ikqfyl ifcyd bavjqsl - bureau of police research and...
TRANSCRIPT
Ikqfyl ifCyd baVjQsl ¼ iz ½
Mh mikf/k gsrq izLrqr
% %
Mk ¼Jherh½ ohuk R;kxh Jherh vuhrk jhMj jktuhfr foKku foHkkx ,e ,p ¼jktuhfr foKku½
jktuhfr foKku foHkkx ,e ,e ,p dkWyst] xkft;kckn
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that I have completed my research work on the
topic entitled "Police Public Interface" for award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Arts from CCS University, Meerut. I have put
in required attendance in MMH College, Ghaziabad in connection with
my research work.
My thesis is based upon my own work carried out under the
scheme of national fellowship of B.P.R. & D. and under the supervision
of Dr. Veena Tyagi, Reader, MMH College, Ghaziabad and that neither
this thesis nor any part of it has been submitted before for any degree or
diploma any where/else where.
Countersigned by the (Smt. Anita)
Supervisor Research Scholar
Political Science
MMH College, Ghaziabad
(Dr. Veena Tyagi)
izkDdFku
lqj{kk vkSj U;k; ikuk izR;sd ukxfjd dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gSaA bl
xq:Ùkj nkf;Ro dks iw.kZ djuk iqfyl dk drZO; gSA dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk dh
LFkkiuk ds fy;s rFkk vijk/k dks jksdus ds fy;s tgk¡ ukxfjdksa dks iqfyl
dh t:jr gksrh gS] ogha iqfyl dks Hkh izHkkoh drZO; ikyu ,oa fofo/k dk;ksZa
ds fu’iknu ds fy;s ukxfjdksa ds lg;ksx vkSj leFkZu dh vko”;drk
gksrh gSaA lekt esa dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus rFkk vijk/k eqDr lekt ds
fuekZ.k esa iqfyl vkSj turk dh ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk gh ^^iqfyl turk vUr%
lEcU/k** dh vk/kkjf”kyk gSA
izR;sd ukxfjd vkt Hkkjh eu ls fu%ladksp ;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd
orZeku le; esa iqfyl vkSj turk ds e/; lEcU/k th.kZ&”kh.kZ voLFkk esa
gSaA buesas njkj vk pqdh gSA ;s /oLr gksus ds dxkj ij gSaA iqfyl }kjk
dHkh&dHkh tks dBksj fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSa] os dqN vioknksa ds vfrfjDr
fu%lUnsg tufgr ds fy;s gh gksrs gSaA ysfdu tc dksbZ vfiz; ?kVuk ,slk
dk;Z djrs gq;s nqHkkZX; ls ?kV tkrh gS rks mldk ?kksj fojks/k tulk/kkj.k
}kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSaA vkijkf/kd U;k; iz”kklu dh O;oLFkk iwjh rjg
iqfyl }kjk dh tkus okyh foospukRed dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj gS] ysfdu iqfyl
ds izfr vf/kdka”k turk dh /kkj.kk fQj Hkh udkjkRed gh gSA vf/kdre~
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa vkSj muds ifjtuksa dks f”kdk;r gS fd dk;Z dh vf/kdrk ds
dkj.k mudks Lo;a ds fy;s le; ugha fey ikrk] vkSj turk dh f”kdk;r
gS fd iqfyl vdeZ.; gSA blh izdkj dh fojks/kkHkklh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh [kkst
djus dk iz;kl “kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk izLrqr “kks/k esa fd;k x;k gSA
iqfyl dk ekSfyd dk;Z ^dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk* rFkk ^vkijkf/kd
ekeyksa dh foospuk djuk* gSA vius bu nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djrs gq;s
iqfyl vkSj turk dk fofHkUu Lo:ikssa esa vkeuk&lkeuk gksrk gSA ,sls gh
fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa gksus okys ^iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl* dk v/;;u] bl “kks/k
izcU/k dk eq[; mn~ns”; gSA
v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh n`f’V ls izLrqr “kks/k izcU/k dks 7 v/;k;ksa esa
foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA
v/;k;&1 esa “kks/k fo’k; ^iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl* dks ifjHkkf’kr
dj mlds fofHkUu vk;keksa rFkk mldh vuqdwy vkSj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA vPNs iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fy;s
fofHkUu fo}kuksa dh jk; rFkk fofHkUu Lrj ij lEcU/kksa esa lq/kkj dh
fn”kk esa fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA v/;k; ds vUr esa
“kks/k ds mn~ns”;ksa dh ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA
v/;k;&2 dks 2 Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA izFke Hkkx esa “kks/k
fo’k; ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk dh xbZ gSA lkfgR; leh{kk esa fofHkUu
fo}kuksa ,oa izdk”kdksa dh iqLrdsa] ys[k] vk;ksx vkSj lsehukj dh fjiksVZ vkfn
lfEefyr dh xbZ gSaA f}rh; Hkkx esa “kks/k v/;;u i)fr dh O;k[;k dh
xbZ gS rFkk vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu ds L=ksr vkSj muds p;u dh fof/k dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA f}rh; v/;k; dk lekiu “kks/k dh midYiukvksa ls
fd;k x;k gSA
v/;k;&3 dks Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA izFke Hkkx esa
Hkkjrh; iqfyl ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk f}rh;
Hkkx esa mÙkj izns”k iqfyl dk fo”ks’k v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA mŒizŒ iqfyl
ls lEcf/kUr vko”;d tkudkjh bl Hkkx esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA
v/;k;&4 dks Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA blds izFke Hkkx
esa “kks/k{ks= vyhx<+ tuin dk lkekU; v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA tuin
vyhx<+ ds ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd] vkfFkZd] vkS|ksfxd ,oa tuukadh;
ifjn`”; dk o.kZu bl Hkkx esa izLrqr fd;k gSA bl v/;k; ds Hkkx&2 esa
vyhx<+ tuin ds iqfyl cy dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA vyhx<+ iqfyl
dh lajpuk] mlls lcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ vk¡dM+s] p;fur Fkkus vkSj muls
lEcfU/kr vko”;d lwpuk;sa bl v/;k; dh fo’k; oLrq gSaA
v/;k;&5 esa ^iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl* ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk
fu/kkZj.k dj mudk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl vkSj turk dk lkeuk
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh foospuk ds nkSjku] dkuwu O;oLFkk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa
rFkk vkijkf/kd U;k; iz”kklu ls tqM+h fofHkUu dk;Zokfg;ksa ds le; gksrk
gSA bu fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa gksus okyh vUr% fØ;k] iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa
dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
v/;k;&6 esa izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d lzksrksa ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dk
fo”ys’k.k vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed vk¡dM+s turk vkSj iqfyl
ds p;fur yksxksa ls iz”ukoyh vkSj lk{kkRdkj rFkk voyksdu }kjk izkIr
fd;s x;s gSa] rFkk f}rh;d vk¡dM+s fofHkUu Lkzksrksa ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSaA
v/;k;&7 bl “kks/k izcU/k dk vfUre v/;k; gSA bl v/;k; esa
“kks/k ds fu’d’kZ vkSj lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA bu fu’d’kZ vkSj lq>koksa
dk vk/kkj iwoZ ds v/;k;ksa esa fn;s x;s vk¡dM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
gSA
v/;;u djus ls ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd iwoZ ls gh miyC/k
fu;e dkuwuksa dk vuqikyu u djus] iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa esa ikjnf”kZrk u
gksus] ewy dk;Z ds vfrfjDr vU; dk;ksZa esa Hkh iqfyl cy dk iz;ksx djus
,oa lekt dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:i ifjorZu u djus ds dkj.k iqfyl
turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+ jgk gSA
“kks/kkfFkZuh us tks lq>ko izLrqr fd;s gSa] os la{ksi esa fuEu izdkj gSa&
1½ Fkkus ij f”kdk;r ysdj vkus okys izR;sd O;fDr dh izFke lwpuk
fjiksVZ rRdky fy[kh tkuh pkfg;sA laKs; vkSj vlaKs; ekeys esa dksbZ
Hksn ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;fn vko”;d gks rks ,QŒvkbZŒvkjŒ
fy[kus dh lqfo/kk vkSj ys[ku lkexzh Fkkus ij gh miyC/k djkbZ tkuh
pkfg;sA >waBh lwpuk nsus okyksa ds fo:) vko”;d :i ls dk;Zokgh
dh tkuh pkfg;sA
