathey Manufacturing Co. 49. Huck Manufacturing Co. 50. Monsanto 51 . Pennwal t Chemi ca l Corp. 52. Wyandotte Chemical Corp.,

South P lan t 53. Wyandotte Chemical Corp; ,

North P lan t 54. D e t r o i t Chemical Corp.

A1 1 l e d Chemical Corp. 55. I n d u s t r i a l Chemicals Div. 56. D e t r o i t A l k a l i Works 57. Semet Solvay Div.'

58. DuPont 59. Park-Davis and Co. 60. Sco t t Paper Co.

(tons/yr).. , . .

Fuel combustion

I HC 1 CO

Refuse disposal

Pa r t i c - u l a tes NO,

Pa r t i c - i

- - - - - - -

- - -

-

Pa r t i c - u l a tes u la tes

76 128

Process

NOx 50, SO, 129 785

CO

- - - - 3

22,380

12,585

- -

- - - - - -

4,438 - -

-

- - - - -

- - -27 . .34 170 - 287 39 - 277

23 3 183

37 - 2 1 - 126 6 18 - 1 - 1 - - 3

- - - - - - -.

m e - 8,750 -

- - . -

' - - - -

HC SOX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5:254 14

47 9

20 40 1 36 13 - 250 105 118

300 50 - - 132 - -

21 742 - - - 1.750 - -

85 2,700 - -

- ~. 7 - - - --

11 I - 2 1 - 2 4

4 0 : 230

-507 / -613

' 1 ' 2 6 lo 19

2

1 4 2

-

CO NOx -- 303

148 500 -.

400

- 458

1,015 155 788 131

135 288

losses

3

4 5

3

1 _ I _ !

HC

- 7 1 -16 -

- 1 : 1 .1 ! 1 -

I - - 1 -

- 1 -

. - 10 24

9

-

- 2 8 -

ProcessSolvent

5 -

23 - i - _ I _

I -

- - I 1

7 1 - 4 1 -

- I - ,

-

! - 1 - 1 ' - 1 -

- ' I -

5 -

89

45

-

- 1 1 - 1 j :

I - .

I 5

- ' _

- ; - i ! _

2 1 -

21

27,289 6.377

101

609 - -

- 9 i 8

- I - - . 5

- 1 1 I

_ - _ - - - - -

-

3 -

1

- ! - - 1

- -

- I - - 2,606 2,850 / 1,361

255 j 684 174

- -

170

5

- - - - -

-

- - 60

I _ 159 . 468

1,487 , 1.744

180

250 1,080

- 1 - _ i _

9 28 54 162

m 3. V) V)

T a b l e 3-3 ( c o n t i n u e d ) . POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967 -. 0 =I V) - a C

rC Source S u 61. D e t r o i t Gravure Corp.

62. U. S. Rubber T i r e Co. 63. Acme Q u a l i t y Pa in t 64. Fred Sanders Co. 65. American Can Co. 66. Export Processing Co. 67.. Mobile O i l Corp. 68. Marathon 011 Co. 69. Sun O i l Co. 70. Marblehead Lime Co. 71. U. S. Gypsum Co. 72. Peerless Div., American

Cement Corp. 73. Peerless

Edward Levy Company 74. Levy ~ l h g b 75. Levy ~ l a g b 76. Slag and Asphalt Batchingb 77. Asphalt Batching 78. Slag and Asphalt ~ a t c h t n g b

79. D e t r o i t Lime Co. 80. Wayne County General

Hosp i ta l 81 . Un ive rs i t y o f D e t r o i t

Heating 82. Arrow Wrecking Co.

I nc ine ra to r 83. C i t y o f Trenton

Inc ine ra to r 84. C i t y o f Ecorse

Inc ine ra to r 85. Central Wayne county

Inc ine ra to r 86.. C l t y o f De t ro i t , 24th

St. I nc ine ra to r 87. C i t y o f De t ro i t . Central

I n c i n e r a t o r 88. C i t y o f De t ro i t , North

West I n c i nera tor 89. C i t y o f De t ro i t , St.

w Jean St. I nc ine ra to r I A

W

~ .. ( t o n s / y r ) ~. . -. . . . .

Fuel combustion Refuse disposal I Pa r t i c - . I

HC

65

24 - 1

-

P a r t i c i u la tes SOx

- - . - -

21 - _ I _

. 751 216

u la tes

1.466 - 155 -

7 57

CO

195 1 119 -

1 -

CO - -

3

-

Par t i c - u la tes

. .

- 1

-

- 672 404

- 1,800 i3.900 I _

i 0 5 1 - 190 -

- 1,2801 55

42 2 6 - - - 990 1 99 - 1 -

- - . -

-

- - - - - - - - - -

-

- - -

- -

530

945

-

-

-

-

SOx / NOX

1,976 1,300 1

-

C O - - - - -

Process

NOx - - - - - -

' SOx : NOx HC

91

47 2,283

205

1 -

- I - - j _

I

2,955 920

. - -

- - - -

- -

-

22 2

22 675.

96 2 7

- 1 - -

- .

- I - ! _ ! - I

- 1 - . . I

- - - - -

-

- - - - - -

-

losses

- - - - -

- 257

H

2,189

- 1 - - ! - . I z - - ! -

- - -

1

350 572 I -

364

27

133

442

374

ProcesrCSolvent

844

616

391 205 -

- 18

- 3

8

16

130

110

-

400 118 i

54

- - 1 - 4 26i1.105

i

j - -

118 18 i 59

-

-

-

-

-

- -

131 8 0 ' 66

-

-

-

4 - 8

16

327

- I -

1,7871 -

I

1 3 0 , 2 0 : 65 I

110 16 i 55

96.: 96 14 48

200

- .-

' . -

Table 3-3 (continued). POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

( tons ly r )

Source

90. C i t y o f Hamtramck I nc ine ra to r

D e t r o i t Edison Company

Fuel combustion

Planta I 91. Trenton Channel Power

Refuse disposal

Pa r t i c - u la tes NOx

- P a r t i c- u la tes

177

Process losses

SOx Pa r t i c - u l a tes

-

- 1 - - -

SOx 52

HC -

3,895 13.475 - i - SOx -

CO

45,900

92. Pennsalt Power P lan t 3,300 3,800 1.700 93. Wyandotte South Power 5,770 5,100 2,000

P l anta 94. Wyandotte North Power 14,510 10.800 4,130

Planta 95. River Rouge Power 7,340 141,500 21,880

P l anta 96. Delray Power P lan ta 3.470 21,900 9,200 97. Conners Creek Power 14,800 71.100 16,390

Planta 98. Congress S t ree t Heat ing 600 310

P l anta 99. Beacon S t ree t Heat ing 2,590 5.200 2,880

P l anta 100. W i l l i s Avenue Heating 1,183 1,450 762

Planta 101. Boulevard Heat ing 55

Planta

102. Wyandotte Munic ipal 534 1,300 700 Power P lan ta

D e t r o i t Pub1 i c L i g h t i n g Commission

103. Mistersky Power Planta 2,590 4,960 67 104. L. J. Schrenk Heating 130

Planta 105. Herman K i e f e r Heat ing 86

- I - - I - -

- -

17 20

41

219

92 164

3

29

8

1

7

27 6

4

1.373

NOx 52

Wayne County t o t a l Oakland County

1 : 1 1

43 50

103

546

230 410

8

72

19

1

18

2,666 20

13

6,397

135

HC NOx Process

I

106. General Motors Corp. 107. Edward Levy Co. 108. Southeast Oakland Co.

I nc i ne ra to r Au tho r i t y

Oakland Count t o t a l

337

- - - -

HC

8

l 1 141 , 1 3 0 85 ; :( 13

- , - I

141 130

83,418 1 360,134

- 1 -

CO

26

- 1 - - 1 -

I

- 1 - - I -

--

- - - - -

1 1 -

100.336

- -

Solvent ' -

-

ppp

2.935

CO

I - - -

739

- I : - I

- I j I - - : I : -

- i - 1

- - ! - - I - - I

I

805 271 2,472 55,835 19,959 1,525 : 6,064

2,467 ) 6,696 - i - - I -

: I - l - - I : -

- 1 - -

I 22 j

493 I 1 4 5 i 145

P-

32,487

I 34,968

56

I I

I 2 2 1 73

0 - i -

2,888 664 127 1 -

- -

T a b l e 3-3 (cont inued). POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

P a r t i c - P a r t i c - I Source u l a t e s SOx

Macomb County I

( t o n s l y r )

Chrys le r Corp. 109. Warren Truck Assembly 875

P l a n t 110. S t e r l i n g Stamping P l a n t 101

Fuel combustion

Ford Motor Co. 111. Transmiss ion and

, Chassis D iv . 11 2. Transmiss ion and

Chassis D i v . 113. ' ,U t i ca T r im P l a n t

114. R. C. Mahon Co. 115. LTV Aerospace Corp. 116. D e t r o i t Army Arsenal 117. M ich igan Army M i s s i l e

Refuse d isposa l

P l a n t - 118. S e l f r i d g e A i r Force Base 640

Process losses

Macomb County t o t a l

St . C l a i r County

119. Diamond C r y s t a l S a l t Co. 120. Ainsworth Manufactur ing Co 121. St . C l a i r Rubber Co. 122. C h r y s l e r Corp., M a r y s v i l l e

Depot 123. P r e s t o l i t e Wire and Cable 124. Grand Trunk and Western

Terminal 125. M u e l l e r Brass Co. 126. Peer less Div., American

Cement Corp. 127. Dunn Paper Co.

D e t r o i t Edison Co.

128. M a r y s v i l l e Power P lan ta 9,820 35.200 7,160 72 180 - - - 129. P o r t Huron Paper Power 542 600 373 4 9 - - -

P l a n t 130. St. C l a i r Power p l a n t a 8,613 230,200 36,330 363 906 -

I I - - -

St . C l a i r County t o t a l 20,225 268,627 44,934 512 ! 1,336 55 - j - U n i t e d S ta tes t o t a l . 108,817 635,987 147,526 2.050 1 8,326 3.844 91 1 ,175

T a b l e 3-3 ( c o n t i n u e d ) . POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

Source

Canada :

Essex County 1. Calvert o f Canada 2. Amherst Quarr ies 3. A l l i e d Chemical 4. Canadian Rock Sa l t 5. Maretette Bros. 6. P las t icas t 7. J . Clark Ke i th Generating

Plant 8. Canadian Sa l t 9. Shell (Storage Tanks)

10. Gulf (Storage Tanks) 11 . Univers i ty o f Windsor 12. Ford Motor Co. (Windsor

Operations) 13. Chrysler (Truck Assembly

P lant . 14. Chrysler (Foundry) 15. Imperial O i l (Storage Tank 16. Chrysler (Bo i l e r P lant ) 17. Texaco (Storage Tank) 18. Dominion Forge 19. General Motors Trim 20. Hiram Walker

Essex County t o t a l

Kent County

21. Motor Wheel Corp. o f Canad 22. In ternat iona l Harvester 23. Libby-McNeil and Libby 24. Canada and Dominion Sugar 25. Greenrnel k

Kent County t o t a l

-. -.

Process 'losses

T a b l e 3-3 ( c o n t i n u e d ) . POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967

- - - -

Fuel combustion I Refuse d i s ~ o s a l

- - - - - - - - - -

Process 1 osses

Source

Lambton County

26. Sombra Township Dump 27. Chinook Chemicals 28. C.I.L. Power House 29. C.I.L. Amnonia P lan t 30. E thy l Corp. 31. She1 1 Canada (Sarn i a 32. Ref inery ) 32. Dupont (St . C l a i r R iver

Works) 33. F iberg las (Glass

Furnaces) 34. Sun O i l B o i l e r P l a n t

(Ref inery ) 35. Dow Chemical (Steam

Process) 36. bow Chemical (Process) 37. Polymer 38. Dow Chemical Process) I 39. Dow Chemical Process) 40. Polymer 41. Cabot Carbon 42. Imper ia l O i l (Ref inery) 43. Polymer 44. Imper ia l O i l (Ref inery) 45. Imper ia l O i l (Ref inery) 46. Imper ia l O i l (Storage

Tanks) 47. Imper ia l O i l (Ref inery) 48. Holmes Foundry

Lambton County t o t a l

Canada t o t a l

Study t o t a l

a~ompany w i t hhe ld data necessary fo r emission ca lcu la t ions ; estimates made based on data from pub1 i ca t i ons and S ta te and l oca l A i r P o l l u t i o n Control agencies.

bRough es t imate based on 0.1 percent of coal charged i n coke ovens o r s l ag crushed and s tockp i led .

Pa r t i c - u la tes

8 48 47

431

63

26

235

1.857

4 12

3 18,268

70 217

156 630

133 1

22,208

35.346

, 144.163

P a r t i c- u l a t e s

- - 735 - 470

- 311

525

- - -

- - - - 910 - - 225

3,176

11.353

71,757

sox

- - 120 626

1 53

12.738

1.189

395

2,071

14,187

25,056 590 266

1,324 7.759

1,625 2

68,002

95,028

731,015

NO,

-- 26

151 544

14 I 1.498

194

109

1,161

2,874

45 143

31 7.110

836 172

727 2.179

469 226

18.509

27,926

175,452

10,

16

2

165

- - -

- -

HC

- 1 4 - -

36

7

2

16

123

- - - 295 -

2

11

CO

- 55 -

- -. - - -

8,270

58

- -

55.200 - - - 90,000 -

- 153,583

154,223

195,887

HC

43

- - -

5

450

- -

-

-

1 -

CO

122

- -

14

1.275

-

-

SOx

- 4.368

374

164

387

360 - - 35

290 5,350 -

- 5,625 -

403 - 17,356

17,356

38,078

16

11 - 524

801

2.851

NOx

- -

- - - -

6

- - - - - 340 - - - - - - - - 346

346

2.930

HC

Process

- - - - 486 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 486

486

6,550

1

P a r t i c- CO l u l a t es SO, Solvent

- - - -

2,850

2,800

85

432

1.765

2,116 730 -

7,585 13,485 3.540

737 590

985 5,350

636

43.686

48.806

85,995

-

- 1,411

1,487

5,996

-

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-

1 ,

36

6

2

17

332

886 2 2

12

1 1 : 1 1 1

- - - - - - 911

23 1 - - 4 - - -

- -

3

240

- - - - - - - - - - -

17 - 11 -

1,329

2,085

10,411

183

192

1,367

- - - - 266

281

4,125

498

525

1.029

Industrial process losses in the U. S. yielded 24 percent of the total par t iculate emissions. They were the source of 7 percent of the HC emissions, the major portion of which came from solvent losses from spray-painting operations.

In the Canadian a rea , industrial process losses constituted 23 percent of the particulate emissions, 15 percent of the SO, emissions, only 1 percent of the NO, emissions, 58 percent of the HC emissions, and 63 percent of the emissions for the a rea .

3.7 POINT SOURCES

As previously defined, a point source of a i r pollution is considered to be a single source that emits a total of 100 or more tons per year of any pollutant f rom i t s various processes . Included among the point sources in this study a r e municipal incinerators, steam-electric power plants, heating plants, government military facilities, and industrial plants .

Among the industries reported a s point sources a r e several chemical plants, steel plants, oil refineries, many automobile factories, and related par t s suppliers. Several metal fabricators a r e included in view of HC losses from painting operation

The point sources for the a r ea a r e listed in Table 3-3 with the quantities of pollutants emitted from the combustion of fuel and refuse and from process losses . The point sources a r e located in Figure 3-2.

In the Canadian a rea , 47 of the 48 point sources listed a r e industrial plants; the other is a steam-electric utility. The point source emissions contributed 89 percent of the particulates, - 8 4 percent of the SOx, 69 percent of the NO, and HC emissions, and 64 percent o f t h e CO emissions for the a r ea . Thus, well over two-thirds of the pollution in the Canadian a rea i s generated by these 48 sources.

In the U. S. a r ea , there a r e 98 industrial point sources, 18 power and heating plants, 5 governmental o r institutional sources, and 9 municipal incinerator s. Together, these 130 point sources contributed 68 percent of the particulate emissions, 83 percent of the SO,, and 50 percent of the NO, emissions in the U. S. a rea . They accounted for only 8 percent of the HC and 3 percent of the CO emis-

. . sions.

3.8 EMISSION CHANGES BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971

Listed in Table 3 -4 a r e changes in emissions from individual point sources that have already taken place or a r e proposed for implementation by 1971. The emission changes consist of reductions due to installation of control equipment, discontinuation of some processes , and increases due to new plants, new processes , and new additions that have been made to date. Only changes known to be planned for production and control techniques a r e included. These planned changes can be determined only for individual plants, i. e. , point sources. Table 3 -5 gives the total percentage changes by year , based on the 1967 emissions f rom point sources in the U. S. and Canada.

A reduction of 39 percent in particulate emissions from the point sources in the U. S. a r ea has been projected for 1971. Most of chis reduction is-to be effected in the emissions from power plants, steel plants, automobile manufacturers,


I Figure 3-2. Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas.

and chemical plants. Emiss ions of SO, and NO, a r e expected to inc rease by 10 and 6 percent, respectively. This i s pr imari ly a s a resul t of the new unit added to the Detroit Edison Power Plant a t St. C la i r .

A reduction of 57 percent in particulate emiss ions f rom point sources in the Canadian a r e a has been projected for 1971; 39 percent of this reduction i s f r omthe proposed conversion of boi lers f r o m coal to gas in 1970 by the Polymer Corpora- tion. Emiss ions of SO, and NO, f r o m point sources will be m o r e than doubled when a l l four units of the Ontario Hydroelectric Power Plant, in the Sarnia a r ea , a r e on line by 1971.

1 Emissions Inventory ' '

LAKE HURON

/

Figure 3-2 (continued). Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas.


Figure 3-2 (continued). Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor areas.


Table 3-4. PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971

(tons/vr)

U.S. f a c i l i t y and c o n t r o l method

American Motors Co. E l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p a t o r (ESP) was i n s t a l l e d on b o i l e r i n 4 t h quar- t e r o f 1968. P a r t i c u l a t e emission c o n t r o l increased f rom 80 t o 99 I .

A1 1 i e d Chemical Corp. I n d u s t r i a l Chemical D i v . - Power p l a n t

and soda ash manufac tur ing t o shut down by 1969.

Semet Colvay Process - B u i l d new coke ovens t o rep lace o l d by 1969.

I n d u s t r i a l Chemicals D iv . - S u l f u r i c a c i d manufacture p l a n t t o i n s t a l l 20 f t stack. Rework towers and c o l l e c t o r s by 1969.

Ford Motor Co. Power P lan t - add ESP t o s i x b o i l e r s . S i n t e r P lan t - Add ESP i n 1 s t q u a r t e r 1969. Dearborn I r o n Foundry - Add h i g h energy

v e n t u r i scrubbers 2nd q u a r t e r 1969. Dearborn S p e c i a l t y Foundry - Ven tu r i

scrubbers t o be added. Schaefer Rd. Dump Discont inue by 1970.

Chrys ler D e t r o i t Forge - Convert two pu l ve r i zed -

f u e l b o i l e r s t o gas by 1969. Huber Foundry - Re fu rb i sh c o l l e c t o r s . Mack Ave. Stamping - Convert t o gas by 1970. Hamtramck Assembly - Convert t o gas by 1970.

General Motors D iese l Engine Div . - Waste heat b o i l e r and

a f t e r b u r n e r on engine t e s t s tand by 1970. D e t r o i t Forge - I n s t a l l ESP on f o u r pu l -

v e r i z e d - f u e l b o i l e r s 1 s t q u a r t e r 1969. Assume 99.5 % e f f i c i e n c y .

. - .

P a r t i c - u l a t e

4

0

81 8

85

4,902 875

2,643

638

166

1,030

93 691

1.928

640 2,273

1969 t o t a l emissions



CO

170

0

-

299 -

880

6

- 36 28

19 246

1968 t o t a l

SOx

1 2 9

0

684

2,700

15,276

147

184 439

2,090

2 4,391

SOX

No


emi s s i

NOx

27

0

174

-

8,082 -

-

114

257

96 262 110

64 1,650

SOx

No

NOx

change

No es t imate I ch jnge I I I I. I I

ons

HC

34

0

-

-

111 -

52

2

- 12

4,806

78 82

NOx

change

1,117 175 196

109

41

6

I No N O ~ C h a n es t imate je I I l l I estimre

No est imate No change

I No lchanee I

- I rcynr- - No change

I l l I No change

HC HC CO

63 29

10

CO

299 -

-

220

-

No es t imate

No change

- -

No change No change

I I / O C h j n ) l I I No chanqe 7 8 1 9

92 306

2 6 4

111 -

- 13

-

15,276

- 4,795

246

8,082

28

71

160 1,650 4,391 82

Tab1 e 3-4 ( c o n t i n u e d ) . PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971

( t o n s / v r ) - - - -

1 1968 t o t a l emissions 1 1969 t o t a l emissions - 1 1970 t o t a l emissions

U.S. f a c i l i t y and con t ro l method

Kelsey Hayes Co. - Cupola - I n s t a l l a f t e r - burners and change accessory p a r t s i n c o l l e c t o r system by 1970.

Peer less Cement Je f f e r son P l a n t - Phase ou t and b u i l d

new p l a n t 1972. Brennan P l a n t - Revamp c o l l e c t o r system.

Great Lake S tee l Open Hearths - Replace w i t h two basic

oxyqen furnaces (BOF) by mi d-1970. S i n t e r i n q - Hot gas discharge - i n s t a l l

ESP by 1971. C l i n k e r discharge - add d r y c o l l e c t o r s by 1971.

Coke Ovens - b u i l d new ovens t o rep lace o l d 1 s t q u a r t e r 1970.

Two new e l e c t r i c furnaces 600,000-ton capac i t y i n 1968.

McLouth S tee l - Phase ou t oxygen process p l a n t # I and expand BOF p l a n t #2 t o f i v e vessels w i t h new Theissen d i s - i n t e g r a t o r s by mid-1969. S i n t e r p l a n t - Refu rb ish cyclones, overhaul ESP by 1970.

DuPont - P l a n t shut down J u l y 31, 1968.

Park Davis - No. 5 b o i l e r converted t o gas by 1968.

Sco t t Paper - Convert power house t o gas and o i l by 1970.

D e t r o i t Edison Conners Creek - Increase c o l l e c t o r e f f i -

c iency f rom 75 t o 90 % by mid-1969.

CO

39

6

-

- - - -

-

16

- 3

162

410

P a r t i c- u l a t e HC

14

2

-

- - - -

-

7

- 1

54


405

1,001

1,280

9,065

4,550 5,000

2,660

60

6,884

-

4 5

1,487

14,800

SO,

No

SOx

785

319

55

- 258 -

4,180

-

613

1,100

47

2,344

71,100

L I

NOx

287

987

530

- - - -

-

5,254

-

129

1,080

16,390164

No change

No c l n g e ; ; No c ange

I I No change

I I No change

I I I I No change

I I I I

I Tnge I I No es t imate

No emission I I I I

I No rge change I I

NO,

No change

I No change I i I

9,550

HC

- 1,200

change

C

410

No change

No change No change

I I No est imate

I I I I

No change I I

I I I / I No est imate

No emission I

I I No charge

I I

164 71,100

CO

- -

16,390

SO, P a r t i c -

u l a t e

-

26

4,300

600

71,100

I I 312 - -

NO,

16,400

HC

200

CO

400

Table 3-4 (cont inued) . PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN

( t o n s l y r )

U.S. f a c i l i t v and con t ro l method

Trenton Channel - Increase e f f i c i e n c y on f ou r u n i t s from 98 t o 99.6 % by mid- 1968. Mod i f i ca t i on t o a u x i l i a r y gas and o i l by 1970.

Pennsalt Power P lan t - Increase e f f i c i e n c y from 80 t o 99.6 % on two b o i l e r s by mid-1968.

Wyandotte North - B o i l e r s 5, 6, 4, and 8 converted from underfeed s toker t o gas; b o i l e r 7 converted from pu l ve r i zed coal t o gas; ESP i n s t a l l e d on b o i l e r s 9 and 10. E f f i c i e n c y 99.6 % by mid-1969.

Marysv i l l e - Increase c o l l e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y on f ou r b o i l e r s from 98 t o 99.6 %.

Por t Huron Paper - New pu lver ized- fue l b o i l e r being i n s t a l l e d . W i l l have 99.6 % c o l l e c t i o n . E x i s t i n q b o i l e r s convert t o gas.

Beacon St. Heat ing - I n s t a l l 93 % e f f i c i e n t mechanical c o l l e c t o r s on f ou r underfeed b o i l e r s by mid-1969.

St. C l a i r - I n s t a l l new u n i t #7 on l i n e 1970.

Mue l le r Brass Co. - Converted coal b o i l e r t o na tura l gas. 1969.

Dunn Paper Co. - I n s t a l l e d cyclone c o l l e c t o r

Diamond Crys ta l S a l t Co. - Converted underfeed s toker and pu lver ized-coa l u n i t t o a spreader s toker - converted two PC u n i t s t o na tura l gas.

Wyandotte Municipal Power Co. - I n s t a l l gas t u rb i ne and place two spreader stokers on standby.

L inco ln Park - Stop r e s i d e n t i a l and commercia l rubbish burning by 1970.

No estimate u

1969 t o t a l emissions P a r t i c -

u l a t e SOx NOx HC CO P a r t i c -

u l a t e

3,310

1.700

14,510

9,820

542 1

2,590

8.613

224

484

250

534

I No change

I I 1

1968 t o t a l

SOx

45,900

3,800

10,800

35,200

600

5,200

230,200

257

234

1.402

1.300

No change

I I I I

CO

337

43

103

180

9

72

906

23

17

102

18

emissions

NOx

13.475

1,700

4,130

7,160

373

2,880

36,330

102

124

690

700

No change I I I

HC

135

17

41

72

4

29

363

2

' 6

34

7 No change I I I I

No est imate I

1967 AND 1971

Table 3-4 (continued). PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971

U.S. f a c i l i t y and con t ro l method

D e t r o i t - I n s t a l l a u x i l i a r y gas burners and barometric dampers on a l l 4,000 e x i s t i n g apartment f l u e - f e d inc inera to rs - approximately.50 % now complete. Remainder by 1971.

U.S. Rubber T i r e - conver t pulver ized- fuel b o i l e r s t o gas 1 s t quar te r 1970.

Export Processing - I n s t a l l afterburners on spray p a i n t l i n e .

Wolverine A1 uminum Corp. - I n s t a l l gas- f i red fume burner by 1970.