2½ fdlh vfHk;ksx ds iathd`r gksus ds ckn foospuk ds ifj.kke dh
lwpuk vko”;d :i ls fyf[kr esa mlds oknh dks fn;k tkuk
vko”;d cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3½ ?kVuk ds rF; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj xokgksa dk p;u foospuk
vf/kdkjh dks Lo;a djuk pkfg;s rFkk fyf[kr uksfVl }kjk mudks
fu;ekuqlkj xokgh gsrq cqykuk pkfg;sA xokg ds lkFk f”k’V vkSj
lEekutud O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA xokg ds c;ku ;Fkkor~
fy[kdj gLrk{kj djk;s tkus pkfg;s vkSj c;ku dh izfr xokg dks nh
tkuh pkfg;sA xokgksa ls U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gksus gsrq cU/ki=
vko”;d :i ls Hkjok;s tkus pkfg;sA
4½ fdlh ?kVuk esa ?kk;y O;fDr tks ihfM+r vFkok xokg gS] mldk
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k@izkFkfed fpfdRlk izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij gksuk
pkfg;sA dkuwu cukdj xokg@?kk;y O;fDr dk fuf”pr le; ds
vUrxZr fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k vko”;d cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
5½ fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ vko”;d :i ls uksfVl nsdj fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k
crkus pkfg;s] vuko”;d fxj¶rkjh ugha gksuh pkfg;s] vUrfje
tekur nsus dh “kfDr iqfyl vkSj LFkkuh; U;k;ky;ksa dks gksuh
pkfg;s] fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk ftyk fu;U=.k d{k*ij fy[kh tkuh
pkfg;s] xjhc vfHk;qDr dks fu%”kqYd fof/kd lgk;rk miyC/k dh
tkuh pkfg;sA
6½ foospuk dh fof/kd leh{kk ds i”pkr gh fjik sVZ U;k;ky; Hksth tkuh
pkfg;s] iqfyl dks le>kSrk djkus dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj fn;k tkuk
pkfg;sA
7½ fuokjd dk;Zokfg;k¡ la[;k c<+kus dh n`f’V ls ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
fu;ekuqlkj vkSj fujUrj gksuh pkfg;sA
8½ U;kf;d vfHkj{kk c<+kus dh dk;Zokgh tsy esa gh fjek.M eftLVªsV }kjk
dh tkuh pkfg;sA ohŒMhŒvksŒ dkUÝsal }kjk fopkjk/khu cfUn;ksa ls
lEcfU/kr dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg;sA U;k;ky; ds dk;ksZa esa iqfyl
dfeZ;ksa dh txg flfoy dehZ yxk;s tkus pkfg;sA
9½ ^foospuk iqfyl* vkSj ^dkuwu O;oLFkk iqfyl* dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd fd;k
tkuk pkfg;s] iqfyl dk;ksZa esa izkbosV lqj{kk ,tsfUl;ksa dk lg;ksx
fy;k tkuk pkfg;s] LFkkukUrj.k vkSj fu;qfDr dk le; fu;r gksuk
pkfg;sA
10½ tuin esa ^turk iqfyl lalk/ku dsUnz* [kksys tkus pkfg;s] flVhtu
pkVZj dks dM+kbZ ls ykxw gksuk pkfg;s] gsYi ykbu lsokvksa dks lfØ;
cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
11½ iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks lqfuf”pr vkokl] cPpksa dks f”k{kk ,oa ifjokj dks
ewyHkwr lqfo/kk gsrq xEHkhj iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg;sA
“kks/kkfFkZuh us iqfyl ds fdlh u;s vorkj dh dYiuk ugha dh gSA
“kks/kkfFkZuh dk ekuuk gS fd O;ogkfjd igyqvksa dks iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa esa
lfEefyr djds rFkk iqfyl vkSj turk ds e/; laoknghurk dks lekIr
djds iqfyl vkSj turk ds e/; lEcU/kksa dks e/kqj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
“kks/kkfFkZuh dks fo”okl gS fd ;g “kks/k bl fn”kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
iz;kl fl) gksxkA
iqfyl ds lEcU/k esa ,d vke dgkor gS fd ^^iqfyl dh nksLrh vkSj
nq”euh] nksuksa gh vPNh ugha gksrhA** lkFk gh lkFk lekt esa izR;sd O;fDr
dks vktdy fdlh u fdlh :i esa iqfyl dh vko”;drk Hkh gksrh gSA
iqfyl vkSj turk dh ,slh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq;s esjs eu esa ^iqfyl* fo’k;
ij “kks/k djus dh izcy bPNk FkhA C;wjks vkWWQ iqfyl fjlpZ ,.M MsoyiesaV]
x`g ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj us jk’Vªh; “kks/k o`fÙk ds :i esa vkfFkZd lg;ksx
iznku dj esjh bl bPNk dks iw.kZ djus esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ftlds
fy;s eSa C;wjks ifjokj dh gkfnZd vkHkkjh gw¡A
xq: dk LFkku gekjh laLd`fr esa bZ”oj ls Hkh mPp ekuk tkrk gSA
vius bl dk;Z dh izsj.kk ds fy;s eSa vius leLr xq:tuksa ds izfr vkHkkj
O;Dr djrh gw¡] ftuds vk”khokZn ds fcuk ;g dfBu dk;Z iw.kZ gksuk lEHko
ugha FkkA
esjh “kks/k funsZf”kdk MkŒ ohuk R;kxh] jhMj] jktuhfr “kkL= foHkkx]
,eŒ,eŒ,pŒ dkyst xkft;kckn us eq>s bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus esa u dsoy
ekxZn”kZu iznku fd;k gS] cfYd foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa esjk lkgl Hkh
c<+k;k gSA muds ekxZn”kZu vkSj mRlkgo/kZu ds fcuk esjs fy;s ;g dk;Z
vlEHko gh FkkA muds fy;s vkHkkj O;Dr djus dks esjs ikl “kCnksa vHkko gSA
muds fo}Ùkkiw.kZ usr`Ro vkSj mRlkgo/kZu ds fy;s eSa ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡A
MkW- ohuk R;kxh th ds ifr Jh iquhr R;kxh th dh Hkh eSa ân; ls
vkHkkjh gw¡A Jh R;kxh th us vius vuqHkoksa ls esj s “kks/k dk;Z esa le;≤
ij lg;ksx fd;k vkSj ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa dks vius Åij ysdj MkW- ohuk
th dk vewY; le; esjs fy;s lqjf{kr fd;kA
eSa fo”ks’k vkHkkj O;Dr djuk pkgw¡xh MkWŒ ,-ds- tSu jhMj ,oa
foHkkxk/;{k] lekt”kkL= foHkkx ,e-,e-,p- dkWyst xkft;kckn dk] ftUgksaus
“kks/k dk;Z dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djkus esa esjk ml le; lg;ksx fd;k tc
iqfyl foHkkx ds lEcU/k esa esjh tkudkjh vR;f/kd de FkhA MkW-tSu us “kks/k
dk;Z ds nkSjku eqf”dy izrhr gksrh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku iznku djds esjs
“kks/k dk;Z esa cgqewY; ;ksxnku fd;k gSA
MkW- vkj-,e- tkSgjh iz/kkukpk;Z ,e-,e-,p- dkWyst xkft;kckn ,oa MkW-
iwue ekFkqj foHkkxk/;{k jktuhfr “kkL= foHkkx ,e-,e-,p- dkWyst
xkft;kckn us Hkh le;≤ ij vius cgqewY; vuqHkoksa ls eq>s ykHkkfUor
fd;k gSA muds ;ksxnku ds fy;s eSa ân; ls /kU;okn Kkfir djrh gw¡A Jh
dqeqns”k dqekj flag izoDrk n”kZu”kkL= foHkkx ,e-,e-,p- dkWyst
xkft;kckn rFkk Jh v:.k T;ksfr flag dk;kZy; v/kh{kd ,e-,e-,p- dkWyst
xkft;kckn ds ;ksxnku dks iw.kZ lEeku iznku djrs gq;s eSa ân; ls mudh
vkHkkjh gw¡A
vyhx<+ eqfLye fo”ofo|ky; ds izks-,e-tSM-fln~nhdh] bykgkckn
fo”ofo|ky; ds izks- vkyksd iUr] izks0 gsjEc prqosZnh] MkW-g’kZ dqekj] pkS/kjh
pj.k flag fo”ofo|ky; ds izks-,l-ds prqosZnh]MkW latho “kekZ ,oa MkW- eukst
f=ikBh] jkeeuksgj yksfg;k jk’Vªh; fof/k fo”ofo|ky; y[kuÅ ds MkW- ds-,-
ik.Ms; vkSj MkW- e`nqy JhokLro }kjk Hkh eq>s le;≤ ij “kks/k fo’k; ls
lEcfU/kr u;s&u;s rF;ksa ls voxr djkrs gq;s esjk Kkuo/kZu fd;k tkrk jgk
gSA bu lHkh ds vk”khokZn ds fy;s Hkh eSa ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡A
ch-ih-vkj-,.M-Mh dh iwoZ egkfuns”kd MkW- fdj.k csnh] iwoZ funs”kd
¼”kks/k½ Jh vkj-lh- vjksM+k] MkW- riu pØorhZ] MkW-ch-oh-f=osnh ,oa MkW- jfo
vEc’V }kjk “kks/kkfFkZuh dks le;≤ ij ekxZn”kZu iznku dj fo”ks’k
lg;ksx iznku fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl foKku ls lEcfU/kr dqN dfBu iz”uksa
dks le>us esa budk ekxZn”kZu vR;Ur gh ykHknk;d jgk gSaA eSa bu lHkh
fo}r~tukas dh ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡A
iqfyl dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa dks le>s fcuk bl
“kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ fd;k tkuk lEHko ugha FkkA bl dk;Z esa esjk ekxZn”kZu
Jherh fryksrek oekZ vkbZ-ih-,l-] Jh lrh”k xk sYNk] vkbZ-ih-,l-] Jh vlhe
v:.k] vkbZ-ih-,l-] Jh vkfnR; feJk] vkbZ-ih-,l-] Jherh js.kqdk “kkL=h]
vkbZ-ih-,l-] Jh jk/kseksgu Hkkj}kt] vij iqfyl v/kh{kd] Jh fofiu feJk]
vij iqfyl v/kh{kd] Jh ch-,e-feJk] iqfyl mik/kh{kd ¼ls-fu-½ Jh gkfde
jk;] iqfyl mik/kh{kd ¼ls-fu-½] Jh vk”kqrks’k f}osnh iqfyl mik/kh{kd] Jh
nqxsZ”k dqekj] iqfyl mik/kh{kd] Jherh cchrk lkgw] iqfyl mik/kh{kd] Jh
xeys”oj fcYVksfj;k] fujh{kd] Jh eukst “kekZ] mifujh{kd] Jh n”kjFk
flag] mifujh{kd] }kjk fo”ks’k :i ls fd;k x;k ftlds fy;s eSa mudks
ân; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gw¡A
eSa fo”ks’k :i ls vkHkkjh gw¡ Jh ujs”k ;kno la;qDr funs”kd
vfHk;kstu] Jh vfHkeU;q feJk la;qDr funs”kd vfHk;kstu] Jh cPpw flag]