Huron Val ley Steel - I n s t a l l ventur i scrubber on cupola by 1970.

Wayne Co. General Hospi ta l - Refractory cover lawer b o i l e r tubes by 1970.

Wyandotte Chemical Corp. - Stop open burning 1968. North - Correct uncon t ro l led 15 % o f exhaust

gas by 1971. South P l a n t - Cement - Refurbish ESP by 1969.

Lime P lan t - Phase o u t use - no date.

Lear S i e g l e r - Transfer auto seat manufactur- i n g from D e t r o i t .

Champion Spark Plug - Moving t o new bu i ld ing .

Michigan Army M i s s i l e P l a n t - Convert t o gas by 1971.

Sel f r idge AFB - Convert t o gas by 1969 - Stop open burn ing 1972.

Total change from previous year. tons

1968 t o t a l emissions -


HC P a r t i c -

u l a t e

7

NO, Par t i c - u l a t e


CO SO,

195

1

5

8.751

54

12.585

21.280

1

3

1,886

-259

SOx

No

No

47

P a r t i c - 1 u l a t e I SO,

I

33

7

2

115

1.466

7

2

619

404

746

1,536

4

186

94 5

-6.701

I range I ! I range I I , No ,change. , ,

No change

NO,

estimate

change

22

CO NOx

No

-

4 7

-

26

No

1.976

47

26

572

132

2

No

196

-4.811

estimate

1,300

22

-

47

350

45

89

37

27

change

303

-2.256

608

4

, No i s t i m a t e , , No change

I I I I No change

I I l l No change

I l o n e I I

I I I I No change

I I No change I !

HC

65

206

1,015

1

18

- -

150

-

152

-236

HC

Re- duced

estimate

392

22

4 7

-425

CO

1

132

2

None I I I I

No change

-1.218 -30.019

I

89

37

-

50

-

1

1

21,280

1

31 1

-30.384 +73.345

1

5

8,751

260

-772

19

-2,824 +11,418

96

-203

1.620

-949

Tab le 3-4 (con t inued) . PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971

Canadian f a c i 1 i t y and c o n t r o l method

Lambton Co.. O n t a r i o Ontar io Hydro - New c o a l - f i r e d

power p l a n t . Holmes Foundry - Mu l t i cyc lone

be ing i n s t a l l e d . Imper ia l O i l Canada L td . - New

coker complex. Polymer Corp. - Convert c o a l - f i r e d

b o i l e r s t o gas. Other improvements t o be made by 1971.

Kent Co. Canada Dominion Sugar - Closed

down.

Essex Co. Ch rys le r of Canada, L td . - Closed

down 1970. Ford Motor Company - I n s t a l 1 wet

scrubber 95 % e f f i c i e n c y on a c i d and bas i c cupolas by 1968. Add bag f i l t e r s and a f t e r - burner 1970.

A l l i e d Chemical Corp. - Reduct ion o f p a r t i c u l a t e emissions.

C a l v e r t o f Canada - Convert t o n a t u r a l gas.

P l a s t i c a s t - Closed down. Hiram Walker.- New t a l l s tack and

ESP

To ta l change from prev ious year, tons

( t o n s / y r )

P a r t i c- u l a t e

226

1,540

18,240

4,432

6,792

4,422

471

1 810

-223

1969 t o t a l emissions 1970 t o t a l emissions

P a r t i c- u l a t e

1,230

100

995

21

1968 t o t a l

SO,

2

13,384

25,010

No

33

1,964

3,428

409

- 1,825

-463

NO,

-

226

HC

-

NO,

226

2,179

6.745

emissions

13

1,428

1,824

94

15 605

-260


176

emissions

HC

-

1,001

295

14

69

135

156

149 30

-13

CO

- - -

SO,

2

SO,

160,000

2

13,384

2,367

CO

-

90,017

885

-

847

274

7 5

- 90

-39

No change

c l n g e i ! /O em"isioi~

No change I I l l

lNoCiRel I No change

No change I 1 I 1

I I l l No change No change

, No "ssions

Shut darn - e a r l y 1970

6,570

642

444

342

-26,540 -50

CO

960

-

91 7

3

NO,

38,300

226

2,179

1,640

0

HC

380

-

1,001

-

0 0

1,964

3,428

0

1,825

t136.915 0

I

69

135

154

30

.-80

1,428

1,824

876

605

+33,949

307

274

73

90

-89,564

Tab1 e 3-5. PROJECTED PERCENTAGE CHANGES IN POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS, 1968 THROUGH 1970

Pol 1 u t a n t

P a r t i c u l a t e s

SOX

NOX H C

CO

1967 t o t a l , tons 1968 change, %

U. S.

173,065

657,620

151,285

45,807

54,599

U. S.

-3.9

-0.7

-1 .5

-0.5

-0.5

Canada

46,980

112,384 28,464

50,618

157,795

Canada

-0.5

-0.2

-0.9

0.0

0.0

1969 change, %

U. S.

-17.6

- 0.4

- 0.5

- 0.4

- 1.7

-

1970 change, %

Canada

-0.1

0 .O

0.0

0.0

0.0

U. S.

-17.3

t11.1

+ 7.5

- 2.7

- 0.8

-- - - -- - - - -

Tota l change by 1971, % -

Canada

- 56.5

+121.8

t119.3

- 0.2

- 56.7

U. S.

-38.8

+10.0

+ 5.5

- 3.6

- 3.0

Canada

- 57.1

+121.6

+118.4

- 0.2

- 56.7

4. TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Climatological and meteorological survey data discussed in Section 1 have indicated the effects of meteorological fac to rs - primari ly the wind direction - on the t ransport of a i r pollutants a c r o s s the international boundary. Such indications a r e qualitative only. Specific association of pollution a t a receptor s i te with a par t icular source o r group of sources i s not possible unless the source i s e i ther unique a s to the pollutant it emi t s , a s might occur in the ca se of a n odor ( see Section 3) , o r isolated geographically. By combining pollution measurements with coincident wind data, inference can be drawn a s to the general sector o r origin of pollution affecting a par t icular receptor location. Graphic displays of such combined data, called pollution roses , can be made for occurrences of pollution concentrations in excess of a selected value; al ternately, frequency dis t r ibu- tions may be tabulated by wind directions.

Source emiss ion inventory data may be used with meteorological data to es t imate quantitatively the contribution of individual o r groups of point o r a r e a sources to the pollution a t specific receptor s i tes . A mathematical d ispers ion

1 model i s used in making such an estimation; and the best verification i s obtained when t ime-averaged, i. e . , seasonal o r annual mean, emiss ion r a t e s a r e used to es t imate average concentrations for corresponding periods. Both pollution r o s e s and dispersion models have been used to evaluate the extent of transboundary flow of a i r pollution in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor a r e a s . In addition, an airplane was used to make measurements of the flux of ce r ta in pollutants through the ver t ical plane along the international boundary. Two se t s of flux measurements were selected fo r i l lustration, one in the Detroit-Windsor a r e a with a wester ly wind carrying pollution f rom the U. S. to Canada, and one in the Po r t Huron-Sarnia a r e a with a nor theaster ly wind car-rying pollution f rom Canada to the U. S.

The significance of transboundary flow of a i r pollution i s d iscussed below on the basis of interpretations of the preceding analyses and measurements .

Pollution ro se s were constructed for stations having measurements of suspended particulates, soiling index, and /or SO2 coincident with wind direction a t o r near the station. Fur thermore , selection of stations f o r pollution roses was based on their proximity t o the boundary and their spacing along the boundary. F o r suspended par t icula tes , wind r o s e s we re constructed showing the percentage frequency of occurrence of each wind direction for a l l hours when the daily average suspended-particulate concentration exceeded an a rb i t r a ry value considered representative of relatively dirty a i r for each station. To reduce the inconsistencies associa ted with light and variable winds, only 24-hour per iods when the average wind speed exceeded 3 miles pe r hour were con- s idered in the ro se s for particulates. Because of the nature of the partic'ulate

r o s e s and the wide range of concentrations in the a r e a , i t was not possible to choose a single value to represen t re la t ive di r t iness throughout the a r ea . The pollution ro se s for soiling index and SO2 were prepared by determining, for each wind direction, the percentage of t ime that pollution levels exceeded an a rb i t ra r i ly selected, relatively high concentration value. The pollution ro se s f o r the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e given in Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3, and for the P o r t Huron - Sarnia 'area in Figures 4-4, 4-5, and 4-6.

Interpretation of graphic o r tabular data f r om pollution r o s e s must be made with c a r e since sources both near anddis tan t in a sector will contribute to local pollution. Among other f a c to r s , the following affect interpretation:

1. The capacity of the a i r to d i sperse pollutants var ies with wind speed and stability, both of which differ with wind direction.

2. At any location, cer ta in wind'directions will occur m o r e frequently than others. Such variations will introduce some bias into pollution roses .

3. The height and distance of a source affect the amount of pollution reaching a receptor .

Stations on the banks of the Detroit River offer the mos t unequivocal evidence of transboundary flow of particulates. Stations 205 and 209 in Canada each have high frequencies of occurrence of west winds during periods of high suspended- particulate concentrations; this indicates that Detroit i s the source region. A portion of the particulate loading, however, would be contributed f rom sources located in Windsor between the sampling station and the boundary.

The suspended-particulate r o se s f o r the Po r t Huron-Sarnia a r e a (Figure 4-4) a l so show evidence of local source contribution. Stations 15 1, 160, and 161 indicate contributions f rom Canadian sources lying in the a r e a between these stations. Evidence of significant cross-boundary t ransport i s indicated a t Stations 159 in Lambton County, Canada, and 307 in St. Clair County, United States. This t r an s - port i s presumably f rom sources di rect ly a c ro s s the r i ve r in each case . In addition, s eve r a l of the stations showed frequent wind directions paralleling the r i ve r during high-concentration periods. Several of these cases cannot be explained by sources in the St. Clai r River vicinity, which suggests that a t t imes appreciable particulate pollution may reach this a r e a f r o m the Detroit-Windsor vicinity.

Pollution ro se s for soiling index for the Detroit-Windsor a r e a (Figure 4-2) emphasize the frequent occurrence of high soiling index in Detroit. Again, the r iverfront stations, 403 and 404 in the U. S. and 202 in Canada, offer the most obvious evidence of transboundary flow. Both 403 and 404 show appreciable pollution f rom a l l directions including those that indicate an a i r t ra jectory over Canada. This t ra jectory could imply the t ransport of pollutants originating in the U. S. , i. e . , the Zug Island -R.iver Rouge - Ecor se a r e a , pas sing a c r o s s a portion of Windsor and returning to the U. S., reaching sampling Stations 403 and 404. The relatively high frequency of occurrence of pollution a t Station 202, associa ted with northwesterly winds, tends to indicate a s the source the heavily industrialized a r ea of Zug Island and the lower Detroit River a r ea . The data for Station 406, which i s located west of this industrial ized a r e a , emphasize the effects of local sources on pollution r o se s .

The soiling index ro se for Station 301 (F igure 4-5) in P o r t Huron suggests significant transboundary flow f rom sources in the petroleum-rela ted industrial complex south of Sarnia. At Station 303 in Marysvil le, the occurrence of pollution with eas t , but not with eas t -nor theast o r east-southeast winds, suggests a n

JOINT AIR POLLllTlON STUDY

Figure 4-1. Hourly wind roses for 24-hr periods with suspended particulate concentrations in excess of indicated values and average wind speed >3 mph, Detroit River vicinity, December 1967 through November 1968 (unless otherwise indicated).

isolated source directly a c r o s s the St. Clai r River in Canada. Some pollution a r r i ved a t Station 151 from the U . S. with the wester ly winds, but uniformity of the distribution suggests that this station i s in a generally polluted a r e a .

In the ca se of SO2 pollution (F igu re s 4-3 and 4-6), the data f rom the r ive rs ide stations, 404 in the U. S. and 202 in Canada, indicate appreciable c r o s s -boundary flow. Station 415 i s located west of the Z ug 1sland '1 River Rouge industrial a r e a and cannot be used a s an indicator of a i r pollution flow from

Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants 4- 3

/

STATION 403 DEC 67-NOV 68

STATION 404 JAN 68-NOV 68


% OF VALUES > 1.5 Coh

STATION 205 APR 68-NOV 68

0.4 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs STATIONS

MAR 68-NOV 68 3.7 % OF VALUES > 1.5 Cohs

STATION 41 1 --pi' :!I I -1----- I LVJi; 11)

DEC 67-NOV 68 0.4 % OF VALUES > 1.5 Cohs STATION 21 1 $ rd MAR 68-NOV 68

Figure 4-2. Soiling index pollution roses showing percent of values for each wind direction exceeding 1.5 Coh/1,000 lineal feet during period indicated for Detroit River vicinity (unless otherwise indicated).

Canada. Station 412 a t the Grosse Ile Naval Air Station probably ref lects flow f rom Amherstburg to the northeast , but the high frequency of occurrence of significant pollution f rom the south t o southwest i s probably due to the influence of local sources .

42 DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMATES 4.2. 1 Application of Dispersion Model

A dispers ion model i s a mathematical description of the effects of a tmospher ic t ranspor t and dispers ion processes on the behavior of a i r pollutant plumes f rom


I I

STATION 403

STATION 41 5 MAY 68-NOV 68

STATION 202 APR 68-JUN 68

3.6 % OF VALUES >0.10 ppm

STATIONS

0 5 JAN 68-APR 68 -

miles

NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS INDICATE % CALM

Figure 4-3. Sulfur dioxide pollution roses showing percent of concentrations for each wind direction exceeding 0.10 ppm for periods indicated in Detroit River vicinity (unless otherwise indicated).

the t ime the pollutants enter the atmosphere until they reach a receptor. Specifi- cally, the model should be capable of defining: (1) the motions of the pollutant plumes near the source ; (2) modifications to the s ize and shape of the plumes a s they a r e transported and dispersed downwind; and (3 ) based on the quantity of pollutants emitted, the concentration that will r esu l t a t a known receptor.

Fo r application to the IJC Study Area , a long-term average concentration model was selected. This par t icular model requires as input: (1) the location and

Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants 4-5

----

N =NUMBER OF 24-hr PERIODS WITH CONCENTRATION EXCEEDING ARBITRARY VALUE

Figure 4-4. Hourly wind roses for 24-hr periods with suspended particulateconcentrations in excess of indicated values and average wind speed >3 mph, St. Clair River vicinity. December 1967-November 1968 (unless otherwise indicated).

8.3 % OF VALUES P1.5 C

.1 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs

STATION 160 STATION 303 DEC 67-NOV 68

DEC 67-FEB 68 1.3 % OF VALUES > 1.5 Cohs 1.7 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs

STATIONS.


Figure 4-5. Soiling index pollution roses showing percent of values for each wind direction exceeding 1.5 Coh/1.000 lineal f t dur ing period indicated for St. Clair River vicinity (unless otherwise indicated).

physical description of pollutant sources; (2) average ra te of pollutant emission; ( 3 ) a frequency distribution of classified meteorological conditions; that i s , five Pasquill-type c lasses of a tmospher ic stability, 16 wind directions, and 6 wind speeds; (4) definition of the a tmospher ic mixing depth; and (5) the location of receptor s i tes . The model determines , for each source-receptor combination, the pollutant concentration that would occur with each meteorological condition; i t weights each concentration by the percentage frequency with which the associated meteorological condition occurs , and then sums the weighted concentrations f o r , a l l source-receptor combinations and a l l meteorological conditions. By this means, the average pollutant concentration for each receptor is estimated.

The model was applied using data f r o m the 1-year period, December 1967 through November 1968 for which a complete s e t of appropriate a i r quality and

Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants

w' LAKE HURON


------- STATION 303 (0.0 MAR 68-OCT 68

3.8 % OF VALUES BO.10 ppm

6.1 % OF VALUES B0.10 ppm

rnl les

---- I


STATLONS POLLUTANT I WIND

151 I 151

Figure 4-6. Sulfur dioxide pollution roses showing percent of concentrat ions for each wind direction exceeding 0.10 ppm for periods indicated in St. Clair River vicinity (unless otherwise indicated).

meteorological data were available. The emission inventory was for 1967, and should be representative of the period selected. A study of meteorological averages (Section 1.2. 3) fo r this period indicated'that there were no significant departures f rom normal weather conditions. It can be as surned, therefore, that the results of this model application, when properly verified, a r e generally applicable to the IJC Study Area. Furthermore, the results can be used with .

confidence to determine the relative impact of various source categories on specific receptors.

The available data indicated that the study a rea encompasses two meteorological regions, which necessitated two separate model applications for proper consideration of the entire study area . The meteorological data used for the Detroit - Windsor meteorological region was collected a t the Detroit City Airport, which has been shown to be a representative site for that region


(Station 421, Figure 1-5). Pasquil l stabil i ty categories were determined f rom Weather Bureau observations by means of techniques developed by Turner .

The meteorological data used with the P o r t Huron - Sarnia portion of the study a r e a were gathered a t the Sarnia meteorological tower (Station 202, Figure 1-5). Pasquil l stabil i ty categories were determined f rom lapse ra te and wind speed data (Table 4-1). A frequency distribution of meteorological conditions was determined for both levels of the tower a t which measurements was made. The altitude (height) used in the model to descr ibe the t ranspor t and dispers ion f rom a par t icular source was determined by the height of that specific source. Fo r the Detroit - Windsor a r e a , only surface data were available for the full study period.

Table 4-1. STABILITY CLASS VERSUS TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE AND WIND

SPEED AT SARNIA METEOROLOGICAL TOWER

a ~ 2 - ~ 1 = ,temperature a t 200-foot l e v e l minus temperature a t 20- foot l e v e l . .

Temperature d i f f e r e n c e

(L2-L la) , " F

c-6.0

-6 -0 t o

-1 .2

-1.1 t o

-0.1

9.0 t o

+5.0

>5 .o

b ~ t a b i l i ty c lass des ignat ions: A - Very unstable B - Unstable C - S l i g h t l y unstable D - Neutra l E' - S l i g h t l y s t ab le F - S tab le

' ~ n l i ke l y .

The suspended-particulate concentrations estimated by the diffusion model for the Detroit - Windsor a r e a a r e given in Table 4-2; the par t ic le background

3 level of 40 u g / m usled was determined f rom his tor ical National Air Sampling Network (NASN) data. Measurements made a t "clean" s i t es during the study were added a s background levels to a l l model es t imates . The actual observed particulate concentrations provide comparisons by which to ve r i f y the model. Of the 34 particulate es t imates made by the model, only three were in e r r o r by substantially m o r e than a factor of two; however, for two of these three , observed data were not available for the ent i re 's tudy period. A regress ion

Wind speed a t L2, mph


O t o 3

A - ~ b

B

D

8 t o 11

B

C

D

E

, E

4 t o 7

B

B

D

E I E I 1

E I i E

12 t o 15

6-C

C

D

> I 5

C

D

D ,

E I 1

E I

i -C

Tab le 4-2. OBSERVED AVERAGE PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS


MODEL ESTIMATES FOR DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

A r i t h m e t i c 1 Model

Opera t i ng p e r i o d es t ima te , Number o f

obse rva t i ons

-- --

JOINT AIR POLLLITION STUDY

analysis of estimated versus observed concentrations gave a corre la t ion coef- f icient of 0. 83. The best-fi t line through these data, found by the l e a s t squares technique, was: observed data = 0.38 (model-estimated data) + 40 (Figure 4-7). The spatial distribution of observed and model-estimated particulate concentrations in the Detroit - Winds or a r e a a r e given respectively in F igures 4-8 and 4-9. The contour lines for the estimated values have been drawn for levels equivalent t o those of the observed levels; the best-fi t equation was used to determine this equivalence. The locations and a r e a s encompassed by the various concentration levels agree well. The only discrepancy i s a rotation of the a r e a of highest concentrations slightly to the west of where the observed data indicated i t should be. The high corre la t ion and the excellent agreement between the spat ia l distribution of observed and estimated concentrations indicate that con- s iderable confidence can be placed in the use of the model f o r estimating accurate ly the impact of various source categories on a i r quality with respec t to par t ic les .

200

OBSERVED DATA = 0.38 (MODEL EST1 MATED DATA) + 40 2.03

n= 34 r = 0.83

I 206 L"" .4"4

OO 50 100 150 200 250 300

ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS, pg/rn3

Figure 4-7. Observed versus estimated particulate concentrations for Detroit - Windsor area.

Continuous sulfur dioxide measurements were not sufficient to define adequately the spatial distribution of annual average concentrations in the Detroit - Windsor a rea . Data were available, however, f r om an extensive network of sulfation candles, which measu re concentrations of sulfurous compounds a s m g S03/100 cm2-day. By comparing these data and a l l available SO2 data fo r the IJC Study Area (180 station-months), it was found that , on the average, a sulfation r a t e of 1. 0 m g SO3/lOO cm2-day could be converted t o par t s pe r million of SO2 by using a conversion factor of 0.022; fo r example, an annual average sulfation r a t e of 1. 0 i s equivalent to an average SO2 concentration of 0. 022 ppm.


Figure 4-8. Spatial distribution of observed part,iculate concentrations (#g/m3) for Detroit - Windsor area.

The conversion to SO2 of the measured and model-estimated sulfation r a t e s a r e given in Table 4-3. Of the 37 model es t imates , two-thirds a r e within a factor of 2.. 5 of the converted sulfation observations; only four deviate by m o r e than a factor of 3.

A regress ion analysis of estimated versus observed data gave a corre la t ion coefficient of 0. 81. The best-fit line through these data, found by the l eas t squares techniques, was: observed data = 0.29 (model-estimated data) + 0. 009 (Figure 4-10). The spatial distributions of SO2 concentrations in the Detroit - Windsor Area a r e given respectively in F igures 4-11 and 4-12 for converted

4-1 2 JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY

Figure 4-9. Spatial distribution of estimated particulate concentrations (pg/m3) for Detroit - Windsor area.

sulfation-rate data and model-estimated data. Overall , the agreement i s quite good. Although the patterns appear to be somewhat different, the only significant discrepancy i s the westward displacement of the estimated maximum. The appearance of slightly lower observed concentrations through the center of the a r e a i s of no r ea l consequence and i s probably biased by an incomplete s e t of data f rom Station 212. Generally, the observed and estimated values agreed ra ther well, s o that satisfactory confidence can be placed in model es t imates of relative source impact.



Table 4-3. OBSERVED AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS MODEL

b ~ o model es t imate was attempted.

AREA

A r i t hme t i c mean,

P F"'

0.024

0.037

0.053

0.026

0.022

0.024

0.024

0.026

0.018

0.015

0.015

0.024

0.018

0.018

0.013

0.020

0.015

0.024

0.035

0.022

0.027

0.031

0.037

0.046

0.042

0.024

0.027

0.022

0.020

0.027

0.027

0.020

0.015

0.013

0.018

0.022

0.013

0.011


201

202

203

205

206

207

209

210

21 1

21 2

21 3

214

215

216

21 7

218

219

220

400

401

402

403

404

406

407

409

411

412

41 3

414

415

416

41 7

418

41 9

422

423

425

a ~ e r i v e d

Model estimate,

P Pm

0.054

0.069

0.109

0.066

0.044

0.046

0.054

0.026

0.029

0.050

0.021

0.033

0.032

0.024

0.018

0.041

0.040 -b

0.076

0.058

0.079

0.080

0.084

0.106

0.088

0.045

0.034

0.024

0.052

0.095

0.060

0.031

0.024

0.019

0.072

0.085

0.020

0.016

ESTIMATES FOR


11

11

11

11

7

11

11

9

8

8

11

7

11

10

8

10

10

4

6

11

11

10

11

11

11

11

11

10

9

12

11

11

12

11

12

11

12

12

measurements.

Operat ing pe r i od

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

1 2/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

4/68-11/68

4/68-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

4/68-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

8/68-11/68

6/68-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

2/68-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12167-1 1/68

f rom s u l f a t i o n

DETROIT - WINDSOR

A r i thmet i c mean,

PJ ~ 0 ~ / 1 0 0 c m 2 - d a ~

1.1

1.7

2.4

1.2

1 .O

1.1

1.1

1.2

0.8

0.7

0.7

1.1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.9

0.7

1.1

1.6

1 .0

1.2

1.4

1.7

2.1

1.9

1.1

1.2

1 .O

0.9

1.2

1.2

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.8

1 .O

0.6

0.5

OBSERVED DATA = 0.29 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 0.009 fl =37 107

k0.04- ' '0.81 a

vi Z 0 I- s0.03- I-

Z 0 u 0.02- n W

0 u- 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0

EST IMAT E D CONCE NTRAT IONS, pprn

Figure 4-10. Observed versus estimated SO2 concentrations for Detroit - Wi ndsor area.

The suspended-particulate concentrations estimated by the diffusion model fo r the P o r t Huron-Sarnia River a r e a a r e given in Table 4-4; a par t ic le back-

3 ground level of 40 pg/m was a l so used here . Of the 2 1 particulate es t imates , a l l were well within a factor of 2 of the observed data. The regress ion analysis gave a corre la t ion coefficient of 0.82 and a best-fi t line of: observed data = 0. 75 (model-estimated data) t 4 (Figure 4-13).

The spatial distribution of particulate concentrations fo r observed and the model-estimated data in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e given respectively in F igures 4-14 and 4-15. The s ize of the a r e a s affected by observed concentrations g r ea t e r than 75 pg/m3 a r e g rea te r than the model has estimated; however, the relative distributions of particulate concentrations a r e quite s imilar .

The spatial distributions of observed and estimated SO2 concentrations fo r the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a (Figures 4- 16 and 4- 17), a r e s im i l a r , with the exception of the southern portion of the a rea . Here the ve ry high observed value a t Station 159 was not reflected in the model es t imates (Figure 4-18). A power plant and an industrial plant a r e close t o this s i t e and their impact may not have been proper ly evaluated by the model.

A s ta t is t ical comparison of the 29 SO2 model es t imates with converted sulfation measurements (Table 4-5) provides good agreement with the exception of Station 159; two-thirds of the model e s t ima t e s a r e within a factor of 2 .5 of the observed data. Analysis, when Station 159 was eliminated f r o m consideration, gave a corre la t ion coefficient of 0.82 and a best-fi t line of: observed data = 0.23 (model-estimated data) t 0.009 (Figure 4-18).

Even with the erroneous es t imates given by the model a t one s i te , the overal l agreement between the model es t imates and observed data i s thought t o be sufficient fo r model use in evaluating the relative impact of SO2 and particulate emiss ions f r o m various source categories in the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r ea .