miftyk eftLVsªV] Jh ch-,u- xqIrk] T;s’B vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh] Jh iou
dqekj flag vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh] Jh vrqy dqekj vks>k vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh]
Jh jkelsod jktiwr vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh]Jh tksxsUnz c?ksy vfHk;kstu
vf/kdkjh] Jherh :ch ;kno vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh] Jh v”kksd dqekj fxjh
vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh ds ;ksxnku ds fy;s] ftUgksaus esjs “kks/k dk;Z ds
O;kogkfjd i{k dks lcy cukus esa viuk vewY; ;ksxnku fn;k] rFkk vkadM+ksa
ds ladyu esa esjk lg;ksx fd;kA
“kks/k dk;Z ds nkSjku eq>s tuin vyhx<+ ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ij rSukr
U;kf;d ,oa iz”kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dk Hkh ekxZn”kZu izkIr gqvkA eSa eq[;
:i ls vkHkkjh gw¡] Jh gluSu dqjS”kh] vij ftyk tt] Jh ftrsUnz dqekj
flag vij ftyk tt] Jh jkts”k dqekj] vij ftyk tt] “;keyky dksjh
eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV] Jh mn; izrki flag eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV] Jh
ulhe vgen flfoy tt] Jh fudqUt feRry vij eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV]
Jh ch-ds-frokjh flfoy tt]Jh vkj-ih-flag vij eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV] Jh
iquhr xqIrk vij eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV] Jh vf[kys”k ikBd vij eq[;
U;kf;d eftLVªsV ,oa mu lHkh vf/koDrkx.k dk ftUgksaus vkijkf/kd U;k;
iz”kklu ds O;ogkfjd i{k dks le>us esa esjk lg;ksx fd;k vkSj egRoiw.kZ
lq>ko nsdj “kks/k dk;Z dh xq.koRrk esa ;ksxnku fd;kA
esjs “kks/k dk vf/kdre dk;Z ml le; esa iw.kZ gqvk tc esjs ifr dh
fu;qfDr lh-ch-vkbZ- ubZ fnYyh esa FkhA Jh _’kh izdk”k iqfyl v/kh{kd]
lh-ch-vkbZ-] Jh ,e-lh- lkguh] iqfyl v/kh{kd] lh-ch-vkbZ-] Jh oh-ds- “kekZ]
vij fof/k lykgdkj] lh-ch-vkbZ-] Jh oh-,l-”kqDyk] mi fof/k lykgdkj]
lh-ch-vkbZ-] Jh vf[kys”k vkSj Jh fot; dqekj “kekZ ofj’B yksd
vfHk;kstd lh-ch-vkbZ- ubZ fnYyh us lkfgR; leh{kk ,oa leL;k {ks=ksa ds
p;u esa eq>s egRoiw.kZ ekxZ n”kZu iznku fd;k gSA eSa muds ;ksxnku ds
fy;s ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡A
vusd iqLrdksa ,oa i= if=dkvksa ds v/;;u ds fy;s tks lqfoèkk;sa eq>s
ch-ih-vkj-,.M-Mh- iqLrdky;] esjB fo”ofo|ky; iqLdky;] lh-ch-vkbZ-
eq[;ky; ds iqLrdky;] eqjknkckn iqfyl vdkneh iqLrdky;] vyhx<+
eqfLye fo”ofo|ky; iqLrdky;] jk’Vªh; fof/k fo”ofo|ky; iqLrdky;
,oa tuin vyhx<+ ds fofHkUu dk;kZy;ksa ls izkIr gqbZ gS] mlds fy;s eSa
ân; ls /kU;okn Kkfir djrh gw¡A
“kks/k dk;Z ds nkSjku eq>s vDlj ifjokj ls nwj “kks/k {ks= esa jguk
iM+kA ,sls le; esa esjs vuqt HkwisUnz] lrsUnz rFkk esjs ifr ds vuqt eukst
eqn~xy }kjk ifjokj dh O;oLFkk esa lg;ksx nsdj rFkk ik.Mqfyfi ,oa Vkbi
lkexzh ds feyku dk dfBu dk;Z djds eq>s bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus esa
lfØ; lg;ksx fd;k gSaA eSa bZ”oj ls muds lq[kn Hkfo’; dh dkeuk djrh
gw¡A vius ifjokj ds lHkh ofj’B lnL; ,oa firk rqY; “olqj Jh y{e.k
Lo:i th ,oa Jh Bkdqj nkl th ds izR;{k rFkk vius LoxhZ; firk Jh
lqjs”kpanz th ds vizR;{k vk”khokZn ls eq>s izfrdwy LokLF; ,oa dfBu
ikfjokfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl dk;Z dks djrs jgus dh izsj.kk feyrh jgh gS
ftlls ;g dk;Z iw.kZ gks ldk gSaA
eSa vius 6 o’khZ; iq= fo”oo/kZu dh fo”ks’k :i ls _.kh gw¡] ftlus
vius cky eu dks fu;U=.k esa j[kdj eq>s “kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus ds fy;s
og le; fn;k ftl ij mldk iw.kZ vf/kdkj FkkA esjs ifr Jh yfyr
eqn~xy us viuh ljdkjh O;Lrrk ds ckotwn Hkh viuk vewY; le;
fudkydj dsoy esjs lkjFkh dk gh dk;Z ugha fd;k cfYd ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa
dks O;ofLFkr djus vkSj fo”ys’k.k djus esa esjk iw.kZ lg;ksx fd;k gSA
muds lg;ksx ds fcuk esjk ;g “kks/k dk;Z vR;f/kd eqf”dy gksrkA
turk vkSj iqfyl ds mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds izfr eSa fo”ks’k :i ls
vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gw¡ ftUgksaus iz”ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls esjs
“kks/k dk;Z ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ vk¡dM+sa vkSj lwpuk;sa eq>s miyC/k djkbZA
”kks/k dk;Z ds fo”ys’k.k dh izfØ;k] izkFkfed vk¡dM+sa] fu’d’kZ ,oa
lq>ko vk|kUr esjs gh g Sa ysfdu vusd iqLrdksa] ys[kksa] “kks/k dk;ksZ vkSj fjiksVZ
vkfn dk lg;ksx eSaus bl “kks/k izcU/k dks iw.kZ djus esa fy;k gSaA eSa mu
lHkh ys[kdksa ,oa izdk”kdksa rFkk “kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dh ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡A
ge esa ls izR;sd viw.kZ gS vkSj viw.kZrk dHkh iw.kZrk dk mn~?kks’k ugha
dj ldrh A xyrh djuk ekuo dk LoHkko gSa vkSj xyfr;ksa dk gksuk
LokHkkfod Hkh gSA blfy;s “kks/kdk;Z ds nkSjku eq>ls Hkh dqN =qfV;ka vo”;
gqbZ gksaxh ftlds fy;s eS lHkh ls {kek izkFkhZ gw¡A
vUr esa eSa dq”koa”kh fizUVksxzkfQDl] lsUV tkWUl pkSjkgk] vkxjk] rkt
fizfVax izSl] eFkqjk ,oa lujkbt+ fizaVlZ] eFkqjk ¼m-iz-½ dks gkfnZd
/kU;okn Kkfir djrh gw¡] ftUgksaus izkFkfedrk iznku dj esjs bl “kks/k xzUFk
dks ltkus] l¡okjus vkSj iw.kZ djus esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx iznku fd;k gSA
fnukad %
rkfydk@fp= lwph
Ø-la-
rkfydk@fp= laŒ
fo"k; i`"B laŒ
1- 2
¼1½
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa
¼mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k ls lEcfU/kr
2- 2
¼2½
turk ¼mRrjnkrkvksa½ izfrn'kZ dh la[;k
ls lEcfU/kr
3- 3
¼1½
fofHkUu ns'kksa esa turk iqfyl vuqikr
4- 3
¼2½
fofHkUu izns'kksa esa turk iqfyl vuqikr
5- 3
¼3½
fofHkUu izns'kksa esa izfr 100 oxZ
fdeh- ij iqfyl dehZ
6- 3
¼4½
o"kZ 2007 esa m0iz0 iqfyl cy dh la[;k
7- 3
¼5½
iathd`r vfHk;ksxksa ij dh xbZ
dk;Zokgh
8- 3
¼6½
Fkkuksa esa iathd`r vijk/kksa dh la[;k
9- 4
¼1½
tuin vyhx<+ ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+s
10- 4
¼2½
tuin vyhx<+ tula[;k dk vkfFkZd
oxhZdj.k
11- 4
¼3½
tuin vyhx<+ esa 'kSf{kd laLFkk,sa
12- 4
¼4½
tuin vyhx<+ dk lk{kjrk izfr'kr
13- 4
¼5½
tuin vyhx<+ esa ifjogu ekxZ
14- 4
¼6½
tuin vyhx<+ esa lapkj dsUnzksa dh
miyC/krk
15- 4
¼7½
tuin vyhx<+ esa lekpkj i=ksa dk fooj.k
16- 4
¼8½
tuin vyhx<+ esa /kekZuqlkj tula[;k
17- 4
¼9½
tuin vyhx<+ esa fgUnw&eqfLye tula[;k
izfr'kr
18- 4 tuin vyhx<+ esa tkfrokj tula[;k
¼10
½
19- 4
¼11
½
tuin vyhx<+ esa Hkk"kkokj tula[;k
20- 4
¼12
½
tuin vyhx<+ esa fofHkUu jktuSfrd
nyksa dh fLFkfr
21- 4
¼13
½
tuin vyhx<+ ls 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq p;fur
Fkkuksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh
22- 4
¼14
½
Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj esa iqfylcy dh
la[;k
23- 4
¼15
½
Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj esa iathd`r
vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
24- 4
¼16
½
Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj esa fuLrkfjr
vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
25- 4
¼17
½
Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj esa Fkkuk/;{k dh
fu;qfDr vof/k
26- 4
¼18
½
Fkkuk vrjkSyh esa iqfyl cy dh la[;k
27- 4
¼19
½
Fkkuk vrjkSyh esa iathd`r vijk/kksa dk
fooj.k
28- 4
¼20
½
Fkkuk vrjkSyh esa fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa
dk fooj.k
29- 4
¼21
½
Fkkuk vrjkSyh esa Fkkuk/;{k dh
fu;qfDr vof/k
30- 4
¼22
½
Fkkuk xkWa/kh ikdZ esa iqfyl cy dh
la[;k
31- 4
¼23
½
Fkkuk xkWa/kh ikdZ esa iathd`r
vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
32- 4
¼24
½
Fkkuk xkWa/kh ikdZ esa fuLrkfjr
vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
33- 4
¼25
Fkkuk xkWa/kh ikdZ esa Fkkuk/;{k dh
fu;qfDr vof/k
½
34- 4
¼26
½
Fkkuk cUuknsoh esa iqfyl cy dh la[;k
35- 4
¼27
½
Fkkuk cUuknsoh esa iathd`r vijk/kksa
dk fooj.k
36- 4
¼28
½
Fkkuk cUuknsoh esa fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa
dk fooj.k
37- 4
¼29
½
Fkkuk cUuknsoh esa Fkkuk/;{k dh
fu;qfDr vof/k
38- 4
¼30
½
tuin vyhx<+ esa iqfylcy dh fLFkfr
39- 4
¼31
½
tuin vyhx<+ esa iathd`r vijk/kksa dk
fooj.k
40- 4
¼32
½
tuin vyhx<+ esa ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd dh
fu;qfDr vof/k
41- 4 eftLVsªV U;k;ky; ds oknksa dk rhu
¼33
½
o"khZ; rqyukRed fooj.k
42- 4
¼34
½
l= U;k;ky; ds oknksa dk rhu o"khZ;
rqyukRed fooj.k
43- 4
¼35
½
o"kZ 2007 ls 2009 rd fopkjk/khu cUnh
44- 4
¼36
½
vyhx<+ ifj{ks= esa egRoiw.kZ
vijk/kksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u
45- 4
¼37
½
vU; vf/kfu;eksa ds vijk/kksa dk
rqyukRed fooj.k
46- 4
¼38
½
efgykvksa ds fo:) vijk/k
47- 6
¼1½
iqfyl ds mRrjnkrkvksa dh mez dk
fooj.k
48- 6
¼2½
tuin ds mRrjnkrkvksa dh mez dk
fooj.k
49- 6
¼3½
iqfyl ds mRrjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj
50- 6
¼4½
turk ds mRrjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj
51- 6
¼5½
turk ds iqfyl esa ifjfpr O;fDr;ksa dk
izfr'kr
52- 6
¼6½
iqfyl ds vko'; dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa turk
dh jk;
53 6
¼7½
turk dk Fkkus ij tkus dk mn~ns';
54- 6
¼8½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
55- 6
¼9½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh jk;
56- 6
¼10
½
izkFkZuk i= fy[kus ds lEcU/k esa turk
dh jk;
57- 6
¼11
½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- U;k;ky; Hksts tkus ds
lEcU/k esa turk&iqfyl dh jk;
58- 6
¼12
½
foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k
esa turk dh jk;
59- 6
¼13
foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k
esa iqfyl dh jk;
½
60- 6
¼14
½
turk ds mRrjnkrkvksa ij eksckby dh
miyC/krk ds lEcU/k esa
61- 6
¼15
½
iqfyl ds uEcj dh tkudkjh ds lEcU/k esa
62- 6
¼16
½
iqfyl ds lEidZ uEcj dh vko';drk ds
lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
63- 6
¼17
½
xokgh ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
64- 6
¼18
½
iqfyl }kjk xokg ls fd;s tkus okys O;ogkj
ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
65- 6
¼19
½
c;ku fy[kus ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
66- 6
¼20
½
xokgh ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh jk;
67- 6 mipkj vkSj ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa
¼21
½
turk dh jk;
68- 6
¼22
½
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds lEcU/k esa turk dh
jk;
69- 6
¼23
½
fxj¶rkjh uksfVl ds lEcU/k esa turk dh
jk;
70- 6
¼24
½
iqfyl esa f'kdk;r gksus ij Hk; ds lEcU/k
esa turk dh jk;
71- 6
¼25
½
fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr~ tekur ds lEcU/k esa
turk dh jk;
72- 6
¼26
½
Fkkus ij tekur nsus ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl
dh jk;
73- 6
¼27
½
tkek ryk'kh dk lkeku izkIr djus ds lEcU/k
esa turk dh jk;
74- 6
¼28
½
fxj¶rkjh ds ckn U;k;ky; Hkstus ds lEcU/k
esa turk dh jk;
75- 6
¼29
½
foyEc ls U;k;ky; Hkstus ds lEcU/k esa
iqfyl dh jk;
76- 6
¼30
½
fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa turk
dh jk;
77- 6
¼31
½
fof/kd lgk;rk ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
78- 6
¼32
½
iqfyl ds le{k lquokbZ ds volj ds lEcU/k
eas turk dh jk;
79- 6
¼33
½
vUrfje tekur ds lEcU/k esa turk&iqfyl
dh jk;
80- 6
¼34
½
vijk/k iathd`r gksus ds i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr
ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
81- 6
¼35
½
vfHk;qDr ds fo:) dqdhZ ds lEcU/k esa
iqfyl dh jk;
82- 6
¼36
fxj¶rkjh ls cpus ds iz;kl ds lEcU/k esa
turk dh jk;
½
83- 6
¼37
½
foospuk dh xq.koRrk ds lEcU/k esa
turk dh jk;
84- 6
¼38
½
foospuk dh xq.koRrk ds lEcU/k esa
iqfyl dh jk;
85- 6
¼39
½
foospuk ds nkSjku jkthukek ds lEcU/k
esa turk dh jk;
86- 6
¼40
½
jkthukek gksus ij dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k
esa iqfyl dh jk;
87- 6
¼41
½
>wWaBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa
turk & iqfyl dh jk;
88- 6
¼42
½
>wWaBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa
dk;Zokgh ij iqfyl dh jk;
89- 6
¼43
½
dkuwu O;oLFkk dh dk;Zokgh ds
lEcU/k esa
90- 6
¼44
½
lnkpkj ds fy;s izfrHkwfr ds lEcU/k esa
91- 6
¼45
½
eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e ds lEcU/k esa
92- 6
¼46
½
iqfyl }kjk okgu pSfdax dk;Zokgh ds
lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
93- 6
¼47
½
U;k;ky; esa eqdnes dh tkudkjh ds
lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
94- 6
¼48
½
eqdnesa dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa turk
dh jk;
95- 6
¼49
½
cfUn;ksa dks dsl djus esa gksus okyh
ijs'kkuh ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh jk;
96- 6
¼50
½
U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fopkjk/khu cfUn;ksa
ds lEcU/k esa
97- 6
¼51
½
'kL= ykblsal tkjh djus dh 'kfDr ds
lEcU/k esa turk & iqfyl dh jk;
98- 6
¼52
½
iqfyl }kjk laLrqr ,oa ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk
tkjh ykblsal dh rqyuk ds lEcU/k esa
99- 6 izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dh
¼53
½
la[;k
10
0-
6
¼54
½
foospuk ds dk;Z esa foyEc ds lEcU/k
esa iqfyl dh jk;
10
1-
6
¼55
½
izf'k{k.k ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh jk;
10
2-
6
¼56
½
iqfyl vkokl ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh jk;
10
3-
6
¼57
½
dk;Z dh vof/k ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl dh
jk;
10
4-
6
¼58
½
iqfyl x'r ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk;
10
5-
6
¼59
½
iqfyl ds O;ogkj ds lEcU/k esa turk dh
jk;
fØ;kRed 'kCnkoyh
1- b.VjQsl & vUr% lEcU/k] vkeuk&lkeuk
2- dkULVscqyjh & vkj{kh Lrj dk iqfyl cy
3- chV & lcls NksVh iqfyl bdkbZ@{ks=
4- irkjlh & [kkstchu djuk] xksiuh; tkudkjh djuk
5- foospuk & lk{; bdB~Bk djuk@tk¡p djuk
6- oknh & f'kdk;rdrkZ@,Q-vkbZ-vkj-drkZ
7- vfHk;qDr@vfHk;ksxh & ftlds fo:) ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- gqbZ gS
8- xokg & lk{; nsus okyk
9- QnZ & eheks] fooj.k
10- laKs; vijk/k & ,sls vijk/k ftuesa iqfyl dks lh/ks
fxj¶rkj djus dh 'kfDr gSA budh lwph
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa nh xbZ gSA
11- vlaKs; vijk/k & ,sls vijk/k ftuesa iqfyl }kjk U;k;ky;
ls vuqefr ysdj gh fxj¶rkjh dh tk
ldrh gSA budh lwph n.M izfØ;k
lafgrk esa nh xbZ gSA
12- ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- & le; dh nf"V ls loZizFke nh xbZ lwpuk]
tksfd ekSf[kd vFkok fyf[kr gks ldrh
gSA
13- dsl Mk;jh & fdlh ekeys dh foopsuk dh izfrfnu dh
dk;Zokgh blesa foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk
fy[kh tkrh gSA
14- jkstukepk vke & bls tujy Mk;jh ¼th-Mh-½ Hkh dgrs gSaA
;g Fkkus esa j[kk tkus okyk jftLVj gksrk
gS ftlesa Fkkus dh 24?kaVs dh xfrfof/k;k¡
fy[kh tkrh gSaA
15- vkjksi i= & foospuk ds ifj.kke dh fjiksVZ tc vkjksi
lgh ik;s x;s gksaA
16- ,Q-vkj- & foospuk ds ifj.kke dh fjiksVZ tc vkjksi
>w¡Bs ik;s x;s gksaA
17- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk & blesa vkijkf/kd ekeyksa ds lEcUèk esa
iqfyl@U;k;ky; dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu gSA
18- Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk & blesa vijk/kksa dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj muds fy;s
n.M dh ek=k dk o.kZu gSA
19- lk{; & fdlh ?kVuk ds leFkZu esa rF;A
20- vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh & vijk/k iathd`r gksus ds ckn mldh tk¡p
djus] lk{; bdV~Bk djus okyk iqfyl
vf/kdkjhA
21- fpV~Bh et:ch & fpfdRlk ijh{k.k gsrq iqfyl }kjk Hksts
tkus okyk izi=A
22- czksLVy & lq/kkj x`g
23-+ dsl ykW & U;k;ky; }kjk fn;k x;k fu.kZ;
24- tkek ryk'kh & ryk'kh ysus dh izfØ;k
25- iSjoh & ns[kHkky
26- iqfyl fjek.M & iqfyl dh vfHkj{kk esa gksuk
27- U;kf;d fjek.M & U;k;ky; dh vfHkj{kk esa gksuk vFkok
dkjkxkj esa gksuk
28- okj.V & vkns'k@vf/kdkj i=
29- lEeu & cqykok i=@vkns'k
30- czhQ & lkjka'k@ijh{k.k fjiksVZ
31- vuqKfIr & /kkj.k djus dk vf/kdkj i=
32- fgLVªh'khVj & Fkkus dk ?kksf"kr vijk/kh