Figure 4-11. Spatial distribution of measured SO2 concentrations (ppm) for Detroit - Windsor area.

4.2.2 Estimates of Pollutant Concentrations Due to Transboundary Flow

The observed a i r quality, meteorological data, emission information, and the dispersion model discussed in the previous section were used to evaluate the transboundary flow of a i r pollution. Sources in Canada and the United States were considered separately s o that the contribution of one country to the pollution of the other country could be estimated. The effects of point sources and a r e a sources were considered separately.

The ground-level concentrations shown in Figures 4-19 to 4-42 were developed by relating observed a i r quality to dispersion model estimates of the percentage


Figure 4-12. Spatial distribution of estimated SO2 concentrat,ions (ppm) for Detroit - Windsor area.

contribution of particular categories of sources to ground-level concentrations. A source category might be classified by country, type (point or a rea) , and by pollutant. At a given receptor, observed concentration attributed to a particular source category was determined a s follows.

F o r particles: PE = PD ( PM - 40) (1)

PE = estimated portion of the observed concentration of particles in pg/m3, a t a given receptor attributed to the given source category;

PD = that portion of the total concentration of particles, in pg/m3, a t a

Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants 4-1 7

Tab1 e 4-4. OBSERVED AVERAGE

ESTIMATES FOR

I S t a t i o n number Operat ing pe r i od

12/67-11 /68

9/68-11 /68

3/68/11-68

12/67-11 /68

4/68-11 /68

3/68-11 /68

12/67-11/68

3/68-11 /68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11/68

3/68-11 /68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-11-68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-6/68

12/67-11 /68

12/67-6/68

12/67-6/68

12/67-11 /68

PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS MODEL

PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA


a No model es t imate was attempted.

A r i t h m e t i c mean, d m 3

103

66

68

119

101

64

92

69

7 0

85

64

91

7 6

71

64

9 5

65

5 3

5 2

66

48

53

given receptor contributed by the given source category a s estimated by the dispersion model;

Model est imate,

d m 3

137 -a

7 1

109

114

77

11 7

82

9 5

9 5

78

1 28

108

85

82

136

89

78

78

7 7

78

7 9

PM - 40 = observed total concentration of particles, in t ~ ~ / r n ~ , a t a given receptor, less a s surned background concentration.

Fo r sulfur dioxide: SE = SD - SM (2)

SE = estimated portion of the total observed concentration of SO2, in ppm, a t a given receptor attributed to the given source category;

SD = that portion of the total concentration of SO2, in ppm, a t a given receptor contributed by the given source category a s estimated by the dispersion model;

SM = observed concentration of SO2, in ppm, a t a given receptor.


1 OBSERVED DATA = 0.75 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 4 / 1

-0 50 1 00 1 50 200

EST1 MATED CONCENTRATIONS. crg/m3

Figure 4-13. Observed versus estimted particulate concentrations for Port Huron - Sarnia area.

I t should be noted that d ispers ion model es t imates of concentrations never di rect ly entered the es t imates reflected in PE and SE. Only the ra t io of calculations fo r a given source category to calculations f o r a l l sources was used. F o r this reason the es t imates , PE and SE, can be t reated a s accurate well within a factor of 2, assuming, of course , that the observed a i r quality data a r e reliable.

The estimated contributions of U. S. point and a r e a sources to the annual average SO2 concentrations i n the Windsor, Ontario, a r e a a r e shown in F igures 4-19 to 4-21. The pat tern of U. S. contribution f r o m point sources t o the Canadian SO2 pollution shown in Figure 4-20 reflects the industrial activity i n the southern portion of Detroit . United States point source contributions range f r o m 0.030 pprn to 0.004 ppm. Area sources in the U.S. produce a sma l l e r range of contributions to Canadian SO2 pollution (Figure 4-21). Contributions range f rom 0.013 pprn t o 0.006 ppm. As can be seen i n F igure 4-19, the s u m of estimated contributions f r o m the U. S. sources reaches values a s high a s 0.043 pprn (Station 203)-well above the acceptable annual average value of 0.02 pprn s e t by the Ontario standard.

Figures 4-22 to 4-24 show the estimated contribution of Canadian point and a r e a sources t o annual average SO2 pollution concentrations in the Detroit a r e a . The Canadian contributions a r e insignificant except those f r o m a r e a sources affecting Belle Is le and the Grosse Point a r e a to the northeast.


0 5 u mile: ,

Figure 4-14. Spatial distribution of measured particulate concentrations (pg/m3) for Port Huron-Sarnia area. . .

. .

The estimated contributions of U. S . area and point sources to the annual average concentrations of particulates in the Windsor area a re shown in Figures 4-25 to 4-27. It appears from these patterns that U. S. sources contribute a t least the equivalent of the entire annual average particulate concentration loadings allowed under Ontario regulations (60 pg/m3) for a large portion of the windsor' area. For some regions, particulate pollution from the U. S. may exceed the Ontario regulations by more than 50 percent. The U. S. point sources produce large maximum particulate concentrations on an annual average basis, but the area affected is small and the gradient away from the area of maximum is large. In general, although different regions a re affected the areas enclosed by lines of equal concentration, for values less than 50 pg/m', a re approximately the same for point area sources.

The portion of the Detroit area affected by Canadian area and point sources of particulates a r e Belle Isle and the mainland area in the immediate vicinity. As

JOINT AIR POLLUT.ION- STUDY

Figure 4-15. Spatial distribution of estimated part'iculate concentrations ( p ~ / m 3 ) for Port Huron- Sarnia area.

shown by the concentration pat terns of Figures 4-28 t o 4-30, the maximum contributions f rom Canada to the Detroit a r e a average annual particulate concentrations appear to be well below the proposed Michigan values used a s standards in this study.

The estimated SO2 concentrations caused by the U. S. point and a r e a sources over the Canadian portion of the P o r t Huron - Sarnia a r e a a r e shown in Figures 4-3 1 to 4-33. Throughout the Canadian a r e a opposite and south of St. Clair , Michigan, SO2 f r o m U. S. sources appears to exceed the concentration l imits s e t by the Ontario standards. Outside this ser iously affected region, the U. S. contributions may amount t o approximately half of the limiting concentration value of the standards.

Canadian point and a r e a sources (Figures 4-34 to 4-36) a r e estimated t o produce annual average SO2 concentrations in the eas te rn portion of the c i ty of P o r t Huron that equal or closely approach the Ontario standards. These values, however, a r e well below the proposed Michigan standards for SO2. Else- where in the U. S. portion of the a r e a , Canadian contributions t o SO2 pollution can be considered insignificant.


LAKE HMRON

0 5 - .,I.. ----

Figure 4-16. Spatial distribution of measured SO2 concentrations (ppm) for Port Huron-Sarnia area.

Over the industrial a r ea south of Sarnia, Ontario, U.S. point and a rea sources a r e estimated to contribute, on an annual average basis, more than 35 pg/m3 of suspended particulates. The patterns of the U. S. contributions f rom point and a rea sources a r e shown in Figures 4-37 t o 4-39. In general, throughout the region north of Sarnia, Ontario, and within about 6 miles of the St. Clair River, U. S. sources appear to contribute particulate pollution amounting to approximately one- half of the total concentra'tion allowed under the Ontario standards. The south- eas te rn portion of Por t Huron, Michigan, may be seriously affected by particulate pollution originating from point and area sources (Figures 4-40 to 4-42).

. . This section of Por t Huron receives, on an average basis, particulates amounting to approximately one-third of the concentration allowed under the proposed Michigan standards. Outside this section, however, the Canadian contributions to the U. S. particulate pollution a r e rather insignificant.

4.3 TRANSBOUNDARY FLUX MEASUREMENTS

~ e a s u r e r n e n t s of SO2 and suspended particulate concentrations were made during 13 airplane flights above sections of the international border along the

4-22 J0,lNT AIR POLLU'TION STUDY

Figure 4-17. Sp~fial distribution of estimated SO2 concentrations (ppm) for Port Huron-Sarnia area.

Detroit and St. Clai r Rivers . On the basis of these measurements and concurrent me t~o ro log i ca l data, es t imates were made of the amount of each of these pollutants flowing f r o m one country to another. Resul ts of quantitative es t imates of transboundary t ranspor t f rom pollutant measurements made above the Detroit River on May 22, 1968, and above the St. Clai r River on May 24, 1968, a r e given in Table 4-6. Figure 4-43 shows the fl ight paths and identifies the segments of the border used in the computations; Figures 4-44 through 4-47 show the actual pollutant measurements made a t success ive levels above the boundary. An iristrument-equipped Cessna 336 a i r c r a f t operated under contract by Washington State universityZ was used to obtain the measurements . Measured concentrations of SO2 and concentrations of particulate mat te r approximated f rom a relation- ship3 to the measured light sca t te r coefficient values were used to compute the flux resu l t s according to the scheme shown in Figure 4-48.

On May 22, the winds were f rom the west, transporting pollution f rom the Detroit a r e a into Canada. On the 24th, however, an eas ter ly component of the wind c a r r i ed the pollutants f r om Canada to the U. S.

The flux of pollutants indicated by the values in Table 4-6 appears consistent with the known sources in the Detroit and Sarnia a r e a s except in the ca se of the


0 J 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0

EST I MATED CONCE NT R AT IONS, pprn

0.04- n vi z 2

Figure 4-18. Observed versus estimated SO2 concentrations for Port Huron - Sarnia ar,ea. I

OBSERVED DATA = 0.23 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 0.009 n = 28 I59

r = 0.82 -

1s1a

310

particulate t ranspor t a c r o s s the St. Clai r River (May 24). The flux of 14 x lo3 g / s ec , more than th ree t imes a s l a rge a s the flux a c r o s s the Detroit River , resulted f rom a combination of a relatively high background concentration of particulates in the a i r m a s s over the region and a high wind speed that t ransported large volumes of a i r pe r unit t ime.

2 0.03 - k 160

5 156

0 a 315 z 150 a

13 0.02 - 157 -

163 -

These measurements i l lus t ra te that transboundary flow of pollutants can occur in sizeable quantities f rom either country to the other , depending on the wind direction. Also, the actual amount of pollution t ransported i s a resul t , not only of the local sources , but of background concentrations a s well, par t icular ly in the ca se of suspended par t icula tes .

4.4 CASE STUDIES OF MEASURED 'HIGH POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS For the purpose of proving the occurrence of transboundary flow of pollu-

tion, an analysis was made of the wind directions which accompanied SO2 and high values of the soiling index a t Stations 310, 156, 203, and 404. The stations selected fo r this analysis, two on the Canadian s ide and two on the U. S. side of the boundary, a r e a t locations where meteorological data could readily indicate whether the high concentrations occurred because of a transboundary flow of pollutants.

The wind directions were determined fo r the periods that hourly average concentrations of SO2 exceeded 0.3 ppm o r the soiling index (2-hour values) exceeded 2.0 Coh/l, 000 l ineal feet . Average SO2 concentrations g rea te r than 0.3 ppm for severa l hours a r e known to have caused adverse effects on some vegetation. Soiling index measurements , obtained by a tape sampler in units of Coh/ 1, 000 l ineal feet a r e an indirect method of measur ing the fine suspended particu- la tes in the a tmosphere . The corre la t ion between the soiling index readings and the particulate loading a s obtained by a high-volume sampler differs f r om place t o

4-24 JOINT A1R:POLLUTION STUDY

Table 4-5. OBSERVED AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONSa VERSUS MODEL ESTIMATES

FOR PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

S t a t i o n I 0pe;;;;ng number


a ~ e r i v e d from s u l f a t i o n measurements.

b ~ o model est imate was attempted.


mg so3/1 00cm2-day

1.6


PPm

0.035

0.031

0.013

0.022

0.029

0.024

0.022

0.022

0.042

0.026

0.024

0.018

0.009

0.009

0.01 1

0.013

0.013

0.020

0.026

0.015

0.022

0.031

0.020

0.024

0.018

0.020

0.022

0.020

0 .013

0.013

0.013

Model est imate,

PPm


F.igure 4-19. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Windsor area.

place depending on the character is t ics of the particulates (color, par t ic le s ize , etc. ) present in the atmosphere. The more d i rec t measurements of suspended particulates, that i s , by means of high-volume samplers , were not used for this analysis a s such readings a r e 24-hour values and could only be exactly re la ted t o simultaneous wind directions when the la t ter were constant for the full 24-hour period. Such occurrences a r e few in number. Studies have indicated that asoi l ing index exceeding 2 . 0 Coh/l, 000 l ineal feet would indicate a suspended particulate loading which may have adverse effects.

JOINT A.IR POLLUTION STUDY

Figure 4-20. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (pprn) in the Windsor area.

Table 4-7 gives the number of hours that winds were reported in the indicated direction during per iods of high concentrations of SO2 o r high levels of the soiling index.

4.4. 1 Case No. 1

Station 310 in P o r t Huron, Michigan, reported 2-hour average soiling indices exceeding 2 .0 Cohll , 000 l ineal feet with the wind directions f rom the sec tor 140


Figure 4-21. Estimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Windsor area.

to 200 degrees , the predominance of higher values occurring during a wind d i rec - tion of 160 degrees . Winds f rom this direction would t ranspor t pollution f rom Canadian sources south of Sarnia a c ro s s the boundary to the station in P o r t Huron.

4 .4 .2 Case No. 2

Station 156 located in Ontario, south of Sarnia, repor ted hourly average .concentrations of SO2 exceeding 0 .3 ppm m o s t frequently when the winds were


Figure 4-22. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentration of SO2 (ppm) in Detroit area.

f r om the direction of 200 degrees. Although Station 156 is located 3 to 4 mi les f r o m the boundary, the likely source of the SO2 reaching this station with this wind direction i s the generating station located on the U. S. side of the bound- a ry . No significant Canadian sources were located between the sampling station and the boundary.


Figure 4-23. Estimated contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concentrations of So2 (ppm) in Detroit area.

4.4.3 Case No. 3

Station 203 in Windsor, Ontario, reported soiling indices exceeding 2. 0 Coh/ 1,900 lineal feet most frequently when the wind was from the westerly direction, 260 to 280 degrees. This wind direction would c a r r y pollutants to this station across the boundary from sources in Detroit.


Figure 4-24. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentration of SO2 (ppm) in Detroit area.

4.4 .4 Case No. 4

Station 404-in Detroit repor ted concentrations of SO2 exceeding 0.3 ppm m o s t frequently when winds were f rom the direction of 200 to 220 degrees . The m o s t likely sources of this pollutant, with winds in these directions, a r e on the U. S. s ide of the boundary. Pollutants would c ro s s into Canada, passing over a portion of Windsor, and then would c r o s s the boundary again t o reach Station 404


F.igure 4-25. EsBirnated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentrat ions of particles (pg/rn3) in Windsor area.

in the U. S. A portion of the SO2 concentrations, however, would be contributed by Canadian sources .

The analyses of the incidence of high concentrations of pollutants a t these stations verify that pollutants were transported across the international boundary.

4-32 JOINT AIR POLLUTION S'I'LIDY

Figure 4-26. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pg/m3) in Windsor area.


Figure 4-27. Estimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pg/m3) in Windsor Area.

JOINT AIR. POLLlI1'ION STllDY

Figure 4-28. Estimated contribution of Canadian sourcesto annual average concentrationsof part.icles (pg/m3) i n Oetroit area.


Figure 4-29. Estimated'contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concentrations of particles (uglm3) in Detroit area.


LAKE ST. CLAlR

I------

Figure 4-30. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations of particles (vg/m3) in Detroit area.

~ransboundary Flow of Air ~ol lutants

Figure 4-31. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentration of SO2 (ppm) in Sarnia area.


Figure 4-32. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (ppm). in Sarnia area.


Figure 4-33. ~stimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of .SO2 (ppm) in Sarnia area.


Figure 4-34. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentration of SO2 (ppm) in h r t Huron area.


Figure.4-35. Estimated contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Port Huron area.


Figure 4-36. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations of SO2 (ppm) in Port Huron area.


Figlire 4-37. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources td annual average'concentrations of particles (pg/m3) in Sarnia area.


Figure 4-38. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sourcesto annual average concentrations of particles ( ~ ~ ~ / m 3 ) in Sarnia area.


Estimated 4-39. Estimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pg-m'3) in Sarnia area.

4-46 JOINTAIR POLLUT.ION STUDY

Figure 4-40. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pgIm3) in Port Huron area.

~rans'boundary Flow of Air ~ollutants

f, LAKE HURON /

LAKE ST. CLAIR .Jg

Figure ,441. Estimated contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pg/m3) in Port Huron 'area.


\ LAKE HllRON

Figure 4-42. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations of particles (pgIrn3) in Port Huron area.


Figure 4-43. Aerial sampling along international border, May 22-24, 1968.


DIRECTION OF FLIGHT

5

3500 feet (MSL) 1

0702 0703 0709

TIME OF SAMPLING GI ZI A6 PI

PLACE OF SAMPLING

Figure 4-44. Suspended particulate aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No. 1 - May 22,1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).


1 4 DIRECTION OF FLIGHT 3500 feet (MSL)

1600 feet (MSL)

. . . . . .

I 1 0735 0749

1.01

0.5

0.01

A

1600 feet (MSL) , - - -

. . . . - . . -

- - - I 1

0735 0749 0755 1.01 I

- - - - - - - - - - -

! ! -

TIME OF SAMPLING GI ZI AB

PLACE OF SAMPLING

. . . . . . . . . .

Figure 4-45. Sulfur dioxid@ aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No. I - May 22. 1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).

0644 0632.2 0627 0623


1 .o

: 4 - 0.5 - - - - 0.0

0731.5 1.01

0719 071 3 I

-

- rr

- 2000 feet (MSL)

f - - - - - d -

1200 feet (MSL) -

- 5- - -

0 I I - 0823 0804

10

0 A

1 0 E d

b - - x I-

5 " - 5

TIME OF SAMPLING HIA ALG FI SI PH CG

PLACE OF SAMPLING

= $ DIRECTION OF FLIGHT -

1600 feet (MSL) - - - -

5 - -

- -

- - ---------- * -

I I -

0734 071 9

E * -

5- - - - - - - - - - - - - 0- I

0736 0754

Figure 4-46. Suspended particulate aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No. 2 - May 24,1968);Surface: 585 feet (MSL).

0 lot I

Trans~oundary Flow of Air Pollutants

1600 feet (MSL) 3

1200 feet (MSL)

11 00 feet (MSL) :. 3

TIME OF SAMPLING HIA ALG F I 'SI PH CG,

PLACE OF SAMPLING . . . .

Figure 4-47. Sulfur di05ide aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No. 2 - May 24, 1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).

JOINT AIR POLLU'TION STMDY

GRASS ISLAND

N = W A £ S O X SIND

N, glsec = total amount of material moving through a vertical cross-section per unit time

W, meters = width of the cross-section

AZ, meters = height of the interval used to calculate the flux through the vertical layers up to the extimated mixing height

6, meters/sec = mean wind speed for the layer

X . g/sec = mean concentration for the layer

D, degrees = angle between fl ight path l ine and the wind direction for the layer

Mixing height estimated from temperature measurements during vertical spiral ascents of the aircraft.

Figure 4-48. Method of computing mass transport. Schematic cross-sect ion example for Detroi t River.

Transboundary Flow of Air .Pollutants

Table 4-6. FLUX OF POLLUTANTS CROSSING INTERNATIONAL

BOUNDARY ON MAY 22 AND 24, 1968

C I t o GINASa

GINAS t o G I

G I t o AB

AB t o P I

(g/sec

Sum C I t o P I 1 11.542 x 103 1 4.203 x 103

Date and t raverse i n t e r v a l

May 22 - U. S. t o Canada

Suspended SO2 p a r t i c u l a t e

Sum HIA t o CG 1 6 . 8 2 2 ~ 1 0 3 ' ( 1 4 . 2 6 6 ~ 1 0 3

May 24 - Canada t o U. S.

HIA t o F I

a ~ b b r e v i a t i o n s are as f o l lows : C I Celeron I s l a n d GINAS Grosse I l e Naval S t a t i o n G I Grassy I s 1 and AB Ambassador Br idge P I Peach I s l a n d HIA Harsen's I s l a n d A i r p o r t F I Fawn I s l a n d S C St. C l a i r S I Stag I s l a n d PH P o r t Huron C G 2 mi N o f Coast Guard S t a t i o n

0.584 x 103' 3.675 x 103

Tab1 e 4-7. NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES FOR INDICATED WIND DIRECTIONS OF SOILING INDICES EXCEEDING 2.0 Coh/1,000 LINEAL FEET OR SO2 CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING 30 ppm

?

I I


31 0

156

203

40 4

Pol l u t a n t

Coh

S02

Coh

S02

Wind di rec t ion , degrees

Calm

1

0

1

1

Total 340

1 2 2 4 6

360 260 280

1 1

300 020 100 320 040

2 0 1

120 060 080 140

0 0 0 4 1 4 4 1 0 1

200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 9

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 4 0 2 0 0 1 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2

160 220 180 240

1 1


1. Martin, D. 0. and J. A. Tikvart. A General Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects on Air Quality of One or More Sources. Presen ted a t 61 s t Ai r Pollution Control Assoc. Meeting. Pape r No. 68-148, 1968.

2. Adams, D. F. and R. K. Koppe. Instrumenting Light Aircraf t for Ai r Pollution Research. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. - 19(6): 410-415, June 1969.

3 . Charleston, R. J . , N. C.,Alquist , and H. Horvath. On the Generality of the Correlation of Atmospheric Aerosol Mass Concentration and Light Scatter. Atmospheric Environ. - 2: 455, 1968.

JOINT AIIR POLLUTION STUDY

The study has confirmed the fact that transboundary pollution occurs in both the Por t Huron - Sarnia and the Windsor -Detroit a reas and, further, that the ground-level or ambient concentrations at certain locations exceed established standards for sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter .

The dispersion model that has been used to e'stimate the annualground-level concentrations of pollutants (sulfur dioxide and particulate matter) at receptor s i tes produces an approximate concentration value. Through manipulation of the model, the relative contributions from Canadian and United States sources to given receptor sites can be estimated, but these a r e approximations that depend upon the quality of the input data and meteorological parameters. The model can serve a s a useful tool in the evaluation of an area-wide pollution problem, but it is best used a s a trend indicator rather than a s a source of precise and accurate information upon which definitive enforcement actions can be taken.

Three forceful and comprehensive a i r pollution control programs a r e being conducted in the study a rea by the Michigan Department of Public Health, the Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management, and the Wayne County Health Department. The Michigan control agencies utilize source emission limits a s one enforcement technique, and the limits that have been established a r e based upon the application of the best available control technology. Ontario utilizes design standards, stated in terms of a maximum 30-minute average concentration a t the point of impingement, as the basis of its enforcement program. In addition, iron foundries and asphalt mixing plants a re covered by specific regulations, a s a r e automobiles. ~ n t a r i o has established a se r i e s of ambient a i r quality goals that a r e representative of desirable a i r quality. Ambient a i r quality standards presently being established for Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair counties a r e expected to be compatible with those established in Ontario.

The agencies involved must apply remedial action; this i s being done and will be continued. The present approach involves a continuing program of (1) a i r monitoring, (2) source sampling, (3) emission inventory evaluation, (4) meteorological observations, and (5) compliance activities.

These items a r e al l essential parts of the control programs being implemented, a l l of which a r e being enforced on the basis of measured a i r quality coupled with up-to-date source information.

All sources , particularly coal-burning power-generating facilities and oil ref ineries , a r e included in the current control program activities of the agencies involved. In view of the ambient a i r quality standards, the attainment of reduced sulfur dioxide concentrations and particulate levels a t receptor sites in Canada and

the United States will probably requ i re e i ther the use of lower-sulfur-content fuel o r the desulfurization of flue gases . The approach will be specific and will be applied on a p rogress ive bas i s , a s i s dictated by a i r quality measurements and a i r quality needs.

At the s a m e t ime , a n emergency o r a l e r t p r o g r a m i s being developed to enable immediate control action in the event of a stagnation episode. Although stagnation episodes a r e m o r e significant in a r e a s character ized by occasional o r frequent inversions of durations in excess of 24 hours , and a r e not likely to occur in the study a r e a , preparat ions will be made to cope with such problems on an emergency bas i s , should they occur.

A description of the control p rograms applied in the United States and Canada follows . 5.2 ONTARIO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM

The control of a i r pollution became the total responsibil i ty of the Province of Ontario with the passing of the A i r Pollution Control Act in 1967. The Act became effective by phases in various a r e a s of the Province s tar t ing January 2 , 1968. P r i o r to that t ime , control was a municipal responsibility.

5 . 2 . 1 Air Pollution Control Act.of 1967

The salient features of the Act a r e a s follows: 1. Authority t o control new stationary sources of a i r pollution by requiring

a cert if icate of approval before such new sources may be c rea ted . This provision a l s o requ i res existing sources that a r e expanded, a l t e red , o r modified, to obtain a cert if icate of approval p r io r to such changes.

2 . Authority to control and regulate a l l sources of a i r pollution through investigations by provincial off icers and Orders of the Minis ter .

3 . Establishment of a n Air Pollution Control Advisory Board to review recommendations of a provincial officer and, a f t e r a hearing, to repor t those recommendations to the Minis ter .

4. Authority for the Minis ter , af ter investigation, to o r d e r the cessat ion of the discharge of any a i r contaminant. This happens in unusual cases in which such discharge c rea tes an immediate and se r ious danger to the health of the public, and in which a delay in following the usual procedures under the Act would prejudicially effect the public.

5. Provis ion f o r a Board of Negotiation to negotiate the se t t lement of c la ims of pe rsons who have suffered economic loss through damage to c rops o r livestock due to a i r pollution.

6. Authority to control and regulate the discharge of a i r contaminants f r o m motor vehicles by setting s tandards of emiss ion and by requiring that motor vehicles be equipped with sys tems o r devices t o abate o r control the emiss ions of a i r contaminants.

7. Provis ion fo r investigation of a i r pollution problems and for r e s e a r c h and educational p r o g r a m s in the field of a i r pollution.

5 . 2 . 2 Administrat ion of the Act

The agency designated to enforce the Act and regulations i s the Air Manage- ment Branch, Department of Energy and Resources Management.


This Branch is organized into the following sections: Abatement, Approvals Air Quality and Meteorology, Phytotoxicology, Automotive, and Laboratory. F o r administrative. purposes , the Province has been divided into seven regions and the regions fur ther subdivided into dis t r ic ts . The number of dis t r ic ts and the number of personnel assigned a r e dependent upon economic activity, population, and com- plexity of the a i r pollution problems in the region.

When the Branch was t rans fe r red f rom the Department of Health to the Department of Energy and Resources Management, the fo rmer department continued to provide advisory se rv ices by making available a physician whose p r ima ry functions a r e to advise on ambient a i r quality c r i t e r ia and to investigate specific complaints of health effects. In addition, epidemiological studies a r e undertaken by the Department of Health

Because of the interrelationship of the a i r pollution control p rogram and other government depar tments , a Pollution Control Advisory Committee has been established to coordinate the p rograms designed to control common pollution problems. This Committee is chaired by the Deputy Minister of Energy and Resources Management and the following departments a r e member s : Mines, Lands and Fo re s t s , Agriculture and Food, Health, Energy and Resources Management, Municipal Affairs, and Ontario Water Resources Commission.

In the study a r e a , provincial responsibil i ty s tar ted December 9, 1968, with the opening of dis t r ic t offices in Windsor and Sarnia. This was essentially the beginning of the control of industrial sources of a i r pollution in the a r e a , even though some progress had been made p r i o r to that t ime.

5. 2 . 3 Control Requirements

Smoke control enforcement is based on visual comparison with a smoke density char t . Number 2 density (40 percent black) i s permitted for not m o r e than 4 minutes in a half -hour period. When a new f i r e i s s t a r ted , Number 3 density (60 percent black) is permitted for 3 minutes in a 15-minute period. At a l l other t imes the smoke density mus t not be g rea te r than 1 (20 percent black). In c a se s of equipment fa i lure , permiss ion may be granted to exceed the l imitations.

F o r contaminants other than smoke --aission l imits a r e stated in t e r m s of the one-half-hour concentration a t the point of impingement. The point of impingement can be the face of a building o r a t the ground level. The contaminants for which these design s tandards have been s e t appear in Table 5-1.

Although i t could be inferred that the design standard approach will pe rmi t unlimited use of tall stacks for dispers ion, this i s not the case in pract ice since dispersion i s only permitted when no pract ical means exists for removing the pollutant a t the source. In other words , dispersion i s considered an inter im measu re only.

In addition to the general regulation, specific regulations have been promulgated for fe r rous foundries, asphalt mixing plants, and automotive emiss ions .

All new sources mus t obtain a Certificate of Approval prior to construction.

When i t is dealing with existing sources of a i r pollution, the control agency i s required by legislation to conduct an emiss ion survey and give a writ ten repor t

Contol Agency Activities

Table 5-1 . STANDARDS FOR EMITTED CONTAMINANTS 1

I tem

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Con tami nant name

Bery l 1 i um

Bromine

Cadmi um oxide

Carbon b i s u l f i d e

Carbon monoxi de

Chl o r i ne

Dus t f a l l

F l u o r i des

Hydrogen ch lo r i de

Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen s u l f i d e

I r o n

Lead

Lime

N i t r i c a c i d

Ni t rogen oxides

S i l v e r

S u l f u r d i ox ide

Suspended p a r t i c u l a t e mat te r

' Un i ts o f concentrat ion

ppm i n a i r by I volume

pg/m3 a i r I

ppm i n a i r by I volume

pg/m3 a i r

I ppm i n a i r by vo l ume

I ppm i n a i r by volume

1 ppm i n a i r by vo 1 ume I 1 tons/mi2

ppb i n a i r by v o l ume

ppm i n a i r by 1 vo I ume

I ppm i n a i r by 1 volume

I ppm i n a i r by 'volume

ug/m3 a i r

pg/m3 a i r 3 pg/m a i r

pg/m3 a i r

, ppm i n a i r by vo l ume

3 pg/m a i r

ppm i n a i r by vo l ume

3 pg/m a i r

Concentrat ion a t p o i n t o f

impingement

5.0 average

0.01 average

0.01 average

10 average

0.15 average

5.0 average

0.1 average

15 t o t a l

5.0 average

0.04 average

1.0 average

0.03 average

10 average

20 average

20 average

65 average

0.25 average

1 average

0.3 average

100 average

Per iod o f t ime

30 min 1 30 min

30 min

30 n i n 1 30 min

30 min 1

30 days I

30 min

30 min

30 min

30 mi n

30 min

30 min

30 min

30 min 1 30 mi n

30 min

30 min

to the owner. The repor t l i s ts operations that do not comply with the requirements and recommends necessa ry control m-easures , together with a t ime l imit for compliance. The recommendations do not specify the means ' of control but ra ther the limitation to be met .

Should the owner accept the recommendations and t ime l imit , the Minister of Energy and Resources Management issues a n Order confirming the recommendations. The Order is a legal document, and failure to comply with it can resu l t in prosecution. Upon conviction, an individual is liable to a fine of not m o r e than $2,000; a corporation, on f i r s t conviction i s subject t o a fine of not m o r e than

5-4 JOINT AIR POLLLITION STUDY

$5,000; and on each subsequent conviction, t o a fine of not m o r e than $10,000. In addition, each day the Act o r the regulations o r a Minis te l ' s Order a r e contravened constitutes a separa te offense.

If the owner believes that the recommendations a r e unreasonable, he m a y request a hearing within 14 days by the Air Pollution Control Advisory Board. After the hearing, .the Board advises the Minister whether the recommendations should be confirmed o r changed and the Minister i s sues his Order in light of the Board 's advice.

5. 2 . 4 Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring

Air Quality monitoring is ca r r ied out a t 31 locations involving some 340 sampling s i t es .

Air quality data a r e te lemetered to the centra l office a t 10-minute intervals f r o m the following continuous monitors: Sarnia, two sulfur dioxide, two carbon monoxide, two hydrocarbon, two oxides of nitrogen, two total oxidant, ' t h ree spot s amp l e r s , and two hydrogen sulfide; Windsor, two sulfur dioxide, two spot samplers , and one each of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and total oxidant; Hamilton, one each of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, total oxidant, and spot sampler ; Metropolitan Toronto, four sulfur dioxide, four carbon monoxide, four hydrocarbon, two oxides of nitrogen, two total oxidant, one hydrogen sulfide, and th ree spot s amp le r s .

Meteorological data a r e a l so te lemetered f r o m four towers located a t Sudbury, Hamilton, Courtright, and Metropolitan Toronto. In addition, two mobile monitoring vans and one mobile meteorological van a r e used for specia l studies.

An Air Pollution Index System star ted in Metropolitan Toronto in March 1970, will be extended t o Windsor e a r l y in 197 1. The Index provides for an Advisory Level, a t which t ime sources a r e advised t o make plans fo r the cur ta i l - ment of operations. It a l so provides f o r a n Aler t Level, a t which t ime curtailment of operations can be ordered. Fai lure to comply with the Order can resu l t in summary action.

5. 3. 1 Legal Basis

The Air Pollution Control Section of the Michigan Department of Public Health i s charged with the responsibil i ty of conserving Michigan's a i r r esources . The philosophy of the p rogram i s the control of a l l existing sources of a i r pollution and the prevention of new sources of a i r pollution in a reasonable but f i rm manner . This philosophy is incorporated in the Ai r Pollution Control Act 348, passed in 1965, and in the Rules and Regulations that were subsequently adopted under the provisions of the Act in August 1967.

Two companion laws enacted in 1965 s e rve to a s s i s t in a i r pollution control. One is the Tax Exemption Act 250, which provides fo r the exemption f rom locally a s s e s sed taxes of equipment installed p r imar i ly f o r the purpose of controlling a i r pollution. The other i s the Solid Waste Disposal Act 87, which has resulted in progress in the handling and ultimate disposal of solid waste mate r ia l s .

Control Agency Activities

The a i r pollution control Rules and Regulations include the following main divisions :

1. Definitions. 2. Air-use approval; permit system; and installation and operation. 3. Emission limitations and prohibitions.

a . Standards of density - Ringelmann Chart. b. Open burning - general and salvage. c. Limits on particulate mat ter .

(1) Table 1 - Schedule of operations. Fuel-burning equipment. Incinerators. Steel manufacturing. Fer rous cupolas. Lime kilns. Asphalt batch plants. Cement manufacturing. I r on-ore pelletizing.

(2) Table 2 - Process weight. Table for sources not specifically named.

d. Ai r contaminant or water vapor - prohibitions. 4. Testing and sampling. 5. Ai r cleaning devices and collected contaminants.

One of the mos t important provisions of Act 348 pertains to the establishment of an Air Pollution Control Commission. The Commission, which meets monthly, has effectively supported the goals and objectives of the Ai r Pollution Control Section.

Michigan's a i r pollution control p rogram activit ies, comprehensive in scope, have accomplished much i n a relatively few years . P rog ram activit ies a r e d i s - cussed in the next section.

5. 3.2 Organization

The organizational s t ruc ture of the s ta te ' s a i r pollution control agency is illustrated in Figure 5- 1.

5 . 3. 3 Activities

5.3.3. 1 Plant Visits - Ear ly i n the program i t was recognized that cer ta in categories of industries were m o r e important polluters than others and would require a g rea te r control effort. Accordingly, the utility and industrial coal- burning facilities, cement plants, asphalt-paving plants, grey-iron foundries, and pulp and paper -making facil i t ies, among others, were identified, grouped, and assigned to specific personnel in an effor t to bring about compliance with the Rules and Regulations. In addition, a l l other potential or actual sources of a i r pollution a r e evaluated on a planned program basis .

Many factors a r e involved in a company's decision to take the steps necessary to achieve control of one o r more operations, and these factors include the com- plexity of the control sys tem required and the costs involved.


I CHIEF, DIVISION O F

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

CHIEF, AIR POLLUTION I CONTROL SECTION I I I

CONTROL SERVICES SERVICES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND TRAINING

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION

COMPLAINT E V A L U A T I O N SOURCE SAMPLING AIR-USE PERMIT REVIEW REGULATION C.OMPLlANCE COMMUNITY STUDIES TAX EXEMPTION REVIEW ABATEMENT PROGRAMS NETWORK SAMPLING EMISSION INVENTORIES

AND R E L A T E D WORK MONITORING R E L A T E D F I E L D

L O C A L AGENCY LIAISON DISPERSION MODELING INVESTIGATIONS

P U B L I C RELATIONS AIR QUALITY REGIONS

SAMPLING ACTIVIT IES

L O C A L AGENCY LIAISON EDUCATION A L E R T PROGRAM PUB'LIC RELATIONS MOTOR VEHICLE TESTING NEWS MEDIA LIAISON

L O C A L AGENCY LIAISON

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES CALIBRATION OF SAMPLERS

SAMPLING PROCEDURE DEVELOPMENT

SECRETARIAL SERVICES

OFFICE SUPERVISION

SECRETARIAL DUTIES

C L E R I C A L DUTIES

Figure 5-1. Organization of Michigan's A i r Pollution Control Agency.

In instances in which p rog re s s is found to be inordinately slow, o r nonexistent, the companies o r individuals involved a r e asked to appear before the Air Pollution Control Commission and they, along with the a i r pollution staff representat ives , have an opportunity to s ta te their cases . In practically a l l instances acceptable arrangements based on a committed p rogram evolve.

5. 3:3.2 Inves tipation of Complaints - Complaints f r om citizens a r e a n important source of information and account for much of the t ime spent by a i r pollution engineers in the field. In addition, complaints a r e being received a t an acce le ra t - ing r a t e f r om other sources , including neighboring industr ies , commercia l es tab- l ishments, member s of the Michigan Legislature, and member s of the United States Congress and Senate. Frequently the p r e s s calls attention t o problems requiring control. The agency i s famil iar with many of the problems that a r e complained about and a r e actively working to bring about a prompt solution.

5. 3. 3. 3 Cooperative Work Efforts with Local Ai r Pollution Control Agencies - The Michigan Rules and Regulations have b.een suspended in Wayne County inasmuch a s the Wayne County Health Department is administering a comprehensive a i r pollution control program. In fact , the Wayne County a i r pollution control p rog ram plays a n important pa r t in Michigan's a i r pollution control activit ies. The county's supporting legislation is s imi la r t o the s ta te ' s and the two agencies cooperate in controlling pollution.

5 .3 .3 .4 Source Sampling - Because of the experience and equipment a t i t s d i s - posal , the Air Pollution Control Section is able to conduct a l l types of source- sampling studies. There is always a backlog of emiss ion studies to be conducted in o rder to d,etermine: emiss ion ra tes , compliance o r non-compliance with emiss ion1 l imits , the pollutants emitted by a given source , and the performance of collection equipment.

5. 3. 3.5 Community Ai r Pollution Studies - Special community studies a r e frequently i---

conducted, e i ther be cause the community has requested them o r because specia l p ro - blems exis t and require evaluation. Such studies usually involve the sett ing up of a network of a i r -sampling stations in a community in o rder t o ascer ta in levels of pollution, t o identify contaminants, and to cor re la te a i r pollution with such factors a s meteorology, topography, and land-use pat terns . A mobile a i r -sampling network that is supported by a data acquisition sy s t em. i s used a s an adjunct to conventional techniques, which a r e based on the 30-day sulfation r a t e sampler and the high-volume a i r sampler .

5. 3. 3.6 Emiss ion Inventories - The emiss ion inventory is essentially a cataloging of a l l sources of a i r pollution by types and amounts of contaminants re leased to the atmosphere within a given geographical a r ea . A variety of data-gathering techniques a r e used, ranging f rom door -to-door visi ts to the mailed questionnaire. Typically the objective is to evaluate sources of a i r pollution such a s manufacturing and se rv ice , fuel-burning stationary sources , incineration and refuse burning, and motor vehicle emiss ions .

An emiss ion inventory i s quite useful i f the data a r e kept cur ren t to demon- s t r a t e year-by-year improvements result ing f r o m the control a.gency1s e f fo r t s . In addition, the inventory se rves a s data input for dispers ion models. Evaluations of inventories have revealed improvements and permitted projections of future levels

5-8 JOINT AIR POLLLITION STUDY

of improvement in conjunction with knowledge of control programs being implemented in industry.

5 .3.3.7 Permit System - The air-use permit system is utilized to ascertain con- t rol activities in industry and to establish effective liaison between industry and the control agency staff. The permit system not only provides information on control techniques that a r e being planned but also gives the staff the opportunity to advise industry on whether the chosen approach toward control of the problem is reasonable and has a good chance of success. When it is known that a control plan cannot work, a change can be brought about through denial of an installation or operation permit.

5. 3. 3.8 Tax Exemption - Tax exemption applications a r e submitted to the Tax Comrrlissioner's office, which in turn refers them to the Air Pollution Control Section for review. Most a i r pollution control installations a r e covered by such applications and the information is invaluable in gauging the extent of the work being done in a i r pollution control. The opportunity to review such applications also enables the staff to determine whether applications for permits to install systems have been submitted and, if not, to a sk that this be done.

5. 3. 3. 9 Mobile Air -Sampling Network - The mobile a i r -sarnpl.ing network consists at ' the present time of one central and three satellite t ra i le rs , a l l containing data- retrieval systems and capable of being interconnected by telephone lines. They a r e used not only for general community studies, where the total system can be utilized, but also for special problem area studies where one, two, or three t rai lers may be used. The use of only part of the system is particularly suitable for determining levels of pollutants generated by one or more plants in a limited area in a com-

'

munity. At the present t ime, for example, two trai lers with automatic a i r - sampling equipment a r e deployed to determine the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from a power plant. This approach is also suitable for correlating contaminant concentrations and meteorological conditions. A similar approach can be used to evaluate the intrastate and interstate transport of a i r pollutants.

Stack-gas dispersion models have already been developed through the utilization of a computer program and predictions of ground-level concentrations of sulfur dioxide have been made for many localities in Michigan. Sampling systems a r e now being used to compare predicted levels of sulfur dioxide with actual levels a t given locations.

5. 3. 3. 10 Basic Air -Sampling Network - The a i r -sampling network that utilizes equipment such a s high-volume a i r samplers and lead peroxide plates is now being operated in 17 cities and will be enlarged to include other a reas . The air-sampling techniques a r e relatively simple, imposing a minimum time requirement on personnel, but the amount of laboratory analyses required is formidable and i s an important consideration in the deployment of sampling equipment. Nevertheless, network data permit the comparison of pollution levels in different cities in Michi- gan and in other parts of the United States.

5. 3 . 4 Objectives

5. 3.4.,1 Short-Range Objectives - Program objectives a r e both short- and long- .-

range. Immediate objectives include the following:


5. 3. 4. 1. 1 Identification of sources. One objective is the identification of al l sources of a i r pollution in Michigan and development of programs for control of these sources. Identification i s accomplished, by planned visits in response to complaints or on a self-initiated basis, through a systematic approach to different categories of industries, such a s foundries, asphalt plants, coal-burning operations, cement plants, paper plants, and chemical manufacturers. When a i r pollution problems a r e encountered, discussions a r e held with the management about control. Commitments that delineate the type of control procedures to be applied on a scheduled basis a r e required of polluters. Wherever possible, assistance i s given to those industries that need technical help and an effort i s made to keep management informed of up-to-date control technology.

5. 3. 4. 1. 2 Determination of ambient levels of contaminants.. A program has been established to determine ambient levels of certain contaminants in Michigan's communities. Four mobile a i r - sampling t ra i le rs a r e equipped with continuous - air-sampling devices and a r e being deployed in different cities for 2- to. 3-week periods during each season of the year. The a i r is sampled for sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons ; meteorological measurements a r e also made. The sampling program is to be extended to include measurements of other contaminants for which ambient a i r quality cr i ter ia will be adopted by the Federal government. The sampling data obtained permit assessment of the need for additional, more extensive sampling ahd str ic ter a i r pollution control in the communities involved. The data a r e also indicative, to some extent, of compliance with ambient a i r quality standards that a r e established.

5. 3. 4. 1. 3 Control of source categories. Control of certain categories of sources is accomplished through a deliberately planned program. Included among those categories of industries known to be serious potential sources of a i r pollution a r e the grey-iron foundries, the industrial and utility coal-burning power plants, asphalt-paving plants, cement plants, paper plants, several chemical manufacturers, and junk car burners. The program dealing with specific sources has resulted in improved control or in commitments for control that a r e to be achieved within the next few years.

5. 3 .4.2 Long-Range Objectives. - The long-range objectives (3 to 5 years) of .- - Michigan's a i r pollution control program a r e based to a large extent on the need to effect a significant reduction in a i r pollution levels despite anticipated increases in industrial activity and population. This is to be accomplished through the appropriate allocation of staff efforts and the effective utilization of a i r -sampling equipment. Among those specific objectives to beattained a r e the following:

1. Satisfactory control of all major industrial sources of a i r pollution. 2. Development of a timetable based on specific commitments for the control

of all remaining sources of a i r pollution. 3. Establishment of an emission inventory system to computerize data-

handling procedures. County inventory data a r e to be updated a t least biannually.

4. Development and application of ambient a i r quality standards throughout the state.

5. Elimination of al l open burning whether it be for solid or liquid waste disposal or for salvage purposes.

6 . Initiation of local community action that will control a i r pollution nuisance sources such as the burning of refuse on private property, the burning of


leaves, and other unsatisfactory domestic procedures . 7. Development of a data bank covering a l l controlled installations in Michi-

gan. This will s e r v e not only a s an indication of what has been done and what is being done, but a l so as an important source of information on control technology.

8. Development of knowledge pertaining to total use of the environment and the the effects on the environment f r om a i r pollution. This includes the development of up-to-date information on land use, highway construction, demographic planning, transportation sys tems , industrial development, fuel use , and the extent of t r anspor t of a i r pollution f rom neighboring s ta tes and f rom Canada.

9. Participation in a motor vehicle testing program in conjunction with the p rogram utilized by the Fede ra l government.

5.4 WAYNE COUNTY AIR P O U T I O N CONTROL PROGRAM 5. 4. 1 Legal Basis

The Air Pollution Control Division of the Wayne County Department of Health was officially established in December of 1965 In December 1968, the Wayne County Board of Supervisors approved the t rans fe r of the a i r pollution control p rogram of the City of Detroit to the Wayne County Department of Health under provisions of Michigan State law.

By virtue of the Sta te ' s enabling legislation, the Wayne County Board of Health adopted and promulgated the Wayne County Ai r Pollution Control Regulation with countywide jurisdiction involving 43 separa te governmental enti t ies in the County's 622 square mi les .

Generally, the county regulations provide the Division with the legal authority t o prevent, abate, and control a i r pollutants f r om a l l sources , existing and poten- t ia l , within the County.

The Division is accomplishing this task through two basic methods :

(1) Improvement of the quality of the a i r by correcting existing sources of pollution.

(2) Prevention of fur ther deterioration of the environment by exercising approving authority over municipal, commercia l , industrial , and r e s i - dential activit ies, including permi t s for various types of control devices.

5. 4. 2 Organization

At full strength, the Wayne County a i r pollution control staff will number approximately 86 people assigned to three main operating sections: Enforcement , Engineering, and Technical Services . Other supporting sections, equally important to the success of the Division's operations, a r e : Administrative Services , Legal, and Public Information sections.

The Enforcement Section, consisting of engineers and combustion-equipment inspectors i s responsible for enforcing the County's a i r pollution control regulations through: (1) self-initiated surveil lance of emission sources , (2) periodic inspection of process and fuel-burning equipment and their control devices, and (3) issuance of violation notices.

Conlrol Agency Activities

Field inspectors often work with the Engineering staff to provide ass i s tance and direction to facil i t ies needing control equipment and /or guidance in an abatement p rogram in o rde r to 'comply with the Regulations.

An additional and important task the field inspector per forms daily i s the answering of cit izen complaints, most of which a r e valid and justified, and range f rom backyard rubbish f i r e s to the se r ious , tons-per-day, emiss ions f r o m local industries o r power plants. Regardless of their nature , al l complaints a r e answered, usually within 24 hours .

The inspectors a l so s e rve a s witnesses whenever the Division r e s o r t s t o court action to achieve abatement action. Current agency court action i s averaging 200 cases p e r y e a r , which resul t f r om approximately 6000 formal violation notices per year .

The Engineering Section has a three-fold responsibility in operating the pe r - mit system, conducting a county-wide inventory of a l l emiss ion sources , and conducting special studies. This section i s composed of regis tered, professional mechanical and chemical engineers who review plans and specifications for proposed installation or alteration of fuel-burning equipment o r industrial p rocess equipment that will be needed to bring those sources into compliance.

An installatioil permit i s issued by 'the Engineering staff when they have determined that the proposed equipment will permit compliance with the Regulations. A final Certif icate of Operation i s awarded only when the completed installation has been demonstrated t o operate in compliance with the emiss ions l imitations in the Regulations. The operation i s subject to an annual review and re-certif ication, and the cert if icate may be revoked a t any t ime if emissions a r e not. in continuing compliance with the regulations.

Another ma jo r task the Engineering Section per forms is a County-wide inventory of a l l sources of a i r pollution, including the various types and s t rengths of emissions f rom- each source Information f rom the public uti l i t ies i s used to fur ther identify the smal le r sources . The inventory i s being conducted in .square- mi le g r ids with a l l sources and s t r e e t s listed for fur ther correlation with field inspection repor t s .

The third major activity of the Engineering Section consists of specia l studies and issuance of guidelines of good pract ice . The Engineers p repare studies and repor t s concerning new equipment, control devices, and processes planned for the future. The repor t s a r e considered vital in keeping the Division abreas t of the science and technology of a i r pollution control. This new information i s a l so used to p repare recommendations to the Enforcement and Technical Services sections t o offer guidelines of good pract ice for various types of processes and equipment that will aid and a s s i s t plant engineers, managers and owners, a s well a s other government agencies concerned with pollution control.

The Technical Services Section is composed of engineers , chemists , and technicians who a r e responsible for stack-sampling t e s t s , source-monitoring studies and operation and maintenance of the Division's vast assor tment of station- a r y and mobile air-monitoring equipment.

JOINT AIR POLLUTION 'STUDY

Typical examples of the Technical Services activities are: (1) monitoring of a i r quality in the vicinity of a major pollution source before and after installation of control equipment; ( 2 ) measuring pollution levels along expressways and busy surface s treets ; and ( 3 ) determining the chemical and mineral composition of dustfall and suspended particulates in various communities in the County.

The section i s installing an advanced and sophisticated automatic, tele- metered 13-station a i r monitoring network. These stations will continuously report levels of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dibxide, total oxidants, and suspended particulates. Some stations will also report wind speed and wind direction.

The Administrative Services Section performs many of the normal supportive office functions such as clerical services, accounting and payroll, personnel services, employment, purchasing and invoicing, In addition, the Section performs collateral tasks such as internal-external communication, planning and scheduling, providing statistical information, systemizing office routines, and eliminating superfluous paperwork and activities.

The Public Information office informs the public of the various functions and activities of the Division and its personnel. This communication i s accomplished through mass media - newspapers, radio, television, and magazines - with feature ar t ic les and news stories. Feature articles deal with the daily business of the Division and a r e prepared in such a manner that the media can use the material a t any time. Current news stor ies , because of their timely nature, a r e prepared for immediate news coverage, and include items such as court actions, possible emergency situations, or announcements of new control programs. The office also prepares general information pamphlets describing a i r pollution, and i ts sources, effects, and control problems. The pamphlets a r e sent out singly or in quantity a s they a r e requested. They a r e also used in connection with speaking engagements related to educational programs in schools.

A summary of Wayne County control agency operations i s given in Table 5-2.

Complaints invest igated

Table 5-2. AGENCY OPERATING STATISTICS

Viol a t i on notices issued 3,070

Court cases processed 74

1970 ( f i r s t 6 months) Action

Commercial and indus t r i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n permits issued I 355 i

1969

Domestic inc inera tor i n ~ t a l l a t i o n permits issued I 975 i

Total f i e l d inspect ions 1 28,629 1 18,069


6.1 INTRODUCTION

The Air Quality Section (Section 2) of this document presents the amounts of a i r pollutants emitted into the a tmosphere in the study a r ea . This section, discusses the means by which these emissions, can be reduced.

It should be noted that, because of differences within individual plants, the techniques outlined may have to be modified for individual cases or other methods used ,to achieve the desired resul ts .

No attempt has been made to deal with each individual source in the survey a r e a ; ra ther major sources have been highlighted in an attempt to indicate possible emission reductions. It i s the responsibility of the regulatory agencies to work out detailed control p rograms for the individual sources . Since the completion of the 1967 emission inventory, many individual control p rograms have been implemented, resulting in a considerable reduction of atmospheric emissions.

6.2 POWER PLANTS [UTILITIES]

Steam-electric power plants and s team heating plants a r e the la rges t source of su l fur dioxide and the second la rges t source of particulate mat te r in the study a r ea . These plants a t the present t ime a r e a l l coal-fired.