33- fidsV & ?ksjkcUnh@iqfyl dk teko
34- rkehy & izkIr gksuk@djkuk
35- cU/k i= & vkc) djus okyk izys[k
36- 'keuh; ekeys & ikjLifjd lgefr ls lekIr gksus okys
ekeys@budh lwph n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa
nh xbZ gSA
37- vfHkokd~ lkSnsckth & lgefr ds vk/kkj ij vkijkf/kd ekeys
dks lekIr djus dh izfØ;k
38- eky eqdn~nekrh & ,slk lkeku tks lk{; ds :i esa fdlh
ekeys esa iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gksA
v/;k; fooj.k izkDdFku vkHkkj ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkcyh rkfydk@fp= lwph
v/;k;&1 iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl 1&51
v/;k;&2 lkfgR; leh{kk ,oa v/;;u i)fr
¼d½ lkfgR; leh{kk
¼[k½ v/;;u i)fr
52&99
v/;k;&3
iqfyl dk v/;;u
¼d½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl dk bfrgkl
¼[k½ mŒizŒ iqfyl dk v/;;u
100&130
v/;k;&4 tuin vyhx<+ dk lkekU; v/;;u ,oa tuin
vyhx<+ ds iqfyl cy dk fo'ks"k v/;;u
¼d½ vyhx<+ tuin dk lkekU; v/;;u
¼d½ vyhx<+ tuin ds iqfyl cy dk dk
fo'ks"k v/;;u
131&183
v/;k;&5 iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa
dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa fooj.kkRed v/;;u
184&244
v/;k;&6 iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa
dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu
245&303
v/;k;&7 fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko 304&328
lUnHkZ lwph i - xxvi
ifjf'k"V
& ifjf'k"V&1
& ifjf'k"V&2
v/;k; dze v/;k; fooj.k izkDdFku vkHkkj ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkcyh rkfydk@fp= lwph v/;k;&1 iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl 1&51
v/;k;&2 lkfgR; leh{kk ,oa v/;;u i)fr
¼d½ lkfgR; leh{kk
¼[k½ v/;;u i)fr
52&99
v/;k;&3
iqfyl dk v/;;u
¼d½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl dk bfrgkl
¼[k½ mŒizŒ iqfyl dk v/;;u
100&130
v/;k;&4 tuin vyhx<+ dk lkekU; v/;;u ,oa tuin
vyhx<+ ds iqfyl cy dk fo'ks"k v/;;u
¼d½ vyhx<+ tuin dk lkekU; v/;;u
¼d½ vyhx<+ tuin ds iqfyl cy dk dk
fo'ks"k v/;;u
131&183
v/;k;&5 iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa
dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa fooj.kkRed v/;;u
184&244
v/;k;&6 iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa
dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu
245&303
v/;k;&7 fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko 304&328
lUnHkZ lwph i - xxvi
ifjf'k"V
& ifjf'k"V&1
& ifjf'k"V&2
1
v/;k;&1
iqfyl ifCyd baVjQsl
Hkkjr ,d egRoiw.kZ yksdrkfU=d ns'k gSA ekuo lH;rk ds ik¡p
gtkj o"kksZa ls Hkh iqjkus bfrgkl esa dgha Hkh] dHkh Hkh brus O;kid iSekus ij
yksdrkfU=d iz;ksx ugha pyk] tSlk fd Hkkjr esa Lok/khurk ds ckn pyk
gSA iztkrU= ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr dh egRrk dk vglkl if'pe esa vf/kd
gSA VSDlkl fo'ofo|ky; ds dk ;g dFku mYys[kuh; gS
fd ^nwljs egk;q) ds ckn dh lcls vk'p;Ztud ?kVuk Hkkjr esa yksdrU=
dk dk;e jguk gSA*1 izfl) bfrgkldkj vkSj jktuhfr 'kkL=h
dk ;g dFku Hkh xkSj djus yk;d gS fd^ Hkkjr dsoy Lo;a
dh n`f"V ls gh ,d egRoiw.kZ ns'k ugha gS] oju~ ;g leLr fo'o esa
yksdrU= ds Hkfo"; dh n`f"V ls Hkh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ns'k gSA2
x.kra= dk lcls igyk mn~ns'; ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuSfrd U;k; miyC/k djkuk gSA bu mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,
jkT; viuh fofHkUu dk;Zdkjh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls ;kstukvksa dks
dk;kZfUor djrk gS vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[krk gSA nqfu;k ds gj ns'k esa rFkk
gj lekt esa iqfyl laxBu ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk lEcU/kh dk;ksZa ds
fuoZgu ds ,d rU= ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] rFkk og gj txg dkuwu dh
LFkkiuk djrk gSA izfl) fopkjd gjeu xksyLVj us blhfy,s dgk gS fd
^^iztkrU= dh “kfDr bl ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd ukxfjd fdl izdkj viuk
thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa rFkk iqfyl vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZg fdruh
;ksX;rk ls dj jgh gSA3 **iqfyl dks gj txg ,sls ^^fu;U=.kdkjh iz'kklu**
2
ds ;U= dh laKk nh tkrh gS] ftldk ifjorZu ;k fodkl djus ls nwj&nwj
rd dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA D;ksafd ;g ,slh ,tsUlh gS tks fd gj lekt esa
fof/k ,oa O;oLFkk dk vk;kstu djrh jgrh gSA rFkk ftldk gj fnu
vijk/kksa vkSj nqO;Zluksa ls gh ikyk iM+rk gSA ysfdu iqfyl rFkk fodkl ij
fd, tkus okys v/kqukru 'kks/k ,d nwljh gh dgkuh lqukrs gSa] vkSj og ;g
fd iqfyl iz'kklu u dsoy fodkl dks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls izHkkfor
djrk gS vfirq og mls lekfgr djrs gq,s izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj ,d fn'kk
cks/k Hkh iznku djrk gSA
izfl) fo}ku dSVfyu us Li"V dgk gS fd ^^jktuhfr laxfBr
lekt dk v/;;u gS vkSj blfy, lekt'kkL= ls mls vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA lekt'kkL= viuh mRifRr ds izkjfEHkd dky ls gh jktuhfrd
izfØ;kvksa ,oa laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u dj jgk gSA vk/kqfud dky esa vuds
jktuhfr”kkfL=;ksa us jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa dh okLrfodrk dks le>us ds
fy, mu lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS tks jktuhfrd
O;ogkjksa ,oa ?kVukvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA ;g loZekU; rF; gS fd dksbZ
Hkh jktuhfrd dk;Z ,oa laLFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk ls vyx ugha gksrh gSA
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa Hkkx ysus okyksa dh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe] budh
lkekftd n'kk] o ewY;ksa dk leqfpr egRo gksrk gSA4 dqN fo}ku ekurs gSa
fd lekftd izo`fÙk;ksa dk jktuSfrd izo`fÙk;ksa ij T;knk izHkko iM+rk gS]5
tcfd dqN fo}kuksa us ;g fn[kk;k gS fd jktuSfrd izo`fÙk;ksa dk lkekftd
izo`fÙk;ksa ij T;knk izHkko iM+rk gSA6 ysfdu ;g rF; fufoZokn lR; gS fd
3
jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd izo`fÙk;k¡ ,d nwljs dks iwjh rjg ls izHkkfor
djrh gSaA7
dk ;g fuf'pr er gS fd] ^^ bl rF; dks
ekuus ds ihNs dbZ vk/kkj gSa fd nwljh bdkb;ksa ds eqdkcys iqfyl
jktuSfrd thou dks vf/kd izHkkfor djrh gSA** blds izeq[k dkj.kksa esa
igyk ;g fd viuh onhZ ds dkj.k iqfyl dh Hkwfedk bruh izR;{k rFkk
[kqyh gksrh gS fd mls fNik;k ugha tk ldrk rFkk lekt dh lHkh
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa bruh jph clh jgrh gS fd mldk lEcU/k tu&tu rd
QSyk gqvk gSA nwljk ;g fd iqfyl lekt dk fu;U=d gS] vr% mldh
Hkwfedk ds izfr lekt esa Hk;] mRrstuk rFkk vk'kadk dh Hkkouk Hkh jgrh
gSA vr% ljdkj ds vU; vaxksa ds foijhr mldh HkkoukRed egRo dh
fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA rhljk ;g fd iqfyldehZ O;fDr;ksa ds thou dh j{kk
mudh ladV dh ?kfM+;ksa esa djrs gSa] vr% mudk egRo fufoZokn :i ls
Lo;a fl) gSA pkSFkk ;g fd iqfyl dks dkuwu dk lekukFkhZ eku fy;k x;k
gS] D;ksafd og euq’; }kjk jfpr ;k fof/k }kjk LFkkfir ljdkj ds laxBuksa
rFkk <k¡pksa dh j{kk djrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh r; djrh gS fd mls viuh
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dSls djuk gSA8 ^gjeu xksyLVj* us Hkh dgk gS fd
^^iztkrU= dh “kfDr bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd ukxfjd fdl izdkj
viuk thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa rFkk iqfyl vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZg fdruh
;ksX;rk ls dj jgh gSA**9
vkWDlQksMZ “kCn dks’k esa iqfyl “kCn ls vfHkizk; gS] ^^ dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus ,oa fu;af=r djus okyk laxBu] jkT; dh vUrjax
4
ljdkj&blds vuqlkj iqfyl eSu ls rkRi;Z ,sls O;fDr ls gS ftls dkuwu
O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s jktdks’k ls osru feyrk gSA ySfVu Hkk’kk esas
^^iqfyl^^ “kCn ls rkRi;Z gS ^^iqfyfV;k^^ ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^^iksfyl^^