6.2. 1 Particulate Emissions and Controls

The degree to which particulate emissions a r e controlled a t the various power plants in the a r e a var ies f rom ze ro to more than 98 percent. Amount of coal f ired a t each plant, estimated collection efficiency, and estimated emissions a r e 'given in Table 6- 1.

Additional control equipment has been and i s being installed a t severa l power plants, and some existing control units a r e being upgraded. Some coal-fired boilers have since been modified to burn natural gas and oil. Table 6-2 l is ts the control measures announced by the f i rms and the reduction in particulate emissions that will resul t . Fo r example, there i s only one Canadian power plant in the study a r e a , the J. Clark Keith plant located in Windsor. P r e sen t plans call for this plant to be reduced to a peaking operation when new, large, and more efficient generating stations being constructed in Ontario become operative.

The feasibility of controlling coal-fired power plant particulate emissions with electrostatic precipitators of bet ter than 99 percent efficiency i s now well established. Some of the existing collectors a r e being upgraded to 99.6 percent efficiency. Table 6 - 3 l i s ts the further reduction in particulate emissions that could be achieved if a l l the power plants not now equipped with collectors of bet ter than 99 percent efficiency were s o equipped. This does not include the plants for

Table 6-1. POWER PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

a ~ s t i m a t e d by Wayne County.

b ~ a t a from Federal Power Commission A i r Q u a l i t y Control Questionnaire f o r 1967.

'~s t imated by M i chigan State Health Department.


Plant

Conners Creek L.P.

Conners Creek H . P . Del ray

River Rouge

River Rouge

Trenton Channel L.P.

Trenton Channel H.P.

Pennsal t

Wyandotte, North

Wyandotte , North

Wyandotte, North

Wyandotte, South

Marysvi l le

Marysvi 1 l e

Por t Huron Paper

St. C l a i r

St. C l a i r

St. C l a i r

Beacon St . H.P.

Beacon S t . H.P.

Congress S t . H.P.

W i l l i s Ave. H.P.


Boulevard H. P . D e t r o i t Publ ic L.,

Misters ky

D e t r o i t Pub1 i c L., Schrenk

D e t r o i t Publ ic L., - K ie fe r

Wyandotte Municipal

J. Clark Keith, W i ndsor

Total

Type f i r i n g

Underfeed, f 1 y as h r e i n j e c t i o n

Pul ver i zed

Underfeed

Pulverized

Pulverized

Pulverized

Pul verized

Pul ver i zed

Underfeed

Pulverized

Pulverized

Underfeed

Underfeed

Pulver i zed

Pul ve r i zed

Pulverized

Pulverized

Cyclone

Underfeed

Underfeed

Underfeed

Underfeed

Underfeed

Underfeed

Pulverized

Underfeed

Underfeed

Underfeed

Pulverized

Par t icu la te emissions,

tons/yr

11,200

3,600

3,470

6,000

1,340

2,430

1,465

3,300

1,920

7,860

4,730

5,770

7,460

2,360

542

5,380

2,140

1,093

361

2,590

566

2 3

1,160

7 5

2,590

353

232

5 34

69 5

81,239

Coal f i r e d , tons/yr

71 9,000

905,000

888,000

1,413,000

658,000

530,000

797,000

167,300

70,000

84,000

253,000

205,800

249,000

464,000

30,900

1,952,000

920,000

799,300

132,000

142,400

31,200

12,700

63,500

5,200

261,000

13,030

8,595

70,000

397,000

12,242,000

Co l lec tor e f f i c i ency ,

%

80a

94a

8oa

9!ja

97.gb

9sb

9ab

80a

None

None

80a

None

None

95C

80C

97. 5C

97.gb

89.5b

85a

None

None

9oa

None

None

80

0

0

87

97

Pennsal t 1 Add ESP's of 99.6% 1 3,200

Table 6-2. SCHEDULED POWER PLANT CONTROL IMPROVEMENTS

Plant

Conners Creek L.P.

Trenton Channel L .P .

Trenton Channel H .P .

Wyandotte, North I Add ESP's of 99.6% to pulverized units

Wyandotte, North

Planned control measures Supplementary gas and new mechanical col lectors

Supplementary gas Upgrade e lec t ros ta t i c precipitators (ESP ' s ) t o

99.6%

Wyandotte Municipal I Convert t o gas turbine 1 534

Emission reduction,

tons/yr 10,500

2,000 1,170

Convert underfeed stokers and one pul veri zed unit t o gas

Beacon S t . , Heating Plant

Port Huron Paper I Convert t o gas 1 542

9,780

Add mechanical collectors

Total 1 1 34,561

which upgrading plans have been announced. Although i t is possible to attain 99 percent collection efficiency for particles emitted from power plants, it has been shown that the sulfur content of the coal has an influence on the efficiency. Design of the precipitator must take this into account. Higher temperatures tend to counteract the decrease in efficiency resulting from a sulfur content less than about 1.7 percent. Placement of the precipitator ahead of the a i r preheater may be necessary. An increase in the amount of collector surface a rea may a lso be necessary.

6 .2 .2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

Sulfur dioxide emitted f rom power plants in the Detroit - P o r t Huron a rea comprises 72 percent of the total sulfur dioxide emissions, 571, 000 tons per year.

Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reduced by two general methods: (1) use of low-sulfur fuels, and (2) flue -gas desulfurization. Possible low-sulfur fuels include natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil, and coal. Several flue-gas desulfurization methods have possible applicability.

Natural gas, a s used, is always very low in sulfur. Where it is available in adequate quantities, i t is used a s power plant fuel. A few plants in the study a rea a r e converting to gas, but supplies a r e not adequate to furnish the bulk of the power plant fuel.

Distillate oil is nearly always low in sulfur, but i t is never used as the pr i - mary fuel for a power plant because it is too expensive. It is sometimes used, ra ther , a s the standby fuel for plants on interruptible gas service.

Residual oil is being used as a power plant fuel in a few plants in the Eastern United States and is being seriously considered a s the pr imary fuel for public utilities in the Midwestern States. Much of it is imported and is low in sulfur content.

Control Technology

Table 6-3. REDUCTION I N POWER PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS I F ALL COLLECTORS ARE UPGRADED TO 99 PERCENT EFFICIENCYa

P lan t

Conners Creek H.P.

De 1 ray

Wyandotte, South

Marysvi 11 e

Marysvi 1 l e

St. C l a i r

St. C l a i r

St. C l a i r

Beacon S t . H.P.

Congress St. H.P.


~ o u l e v a r d H. P.

D e t r o i t Pub l i c L., M is te rs ky

D e t r o i t ~ u b l j c L. , Schrenk

D e t r o i t Pub l i c L., K i e f e r

R iver Rouge

R iver Rouge

J. Clark K e i t h

To ta l

Present e f f i c i e n c y

%

94

80

0

0

95

97.5

97.9

89.5

90

0

0

0

80

0

0

95

97.6

97

- - -

Present emissions,

tons /y r

3,600

3,470

5,770

7,460

2,360

5,380

2,140

1,093

400

566

1,160

75

2,590

Emissions a! 99 percent efficient

t o n s l y r

600

170

6 0

75

470

2,150

1,020

104

40

6

12

1

259

Emission reduct ion,

tons /y r

a ~ x c l u d e s power p l a n t c o l l e c t o r s g iven i n Table 6-2.

Low-sulfur coal offers a possible solution and i s discussed in the following

section.

6 . 2 . 3 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

6 . 2 . 3 . 1 Low-Sulfur .Co& - The sulfur content of the coal used by the power plants var ies f rom 0.75 to 4 percent. Several plants burn coal of around 1 percent sulfur. Table 6 - 4 l is ts present sulfur dioxide emissions and the reduction that could be obtained i f only 1 percent sulfur coal were used. The reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions would be 61 percent.

The supply of naturally occurring low-sulfur coal could be augmented by additional coal preparation plants. Pyrit ic sulfur can be removed f rom coal by mechanical means such a s crushing and gravity separation. Such methods can remove only par t of the sulfur, but they provide a potential means for significantly reducing the sulfur dioxide emitted f rom power plants.


Table 6-4. REDUCTION IN POWER PLANT SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS MADE

P lant

Conners Creek, L.P.

Conners Creek, H.P.

Del ray

River Rouge Trenton Channel

Trenton Channel

Pennsal t l

Wyandotte N.

Wyandotte S.

Marysvi 1 l e

S t . C la i r

Misters ky

J . Clark Keith Others

Total

BY SWITCHlNG TO 1 -PERCENT-SULFUR-COAL

Sulfur dioxide emissions , tons/yr

Present

S coal Reduction 719,000 17,800 4,100

a ~ a t a from Federal Power Commission Air Qua1 i ty Control Quest ionnaire f o r 1967.

The National Air, Pollution Control Administration has funded several studies on feasibility of removing pyritic sulfur from coal. These studies have pointed up a lack of sufficient data on sulfur distribution and characteristics in a given coal seam, ';he washability of a given coal seam, and the capabilities of present cleaning operations. The United States National Air Pollution Control Administra- tion (NAPCA) is currently funding research programs to determine: (1) efficiency and applicability of available coal-cleaning methods for pyrite separation; (2) available sources of high-sulfur coals capable of being desulfurized; and ( 3 ) costs and technical limitations of proven technology for converting the refuse from coal cleaning into useful products.

Although the use of low-sulfur fuels i s a possible solution to the reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions, such fuels a re in extremely short supply and i t is doubtful i f a continuing supply could be obtained that would meet the total demand of a l l the power plants in the.study area .

As an interim measure, it may be possible to utilize low-sulfur fuels during periods of adverse meteorological conditions.

Because of the short supply of al l power plant fuels, costs have been increasing almost daily and it is not possible, therefore, to predict with any degree of accuracy the cost of substituting low-sulfur fuels.

Control Technology

6. 2. 3.2 Flue Gas Desulfurization - A number of processes for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases a r e currently being developed. The three most promising are: injection of limestone or dolomite, catalytic oxidation, and alkalized-alumina sorption. The injected-limestone process is currently being tested on boilers in several locations in the United States. The alkalized-alumina and catalytic-oxidation processes a r e being studied, and other processes that show potential for improved economy and control a r e being developed.

6. 2.3.2. 1 Alkaliied-alumina sorption. The alkalized-alumina process uses a dry metal oxide to contact and absorb the SO2 in a gas s t ream. Solid sorbent in the form of spheres of sodium aluminate is activated a t 1200' F to fo rm high- porosity, high-surface -area sorbent, which reacts with SO2 to form s odium sulfate. The spent sorbent is heated to 1200" F and enters a regenerator where i t contacts a reducing gas, pr imari ly Hz, CO, and C02 formed from re-forming of fuel oil or natural gas. The sodium aluminate i s regenerated, and the sulfur compounds converted to hydrogen sulfide. A conventional Clause unit converts the H2S to ele- mental sulfur.

Advantages of this process are: (1) i t produces a valuable by -product, sulfur, and (2) the stack gases a r e released a t a high enough temperature (250" to 300" F ) to maintain buoyancy of the stack effluent. Disadvantages are: (1) sorbent. make - up costs a r e high because of attrition, 3 and (2) the process i s mos t applicable to new power stations. Capital costs a r e high, estimated to be $10.64 per kilowatt to control an 800-megawatt coal-fired plant.

6.2. 3.2.2 Catalytic oxidation. The catalytic-oxidation process is a n adap- tion of the contact catalytic process used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Sul- fur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by passing the flue gases over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. The SO3 then combines with water vapor in the flue gas to form sulfuric acid. Subsequent cooling condenses the acid. A high-efficiency electrostatic precipitator is used to remove particulate matter before the gas enters the catalyst bed a t a temperature of 800" to 850" F. Cooling in the a i r preheater and economizer causes sulfuric acid to condense. The acid is then collected in an absorbing column and a mi s t eliminator.

Some of the disadvantages are: (1) the need for expensive corrosion-resis- tant construction mater ials in the cooler section, and (2) the process i s difficult to apply to older plants because of the problems of tapping existing flue-gas s t reams a t a point where required temperatures exist.

Estimated installation cost fo r this process is $20 to $30 per kilowatt above. that of a new conventional power station. The operating costs for an 800-megawatt plant have been estimated to be $1. 75 per ton af coal burned, without credit for the acid produced. If the 78 percent acid can be sold for $10 per ton, costs can be reduced to $1.06 per ton of coal fired.

6.2.3.2.3 Limestone injection. Limestone-based injection processes produce no useful by-product, but investment and operating costs a r e less . Two basic injected-limestone processes a r e currently being investigated, a d ry process and a wet process .

In the d ry process , pulverized limestone o r dolomite. i s injected into a high- temperature zone of the furnace where it is calcined to the reactive oxides, CaO and


MgO. The reaction of the additive with SO2 and oxygen a t temperatures above 1200" F f o r m s gypsum (CaS0.4). sulfates, unreacted l ime , and flyash a r e removed by conventional par t ic le collectors. Additional e lect ros ta t ic precipitator capacity m a y be required, however, t o maintain a given collection efficiency.

In the wet p r o c e s s , l imestone i s injected into the combustion zone of a boiler where i t i s calcined to reactive l ime. The l ime and flyash a r e collected by a sc rubber where the calcined l imestone f o r m s a s l u r r y of react ive milk-of-lime., which r e a c t s with the SO2 in flue gas to f o r m sulfite and sulfate sa l t s . The spent sc rubber l iquor and reaction products a r e allowed t o se t t le . Ash and reacted l ime a r e removal for disposal. Scrubber liquor is recycled to reduce water requ i re - ments and avoid water pollution.

This p rocess for SO2 control has been instal led fo r use on three full-scale power plant boi lers in the 125- to 420-megawatt range. Conceptual design and economic studies conducted by TVA under NAPCA contract indicate that the capital investment for the d r y l imestone injection p rocess fo r a n 800-megawatt power plant would be about $3,000, 000 and the net operating cos t when removing 40 to 60 percen t of the SO2 would b e about $0. 73 p e r ton of coal f ired. These f igures a s s u m e l imestone delivered a t $2.00 p e r ton, and 200 percent stoichiometric addition of l imestone. Similar es t imates of the capital and operating costs of the l imestone scrubbing p rocess indicate that capital costs would be $4,000,000 and operating costs would be $0. 94 per ton of coal f ired. Operating cost e s t imates by the vendor range f r o m $0. 35 to $0.50 p e r ton of coal ($0.015 t o $0. 02 per mil l ion Btu).

6.3 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERClAL FUEL CONSUMPTIOM

The fuels used by industrial , commercia l , and governmental installations a r e given in Table 6-5, with the a tmospher ic emiss ions f r o m these sources . This does not include coal used fo r the production of metal lurgical coke o r coal used in the production of l ime and cement. Emiss ions f r o m these sources a r e l isted under industrial p rocess emiss ions .

Table 6-5. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION I

Fuel

~ i t u i i n o u s coal 1 5,857,000 tons 1 105,704 176,376 53,347

Consumpti on

Emissions, t o n s l y r Su l fu r Nitrogen

P a r t i c u l a t e s oxides oxides

F r o m Table 6-5, it can be seen that, of the fuels consumed, coal i s the m a j o r source of both part iculate and sulfur oxide emiss ions ,

Residual o i l

Natural gas

6. 3. 1 Boiler Controls

Many of the l a r g e r indust r ia l or commerc ia l boi lers have multiple cyclone col lectors for reducing part iculate emiss ions . Only a few of the l a r g e s t units a r e equipped with e lect ros ta t ic precipi ta tors . To achieve a substantial reduction of

298,634,000 gal 6 3 233,656 x 10 f t

Control Technology 6-7

3,408 40,405 10,556

2,063 . 40 21,258

emissions from this category of sources, the use of electrostatic precipitators should be extended.

Multiple cyclone collectors consist of small-diameter cyclones installed in parallel in an integral housing. Nine-inch diameter cyclones a r e widely used. Units can be assembled to control any sized boiler. Collection efficiency for fly- a sh ranges from 75 to 90 percent.

Electrostatic precipitators f o r large boilers a r e custom-designed and field- assembled. Until recently their use has been restricted to large boilers but packaged, factory-assembled units a r e now available in sizes to control medium- sized industrial and commercial boilers. Consequently, highly efficient collectors a r e available a t moderate cost for al l but the smallest boilers. The collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators ranges from 95 to better than 99 percent.

In the practical application of control equipment to satisfy the restrictive emission requirements in use in the study a rea , i t has been found acceptable to use multiclone collectors for non-pulverized coal boiler systems. Pulverized coal boilers require the application of electrostatic precipitators. The larger stoker - fired systems in the range of 300,000 pounds of s team per - hour or greater justify cons ideration of electrostatic precipitators as control measures. The reductions in particulate emissions that could be achieved by these measures a r e shown in Table 6-6. A reduction of 48,726 tons per year is possible from the sources listed.

6. 3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Industrial and Commercial Boilers

Sulfur dioxide emissions from boilers can be reduced by fuel substitution and by flue-gas desulfurization. Possible fuel substitutes a r e low-sulfur coal, natural

gas, distillate oil, and residual oil.

The coal used in industrial and commercial boilers varies from 0.75 to 4.0

percent. If coal of 1. 0 percent sulfur or less were used exclusively, sulfur dioxide emissions would be reduced by 50,000 tons per year , or 34 percent of the emissions from this category.

Natural gas has a negligible sulfur content and is being used in increasing quantities in this a rea for industrial and commercial applications; however, evaluating the prospects for significantly increasing the present supply i s beyond

the scope of this study.

Distillate oil, usually low in sulfur, i s used by a considerable number of industrial and commercial f i rms in this area. Increased use of this fuel could significantly reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Those who require large amounts of fuel, however, find its cost to be uneconomical compared with that of coal.

Some of the residual oil used in this a rea contains an average of 0. 8 percent sulfur; however, about two-thirds of the amount used averages 2.2 percent sulfur. If it were possible to substitute residual oil of 1.0 percent sulfur fo r al l of the coal used in this category, a reduction of 68, 000 tons of sulfur dioxide, or 46 percent, would be achieved. Although fuel substitution might be a possible means of reducing SO2 emissions, the short supply of residual oil precludes this course of action a t the present time.


s 3

Table 6-6. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COAL FIRING BY INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTALLATIONS u I I I I I I

3 o_

8 Ford, Wayne Assembly

S c o t t Paper Co.

Sco t t Paper Co.

Ford, S t ee l Division

Fisher Body, Fl eetwood

A1 1 i e d Chemi cal , Semet-Sol vay

A1 1 i ed Chemical , Detroi t A1 kal i

Parke, Davis and Co.

Parke, Davis and Co.

U.S. Rubber ~ h e v r o l e t , Li voni a

Chrysler , J e f f e r son Ave.

Chrysler, Mack Ave.

Chevrolet, De t ro i t Forge Chrysler , Hamtramck

Fred Sanders Co.

Chrysler , De t ro i t Forge

Chrysler , De t ro i t Forge t h r y s l e r , De t ro i t Forge

Chrysler, 8 Mile Stamping

Levy Slag

Q, Pontiac

m Chrysler, Warren Truck

Col 1 e c t o r

Coal f i r e d , Eff iciency, tons/yr

31,064 26,566

60,000

48,000

679,230

19,862

17,400 (Coke breeze)

120,000

1,907

17,033

130,000

50,148

72,000 23,030

165,068

110,000

4,770

35,100

27,500 40,400 30,000

15,000

. 8,537

50,000

None

None

C

C

C

None

C None

C 1 C

C None

None

C None

, one None

C C

None

None

None

None

Emissions , t ons ly r

116

530

1,050

437

4,000

102

222

2,592

29

125

1,466

21 7

1,013 633

2,273 1,925

155

878

1,168 21 0

7 50

672

141

875

Projected control,

%

Emission reduction,

tons/yr - 424

840 -

3,730 - 180

2,330

0 -

1,300 - 81 0

507

1,990

1,540

124 -

1,090 - 600

538

113 700

Q, -A Tab1 e 6-6 (cont i nued) . PARTICULATE 0

L

0 Z --I

L ;CI

3 0 I- r = - -

Source Chrysler , S t e r l i n g

LTV Ford, S t e r l i ng

Ford, Utica Diamond S a l t

Diamond Sal t Chrysler , Marysvi 1 l e

Grand Trunk Western Rai 1 road

Dunn Paper Co.

Wayne County General Hospital

Det ro i t Army Arsenal

SeTfri dge Ai r Force Base

Army Missi le A1 1 i ed Chemical , Ontario

Ford, Windsor, Ontario

Polymer, Ontario

Dow Chemical , Ontari o

Domi ni on Forge, Ontario

H i ram Walker, Ontario

Total

EMISSIONS FROM COAL FIRING BY INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTALLATIONS

0 z = Spreader s toke r ; UF = underfeed; P = pulverized, and OS = o the r s toke r . V! - b ~ y c ~ one. C 0 4

C ~ l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r .

Type f i r i nga

SS

SS

SS

UF UF

P 0s

0s P SS

SS SS

SS P and SS

P

P

P

SS

P

Emissions, tons/yr

101

196 190

138 830 - 186

234

483

345

2,040 621

820 4,412

5,700

18,240

1,857

174

840

59,108

Projected cont ro l ,

% - - - 80

97 - 80

80 97 - 80

80

80 9 7

97

99

97

80

97

Coal f i r e d , tons /yr

26,800

20,000 48,610

11,040 4,500

64,500

10,332

4,000

11,075

35,000

31,368

10,575

21,000 180,030

130,000

590,000

180,000 11,500

60,000

3,257,697

Emission reduction,

tons/yr

0 - - 110 660 - 144

185 468 -

1,632

500

655 4,150

5,450

15,650

1,500

36

770

48,726

Coll

TY pe C

C

C

None

C

C

None

None

None

C

None

None

None

C

C

C

ESPC

C

C

e c t o r

Efficiency, %

9 2

80 9 2

0

85.5

85.5 0

0 0

80

0

0

0 0-70

0-85 70

85

6 5

7 5

The flue-gas desulfurization methods discussed for power plants could conceivably be used on industrial and commercial boilers. The alkalized-alumina and catalytic -oxidation processes require such a high capital investment, however, that i t is unlikely they could be feasible. The d ry dolomite process would be feasible from the cost standpoint, but further development would be required to determine if it is technically feasible. The wet dolomite process also requires further investigation to determine if i t is applicable to industrial and commercial boilers.

Scrubbers have been used to remove particulate matter from the flue gas of small power plants and industrial boilers. Similar scrubbers have also been used, with a caustic solution, to remove sulfur dioxide from flue gases that a r e subsequently processed into liquid carbon dioxide and dry ice. It has been proposed that such scrubbers , with a soda ash solution o r l ime slurry, be used to remove SO2 f rom industrial boiler flue gases. Cost analyses show that the installation of such a scrubber, when compared with the use of low-sulfur coal for a 200,000 pound-per-hour boiler, would result in a net saving. Efficiencies of up to 99 percent could be attained in removing SO2 and about the same for particulate matter . The suggestion has been made that about 25 percent of the flue gas should bypass the scrubber and be added to the stack to maintain buoyancy and prevent the formation of s team plumes. This of course would result in about a 75 percent reduction efficiency for both particulates and SO2.

6.4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION

The fuels used for residential heating a r e given in Table 6-7, with the atrnos- pheric emissions from these sources.

Tab1 e 6-7. RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONS LIMP TI ON^

a ~ n c l udes apartment bu i ld ings .

Fuel

Anthrac i te coal

Bituminous coal

D i s t i l l a t e o i 1

Residual o i l

Natura l gas

From the table i t can be seen that residential fuel consumption i s not a large source of any pollutants. Switching f rom bituminous coal to natural gas or distillate oil could, however, achieve a slight reduction in particulates and sulfur oxides. In the Canadian study area , almost no coal is used fo r residential heating.

Industrial processes produce the largest amount of particulate emission of any category in the area, 26. 9 percent of the total.

Control Technology 6-1 1

Consumpti on

64,240 tons/yr

655,600 tons/yr

346,880,000 ga l / y r

2,045,000 ga l / y r 6 3

l 2 1 , 5 7 6 x l O f t / y r

Emissions , tons/yr

Pa r t i cu la tes

643

6,533

1,328

8

1,095

S u l f u r oxides

578

13,000

2,657

123

24

N i t rogen oxides

257

2,672

1,993

74

7,050

6. 5.1 Steel Mills

6. 5. 1.1 Principal Sources of Emissions - Principal sources of emissions f rom steel mills are: blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, open hearth furnaces, sintering plants, coke ovens, and scarfing machines. Some of these operations

a r e well controlled, others a r e partly controlled, and some a re uncontrolled. . .

6. 5. 1. 1. 1 Blast furnaces. Blast furnaces'are controlled by high-energy scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators. Since the carbon monoxide in blast- furnace gas makes i t valuable a s a fuel, the degree of control-because control is economical-is always good.

6.5. 1.1.2 Basic oxygen furnaces. Basic oxygen furnaces emit voluminous quantities of iron oxide fume. All such furnaces in the United States have been provided with control systems containing high-energy scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators. Many of these systems have achieved efficiencies of 99 percent.

6.5. 1.1.3 Open hearth furnaces. Open heai-th furnaces were operated mainly without controls in the years prior to the introduction of the oxygen-lancing

technique. Oxygen lancing produces such c'opious emissions that controls have been required in most areas where this technique i s practiced. Electrostatic precipita-

tors , baghouses, and venturi scrubbers have provided successful control systems

for these operations.

6.5. 1. 1.4 Sintering plants. Sintering plants process ore fines and collected iron oxide dust to produce clinkers or agglomerates that can be charged to a blast furnace. Cyclones and medium-efficiency scrubbers provide a moderate degree of control, but high-energy scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators a r e required to provide truly adequate control.

6. 5. 1. 1.5 Scarfing machines. Scarfing machines contain oxy-acetylene torches that burn off the oxide coating from billets and slabs prior to their entry into rolling machines. Copious emissions of iron oxide fumes a r e produced. Adequate hooding and exhaust ventilation and a high-efficiency collector such a s an electrostatic precipitator or venturi scrubber a r e required to control these emis- s ions adequately.

6. 5. 1.1.6 Coke ovens. Coke ovens emit visible smoke and particulate matter during the following operations: charging of coal into the ovens, leakage during carbonization, and discharge of coke from the ovens. hp rovement s in both coke-oven design and operating practices can reduce emissions.