;k ^^jkT;^^A10 oLrqr% iqfyl “kCn ls vfHkizk; gS ^^iz'kklu dh O;oLFkk^^
vFkok ^^iz'kklu dk fu;U=.k^^A vk/kqfud lekt esa iqfyl ukxfjd
vf/kdkfj;ksa dk og laxfBr lewg gS] ftldk izeq[k dk;Z lqO;oLFkk LFkkfir
djuk] vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke djuk rFkk dkuwuksa dks ykxw djuk gSA11
vf'kdka'k ns'kksa vkSj lektkssa esa izkjEHk ls gh fdlh u fdlh Hkk¡fr
pkSdlh djus okys laxBu jgrs vk, gSA izkjfEHkd lektksa esa ;s laxBu
vR;Ur ljy vkSj lkekU; n`f"V okys jgs gksaxs] fdUrq lH;rk ds foLrkj ds
lkFk&lkFk tSls tSls tula[;k c<+rh xbZ] vkokxeu vkSj lapkj lk/kuksa dk
fodkl gqvkA oSls oSls ;s laxBu tfVy vkSj rduhdh curs x,A fQj Hkh
iz'kklfud laxBu esa jkT; dh ,d Lora= bdkbZ ds :i esa iqfyl ,d
vk/kqfud lajpuk gSA12 fczzfV”k vkSj vejhdh iqfyl O;oLFkkvksa ls fHkUu
Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk ,dkRed vkSj la?kkRed tSls oxhZdj.kksa esa ugha
ck¡/kh tk ldrhA13
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds lkrosa vuqHkkx esa ^^iqfyl^^ fo’k; dh izfof’V
^^jkT; lwph^^ ds vUrxZr gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^^iqfyl^^ jkT;ksa dk
fo’k; gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk vijk/k vkSj iqfyl iz'kklu ds lEcU/k esa
fof/k dks fufeZr djus dk vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkjksa dks ns fn;k x;k gSA
vijk/k vkSj iqfyl iz'kklu rFkk rRlEcU/kh fo’k;ksa ls dsUnz ljdkj dk
dksbZZ izR;{k lEcU/k ugha gSA ysfdu iqfyl ls lEcfU/kr vusd egRoiw.kZ
5
fo’k; dsUnzh; lwph esas gS] tSls & vk;q/k] xksyk ck:n vkSj foLQksVd
inkFkZ] la?k ds vU; l'kL= cy] la?k ds l”kL= cy dk jkT; es a flfoy
“kfDr dh lgk;rk essssa vfHk&fu;kstu] fuokjd fujks/k dkuwuA blds
vfrfjDr iqfyl }kjk iz;ksx essa yk, tkus okys dkuwu n.Mizfd;k lafgrk]
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk leorhZ lwph ds fo’k;ksa esa lfEefyr gSaA14 leorhZ
lwph ds fo’k;ksa ij laln dks rFkk jkT;kas ds fo/kku e.My dks dkuwu cukus
dk vf/akdkj gSA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd dsUnzh; ljdkj dk vf/kdkj
fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls jkT;ksa ds iqfyl iz'kklu dks izHkkfor djrk gSA15
iqfyl vf/kfu;e]1861 dks ikfjr djds ns'k esa iqfyl iz'kklu ds
lEcU/k esa dkuwu dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA bl vf/kfu;e dh
mn~nsf”;dk esa dgk x;k gS fd iqfyl dks iquxZfBr djus] vijk/kkas dks
fuokfjr djus] vijk/k dk irk yxkus ds fy, iqfyl dks n{k midj.k
cukus gsrq bl vf/kfu;e dks ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl ds iz'kklu dks
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ykxw gksus ds i'pkr jkT;ksa dk fo’k; cuk fn, tkus ds
dkj.k mDr mn~nsf”;dk dks fØ;kfUor djus dk nkf;Ro jkT;ksa dks lksaik
x;k gS] vkSj jkT;ksa us bl nkf;Rp dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, vius&vius
iqfyl iz'kklu dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, iqfyl fofu;e ¼iqfyl
jsX;wys”ku½ dks fofufeZr fd;kA mŒizŒ jkT; us Hkh blh vuqØe esa
dks fofufeZr fd;kA16 bl jsX;wys”ku esa iqfyl
ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa muds v/khuLFkksa ds fooj.k ds lkFk mudh fu;qfDr]
drZO;] n.M] fuyEcu] izf'k{k.k] LFkkukUrj.k vkfn ds lEcU/k esa izko/kku
fd;s x, gSaA mŒ izŒ iqfyl jsX;wys”ku ds Hkkx&2 esa iqfyl ds fof”k’V
6
drZO; fn, x, gSaA17 vxj budk vuqikyu fu"Bk ,oa bZekunkjh ls fd;k
tk, rks “kk;n turk dks iqfyl dk;Zokgh ls dksbZ f'kdk;r u jgsA
^iqfyl cy* dks iqfyl vf/kfu;e esa Hkh ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu leLr iqfyl LFkkiu ,d iqfyl cy le>k
tk;sxk] og vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iqfyl tu dh ,slh la[;k ls feydj cusxk]
tSlk fd jkT; ljdkj le;≤ ij vkns'k djsA18
iqfylcy ds vUrxZr ukxfjd iqfyl] ukxfjd iqfyl ds vU;
vuq"kaxh laxBu tSls lhŒchŒlhŒvkbZŒMhŒ] fothysal] ihŒ,ŒlhŒ vkfn
v/kZlSfud cy tSls lhŒvkjŒihŒ,QŒ] chŒ,lŒ,QŒ] vkbZŒVhŒchŒihŒ]
lhek lqj{kk cy vkfn] dsUnzh; iqfyl laxBu tSls lhŒchŒvkbZŒ vkfn vkrs
gSaA jkT; dh ukxfjd iqfyl ds lg;ksx ds fy, vko';drkuqlkj dsUnzh;
iqfyl cy dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA19 vU; iqfyl laxBuksa dk lkekU;
turk ls tqM+s dk;ksZa esa izR;{k gLr{ksi vkiokfnd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh gksrk
gSA lkekU; rkSj ij ukxfjd iqfyl gh turk ls :c: gksrh gSA
gekjs ns'k dh laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk laLFkkRed Lrj ij rks la?kh; gS]
ijUrq gekjs lafo/kku dh vkRek ,dkRed gSA ifj.kker% O;ogkj esa gekjh
iqfyl O;oLFkk jk"Vªh; ,oa ,dhd`r izd`fr cuk, j[k ldrh gSA Qyr%
jkT;ksa esa fo|eku vU; O;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk iqfyl O;oLFkk dks Hkh
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa O;kIr dsUnzh; la?kokn dh lhekvksa esa gh dk;Zjr jguk
gksrk gSA20
7
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk ewy Lkzksr ^^Hkkjr ds yksx** gSaA Hkkjr ds yksxksa
us vius fy, gh bl O;oLFkk dks rS;kj djds Lo;a dks gh vkRekfiZr fd;k
gSA bl izdkj ;g O;oLFkk vkSj ^^Hkkjr ds yksx** vyx ugha gSa] vfirq ,d
nwljs ds iwjd gSaA21
izLrqr 'kks/k ds lUnHkZ esa ^turk* 'kCn ls rkRi;Z mu yksxksa ls gh gS]
ftudks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ^^ge Hkkjr ds yksx** dgk x;k gSA p¡wfd
lafo/kku }kjk 'kfDr izkIr dj tks Hkh LkaLFkk,sa mRiUu gqbZ gSa] mudk mn~ns';
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa ^yksxksa* ds fgr dks lqjf{kr j[kuk gSA ;s yksx tc
ldkjkRed :i ls ,d lewg ds :i esa gksrs gSa] rks iqfyl vFkok ,sls gh
vU; laxBuksa ls O;ogkj djrs le; ldkjkRed izo`fÙk;ksa dks vxzlj djrs
gSaA izfl) lekt'kkL=h ^^bfy;V vkSj eSfjy** us lewg dks ifjHkkf"kr
djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd] ^^nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ,sls O;fDr] ftuesa i;kZIr
le; ls lapkj gS vkSj os fdlh lkekU; mn~ns'; ds fy, dk;Z djsa] og
lewg dgykrk gSA ;g lewg turk ds yksxksa dk] iqfyl ds yksxksa dk vkSj
turk rFkk iqfyl ds fefJr yksxksa dk Hkh gks ldrk gSA22
^dSfUVªy* ds vuqlkj ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk lewg tks vLFkkbZ :i ls]
lkekU; ewY;ksa dks ,d ekudj] ,d gh izdkj ds laosx fn[kkrs gSa] ;k muds
vuqlkj dk;Z djrs gSa] HkhM+ dgk tkrk gSA **HkhM+ vLFkkbZ :i ls vkSj
vpkud ,df=r gksrh gS] vkSj HkkoukRed :i ls laxfBr gksrh gSA iqfyl
dks vius nSfud dk;ksZa ds nkSjku fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh HkhM+ dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA lkekU;r;k vkØked vkSj fgalkRed HkhM+ ls vDlj
lkeuk gksrk gSA
8
mijksDrkuqlkj lewgksa ds e/; ikjLifjd lapkj vFkok lewgksa dk ,d
nwljs ls vkeuk lkeuk ^bUVjQsl* dgykrk gSA23 bl izdkj dk vkeuk
lkeuk vFkok vUr% lEcU/k nks O;oLFkkvksa vkSj 'kk[kkvksa ds e/; Hkh gks
ldrk gSA
lu~ 1960 rd 'kCn ^bUVjQsl* dk izpyu vf/kd ugha jgkA mlds
i'pkr dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa bldk iz;ksx izkjEHk gqvkA dEI;wVj ,oa mlls
lEcfU/kr vU; O;oLFkkvksa tSls fizUVj vkfn dk ikjLifjd lEcU/k bUVjQsl
ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA24 blh izdkj fdlh laxBu ds fofHkUUk foHkkxksa
dk vkil esa lEcU/k LFkkfir djuk] v/;;u dh nks 'kk[kkvksa dk vkil esa
lEcU/k LFkkfir djuk tSlh fØ;kvksa dks Hkh ^bUVjQsl* ds uke ls tkuk
tkus yxkA bl izdkj 'kCn ^bUVjQsl* dks ^laKk* vkSj ^fØ;k* nksuksa :iksa esa
tkuk tkus yxkA25
^^bUVjQsl** dk fgUnh esa dksbZ Li"V vFkZ rks ugha gS] D;ksafd ;g
fgUnh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn ugha gSA ysfdu fgUnh esa blds dbZ lekukFkhZ 'kCn
izpfyr gSa] buesa ^^lg;ksx djuk**] ^^lkSnk r; djuk** ^^vnyk cnyh
djuk** ^^lwpuk nsuk ;k ysuk** ^^ikjLifjd lEidZ** ^^vUr% lEcU/k** vkfn
gSaA vr% Hkk"kk;h lqfo/kk vkSj vFkZ dh lekurk dh n`f"V ls ^^iqfyl ifCyd
bUVjQsl** 'kCnkoyh dks bl 'kks/kxzUFk eas ^^iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/k**