One important improvement over older plants is the installation of steam-jet aspirators in the gas-collecting elbows to aspi ra te gases from the interior of the oven during charging. Some smoke may still escape from the opposite end due to the distance the gases must travel. This effect -can be minimized by installing two gas-collecting mains with an aspirator a t each end of the oven.

Any arrangements that reduce the time required for transfer of the coal charge from l a r r y hopper to oven interior also reduce the amount of smoke that escapes. Several mechanical devices a r e available for this purpose, including hopper vibrators in conjunction with smooth stainless-steel liners,\cylindrical hoppers and bottom turn-table feeders, and a screw-feed mechanism. With these


devices, oil-sprayed coal moves out of the la r ry-car hoppers with much greater facility, thus reducing the time required for charging.

Another device, consisting of drop sleeves and shear gates, provides an enclosure between the hopper of the l a r r y ca r and the top of the charging hole to prevent the escape of gases f rom the charging hole.

A smoke sea l box surrounding the leveling-bar opening can prevent emissions f rom this opening during the leveling operation.

6.5. 1.2 Area Steel Mill Emissions and Controls - There a r e three integrated s teel mills in the study a rea , a l l located in the United States: Great Lakes Steel, Ford Motor Company's s teel plant, and McClouth Steel.

The present emissions and the reductions possible with good controls a r e listed for each of the mil ls in Tables 6-8, 6-9, and 6- 10.

Table

Operation

Blast furnace -Basic oxygen furnaces

Open hearth furnaces Sintering plant Cl i nker cooler Scarfing machine

Coke plant

6-8. GREAT LAKES STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

I Good

Present I Emissions, 1 eff ic iency,

ESPa 99.6 1,584 99.5 ESP 1 95 1 3,430 1 99

Type I Efficiency I . tons/yr

None I O 1 9,065 1 98

%

Cyclone 1 75 1 4,550 1 98 Scrubber

None None I 1 2,660 1 65

Possible reduction, tons/yr

0 2,800

8,800

Total 1 1 1 27,289 1 1 23,070

a ~ l e c t r o s t a t i c precipitator.

Great Lakes Steel plans to install two new basic oxygen furnaces in mid-1970 and close down the open hearth furnaces. A new coke battery i s planned for 1970 to replace one of the present batteries. Maintenance i s to be accelerated on others. An electrostatic precipitator is to be installed in late 1970 to control the s inter plant.

McClouth plans to in,stall a new and la rger basic oxygen furnace (BOF) to replace two presently inadequately controlled BOF's.

Since the emission survey, Ford has discontinued the use of the sintering plant.

6.5.2 Cement Plants

There a r e four cement producers in the United States study area: Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, South Works, and three American Cement Corporation


Table 6-9. McCLOUTH STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

Operat i on

B l a s t furnace

Basic oxygen furnaces

E l e c t r i c furnaces

S in te r i ng p l a n t

C l i nke r coo le r

Scar f ing machines

Tota l

Present con t ro l s

t o n s l y r

Scrubber 84

Scrubber 49

ESP 98

Scrubber 9 9 high-energy

Scrubber 99 high-energy

Good con t ro l e f f i c i e n c y ,

%

Possib le reduct ion,

t o n s l y r

0

4,450

49 5

275

0

0

a ~ l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r .

Table 6-10. FORD STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

Plants, Peerless Division, located respectively on Jefferson Street and Brennan Avenue in Detroit, and on State Street in Port Huron.

Sources of particulate emissions in the production of cement a re : crushing, grinding, and blending of r a v materials; clinker production; and finish grinding and packaging. The amount of dust produced during crushing depends on the moisture content of the raw materials. The dust produced by crushing and conveying the r aw material i s usually collected by centrifugal collectors or cloth fil ters. If the grinding and blending a re done by the wet process, then there a r e no emissions from these steps. Dry grinding and blending, however, does produce dust. This dust i s usually entrained in a closed systein and collected on a cloth f i l te r . Clinker production includes both kiln burning and clinker cooling and i s the largest source of pollutants. The kiln i s usually on a closed system with a cyclone and electrostatic precipitator, cyclone and bag fil ter, or just a bag fil ter to collect the dust f rom the system. Most of the dust is returned to the kiln; however, some high- alkali dust must be discarded to produce a low-alkali cement. The final grinding and packaging dusts can be collected on a cloth filter.

Operat i on

Bl a s t furnace

Basic oxygen

Coke ovens

S i n t e r p l a n t

To ta l

Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, South Works, presently has about 96. 3 percent control efficiency with a combination of a multicyclone and electrostatic

Good con t ro l e f f i c i e n c y ,

%

99.5

99

6 5

99



t o n s l y r

0

0

520

785

1,305

Emissions, t o n s l y r

600

400

800

875

2,675

Present con t ro l s

TY pe ESP

ESP

None

Cyclone

E f f i c i ency , %

99.5

99 -

90

precipitator. The efficiency of the precipitator can be raised to 99 percent, reducing the emissions by 891 tons per year a s shown in Table 6-11. The Jefferson Street Plant of the American Cement Corporation, Peer less Division, is using electrostatic precipitators with 95. 5 percent efficiency to control emissions. This control efficiency can be elevated to 99 percent, thereby reducing emissions by 770 tons per year. The Peerless Brennan Avenue Plant also uses electrostatic precipitators, but these ESP's have an efficiency of 96.7 percent. An increase to 99 percent efficiency would reduce emissions a t this plant by 892 tons per year. The Peerless Port Huron Plant uses an electrostatic precipitator with 92 percent efficiency to control emissions. Upgrading this collector to 99 percent efficiency would reduce emissions by 1,243 tons per year . (These data a re presented in Table 6-4. )

Table 6-1 1 . EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT MANUFACTURING

Company

Wyandotte - South Peerless - Jefferson I ESP

Peerless - Brennan

Peerless - Por t Huron

6. 5.3 Lime Plants

95.5

96.7

92.0

Total

There a r e three lime producers in the United States portion of the study area: Marblehead Lime Company, Division of General Dynamics Corporation; Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, South Works; and Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, North Works. The f i r s t two companies control better than 99 percent of their emissions; the third company, which has a vertical kiln, has no control but reports emissions that a r e less than either of the f i r s t two, There seems to be no reduction possible for particulate emissions from lime production in the a rea .

Present controls

6.5. 4 Fert i l izer Plants

.Emissions, tons/yr

1,211 TY pe ESP

4,901

There is one fer t i l izer complex in the study area , Canadian Industries Limited (CIL), in Courtright, Ontario. I t contains a 1,000-ton-per-day anhydrous ammonia plant, and satellite plants for the production of nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, nitrogen solutions, urea, phosphoric acid, and ammonium phosphates.

Efficiency, %

96.3

3,796

Residual oil, Bunker No. 6, i s used a s fuel in the boiler house. Because the boiler stacks a r e relatively low (75 feet), So2 :emis sions exceed the permissible limit. Use of lower-sulfur-content fuel or higher stacks would' reduce the ground- level concentration to below 0.3 ppm S02.

Good control efficiency,

% 99

There a r e also particles emitted from three plant stacks discharging ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate. Ammonium nitrate i s very soluble and can be removed by a wet scrubber. Ammonium phosphate is recovered by a

Possible reduction, tonslyr

89 1

Control Technology

cyclone-type scrubber that discharges into the ammonia recovery towers. Efficien- cy is 98 percent. Emissions a r e shown in Table 6-12.

Table 6-12. EMISSIONS FROM CIL FERTILIZER PLANT

6.5.5 Grain Handling and Processing Companies

The study area has two grain handling and processing companies that emit particulate pollution. Fine grain particles a r e produced during the milling of grain or drying of alfalfa. The latter operation i s seasonal in nature while the former i s a 12 -month operation.

Calvert of Canada emits approximately 430 tons per year of mainly grain particulates in its production of potable and industrial alcohols. All milling and drying operations a r e fitted with cyclones, and the milling operation is also fitted with a bag filter to catch particles smaller than 10 to 20 microns. Installation of bag filters on the remaining cyclones would reduce the existing particulate emissions to acceptable levels.

Materi a1

Ammonium n i t ra te

Ammoni urn n i t ra te

Ammoni urn phosphate

Potenti a1 efficiency,

% -

9 8

98

9 8

Greenrnelk dehydrates alfalfa, emitting 320 tons per annum in the process. Cyclones a r e essentially low-efficiency collectors in the fine particulate range.

Present col 1 ector

-

Scrubber

Venturi scrubber

Cyclone scrubber

Possible reduction, tons/yr

626 tons with gas

200

-

-

6.5.6 Sugar Companies

Efficiency, L -

9 5

98

98

Source

Boiler house

Pr i l l ing

Dryer

Dryer

During the survey, a sugar -producing company, Canada and Dominion Sugar ,, reported the emission of 63 tons per year of particulate matter and 463 tons per year of sulfur oxides. The plant has since shut down its beet-processing operation.

~missions, tons/yr

626

330

6 5

330

6.5. 7 Petroleum Refineries

Five petroleum refineries a r e located in the study area: Marathon Oil Company in Detroit; Mobil Oil Company in Trenton; and Shell Canada, Sun Oil, and Imperial Oil, all located south of Sarnia.

Petroleum refineries emit several different types of pollutants, including particles, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide. There a re many points in the refining process a t which one or more of these pollutants can be emitted. Refineries burn large amounts of residual fuel oil in boilers and process heaters. Oil consumption by refineries and the resulting emissions a r e included


in Table 6-5 and discussed in Section 6.3. On the basis of the information provided by the companies, controls for the pollutants a t severa l points in each plant a r e discussed.

Marathon Oil has a sulfur recovery plant that aids in controlling the sulfur dioxide emissions. In the recovery process hydrogen sulfide is absorbed from the sour-gas s t ream by a regenerative absorbent. After desorption, par t of the hydrogen sulfide is combusted with a i r to form sulfur dioxide. Then the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide a r e reacted in one or more catalytic converters to form sulfur vapor; the vapor is then condensed to liquid sulfur. After passing through the las t converter and condenser, the remaining hydrogen sulfide i s combusted and released to the atmosphere a s sulfur dioxide. Marathon has two converters with a combined efficiency of just over 89 percent. A third converter would increase the efficiency to 97 percent and reduce the sulfur dioxide emissions by 2,000 tons per year; that i s , f rom 2,800 to 800 tons per year.

Imperial Oil, Shell Canada, and Mobile Oil a lso have sulfur recovery plants. Conversion efficiencies were not reported but a r e presumed to be equal to the industry average, about 93 percent.

All of the refineries operate catalytic- cracking units. Imperial, Marathon, and Shell have fluid catalytic-cracking units. Mobil and Sun Oil have moving-bed units. If average emission r a t e s ' a r e assumed, the fluid units emit a total of 2, 500 tons per year of catalyst dust. Electrostatic precipitators have been used to control such units and could reduce these emissions to 250 tons per year. At average emission ra tes , the two moving-bed units emit a total of 500 tons per year. High- efficiency cyclone collectors could reduce these emissions to 100 tons per year .

Since the survey was made, a l l Canadian refineries have installed carbon monoxide boilers, which necessitates the reduction of catalyst dust losses . This reduction in emissions ranges f rom 2 to 4 tons per day to less than 0.5 ton pe r day.

Marathon's fluid coker uses fluidized coke for heat transfer. Abrasion during the transport of the fluidized coke from the reactor to the regenerator creates some fine coke particles that a r e emitted to the atmosphere. This fine- particle coke can be collected either by high-efficiency scrubbing or by evaporative cooling and baghouse collection. Either of these methods will reduce the coker particulate emissions by 90 percent, f rom 1,800 to 180 tons per year.

Hydrocarbon emissions a t a l l refineries can be reduced by improvements in waste water separators and process drains. All initial separator boxes should be enclosed to prevent excessive evaporation of hydrocarbons. All sewer junctions should also be covered and drains should have liquid seals. The waste-water separator tanks should be provided with floating-roof covers. These improvements, in .conjunction with the use of good housekeeping practices to prevent spills, will reduce the hydrocarbon emissions. In addition, the use of floating-roof tanks, particularly on high R. V. P. mater ials will reduce hydrocarbon emissions considerably.

Carbon monoxide is controlled a t both of the refineries in the United States that use carbon monoxide boilers (which utilize the carbon monoxide a s fuel to provide heat for other parts of the refining process).

Control Technology

Imperial Oil and Sun Oil indicated emissions of approximately 55, 000 tons per year and 8,300 tons per year, respectively, of carbon monoxide at the time of the survey; since that time, carbon monoxide boilers have been installed.

6.5.8 Chemical Plants

6. 5. 8.1 ' Sulfuric. Acid Plants - There a r e four chemical companies with sulfuric acid plants in the area: Allied Chemical, W. R. Grace, E. I. DuPont, and Detroit Chemical Works.

Principal sources of emissions of sulfuric acid mis t and sulfur dioxide a r e the exhaust stacks of the sulfuric acid plants. The mis t i s found in the gaseous effluent from the final absorbing tower, whereas the sulfur dioxide is the result of the incomplete conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the catalytic converters .

Sulfuric acid mis t i s controlled a t a medium efficiency (50 percent) in only one plant by use of a mis t eliminator of an older design. The other plants have no controls for sulfuric acid mist. New designs of mist eliminators claim efficiencies of 99 percent. The electrostatic precipitation of sulfuric acid mis t has achieved efficiencies slightly greater than 99 percent. The cost of ESP control is considerably higher than that of demister control. Mist eliminators of newer design control adequately the sulfuric acid mis t from absorbing towers.

The present emissions of sulfuric acid mis t and the reductions possible with good controls a r e given in Table 6- 13.

Tab1 e 6-13. SLILFURIC ACID MIST EMISSIONS

W . R. Grace 1 - I - I - 1 - I -

Company A1 1 i ed Chemical

a~eased operations July 1968.

Detroit Chemical Works E. I . ~ u ~ o n t ~

One plant reports a 95.0 percent conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur t r i - .oxide while 96.0 percent efficiencies a r e assumed for the other plants. The .double contact process for manufacturing sulfuric acid has achieved a conversion efficiency of 99.5 percent. Several of these. processes a r e operated in Europe and domestic installation i s planned for one Eastern state. Stack gases have been scrubbed for removal of sulfur dioxide f o r many years a t Trail , British Columbia, Canada. Installation of a stack scrubber to retain 95 percent of sulfur dioxideis

Present control

expensive and often produces a by-product of little o r no commercial' value. Utilization of the double contact process provides substantial savings in raw material costs and gives good control of sulfur dioxide emissions a s well.

Emissions, tons/yr

85

TY pe None

None Mist

eliminator


Efficiency, % 0

0 50


% 99.0

Possible reduction,

tonsjyr 84.16

The present emissions of sulfur dioxide and the reductions possible with good controls a r e given in Table 6- 14.

Table 6-14. SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS I I I i

Company A1 1 ied Chemical

6.5.8.2 Other Chemical Processes - Other chemical processes that emit pollutants a r e discussed below.

Total

6.5.8.2. 1 Talc drying. Champion Spark Plug Company has two operations that could feasibly be controlled. The f i r s t of these is the spray drying of talc. At the present t ime the dryer i s not controlledand emits 92 tons of particles pe r year. The spray dryer can be controlled by a scrubber that will reduce the emissions by 9'0 percent, or 82.8 tons per year as shown in Table 6-15. The second operation i s the presently uncontrolled bisque kiln, which emits 60 tons of hydrocarbons per year . The kiln can be controlled with an afterburner that will reduce emissions by 95 percent, or 57 tons per year.

Tab1 e 6-1 5. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM CHAMPION SPARK PLUG COMPANY

Present control

a ~ l a n t shut down in July 1968.

6,600

Good control efficiency ,

%

99.5

Conversion efficiency ,

%

96.0

5,818

6.5.8.2.2 Methylamine and dimethylformamide production. The Chinook Chemical Company produces methylamines and dirnethylformamides. The methylamines a r e quite odorous and have a high vapour pressure a t normal ambient temperatures . The leakage of a small amount of this gas can be detected by its odor a t great distances from the plant.

Possible reduction,

tonslyr 2,363

Emissions, tons/yr

2,700

Operation Spray dryer Bisque kiln

Total

Pump glands, sampling points, and other sources of emissions a r e now hooded s o that emissions a r e collected for incineration in the plant boiler. Detailed daily inspections for leakages from equipment a r e being carried out.

6 .5.8.2.3 Carbon black production. The Cabot Carbon Company produces carbon black by thermally cracking an aromatic ta r fraction, thereby causing the

Present controls

None None


Particulate emissions,

tonslyr 92 60

152


%

90 95

Possible reduction,

tonslyr 82.8 5 7

139.8

emission of approximately 90,000 tons of carbon monoxide per annum. This emis - sion could be reduced considerably if the gas were burned in a carbon monoxide boiler.

6.5.9 Grey-Iron Foundries

The grey-iron cupola is used to melt scrap iron, steel, and pig iron to make grey-iron castings. A cupola i s a vertical, refractory-lined furnace equipped with a i r ports (known as tuyeres) a t the bottom. Air i s supplied from a forced-draft blower. Alternate charges of metal, coke, and limestone a r e placed on top of the burning coke bed to fill the cupola. The heat generated melts the metal, which is drawn off through a tap hole.

The particles emitted from cupolas range in size from coarse to submicron. A simple water-spray system will collect the coarse material. A medium-efficiency scrubber will give a moderate degree of control, but a high degree of control can be achieved only with high-energy scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, or baghouses.

Los Angeles 'ounty was the f i r s t a r ea to require a high degree of control of cupolas. A baghouse proved to be the choice of most of the foundry operators. Although difficulties with i t were encountered by some operators, the baghouse has been proven to be a feasible control device for cupolas of al l sizes. Electrostatic precipitators were installed on a few cupolas, but with less success. Fluctuations in effluent volumes, temperatures, humidities, and particle characteristics caused collection efficiencies to vary. No new electrostatic precipitators have been installed in recent years.

Recently a number of large-production cupolas have been controlled with venturi scrubbers having pressure drop of about 60 inches. Reports indicate that these installations a r e proving successful.

Emissions from grey-iron foundries and possible reductions a r e given in Table 6-16. It was assumed that a collector of 99 percent efficiency was feasible for any foundry melting more than 15,000 tons of iron per year. For foundries melting between 3,000 and 15,000 tons per year i t was assumed that a scrubber of 90 percent efficiency was feasible. For foundries melting less than 3,000 tons per year , i t was assumed that a scrubber of 60 percent efficiency was feasible. Ford Motor Company i s in the process of upgrading the scrubbers a t the Dearborn Foundry. Kelsey-Hayes Company plans to ins tall new afterburners and a new gas cooling and controlling system for their baghouse collectors. Chrysler Corpora- tion plans to overhaul and improve the scrubber a t their Huber Foundry. Huron Valley Steel plans to install a venturi scrubber.

Hydrocarbon emissions in the study a rea totalled 555, 707 tons per year in 1967. Solvent emissions from surface coating operations, degreasing, and dry cleaning account for 12.9 percent of this total. Surface coating and degreasing produce 54, 186 tons of hydrocarbon emissions per year. Point sources (100 tons per year or more from a source) of surface coating operations emit more than 29,950 tons of solvent per year. Dry-cleaning establishments emit 8,232 tons per year.


Table 6-16. EMISSIONS FROM GREY-IRON FOUNDRIES

a ~ e f l e c t s c o l l e c t o r down-time; emissions no t drawn i n t o the exhaust system.

b ~ h u t down s ince survey.

Company

Ford, Dearborn Foundry

Ford, Spec ia l ty Foundry

G. M. Pontiac D i v i s i o n

Chrysler, Huber Foundry

Kel sey-Hayes Company

Huron Val l e y Steel

The Budd Company

Apex Foundry

L i tti t e Foundries

I n d u s t r i a l Castings

At1 as Foundry

Holmes Foundry

Ford, W i ndsor

Chrysler, ~i ndsorb

Mar t i n Foundries

Tota l

Solvents used in these operations a r e either petroleum solvents or halogenated hydrocarbons. Petroleum solvents a r e varying mixtures of olefins, paraffins, and aromatics , with composition depending on the specific use of the solvent. Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents a r e usually chlorinated. Some solvents a r e toxic and may produce problems in the immediate a rea ; others may cause odor problems in limited a reas . Tests have shown that certain hydrocarbons used in these solvents a r e instrumental in the formation of photochemical smog. These tests have led to the regulation of solvent composition, so that some solvents a r e exempted and the emissions from others a r e limited. For example, Los Angeles' Rule 66 classifies a s photochemically reactive those solvents that contain: (1) 5 percent or more of organic compounds containing an olefinic type of unsatura- tion; or (2) 8 percent o r more of C o r higher aromatics, except ethylbenzene; or

8 ( 3 ) 20 percent ethylbenzene, toluene, branched ketones, o r trichloroethylene; o r (4) any combination of the above classes of compounds that totals 20 percent. Exempt (nonphotochemically reactive) solvents include saturated paraffins, including halogenated derivatives, and perchlorethylene. Compliance with a rule of this type requires the reformulation of most of the solvents normally used.


I r o n me1 ted, tons/yr

630,000

158,000

331,487

121,000

106,000

70,000

115,000

5,500

4,413

1,170

1,266

48,000

160,000

80,000

6,500


tons/yr

2,590

484

826

22

269

603

80

40

34

6

6

137

40 6

356

10

9,736

Emissions, tons/yr

2 ,643a

498a

855

32

278

609

9 2

44

38

10

11

141

420a

363a

16

10,279

Present

Type Scrubber

Scrubber

Scrubber

Scrubber

Baghouse

None

Scrubber

None

None

None

None

Wet cap

Scrubber and

bag house

Baghouse

Wet cap

cont ro ls

E f f i c i ency , % .

0 t o 93

0 . t o 98

70

9 7

0 t o 9ga (70 avg. )

9 0

6 5

0 t o 9ga

0 t o 9ga

70

Surface coating operations that a r e point sources, such as painting and wire enameling, a r e listed in Table 6-17. Under Rule 66, a l l bake ovens must be controlled even if the solvent used is exempt. Afterburners a r e usually used to control bake -oven emissions. Because the oven emissions a r e a t an elevated temperature, less heat f rom the afterburner is needed for complete combustion. Normal painting and drying operations require control for non-exempt solvents . These emissions a r e a t a lower temperature and a r e more feasibly controlled by solvent reformulation. Activated carbon units could be used to control surface coating emissions. These units, however, a r e usually not considered economically feasible.

Table 6-17. SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS

Company

Chrys ler Corporat ion (10 p lan t s )

General Motors, F i she r Body - Fleetwood

General Motors, Pontiac D i v i s i o n

Wol v e r i ne A1 umi num Company

D e t r o i t Gravure Corporat ion

Whitehead and Kales

Acme Qua1 i t y Pa in t

S t . C l a i r Rubber Company

Dana Corporat i on

Cadi 1 l a c Motor Car Company

R. C. Mahon Company

F i restone Steel Products Company

American Can Company

Evans Products Company

Export Processing Company

Ford Motor Company

U n i s t r u t Corporat ion

Lear S ieg le r , Automotive D i v i s i o n

Bathey Manufactur ing Company

Chrysler, Windsor

P l a s t i c a s t

Motor Wheel

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Harvester

Emissions ,

Point source emissions from degreasing operations a r e listed in Table 6- 18. Degreasing is usually done in a tank containing trichloroethylene vapor. A water jacket around the top of the tank condenses the vapor a t that level and the conden- sate returns into the tank. Some of the vapor escapes to the atmosphere, however, when parts that have been degreased a r e removed.

To ta l


29,956

Tab1 e 6-1 8. SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM DEGREASING OPERATIONS

Company

Young Spring and Wire Company

Brass C r a f t Manufacturing Company I Hoski ns Manufacturing Company

Wolverine Tube D iv is ion , Cal umet and Hecl a

Huck Manufacturing Company

Presto1 i t e Wire and Cable

Tota l

Emissions, tons/yr

Dry-cleaning establishments use either petroleum solvents or perchlorethylene, usually the latter. The petroleum solvents a r e usually photochemically reactive. Control of these emissions could be effected by using perchlorethylene or a nonphotochemically reactive petroleum solvent.

Solvent emissions f rom miscellaneous operations in Canada that a re point sources a r e given in Table 6-19.

Table 6-19. SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM MISCELLANEOUS

OPERATIONS IN CANADA

Emissions, Company Operati on tons /y r

Cal v e r t Transer and storage o f a1 coho1

~ t h y l I process I 486

E. I. DuPont I Process 1 2,800

F i berglas

Dow Chemical

Process

Process

Polymer I Process 1 14,075

Cabot Carbon

6.7 AUTOMOBILES

Tota l

All new motor vehicles sold in Michigan and Ontario a re required by law to meet certain emission standards for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Indica- tions a r e that additional reductions will be required in these emissions as well as oxides of nitrogen emissions .

I I

Process

I 32,580

Furthermore, it appears that controls for pre- 1968 and -1969 model vehicles will become a reality and that individual States and Provinces will require their installation.

3,540


68 REFERENCES FOR 'SECTKIN 6 1. Steam-Elect r ic Plant F a c t o r s , 1968. National Coal Associat ion.

2. Control Techniques f o r Sulfur Oxide A i r Pollutants. U. S. DHEW, PHs , EHS, National A i r Pollution Control Administrat ion. Washington, D. C. Publication Number AP-52. January 1969.

3. Slack, A. V. Ai r Pollution: The Control of SO2 f r o m Power Stacks. P a r t I11 - P r o c e s s e s fo r Recovering SO2 f r o m Power Stacks. Chemical Engineering, 74:188, December 4, 1967. -

4. Harrington, R. E . , R. H. Borgwardt, and A. E . Po t t e r . Reactivity of Selected Limestones and Dolomites with Sulfur Dioxides. J. 'Amer . Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 29(2): 152-158, March-April 1968.

5. P r i v a t e Communication, R. C. Harrington. P r o c e s s Control Engineering P r o g r a m , National A i r Pollution Control Administrat ion. Cincinnati, Ohio. August 1968.

6. Plumley, A. L. e t al. Removal of SO2 and Dust f r o m Stack Gases . Combus - tion - 40(1):16-23, July 1968.

7. Kopita, R. and T. G. Gleason. Wet Scrubbing of Boi ler Gases . Chemical Engineering P r o g r e s s January 1968.

JO.INT AIR POLLUTION 'STUDY

7. TOTAL COST OF REMEDIAL MEASURES

To ascertain the costs of implementing remedial measures for the study area , i t was necessary to utilize a mathematical model and approach the problem on an a r e a basis.

Consideration of the measurements presented in Section 2 indicates that in the Detroit - Windsor and Por t Huron - Sarnia a r eas of the United States and Canada, a s in most urban industrialized a reas , the.principa1 pollutants degrading a i r quality a r e particles and sulfur dioxide. Reduction of the ambient concentrations of these pollutants can be effected only through the control of emissions a t the sources.

7.1 PARTICLE CONTROL Various strategies for the control of particles were investigated through a

mathematical dispersion model. These strategies were based on control regulations in existence in several political jurisdictions in the Michigan portion of the a rea . Ontario regulations a r e based on concentrations at the point of impingement of the stack plume rather than on m a s s emission rates.

Of four strategies tested with the dispersion model, one s e t of regulations now in force produced the greatest improvement in a i r quality when applied t o . . point sources. The features of this regulation ('referred to below as Regulation A), in te rms of allowable rate of discharge for heat input and process weight, a r e illustrated in Figure 7- 1.

7.1.1 Detroit-Windsor Area

The mathematical model was applied to emiss4ons in the Detroi tWindsor a r ea with al l point source emissions reduced to comply with Regulation A. Even with this degree of control, 28 of the 34 receptor s i tes considered by the model showed average annual concentrations of 65 pg/rn3 o r more. Twenty-three s i tes showed concentrations of 75 pg/m3 or more ; 13 had concentrations of 90 pg/m 3

or more; and 7 had concentrations of 100 t ~ ~ / m 3 . These concentrations indicate that greater control is required than that afforded by Regulation A.

Table 7-1 shows the relative contributions of these sources to the pollution a t each receptor site. The large contribution from a r e a sources to the pollution a t each receptor site makes- obvious the need for control of the many small sources that individually do not emit sufficient particles to be considered point sources.

Based on projections made by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Sartorius and Com- pany, and Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation, a 45-percent reduction in coal usage for residential, commercial, and governmental heating can be anticipated with .a corresponding increase in the use of distillate oil and natural gas. This reduction in emissions, coupled with a ban on open burning, would produce a maximum reduction in area-source emissions of 50 percent.

Figure 7-1. Particulate emission regulations (Regulation A).

Assuming a 50 -percent reduction in area-source emissions, and applying Regulation A to all point sources, the mathematical model shows (Table 7-3) that

3 22 of the 3 4 receptor s i tes have annual average concentrations of 60 pg/m or greater. Of these, 19 have concentrations greater than 65 pg/m3, 10 greater than 75 pg/m3 and 2 greater than 90 pg/m3; none has a concentration a s large a s 95 pg/m3.

7. 1.2 Por t Huron - Sarnia Area

Application of Regulation A in the Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea again indicates that control of point sources alone will not provide adequate a i r quality improvement. Of the 20 receptor sites considered by the model in this a rea , 15 have particulate concentrations equal to or greater than 60 pg/m3. Of these, 10 have concentrations equal to o r greater than 65 pg/m3 and 3 have cohcentrations equal to or greater than 75; none exceeded 80 pg/m3.

The importance of the a rea sources to uncontrolled particulate pollution i s indicated by the relative contributions a t each receptor site shown in Table 7-2.

7-2 JalNT AIR POLLU'TION STUDY

Table 7-1. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOURCES TO GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS

OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR O X I D E S ~ IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA

a ~ e r c e n t a g e s ca lcu la ted from model est imates without compensation f o r background concen t r a t i ons .

Receptor s i t e 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 7 21 8 21 9 220 400 401 402 403 404 406 407 409 41 1 41 2 41 3 41 4 41 5 43 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426 427

Average

b ~ h e remaining 1 percent i s cootrigbuted by re fuse disposal sources.

Total Cost of Remedial Measures

Contr ibut ion Fue 1

combus t i on 17 14 19 18 19 17 18 19 2 5 27 2 5 23 29 22 17 15 18 19 11 20 18 15 18 18 17 14 34 2 1 1 8 29 13 11 15 11 11 12 7 6 9 3 3

17

oxides, %

Area sources

43 40 30 - 58 46 45 68 5 2 56 42 6 0 54 5 6 59 65 5 6 65 38 65 68 7 5 70 6 2 3 6 39 53 5 2 5 6 5 3 7 6 54 68 59 63 82 81 82 79 - - 56

of p a r t i c l e s I ndus t r i a1 processes

48 5 5 5 1 17 2 2 33 29 4

2 8 22 36 20 2 0 2 5 18 14 16 6

65 11 4 6 6 5

49 48 2 5 45 25 2 7

7 3 1 17 23 12 4

12 7

12 3 2

2 6

Contr ibut ion

Fuel combus t i on

44 38 53 - 38 47 49 3 1 4 7 41 49 39 43 40 38 32 41 34 42 32 31 24 29 34 44 34 43 45 43 39 22 33 28 39 36 17 16 16 18 - - 36

, b % Area

sources 35 3 1 30 6 5 59 50 53 7 7 47 51 39 5 7 51 53 6 5 71 66 75 24 69 78 79 76 67 34 38 4 1 34 5 7 44 80 58 68 6 6 77 84 81 87 79 94 9 5 56

of s u l f u r

Indus t r i a1 processes

13 2 2 17 - 4 7 6 1 1. 3 9 1 3 4 3 3 3 1

20 3 1 1 1 4

20 2 7 4 3 1 8 2

13 4 2 1 1 3 2 3 -

- 8

Table 7-2. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOURCES TO GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS

OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR 0 x 1 ~ ~ s ~ I N PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA

I Contribution o f p a r t i c l e s , % I Cbntribution of s u l f u r o x i i e s , %

A 50-percent reduction of area-source emissions effected through fuel changes and banning of open burning, in addition to the enforcement of Regulation A with respect to point sources, would produce an acceptable a i r quality for the region. Model calculations show (Table 7-3) that only 5 of the 20 receptor s i tes have concentrations equal to or greater than 60 pg/m3. Only one site exceeded 65 pg/m3 and none exceeded 70 pg/m3.

72 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL

None of the local control regulations in the Michigan portion of the region specify restrictions on sulfur dioxide emissions, and the Ontario regulations limit emissions on the basis of concentrations in the stack effluent plume at the point of impingement. Accordingly, three a rb i t ra ry control strategies restricting sulfur dioxide emissions were tested with the mathematical model. Two of these

Receptor s i t e

151 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 301 303 305 307 308 31 0 31 1 31 2 31 3 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 31 8 31 9

Average .


a ~ e r c e n t a g e s ca lcu la ted from model es t imates without background concentrat ions.

Refuse disposal

2 2 2 4 1 1 4 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 1 0 2 3 2 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 0

2

Fuel combusti on

54 36 48 6 1 60 7 2 56 5 6 5 6 64 5 7 5 2 45 29 42 46 5 3 6 7 66 55 46 56 5 6 68 35 45 30 37 22 18 21

53

Area sources

39 80 56 46 7 7 74 43 81 51 59 87 89 91 95 76 90 48 51 7 7 87 58 43 77 7 7 91 68 88 90 94 94 95

6 7

Fuel combusti on

46 17 34 42 20 24 46 14 43 34 11 10 8 4

2 2 9

41 44 21 12 3 2 47 2 1 2 0 8

28 10 9 5 5 4

2 7


2 3 4 9

17 2 1

17 0

12 5 0 0 0 0 3 0

10 3 1 0 8

13 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 1 0

7


15 3

10 12 3 2

11 5 6 7 2 1 1 1 2 1

11 5 2 1

10 10 2 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 1

6

Area sources

2 1 58 4 1 18 37 26 23 44 2 9 2 5 43 48 5 5 7 1 53 54 3 5 2 7 3 2 45 44 28 40 32 64 49 67 63 76 80 79

38

Table 7-3. GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR OXIDES

IN THE DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAa

a ~ e g u l a t i o n s f o r p a r t i c l e control and 80-percent reduction of SO2 applied t o a l l point sources; 50-percent reduction applied t o a1 1 area source emissions.

strategies were more effective than the\third and gave similar results. One of these called for an across-the-board reduction of 80 percent of al l sulfur dioxide emissions, whereas the other required an 80-percent reduction in emissions from combustion units burning more than 40,000 tons of coal per year and a limitation

Receptor s i t e

201 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 7 21 8 21 9 220 400 40 1 40 2 403 404 40 6 407 409 41 1 41 2 41 3 41 4 41 5 41 6 41 7 41 8 41 9 422 423 425 426 427

Total Cost of Remedial Measures 7-5

SOx Observed,

1968

0.024 0.037 0.053 - 0.026 0.022 0.024 0.024 0.026 0.018 0.015 0.015 0.024 0.018 0.018 0.013 0.020 0.015 0.024 0.035 0.022 0.027 0.031 0.037 0.046 0.042 0.024 0.027 0.022 0.020 0.027 0.027 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.022 0.013 0.011 -

-

Par t i cu l a t e

Observed, 1968

110.0 133.0 183.0 137.0 140.0 129.0 101 . O 91 . O -

76.0 79.0 - -

97.0 -

77.0 - -

120.0 107.0 71 . O

111 . O 96.0

136.0 152.0 136.0 103.0 85.0 69.0 -

127.0 115.0 85.0 73.0 78.0 92.0

105.0 71 .O 68.0 93.0 46.0

concentrat ion, ppm

Projected, cur rent

0.0078 0.0119 0.0193 - 0.0098 0.0074 0.0080 0.0097 0.0092 0.0065 0.0050 0.0058 0.0087 0.0066 0.0069 0.0047 0.0074 0.0060 0.0075 0.0096 0.0090 0.01 15 0.0127 0.0142 0.01 41 0.0132 0.0086 0.0096 0.0080 0.0071 0.0129 0.0098 0.0079 0.0058 0.0051 0.0081 0.0097 0.0058 0.0047 -

-

concentrat ion, j.ig/m3

Projected, cur rent

65.8 75.5 93.8 86.0 91.8 76.8 66.5 64.1 -

54.1 54.7 - -

63.1 -

56.5 - -

68.2 73.5 55.2 77.6 66.7 85.2 86.2 80;4 63.3 53.6 52.6 - 82.5 72.4 59.8 54.3 58.1 66.0 71 .6 55.3 46.4 66.4 42.9

of emissions from sulfuric acid plants to 2,000 pprn sulfur dioxide. The f i r s t of these two reduction plans produced slightly more improvement in the computed a i r quality and has been used in illustrating control strategies.

7.2. 1 Detroit - Windsor Area

Model computations show that the emission control strategy selected above will provide a reasonable a i r quality with respect to sulfur dioxide in the Detroit- Windsor a rea . Of the 38 receptor sites considered by the model, 32 have concentrations less than 0. 020 ppm, 27 less than 0.0175 ppm, 20 less than 0. 0150, 14 less than 0.0125, and 4 less than 0.0100 ppm.

Table 7-1 shows the relative importance of a rea sources of sulfur dioxide to the total concentrations measured a t the receptor sites.

A reduction of 50 percent in the area-source emissions of sulfur dioxide produces a substantial reduction in ground-level concentrations according to model

computations. When both point and a r e a sources a re controlled (Table 7 -3), only one of the 38 receptor stations considered by the model had an annual average concentration greater than 0. 015 ppm, and only 8 had concentrations greater than 0.010 ppm.

7.2.2 Por t Huron - Sarnia Area

Model estimates using a reduction of 80 percent for all point sources in the Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea show that none of the receptor stations had a concentration exceeding 0.0 17 pprn on an annual average basis. Only one station had a concentration greater than 0.015 ppm; 19 of the 28 stations considered had 0.010 pprn or greater.

Application of a 50-percent reduction to the sulfur dioxide emissions of a l l area sources, in addition to point source reductions, l imits concentrations a t a l l the receptor stations to less than 0.0 10 pprn on an annual average basis. Twenty- two of the 28 stations had concentrations of 0. 007 pprn or less .

Ground-level concentrations based on projected 1975 emissions a r e given for the Por t Huron - Sarnia a rea in Table 7 -4.

7.3 COSTS OF CONTROL

Cost of compliance with Regulation A,for the control of particles and for an 80-percent reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions i s an important factor that must be weighed against a i r quality goals.

Changes in area-source emissions postulated to improve the a i r quality have been assumed to take place as a result of progressive alteration of fuel usage and equipment updating without specific modifications to assure compliance with emission regulations. Accordingly, cost estimates have been based on equipment and operating charges that must be met by point-source operators in order to res t r ic t emissions of particles and sulfur dioxide.

JOINT AIR POLLU'TION STUDY

.At the time of this study, fuel substitution, f rom coal to low-sulfur oil or f rom coal to natural gas, was the mos t feasible method for achieving the required reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions f rom industrial boi lers . No added collectors were necessary for controlling particles (see Section 6 for control technology). When the emission survey was made, in 1967, a l l power plants in the a r e a were burning coal, and only one could achieve the required reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions by switching to coal of the lowest available sulfur content (0. 7 percent). This particular plant was meeting the particulate emission res t r ic t ions with i t s current p r a c t i ~ e s ~ a n d needed no additional control equipment. Both fuel substitution and flue -gas scrubbing were investigated a s alternative methods for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions a t the remaining power plants. F o r seven of these plants, however, data were not available for accurate es t imates of flue -gas scrubbing requirements and costs .

Table 7-4. GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICLES AND SLlLFllR OXIDES


Receptor s i t e

151 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 1 60 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 301 303 305 307 308 31 0 31 1 31 2 31 3 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 31 8 31 9

a ~ e g u l a t i o n s f o r p a r t i c l e cont ro l and 80-percent reduct ion o f SO2 appl ied t o a l l po in t sources ; 50-percent reduct ion o f area source emissions .

I N 'THE PORT HURON - SARNIA

Par t i cu la te concentrat ion, ug/m3

Observed, 1968

AREA^

Projected, cur ren t

SO, Observed,

1968

0.035 0.013 0.022 0.029 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.042 0.026 0.024 0.018 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.013 -

- -

0.015 0.022 0.031 0.020 0.024 0.01 8 0.020 0.022 0.020 0.013 0.01 3 0.013

concentrat ion, ppm

Projected, cur ren t

0.009 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.006 - 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005 - 0.008 - 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.006 0.006

103 68

119 101 64 - 9 2 6 9 7 0 85 - 64 - - - - 9 1 7 6 7 1 64

64 53 - 66 5 2 - 60 56 5 3 6 2 - 52 - - - - 59 5 7 57 53 -

95 -

- 6 1 -

- - - 1

65 53 52 66 48 53

- 5 1 46 46 53 44 46

The major i ty of the industrial-process point sources have equipment f o r a t l eas t part ial ly controlling particulate emiss ions . The costs of add-on equipment necessa ry to attain the desi red control were estimated for these sources . Since this additional equipment mus t remove the fine par t ic les not controlled by existing devices, only wet sc rubbers , e lect rosta t ic precipi ta tors , or fabr ic f i l t e r s were considered.

F o r sources with no existing gas -cleaning equipment, l i tera ture surveys determined the feasible control al ternatives. Equipment capacit ies were determined f rom gas-flow ra tes o r p rocess weights, according to which was available.

Reduction of sulfur dioxide emiss ions f rom industrial p rocesses frequently requires p rocess changes and each plant mus t be considered individually. Es t i - mates of annual costs for control have been based largely on data f r o m the l i t e ra - ture on modification of s imi la r plants.

The emiss ion sources for which control costs were estimated a r e industrial boi lers , power plants, and industrial p rocesses .

The annual costs for the control of par t ic les and sulfur dioxide for these sources a r e given in Table 7-5.

Table 7-5. ANNUAL COSTS OF CONTROL OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR DIOXIDE

( Est imated annual l e a s t 1 cost , $

Source 1 Low - Hiah 1 I n d u s t r i a l b o i l e r s

Power p l a n t s

I n d u s t r i a1 processes

To ta l

a ~ l u e - g a s scrubbing cos t cou ld n o t be est imated f o r seven p l a n t s because o f l ack o f necessary in fo rmat ion .

S u b s t i t u t i o n and f u e l

sw i t ch i ng

45,585,503

96,115,775

It should be noted that the flue-gas scrubbing costs a r e based upon resu l t s of experimental work performed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and should be used with that understanding.

F l ue-gas scrubbi nga

13,198,839

Annual control cost f igures do not include es t imates fo r the sources p r e - sented in Table 7-6.

In general , the method used to es t imate control costs involved t h r ee s teps:

1. Categorization of sources . 2. Identification of particulate and sulfur dioxide control al ternatives capable

of achieving the desi red reductions fo r each category. 3. Est imat ion of the annual cost associated with each alternative.

JOINT AIR POLLUTION STLIDY

Table 7-6. SOURCES EXCLUDED FROM COST ESTIMATES

Source I code Source I Explanat ion

Stucco process . Improved maintenance p rac t i ces t o meet reduc t ion requirements

Rotary k i l n

Rotary k i l n

Combus ti on u n i t s

Coal s toker

Annealing and cas t ing

Iron, cup01 as

K i 1 ns

Foundry cleaning . . , .

Gas and o i l combustion

Carbon monoxide b o i l e r combus ti on

Various heaters, combusti on

Gas reboi l e r s ,' combusti on

Cokers and reboi 1 ers, combustion

I nc i ne ra to r

I nc i ne ra to r

I nc i ne ra to r

I n c i ne ra to r

I nc i nerator .

S i n t e r i ng p l a n t

last furnace.

Coking process

Casting cleaning

I ron-me l t ing cupola

Phenol i c-cur i ng oven

Cup01 a process

I nc i ne ra to r

I n c i n e r a t o r

I nc i ne ra to r

I nc i ne ra to r

Stone crusher

Gas bo i 1 ers

DEA regenerat i on

Concentration too low t o con t r o l

No need t o con t r o l cement k i l n f o r SO2

Emissions <2.3 1b so2/106 Btu

Emissions <2.3 1b so2/106 Btu

Concentration too 1 ow

SO2 from gray- i ron foundries no t usua l l y con t r o l l ed ' .

No need t o con t ro l cement k i l n f o r SO2

Improved maintenance p r a c t i c e t o meet reduct ion requirements

.Emissions <2.3 l b ~0,/106 Btu

Emissions <2.3 1b ~0 , / 10~ Btu

'Emissions-<2.3 l b ~0,110~ Btu

Emissions <2;3 l b ~ 0 ~ 1 1 0 ~ Btu . , ,

'Emissions < 2 . 3 l b ~0 , /10~ Btu

Unable t o con t ro l SO2


Unable t o con t r o l SO2




Improved maintenance p rac t i ces t o meet reduct ion requi rements

No add i t i ona l con t r o l ava i l ab l e

Improved maintenance p rac t i ces t o meet reduct ion requi rements

I n s u f f i c i e n t i n fo rmat ion


Has been replaced by e l e c t r i c i n d u s t r i a1 furnace

Unable t o con t r o l SO2


Unable t o , con t ro l SO2


I n s u f f i c i e n t in format ion

Emissions <2.3 1b ~0 , / 10~ Btu



7. 3. 1 Industrial Boilers

The following procedures were used in the Detroit Study t o es t imate the annual cost of reducing presen t sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions that resu l t f r o m combustion of coal o r oil in industrial boi lers . Sulfur dioxide and particulate control al ternatives considered were fuel substitution and fuel switching. Mechanical collectors were not added to coal-burning boi lers because the s t r i c t sulfur dioxide reduction (80 percent) would force a switch f rom coal t o low-sulfur oil or coal to natural gas.

Since an 80-percent reduction i n annual sulfur dioxide emiss ions for a l l point sources was desi red, the procedures f i r s t determined the percentage sulfur in fuel required to achieve that reduction. The annual cos t of sulfur dioxide control was estimated on the basis of (1) the difference in cost ( $ / l o6 Btu) of the present fuel and the proposed fuel (Table 7-7) and, (2) the total energy consumed annually in Btu's. Costs f o r boiler modifications were omitted inasmuch a s these costs represen t only one o r two percent of the total annual cost . The assumption was made that switching f rom coal t o natural gas o r f r om oil to natural gas will be allowed only when the sulfur dioxide regulation cannot be m e t by switching to low- sulfur oil. The assumption was made because of uncertainty regarding fuel

availability. F o r example, should a l a rge industrial plant o r e lec t r i c utility wish t o change to gas for pollution control purposes, negotiation between the gas d i s t r i - butor and the potential gas consumer would be the only way t o determine availability t o that customer. Also, supplying a large consumer would probably call fo r expansion of existing gas facil i t ies, a t the d i s t r i ~ u t i o n and /or the t ransmiss ion leve 1.

Table 7-7. FUEL COSTS FOR DETROIT STUDY

a ~ a s e d upon information obtained from the Fuel Policy Sec t ion , Office of Program Development, National Air Pol lut ion Control Administration.

TY pe Bituminous

coal

Residual o i l No. 6 No. 5

D i s t i l l a t e o i l No. 2 No. , I

Natural gas

b ~ o pr ices f o r fuel o i l o r natural gas f o r power p lan ts were ava i lab le . I t was assumed, therefore , t h a t the c o s t of fue l o i l and natural gas t o power p l an t s would be approximately 90 percent of the cos t of fue l o i l and natural gas t o i ndus t r i a l users .


Sulfur content , %

>3.00 2.00 1 .oo 0.70

>1 .OO 0.75

0.25 0.07

0.00

Fuel cos t , t/106 B t u

Power p lan ts 28b 3ob 33b 36a

48b . 52b

69b 77b

5ob

A1 1 o the r users 321 33 35 40

56 58l

7 7l 85l

55l

It was assumed tnat mdustrial boilers ~ u r n i n g low-sulfur oil or natural gas will always meet the desired particulate emission reduction.

7. 3. 1. 1 Fuel Substitution - Calculations for estimating the costs of substituting low-sulfur oil for high-sulfur oil a r e presented below. Costs a r e shown in Table 7-8.

Table 7-8. COST OF FUEL SUBSTITUTION

1. Multiply present percentage sulfur in oil by 0. 2 to give the allowable percentage sulfur content of the oil.

2. Compute the difference in cost between the present oil and the proposed oil (ac/106 ~ t u ) .

3. Compute the total Btu's of oil consumed:

S u l f u r content o f o i l ,

%

2.50

2.00

1.50

1 .OO

0.25

0.07

Total annual cost = Total Btu ( A C / 1 o6 Btu)

106

Cost,

6/1o6 Btu

56 56

56 56

7 7

8 5

7. 3. 1.2 Fuel Switching - Calculations for estimating the costs of substituting fuels a r e presented below. cos ts a re shown in Tables 7-9 through 7-13.

a ~ o a l o f t h i s s u l f u r content i s n o t a v a i l - ab le.

Table 7-9. COST OF COAL


S u l f u r content o f coal , %

>3

2

1

- C0zt s

$ / I 0 Btu

3 2

33

35

7. 3. 1.2. 1 Coal to low-sulfur. oil.

1. Multiply the present annual emission of SO, (in pounds) by 0.2 to give the permissible SO, emissions . ,

2 . Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed per year , Total Btu = (lb) ( ~ t u l l b )

3. compute the cost of coal presently being used. Present cost =,Total Btu ( c / lo6 Btu)

4. Correct for boiler efficiency (coal to oil).

Corrected total Btu =

5. Determine the correct sulfur fuel content to use. lb permissible SOX emissions - Sulfur content = - lb/ lo6 Btu

Corrected total ~ b . i / l ~ o b

Table 7-10. COST OF OIL

a ~ a s e d on 148,000 Btu per gal 1 on o f o i 1.

6. Compute the cos t of the proposed fuel oil. Projected cost = Corrected total Btu ( ~ 1 1 0 ~ Btu)

7. Compute total annual cost. T.A. C,= Future cost (from Step 6) - Present cost (Step 3)

. .

Cost , t/106 Btu

56

56

56

56

77

86

Su l fu r content o f o i l ,

%

2.50

2.00

1.50

1 .OO

0.25

0.07

7.3. 1.2.2 Coal to natural gas. Use this alternative only if switching from coal to low-sulfur oil does not sat'isfy- sulfur emission regulations.

SO,,

lb/106 Btua

2.68

2.14

1.67

1.07

0.26

0.07

1. Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed. Total Btu = ( lb) (Btu/lb)

2 . Compute the cost of coal presently being used. Present cost = Total Btu (~1106 Btu)

3. Correct for boil'er efficiency. Corrected total Btu = Total Btu

. ,

4. Compute the cost of the proposed natural gas (firm). Future cost = Corrected total Btu (C/106 Btu)

5. Compute total annual costs. T. A. c. = Future cost (Step 4) - present cost (Step 2 )



a Coal of this sulfur content is not available.

- -

Sulfur content of coal, %

>3 2

1

0.7

s0.7a

7. 3. 1.2.3 High-sulfur oil to natural gas. Use this alternative only if switching from high-sulfur oil to low-sulfur oil does not satisfy sulfur emission regula-

Cop, $/I0 Btu

3 2

33

35

40 -

t ions.

1. Compute the total Btu's of oil consumed. Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb)

2. Compute the cost of the oil presently being used. 6 Present cost = total Btu ( c / 10 Btu)

I Table 7-12. COST OF OIL I

Sulfur content of oil,

3. Correct for boiler efficiency.

Corrected total Btu = total Btu

4. Compute the cost of the proposed natural gas. 6 Future cost = Corrected total Btu (55C/10 Btu)

5. Compute total annual costs. T. A. C. = Future cost (from Step 4) - present cost ( from Step 2)

1 7. 3.2 Power Plants

Control costs for power plants a r e based upon economic evaluation of three control alternatives: (1) fuel substitution, (2) fuel switching, and (3) flue-gas scrubbing.

1 Total Cost of Remedial Measures

7. 3. 2. 1 Fuel Substitution: Coal to Low-Sulfur Fuel - All power plants a r e presently burning coal. Only one of these power plants could achieve an 80-percent reduction in present sulfur dioxide emissions by switching to low-sulfur coal. Other power plants would require coal with a sulfur content of less than 0. 7 percent. Because the cost of low-sulfur-content coal (less than 0.7 percent) is not known, and because i ts availability is uncertain, sulfur dioxide reduction alternatives other than fuel substitution were used for economic evaluation of the remaining power plants. The power plant that could use fuel substitution i s meeting the particulate regulation; therefore, control co'sts for additional particulate control equipment were not estimated.

1. Multiply the percentage sulfur in coal by 0.2 to give the allowable per - centage sulfur in coal. If the allowable percentage in coal i s <0.7, use other sulfur dioxide reduction alternatives.