iz;ksx djuk vf/kd mi;qDr izrhr gks jgk gSA
bl ckr esa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd gekjh iqfyl v¡xzstksa ds 'kklu dh
fojklr gSA v¡xzstksa us iqfyl ds izfr ?kksj frjLdkj dk O;ogkj fd;k vkSj
mldk iz;ksx ns'k ds Lora=rk vkanksyu ds neu ds fy, gh fd;kA mUgksaus
9
de i<s+ fy[ks yksxksa dks iqfyl esa HkrhZ fd;k] ftlls os vius jktuhfrd
mn~ns';ksa ds fy, vck/k oQknkjh lqfuf'pr dj ldsaA v¡xzstksa us 'kkfUriwoZd
izn'kZudkfj;ksa ds f[kykQ Hkh iqfyl dks fgalk ds fy, mdlk;kA nqHkkZX; ls
iqfyldehZ vkt Hkh iqjkuh fojklr vkSj detksj usr`Ro ls iuih
vkSifuosf'kd ekufldrk ls ugha mcj ik,s gSaA iqfyl dh laosnughurk dh
bl leL;k dks lathnxh ls lqy>kus dk dke izf'k{k.k ds rjhdksa esa Hkh
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA26
Lora=rk ds i'pkr gekjs 'kkldksa us Hkh vkiokfnd :i ls dqN dks
NksM+dj iqfyl dk iz;ksx oSls gh fd;k tSls v¡xzst djrs vk, FksA lRrk:<+
nyksa us iqfyl dks foi{k ls jktuhfrd cnyk pqdkus dk lk/ku le>kA
iqfyl ds nq:i;ksx dh ;g izd`fr lHkh ikfVZ;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
T;knkrj lH; ns'kksa esa tgk¡ dkuwu dk 'kklu loksZPp gS] iqfyl
dk;Zikfydk ds izfr ugha] cfYd flQZ dkuwu ds izfr] vFkkZr U;k;ky;ksa ds
izfr tokcnsg gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa iqfyl dh tokcnsgh eq[; rkSj ij
dk;Zikfydk ds izfr gSA ifj.kke ;g gS fd iqfyl ljdkj dk fgLlk cu
xbZ gSA
us Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk ds rhu y{k.k
crk,s gSa& ¼1½ jkT; vk/kkfjr iqfyl laxBu ¼2½ 'kL= lfTtr RkFkk vukL=
iqfyl dkUVscqyjh] ¼3½ leryh; fof'k"Vhdj.kA bu cqfu;knh y{k.kksa esa ls
,sls vusd lgk;d rRo fey tkrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k gh jkT;ksa esa fo|eku
iqfyl laxBuksa ds fofo/k :i izdV gksrs gSa vkSj os v/kZlSfud rFkk xSj
fo'ks"kKksa dk pfj= xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA27 ,sfrgkfld fodkl dh n`f"V ls
10
gekjh iqfyl dk pfj= mifuos'koknh jgk gS rFkk le; dh /kkjk ds
lkFk&lkFk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Qsjcny ds lUnHkZ esa ;s ijEijk,sa T;knk
dV~Vjrk ls mlesa tM+sa tekrh xbZ gSaA
Hkkjrh; iqfyl izFke Lok/khurk laxzke ds ckn iqfyl ,DV] 1861 ds
vuqlkj l`ftr dh xbZ] rFkk Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa
mlds vuq'kklukRed dysoj esa o`f) gqbZ gSA QyLo:i gesa izcy Hkqtk/kkjh
rFkk cqf) fojks/kh iqfyl laxBu gh izkIr gqvkA mifuos'koknh bfrgkl esa
iqfyl dk tks Hkh egkLrjh; laxBu cuk;k x;k mldk /;s; ^ukxfjd
iqfyl* cuus dh ctk; ^^fof/k ,oa O;oLFkk iqfyl** cuuk T;knk jgkA
ifj.kker% iqfyl orZeku ;qx ds yksdrU= vkSj fodkl ds lUnHkksZa esa LkoZFkk
vizklkafxd yxus yxhA28
iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 ds mu izko/kkuksa dks tks ukxfjd iqfyl ds
xq.kksa dks vxzlj djus okys Fks] yxHkx fuf"Ø; dj fn;k x;k vkSj ^dkuwu
,oa O;oLFkk* iqfyl ds xq.kksa dks vxzlj djus okys izko/kkuksa dks fujUrj
c<+kok fn;k tkrk jgkA dkykUrj esa tks la'kks/ku Hkh fd, x, oks leL;k
mRiUUk gksus ij mlds mipkj djus tSlh izd`fr ds gq,sA ,sls la'kks/ku
djus dh vko';drk ugha le>h xbZ ftlls leL;k gh mRiUu u gksA
Hkkjrh; iqfyl ds Lo:i ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fnueku lekpkj i=
us fy[kk gS29 & ^^iqfyl vkSj xq.Mksa esa D;k QdZ gS\ dksbZ QdZ ugha gSA QdZ
bruk gS fd iqfyl tks dqN djrh gS] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ds uke ij]
tcfd xq.Mksa dks ;g ykblsal ugha gSA nksuksa turk ds nq'eu gSa] mls ywVrs
gSa] nksuksa dks lsB] lkgwdkj vkSj usrk yksx ikys jgrs gSa] tgk¡ xq.Ms detksj
11
iM+rs gSa] ogk¡ iqfyl dke vkrh gSA dLcksa esa vkt Hkh iqfyl dk jkt gS]
og fujadq'k gS] Hkz"V gS] ;fn dLcs dh uhan gjke gS rks mlh ds dkj.kA
pksjh] MdSrh] xq.MkxnhZ c<+ jgh gS] gj dLck ,d iqfyl jkt gS] Fkkusnkj]
njksxk ogk¡ fdlh ukfnj'kkg ls de ugha gSa] cl mldk gqDe vkSj ethZ
pyrh gSA us vizSy&twu] 1985 eas xqtjkr esa gqbZ fgald
?kVukvksa ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, iqfyl dk;Zokgh dk mn~ns';] ^^turk dks
lcd fl[kkuk** crk;kA30
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k dks 'krizfr'kr rks lgh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk
gSA dgha&dgha blesa vfr'k;ksfDr ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ysfdu dqN lhek rd
LkR;rk Hkh gSA iqfyl ds le{k Hkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUUk gks tkrh gSa fd
mls neukRed dk;Zokgh ds vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi utj ugha vkrkA
oRkZeku lekt esa iqfyl dhs Nfo vPNh ugha gSA vkt Hkh iqfyl ij yksxksa
dk mruk fo'okl ugha gS] ftruk gksuk pkfg,A iqfyl dks lansg dh n`f"V
ls ns[kk tkrk gSA iqfyl dks Hkz"V ekuk tkrk gSA lekt esa iqfyl ds izfr
vusd HkzkfUr;k¡ gSa] ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i iqfyl O;oLFkk fooknksa ds ?ksjs esa
vkrh gSA lekt esa tkx:drk vkus ds ckotwn Hkh lkekU; O;fDr iqfyl
ds ikl vkus ls drjkrk gSA dkj.k] Fkkus esa drZO; vf/kdkjh }kjk ;k
Fkkuk/;{k }kjk mldh ckr dks Bhd izdkj ls u lquuk] Bhd O;ogkj u
djuk] f'kdk;r ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh u gksuk] mYVk f'kdk;rdrkZ dks gh
Mk¡Vuk vkfnA vke turk dh nf"V esa iqfyl vkt Hkh ljdkj ds gfFk;kj
ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA turk dks ;g fo'okl ugha gS fd iqfyl muds
lkFk U;k; djsxhA iqfyl dk;Zikfydk dk ,d eq[; vax gS] tks dkuwuksa dks
12
ykxw djus esa ljdkj dh enn djrh gSA dHkh&dHkh 'kklu }kjk nq#i;ksx
ds dkj.k iqfyl turk ds lkeus viuh Hkwfedk dk lgh fuokZg ugha dj
ikrhA 'kklu vFkok jktusrkvksa }kjk vf/kd gLr{ksi ds dkj.k iqfyl dks
etcwjh esa i{kikr dh Hkkouk ls dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS] ifj.kke Lo:i
turk esa iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds izfr jks"k mRiUUk gksrk gSA31 Hkkjr eas ekStwn
gkykr ij izksQslj dh fVIi.kh gS& ^^orZeku esa Hkkjr esa
vkijkf/kd U;k; dh nksgjh O;oLFkk fodflr gks xbZ gS&,d dkuwu dh vkSj
nwljh jktuhfr dhA iqfyl }kjk mBk, x, fdlh Hkh dkuwuh dne dh
vDlj usrkvksa }kjk leh{kk dh tkrh gSA blds vykok vkjksih yksxksa esa
vDlj dkuwu ds f'kdats ls eqfDr ds fy, fdlh u fdlh usrk dh 'kj.k
ysus dh vknr gksrh gSA iqfyl dks viuh fdlh Hkh dk;Zokgh ds jktuSfrd
izHkko ds ckjs esa lksp dj pyuk iM+rk gSA nwljh vksj jktuhfrd gLr{ksi
ds dkj.k vDlj iqfyl }kjk dkuwu dh f[kYyh mM+kbZ tkrh gSA vUrr%
blls yksxksa esa iqfyl dh fo'oluh;rk detksj gksrh gSA32
lkekU;r% yksxksa dh f'kdk;r gksrh gS fd Fkkus esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk
vPNk O;ogkj ugha fd;k tkrk RkFkk xkyh xykSt dh tkrh gSA lgh ckr
mxyokus ds fy, ekjihV dh tkrh gS] FkMZ fMxzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu fd;k tkrk gSA
lekt'kkL=h bl fopkj ls ifjfpr gSa fd euq"; dk O;olk; mlds
O;fDrRo dks izHkkfor djrk gSA euq"; ds dk;Z dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ muds
lkekU; thou] n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
tsjkse Ldksyfud us iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk,sa crkrs gq,
13
dgk gS fd os 'kadkyq] :f<+oknh] ludh] iwokZxzg ls xzLr] leku gSfl;r ds
i{k/kj] rst lkekftd ifjorZu dks u pkgus okys rFkk vU; yksxksa ls
lkekftd nwjh j[kus okys gksrs gSaA ysfdu jkWCkVZ ckYp dk dguk gS fd
,slk dksbZ vuqHkkfod Lkk{; ugha gS fd iqfyl dks ,d vyx O;fDrRo
izdkj ds :i esa Hksn fd;k tk ldsA okLro esa iqfyl dehZ 'ks"k turk ls
vyx ugha gSa iqfyl dehZ rks cgqr gh lkekU; yksx gksrs gSa] tks vyx ls
gh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA Hk; vkSj vf/kdkj nksuksa rRo iqfyl dk;Z ds dsUnz
fcUnq gSa] tks iqfyl dfeZ;ksa esa bl izdkj ds Yk{k.kksa dk fodkl djrs gSaA
muds dk;ksZa dk [krjukd i{k] nwljksa dks dkuwu ikyu djus ds fy, ck/;
djus dk mudk drZO; tks fd ukxfjdksa dks vfIkz; gksrk gS vkfn ,sls
dkj.k gSa tks iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks nwljksa ds lEidZ ls Lo;a dks vyx j[kus
dh izd`fr esa o`f) djrk gSA33