2. Compute the difference in cost between the present and proposed fuels ( ~ ~ 1 1 0 6 B ~ u ) .

Table 7-13. COST OF COAL -

3. Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed. Total Btu = (pounds of coal currently consumed) (Btu/lb)

S u l f u r c o n t e n t o f c o a l , %

>3

4. Compute the total annual costs. total Btu

T. A. c. =( ) ( ~ ~ 1 1 0 6 Btu)

Cost, U 1 0 6 Btu

28

7. 3. 2.2 Fuel Switching - Procedures a r e given only for calculating costs of switching from coal to low-sulfur oil and coal to natural gas. The procedures a r e similar to the ones presented in Section 7.3. 1 for control of emissions from indus - t r ia l boilers. Costs a r e shown in Tables 7-14, 7-15, and 7-16.

7. 3. 2.2. 1 Coal to low-sulfur oil.

1. Multiply the present annual emission of SO, (in pounds) by 0.2 to give the

permis sible pounds of SO, emissions. 2. Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed per year.

Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb) 3 . Compute the cost of the coal presently being used.

Present cost = total Btu (~1106 Btu)

4. Correct for boiler efficiency (coal to oil).

Corrected total Btu = total Btu (%)

JOINT AIR POLLU'TION STUDY

Table 7-14. COST OF COAL I

Su l fu r content of coal , cogt , 1 (110 B t u

0.7 3 6

5. Determine the co r r ec t percentage sulfur content of fuel oil.

Table 7-15. COST OF OIL

Su l fu r content of o i l , Cost ,

lb1106 ~ t u ~ (1106 B t u 2.50 2.68 48

a ~ a s e d on 148,000 B t u per ga l lon of o i l .

Pe rmiss ib le I b SO, emissions S. 0. =

Corrected total Btu/ l o6 6. Compute the cost of the proposed fuel oil.

Future cost = Corrected total Btu ( ~ 1 1 0 ~ Btu) 7. Compute total annual cost of control.

T.A. C. = Future cost ( f rom Step 6) - presen t cost ( f rom Step 3)

7. 3.2.2. 2 Coal to natural gas. Use this al ternative only if switching f r o m coal t o low-sulfur oil does not satisfy sulfur emiss ion regulations.

1. Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed. Total Btu = (lb) (Btullb)

2. Compute the cost of the coal present ly being used. Presen t cost = total Btu (~1106 Btu)

3. Cor rec t fo r boiler efficiency.

Corrected total Btu = total Btu - ) 4. Compute the .cost of the proposed natural gas ( f i rm).

Future cost = corrected total Btu ( 5 0 ~ 1 l o 6 Btu), 5. Compute total annual costs.

T. A. C. = Future cost ( f rom Step 4) - present cost ( f rom Step 2)

Total Cost of Remedial Measures 7-1 5


7. 3.2. 3 Flue-Gas Scrubbing - Flue-gas scrubbing control cost calculations a r e limited to evaluating the use of limestone (or dolomite) in a wet-scrubbing process . The reasons for considering this process a s opposed to others a re : (1) the dry limestone-injection process has a collection efficiency of only 40 to 60 percent and the reduction to be achieved by the proposed regulation is 80 percent; ( 2 ) other processes, such a s Reinluft, alkalized alumina, and catalytic oxidation a r e under study, with no definitive data on the economics involved; (3) a design and cost study recently completed by the Tennessee Valley ~ u t h o r i t ~ ~ for NAPCA has applied two variations of the limes tone wet - scrubbing process with sulfur dioxide collection efficiencies of greater than 80 percent.

Sul fur content o f coal , %

> 3

The two processes used by TVA are: (1) injection of pulverized limestone into a boiler with subsequent scrubbing of the flue gases to remove both flyash and

sulfur dioxide (Process A), and (2) introduction of l ime or pulverized limestone directly into the scrubber recirculating s lur ry to remove sulfur dioxide and flyash (Process B). The collection efficiencies of the two processes a r e given in Table 7-17.

C s t , & / I 0 ! Btu

28

Table 7-17. COST OF FLYASH AND SULFUR DIOXIDE

REMOVAL BY TVA PROCESSES

For a 2 00-megawatt plant, annual costs for the limes tone wet -s crubbing processes were found to vary from $0.64 to $2.10 pe r ton of coal burned, depending upon factors such a s sulfur content of the coal, plant load factor, and raw material cost. A procedure was developed, using cost information given in the TVA report, to estimate the annual control cost for Process A (two-stage scrubbing). Control costs for Process B a r e omitted since i t is more expensive than Process A.

Process

A

A

B

B


Scrubber stages

One

Two

One

Two

Flyas h removal e f f ic iency ,

%

98.0

99.5

98.0

99.5

SO removal e f ic iency, f

%

85

95

30

85

The cost estimating procedures for Process A relate unit size of the power plant, load factor, and sulfur content of the coal to annual operating cost. The following assumptions were used for the annual cost estimates :

1. Load factor of 91 percent. 2. Limestone cost of $2.05 per ton. 3. Operating time of 8,000 hours per year. 4. Sulfur content in coal of 3.5 percent. 5. Ash content in coal of 12.0 percent. :

6. Fixed capital charges equal to 14.5 percent of fixed investment. 7. Credits a r e included for expected boiler corrosion reduction and

operating, and investment cost of existing control equipment for elimina - ting its use.

The annual costs were calculated on the basis of these assumptions with corrections made for the sulfur content of coal and the load factor. The procedure used is given below.

1. Compute the overall investment cost (I. C. ) for Process A. The investment cost should be based on the maximum generating capacity of the power plant. 6 The equations a r e :

I. C. = $ x lo6, where X = rnW rating of power plant Process A: I. C: = 1.6 + 0.006X

2. If the sulfur content of the coal is different f rom 3. 570, correct the overall investment as follows:

A 170 = 1070 in overall inves trnent AI. C. = (% sulfur - 3. 570) (0. 1) I. C.

3. Compute total investment cost by adding Steps (1) and (2): Total I. C. = I. C. from Step (1) + A I. C. f rom Step (2)

4. Compute the total annual operating cost. This cost includes depreciation, capital charges, taxes, insurance, etc. (Total = 14.5070 of I. C. per year). Process A: x = mW rating; 0. C. = $ x 103

(1) If the mW rating is 0 to 540 mW use: 0. C. = 192.3 + 2. 959X

(2) If the mW rating is > 540 mW use: O.C. = 736 + 1.981X

5. Correct operating cost for sulfur content of fuel. (~170 in sulfur content =A1370 in 0. C. ) AO. C. = (% sulfur - 3. 570) (0.13) (0. C. )

6. Compute total annual operating cost by adding Steps (4) and (5). Total O.C. = 0. C. from Step 4 tA0.C. f rom Step 5

7. If the actual average load factor i s different from 9170, another correction in operating cost must be made:

a. Calculate the cost per ton of coal a t 9170 load factor (L. F. ) by using the following conversion relation:

1 mW requires 3, 000 tons of coal therefore:

.+. I , O. C. f rom Step (6) +/ ton coal =

(3,000 tons/mW) (mW rating of power plant)

b. Calculate the change in operating cost per ton of coal a s follows (for Process A):

Total Cost' of Remedial Measures

(1) If the load fac to r is 64 to 9170, use ($/ton coal) = ($/ton coal a t 91%) + (91% - L. F. ) (0.00642) ($/ton coal a t 91%)

(2) If load factor i s 33 to 6470 use:

($/ton coal) = 1.2309 ($/ton coal a t 91%) + (6470 - L. F ) (0. 0208) (1.2309) ($/ton coal a t 91%)

(3) If load factor i s 17 to 3370 use:

($/ton coal) = (2.0246) ($/ton a t 9170) + (3370 - L. F. ) 0.0477 (2.0245)($/ton a t 91%)

8. Compute total annual control cost. T. A. C. = presen t fuel consumption (in tons of coal pe r ear ) x

$ ( f rom Step 7b) ton coal

7. 3. 3 Industrial P roce s se s

7 7 3 . - At present , industrial sources requiring reductions in particulate emiss ions a r e either partial ly controlled or completely uncontrolled. The costs of controlling respect ive types of sources a r e given in the following sections.

7. 3. 3. 1. 1 Par t ia l ly controlled process sources . The major i ty of sources were partial ly controlled by equipment designed for a given gas volume. F o r these sources i t i s assumed that add-on gas -cleaning equipment will be used t o reduce presen t particulate emissions to the allowable level. If a partial ly controlled source needed only 10 percent additional control or l e s s to mee t the regulation, i t was assumed that compliance would be obtained by improving maintenance pract ices fo r the existing control equipment, with no major capital expenditure. Equations for annual control costs for three types of particulate gas-cleaning equipment were derived fo r use in estimating the cost of add-on gas-cleaning equipment. Only wet sc rubbers , e lect rosta t ic precipi ta tors , or fabr ic f i l t e r s a r e used a s add-on gas-cleaning equipment. Only these three types of gas-cleaning equipment a r e capable of removing fine par t ic les not removed by the existing gas - cleaning equipment. Since detailed information needed to make prec i se cost es t imates was not available, severa l assumptions were made a s required, and low and high annual costs were calculated. The equations given below, which a r e simplified, express annual cost a s a function of gas volume and hour's of operation (y = dol lars x lo3; X = acfm x lo3; AH = 8,760 - actual hours of operation).

Wet sc rubbers

1. Low efficiency, 11 to 83 percent.

a. Low cost: y = 0.3224 + 0. 1088X - (4.83 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

b. High cost: y = 0.3224 + 0.2716X - (18.89 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

2. Medium efficiency, 84 to 94 percent a . Low cost: y = 0. 987 + 0.2164X - (13.03 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

b. High cost: y = 0.987 + 0.6152X - (51.70 X ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

3. High efficiency, 95 t o 99. 5 percent.

a. Low cost: y = 1.48 1 + 0.6470X - (55.91 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )


-6 b. High cost: y = 1.481 t 2.2202X -(223.21 x 10 )AH(X)

Fabr ic f i l t e r s

1. Type "A". High-temperature synthetics, woven and felt . Continuous automatic cleaning.

- 6 a . Low cost: y = 0.373 t 0. 3299X -(3 .9 x 10 )AH(X)

b. High cost: y = 0.496 t 0.5044X - (15.6 x AH(X)

2. Type "B". Medium-temperature synthetics, woven and felt. Continuous automatic cleaning.

a . Low cost: y = 0.893 + 0.1995X - (3. 9 x 1 0 ' ~ ) AH(X)

b. High cost: y = 1. 192 + 0.3407X - (15.6 x 1 0 ' ~ ) AH(X)

3. Type "C". Woven natural f ibers . Intermittently cleaned; single compartment.

a . Low cost: y = 0.683 + 0. 138X - (3. 9 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

b. High cost: y = 0. 900 t 0.2679X - (15.6 x 1 0 ' ~ ) AH(X)

High-voltage e lect ros ta t ic precipi ta tors

1. Low efficiency, 11 to 87 percent . - 6

a . Low cost: y = 4.714 t .0. 0944X - (0. 95 x 10 )AH(X) - 6

b. High cost: y = 4.714 + 0. 1394X - (3 .8 x 10 )AH(X)

2. Medium efficiency, 88 to 94 percent .

a . Low cost: y = 9.082 t 0.1497X - (1 .3 x AH(X)

b. High cost: y ,= 9.082 + 0.2038X - (5.20 x 1 0 - ~ ) A H ( x )

3. High efficiency, 95 to 99. 5 percent. - 6

a . Low cost: y = 14.51 + 0.2407X - (2.0 x 10 )AH(X) - 6

b. High cost: y = 14. 51 + 0. 3132X - (8. 0 x 10 ) AH(X)

Low-voltage e lect ros ta t ic precipi ta tors (<50, 000 acfm)

1. Low efficiency, 11 to 87 percent .

a. Low cost: y = 0.7706 + 0.2374X - (0. 075 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

b. High cost: y = 0.7706 + 0.2568X - (0.300 x AH(X) 2. Medium efficiency, 88 to 94 percent.

a . Low cost: y = 1.046 + 0.2877X - (0. 14 x ~ O - ~ ) A H ( X )

b. High cost: y = 1.046 + 3060X - (0.56 x 10-6) AH(X)

3. High efficiency, 95 t o 99. 5 percent .

a . Low cost: y = 1.378 + 0. 4553X - (0.2 x ~ o ' ~ ) A H ( x )

b. High cost: y = 1.378 t 0.4756X - (0.80 x ~ o ' ~ ) A H ( x )

Basically, the equations were derived by: (1) assuming four gas-flow ra tes (25,000; 50,000; 100, 000; and 150,000 acfm) for each type of gas -cleaning equipment ; (2) making assumptions t o be used in calculating control costs ; (3) e s t ima-


ting annual control cost f o r each type of-gas-cleaning equipment a t each gas volume; (4) writing an equation relating the calculated costs and assumed gas -flow ra tes ; and (5) adjusting the equation fo r actual hours of operation. The procedure used to estimate the annual control costs in Step (3) above i s :

1. Calculate the purchased cost of add -on gas-cleaning equipment.

(X = acfm x 103: y = dol lars x 103)

Wet scrubbers :

Low efficiency

Medium efficiency

High efficiency

Fabr ic f i l ters :

Type "A". High-temperature synthetics, woven and felt . Continuous automatic cleaning.

Type "B". Medium-temperature synthetics, woven and felt. Continuous automatic cleaning.

Type "C". Woven natural f ibers . Intermittently cleaned; single compartment.

High-voltage e lect rosta t ic precipitators:

Low efficiency . ' y = 19.695 t 0.318X

Medium efficiency y = 31. 243 t 0.44.1X

High efficiency y = 42.413 t 0.623X

Low-voltage e lect rosta t ic precipitators :

Low efficiency y = 3.219 t 0.968X

Medium efficiency y = 3.599 t 1.140X

High efficiency y = 4 .030- t 1. 312X

2. Add the installation cost factor to the purchased cost to get total installed cost. The installation dost factor is expressed a s a p e r - centage of the purchase cost and includes i tems such a s auxil iary equipment (fans, mo to r s , ductwork, etc. ), transportation of equipment, s i te preparation, and erect ion of equipment. The installation cost factor i s assuined and var ies according to the type and efficiency of the gas-cleaning equipment (Table 7 -18).

3. . Annualize.the total installed cost. A factor known in engineering economy a s the capital recovery factor permi t s the express ion of the initial investment cost in t e r m s -of a uniform annual cost to account for depreciation of the control equipment plus a n assumed 10 percent in te res t r a te for financing the investment.

JO.INT.AIR POLLUTIONSTUDY

Table 7-18. ASSUMPTIO'NS USED FOR CONTROL COST ESTIMATES

Assumpti on

In1 e t tempera- t u r e , OF

Collect ion e f f i - ciency, %

I n s t a l l a t i o n f a c t o r , % of purchase cos t

Years of depre- c i a t i o n

I n t e r e s t r a t e , %

Overhead charges, % of I.C.

E l e c t r i c i t y , L $/kW-hr

H

Hours of opera t i on

Maintenance L cos t , $/acfm M

H

Pressure drop, i n . Hz0

Cost of water ,

$10-3/c~al

Cyclones Gravi ty col 1 ec tors

L La

Wet scrubbers

M Ma H L H H a M

750 750

11 t o 50

35

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

2

500

51 t o 65

100

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

0.5

11 t o 83

50

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.02

0.04

0.06

5

0.35

11 t o 35

33

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

0.5

36 t o 50

6 7

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

0.5

51 t o 70

50

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.091

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

3

71 t o 90

100

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.005

0.015

0.025

4

84 t o 94

100

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.02

0.04

0.06

15

0.50

95 t o 99

200

15

10

4.0

0.005

0.011

0.020

8,760

0.02

0.04

0.06

60

1 .OO

Table 7-18 (cont inued) . ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR CONTROL COST ESTIMATES

Assumption

I n1 e t tempera- tu re , OF . -

C o l l e c t i o n e f f i - c iency, %

I n s t a l l a t i o n ,

f a c t o r , % o f purchase c o s t

Years o f depre- c i a t i o n

I n t e r e s t r a te , %

Overhead charges, % o f I.D.

E l e c t r i c i t y . , L $/kW-hr

Hours o f 8,760 8,760 ope ra t i on --

Mai ntenance L 0.005 0.005

Low-vol tage ESP

cos t , $/acfm M 0.014 0.014

H 1 0.02 I 0.02 I

L High-vol tage ESP

Pressure drop, 1 Neg 1 N&I 1 i n . Hz0

Cost o f water, $ 1 0 - 3 / ~ a l

L

- - - -

= low e f f i c i e n c y ; M = medium e f f i c j e n c y ; .H = h i gh e f f i c i e n c y .

750

M H

7 50

M

A1 1 are w 99

H

Fabr ic f i 1 t e r s

L

250 - 500

M H

4. Add operating and maintenance costs to the annualized installed cost. This cost was based upon one variable: gas flow ra te into the control equipment. Other variables - hours of operation of the control equipment, electrici ty costs , maintenance costs , p r e s su re drops , and cost of water - used to calculate operating and maintenance were made constant.

5. Add annual overhead charges. These a r e charges for taxes and insurance and they a r e assumed to be 4 percent of the installed cost.

Sales tax on the purchased equipment, investment tax credi ts , and cost for disposing of collected particulates were not included in the es t imates .

Procedures a r e given below for manually calculating the cost of add-on controls for particulate emiss ions f rom industrial processes .

1. F r o m Table 7-19 determine the add-on equipment that i s compatible with existing control equipment. Desired particulate collection efficiency can be calculated a s (1 - P2) 100. --

loo 2. Est imate gas volumes for sizing add-on control equipment. Calcu-

late the values miss ing f rom Table 7-20 by performing the le t tered steps indicated in the column heatings.

A. Ascer ta in the exit-gas volume (presented a s given gas volume in steps B, C, and D) for respective industrial plant s tacks .

B. (Given gas volume) ( 460 + 250 1 = 460 + Assumed gas temperature

Adjusted gas volume a t 250' F

C. (Given gas volume) ( 450 t 500 ) = 460 + Assumed gas temperature

Adjusted gas volume a t 500' F

D. (Given gas volume) ( 460 + 750 1 = 460 + Assumed gas temperature

Adjusted gas volume a t 750" F

3. Determine annualized control costs by f i r s t r e fe r r ing to Table 7- 19 to get the appropriate control equipment for the desi red efficiency. Next, r e fe r to Table 7-20 to get the adjusted gas volume to be used in the equations in Table 7-21 (X i s in thousands of cubic feet pe r minute; AH = 8,760 - actual hours of operation; CL and C a r e in H thousands of dol lars) .

7.3.3. 1.2 Uncontrolled p rocess sources . Fo r sources with no existing gas - cleaning equipment, standard procedures could not be followed. F o r these sources , individual cost es t imates based upon l i tera ture surveys were made to determine feas ible control al ternatives. Gas volumes to be handled by the equipment were estimated by converting given pounds of gas p e r hour to s tandard cubic feet pe r minute. If feasible control al ternatives, gas volumes, and hours of operation a r e known, es t imates of annual costs of control can be made. The above proced-

u r e s were followed except where lack of information on pounds of gas per hour prevented conversion t o a gas flow r a t e o r where control costs could be calculated


Table 7-19. COMPATIBLE ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVAL OF PARTICLES - - - - - -

a~ lower l imit of 11 percent i s given because i t was assumed that i f a par t ia l ly controlled source needed only 10 percent additional control or less to meet the particulate regulation, compliance would be obtained by improved maintenance practices wi t h no capital expeodi ture .

Existing control equipment

Gravity col lectors

Cyclones

Wet scrubbers

Electrosta t ic precipitators

Fabric f i 1 ters

Table 7-20. ESTIMATION OF ADJUSTED GAS VOLUMES FOR DETERMINING SIZE

OF ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Wet scrubbers, a t 500" F

Assumed collection efficiencyYa %

Assumed gas Existina control tem~erature.

Wet scrubbers I 1 500 1 I I

Fabri c f i 1 t e r s , a t 500" F o r 250" F


11 to >99

x

x

-

x

x

Electrostatic preci pi ta tors , a t 750" F


95 to >99

x

x

x

-

-

11 to 831,

x

x

x

-

-

Adjusted gas volume

2500 1 5000 1 7000

equipment

Gravity col lectors

Cyclones

Electrosta t ic precipitators

11 to 97

x

x

- x

-

1

84 to 94

x

x

x

-

-

A

84 to 94

x

x

-

x

-

Fabri c f i 1 t e r s

95 t o >99

x

x

-

x

-

" F

7 50

750

500

B C D

- Table 7-21. ANNUAL COSTS FOR ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT

-.-- I

Control equi pmen t

Wet scrubbers

E l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s Low vol tage, <50,000 acfm

Fabr ic f i l t e r s I Type "A" 1 CL = 0.373 + 0.32991 - (3.9 x IO-~)AH(X)

E f f i c i e n c y , %

11 t o 83

E l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s High vo l tage

Annual cost , $ lo3

CL = 0.3224 + 0.1088X - (4.83 x IO-~)AH(X)

11 t o 87 -

88 t o 94

on the basis of historical data generated by industrial control cost studies. As an example, cupola melt ra tes fl-om grey-iron foundries can be used a s a basis fo r estimating annual control costs .

CL = 0.7706 + 0.2374X - (0.075 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

CH = 0.7706 + 0.2568X - (0.300 x IO-~)AH(X)

CL = 1.046 + 0.2877X - (0.14 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

11 t o 87

88 t o 94

Type "B"

>99

7.3. 3 . 2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions - Standard procedures have not been developed f o r estimating the annual costs of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from indus- t r ia l processes. Individual cost estimates were based, therefore, on li terature surveys. In general, however, the control techniques given in Table 7-22 were used as a basis for estimating annual control costs.

CL = 4.71~4 + 0.0944X - (0.95 x IO-~)AH(X)

CH = 4.714 + 0.1394X - (3.8 x 1 0 - ~ ) A H ( x )

CL = 9.082 + 0.1497X - (1.3 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

CL = 0.893 + 0.1995X - (3.9 x ~ o - ~ ) A H ( x )

CH = 0.900 + 0.2679X - (15.6 x IO-~)AH(X)

The annual cost for wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor was determined by using information taken f rom an ar t ic le by Kopita and Gleason. 11 An equation was developed f rom this information and is given as follows:

0.6 1 ( s c f m ) ( $ 2 5 , 0 0 O ) t $ ( s c f m ) ~ Annual cost = $485 t 55, 000


Table 7-22. SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL TECHNIQUES I I

Source code I

H2S04 Double-absorpti on-contact a c i d manufacturi ng 1 p l a n t

Source type'

H2S f l a r e

Control technique

Rep1 ace w i t h i nc i ne ra to r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Pulp l i q u o r process 1 Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

H2s04 manufactur ing

Coke oven process I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Double-absorpti on-contact a c i d p l an t

Glass me l t i ng I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

H2S04 manufactur ing

Open burn ing I Convert t o s a n i t a r y 1 andfi-11

Double-absorpti on-contact a c i d p l a n t

S u l f u r p l a n t I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Process f l u i d coker

Open burn i ng I Convert t o san i t a r y l a n d f i l l

E l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

H2S f l a r e

S u l f u r p l a n t I W e t scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Replace w i t h i nc i ne ra to r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Carbon b lack p l a n t ( d r ye r )

Wet scrubbina w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Gear o i l manufactur ing

Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

H2S f l a r e Replace w i t h i nc i ne ra to r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

C a t a l y t i c cracker

H2S f l a r e Replace w i t h i n c i n e r a t o r ; wet I scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

E l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

H2S f l a r e

S u l f u r p l a n t I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Rep1 ace w i t h i nc i ne ra to r ; wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Glass furnace I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

Glass furnace I Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

C a t a l y t i c cracker ( Wet scrubbing w i t h soda ash l i q u o r

where S = tons of SO2 removed; scfm = gas flow of process.

The annual cost for replacing HZS f lares with incinerators was determined by f i r s t estimating low and high investment costs for incinerators. Next, annual capital charges were assumed to be 20 percent of the investment cost. It was assumed that fuel costs will be the same with the incinerator as with the f lares; therefore, the incremental operating cost will be zero. The total annual cost for replacement was the low and high annual capital charges.


The annual cost for converting open burning to sani tary landfill was $0.30 p e r ton of re fuse burned annually. This i s based upon the National Solid Waste Survey. The annual cost of the double-absorption-contact acid plant i s based upon a low and a high cos t per ton of SO2 removed. The low es t imate i s $12.59 p e r ton of SO2 removed; the high es t imate is $26.59 per ton of SO2 removed. These f igures a r e taken f r o m the National Emiss ion Standard Study, Appendix E , November 1969. The annual cost of e lect ros ta t ic precipi ta tors , which a r e somet imes needed to preclean gas going to the wet sc rubber , i s based upon equations given in Section 7. 3. 3. 1 of this repor t .


1. E r n s t and E r n s t . The Fuel of Fi f ty Cities. November 1968.

2. Unpublished data. U. S. DHEW, PHs , EHS, National Air Pollution Control Administration. Office of P r o g r a m Development, F u e l Policy Section. Washington, D.C.

3. Control Techniques for Par t icula te Ai r Pollutants. U. S. DHEW, P H s , CPEHS, National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C. Publication Number AP-5 1. January 1969.

4. Control Techniques fo r Sulfur Oxides. U. S. DHEW, PHs, CPEHS, National Ai r Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C. Publication Number AP-52. January 1969.

5. Sulfur Oxide Remova1,from Power Plant Stack G a s , Use of Limestone in Wet-Scrubbing P r o c e s s . Tenn. Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. June 1969.

6. Steam-Elect r ic Power Plant Fac to rs . Detroit Edison Co. Detroit , Michigan. 1968.

7. Regional Air Pollution Analysis. TRW, Resources Research , Inc. Reston, Va. July 1969.

8. E r n s t and E r n s t . Cost Effectiveness Study of the National Capitol Area . January 1969.

9. E r n s t and E r n s t . Cost Effectiveness Study of the Grea te r Kansas City Area . July 1969.

10. A Systems Analysis Study of the Integrated Iron and Steel Industry. Battelle Memoria l Institute. Columbus, Ohio. May 1969.

11. Kopita, R. and T. G. Gleason. Wet Scrubbing of Boiler Flue Gases. Chemi- ca l Engineering P r o g r e s s , January 1968.

12. Danielson, John A. (Ed. ). Air Pollution Engineering Manual. U. S. DHEW, PHs, National Center for Air Pollution Control. Cincinnati, Ohio. 1967.

13. Grant, Eugene L. and W. Grant Ireson. Pr inciples of Engineering Economy, 4th ed. The Ronald P r e s s Co. 1964.


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