dgk tkrk gS fd ^^'kfDr Hkz"Vkpkj dh tuuh gS vkSj vlhfer 'kfDr
ls mRiUu Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh vlhfer gksrk gSA dkuwu esa iqfyl dks vlhfer
'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSaA ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij lrdZ
fuxkg j[kus okyh laLFkk ^^VªkUlijsalh bUVjus'kuy bfUM;k** us 11
pqfuank foHkkxksa ds losZ ds vk/kkj ij Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeys esa iqfyl dks nwljs
LFkku ij j[kk gSA losZ esa iqfyl foHkkx ij 2004&2005 esa 3899 djksM+
:i;s fj'or ysus dk [kqyklk fd;k gSA34 iqfyl esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj
tufo'okl dks fuf'pr :i ls de djrk gSA vke O;fDr ds eu esa ;g
/kkj.kk jgrh gS fd fcuk ysunsu ds iqfyl foHkkx esa dk;Z lEHko ugha gSA
,slh /kkj.kk iqfyl&turk lEcU/kksa dks etcwr cukus esa ck/kd gksrh gSA
14
foHkkx esa vkUrfjd i{kikr] vi;kZIr lqfo/kk,sa] tula[;k ds vuqikr
esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh deh] vuq'kklu dh deh] vk/kqfud izf'k{k.k dh deh]
O;kIr vuSfrdrk] 'kh?kz LFkkukUrj.k] ikfjokfjd vfLFkjrk] turk dk
vlg;ksx vkfn ,sls vU; reke dkj.k gSa] ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i turk
vkSj iqfyl ds e/; nwjh cuh gqbZ gSA
gekjs ;gk¡ iqfyl cy ds lnL;ksa dks lnSo drZO; ij rSukr ekuk
tkrk gSa vkSj mUgsa fdlh Hkh le; fdlh Hkh ftys esa fdlh Hkh iqfyl 'kk[kk
esa rSukr fd;k tk ldrk gSA35 ;fn dksbZ iqfyldehZ fdlh foHkkx esa
fu;ksftr fd, tkus ij ml foHkkx esa tkus ls bUdkj djrk gS rks mldh
bl dk;Zokgh dks drZO; dk mYya?ku ekuk tk;sxk vkSj mls nks"kh fu.khZr
fd;k tk;sxkA ljdkj ds vf/kdka'k foHkkx lqcg 10 cts ls ysdj 'kke 5
cts rd gh dk;Z djrs gSa] fdUrq iqfyl 24 ?k.Vs] g¶rs esa lkrksa fnu rFkk
ckjgksa eghus dk;Z djrh gSA mlls 24 ?k.Vs izFke iafDr dh lkekftd lsok
iznku djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/kh us dgk
Fkk&^^ifjorZu ds bl ;qx esa iqfyl cy dks xq:rj mRrjnkf;Ro ogu
djuk gSA bldk izfrQy ,d ,sls etcwr vkSj laxfBr Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa
;FkkLkEHko iw.kZ ;ksxnku gksxk ftlesa gekjs lafo/kku }kjk xkjaVh dh xbZ
Lora=rkvksa dks ,d thoar lR; dk :i ns ldsaA**
bl izdkj iqfyl ls vis{kk,sa vf/kd gSa] ysfdu tula[;k ds vuq:i
dk;Z djus okys iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh la[;k vR;f/kd de gSA 653 yksxksa ij
,d iqfyldehZ dk vuqikr36 fuf'pr :i ls lkspus ;ksX; gSA dk;Z dh
vf/kdrk iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds ruko dk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA
15
euksoSKkfud vksjisu us o"kZ 1999 ds vius v/;;u ds vuqlkj
crk;k gS fd dk;Z lEcU/kh ruko dk izHkko iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds thou dh
xq.koRrk rFkk muds LoLFk thou ij iM+rk gSA ftldk izHkko muds dk;Z
fu"iknu esa izR;{k :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lh okWd ,.M lh okWd] 2003
dh fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr esa vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh dh rduhdh tfVyrk dks
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa esa vlgtrk dh fLFkfr esa ig¡qpkus okys dkjd ds :i esa
ekuk gSA37 vFkkZr ftu dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus dk nkf;Ro iqfyl foHkkx ds
Åij gS] mUgha ds ykxw djus esa vkus okyh ijs'kkfu;k¡] rduhdh tfVyrk,sa
Hkh iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds izfrdwy vkpj.k dk ifj.kke gSaA bl izdkj dh
rduhfd tfVyrkvksa dks [kkstus vkSj mudk lek/kku fudkyus ds ckjs esa
vHkh rd dqN Hkh xEHkhj Ikz;kl ugha gq, gSaA
leL;k dk ,d vU; igyw iqfyl dh futh ftUnxh ls Hkh lEcU/k
j[krk gSA ftldk lh/kk vlj mlds vkpj.k rFkk dk;Z {kerk ij iM+rk
gSA ;fn ge Fkkuksa dh cSjdksa esa tkdj irk yxk ldrs gS fd iqfyl dk
toku fdl rjg th jgk gS\ ifjokj mlls dkslksa nwj gS] ftlds vHkko esa
og fpM+fpM+k gks tkrk gSA Fkkus esa iw.kZ rks D;k U;wure lqfo/kk,sa Hkh ugha
gksrhaa 24 ?k.Vs QtZ fuHkkus okys O;fDr dh lksus vkSj [kkus dh Hkh O;oLFkk
ugha gksxh] rks og dgk¡ ls l{ke gksdj dke djsxkA
vxj dksbZ O;fDr viuh f'kdk;r fyf[kr esa djus gsrq lknk dkxt
dh ek¡x djs rks miyC/k gksuk eqf'dy gSA LVs'kujh dk loZFkk vHkko jgrk
gSA vijk/kh vkSj xokg ls ,d gh LFkku ij iwNrkN dh tkrh gSA xokg
dks ;g tkudkjh gh ugha gks ikrh fd mlds fo:) dksbZ f'kdk;r vkbZ gS
16
vFkok iqfyl }kjk mls lg;ksx gsrq iwNrkN ds fy, cqyk;k gSA ,sls O;fDr
ds eu esa iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds izfr fo'okl vkSj lEeku dk Hkko mRiUu
ugha gks ikrkA
iqfyl ds fo:) turk esa ik, tkus okys udkjkRed Hkko gh izk;%
iqfyl O;ogkj dks vkØks'ktU; izfrfØ;kvksa esa cny nsrs gSaA ,slh gh
udkjkRed /kkj.kkvksa ds dkj.k iqfyl dks ;g vglkl gksrk gS fd tu
lk/kkj.k muds lkFk lg;ksx gh ugha djuk pkgrhA iqfyldfeZ;ksa dk izk;%
;g lkspuk jgrk gS fd turk muds izfr ykijokg gSA ukxfjd vius esa
yhu jgrs gSa rFkk ges'kk fujk/kkj f'kdk;rsa djus ds vknh gksrs gSaA dqN
iqfyldfeZ;ksa dk rks ;gk¡ rd ekuuk gS fd yksx iqfyl ds ikl cqjs
mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;k fdlh nq"pØ esa lgk;rk ds fy, gh ig¡qprs
gSaA38
iqfyl vkSj turk esa ,d nwljs ds izfr O;kIr udkjkRed
/kkj.kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd iqfyl vkSj turk vius&vius mRrjnkf;Roksa ds
izfr lgh <ax ls lfØ; ugha gSA vkSj nksuksa ds e/; tks [kkbZ gS og
mRrjksÙkj c<+rh tk jgh gSA iqfyl ds izfr turk ds veS=hiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k
dh iqf"V foxr o"kksZa esa fd, vusd 'kks/k v/;;uksa ,oa losZ{k.kksa ls Hkh gksrh
gSA39 iqfyl dk turk ds izfr dSlk nf"Vdks.k gS] bldks vk¡dus rFkk
tk¡pus ds fy, Hkh vusdkusd losZ{k.k o v/;;u vk;ksftr gq, gSa] tks vius
ifj.kkeksa esa vf/kdrj udkjkRed gh jgs gSaA
vf/kla[;d turk dh iqfyl ds ckjs esa vkSj mldh Hkwfedk fuoZgu
ds ckjs esa vPNh jk; ugha gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd iqfyl
17
dfeZ;ksa dk vke ukxfjdksa ds lkFk lEidZ ugha ds cjkcj gSA iqfyl ds
dk;ksZ esa O;kIr tfVyrk RkFkk Hkwfedk ls lEcfU/kr folaxfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa
loZlk/kkj.k dh tkudkjh Hkh cgqr de gSA vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke] tk¡p
iM+rky] irkjlh] vfHk;kstu] vkSj lkekftd dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus ls
lEcfU/kr iqfyl dh Hkwfedkvksa ds ckjs esa vf/kdrj ukxfjdksa dks dksbZ
tkudjh ugha gksrh gSA bu {ks=ksa esa iqfyl tu lg;ksx ls viuh Hkwfedk
dks vPNh rjg fuokZg dj turk ds fy, fdruh mi;ksxh gks ldrh gS]
bldh tkudkjh Hkh vf/kdka'k yksxksa dks ugha gksrh gSA bu vKkurkvksa ds
dkj.k lekt dk cgqr cM+k rcdk ;g ekurk gS fd iqfyl i{kikr vkSj
vU;k; djrh gSA muds vuqlkj iqfyl O;olkf;d :i ls v;ksX;] Hkz"V
vkSj vekuqf"kd gSA40
lqf'kf{kr ukxfjd Hkh ;g fo'okl djus dks rS;kj ugha gaS fd
vktknh ds ckn iqfyl ra= esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; lq/kkj vk;k gSA xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa dh turk ds vf/kdka'k oxZ esa vkt Hkh iqfyl dh Nfo tksj&tcnZLrh
djus okys ra= ds :i esa cuh gqbZ gSA fdUrq bl lcds ckotwn iqfyl
turk ds lglEcU/kksa ds fo"k; esa jkspd ckr ;g gS fd t:jr iM+us ij]
vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ij rFkk rckgh ,oa ladVdkjh ?kVukvksa ds ?kfVr gksus
ij T;knkrj yksx iqfyl dh gh 'kj.k esa tkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa iqfyl dh dk;Zdkjh Nfo cM+h /kwfey gSA lHkh Js.kh ds
yksxksa dh n`f"V esa iqfyl dh izfr"Bk U;wu gSA Qyr% iqfyl&turk ds
lEcU/kksa dk lgt lw= cu gh ugha ikrkA nksuksa gh bdkb;k¡ ,d nwljs ds
izfr vlg;ksxh rFkk rVLFk gSaA ,d nwljs ds izfr O;kIr izfrjks/k dh
18
fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k os eS=h 'kwU; gSA blds vykok turk esa bl ckr dks
ysdj vKku O;kIr gS fd iqfyl dks mudh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds nkSjku
fdruh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA nwljh rjQ ;g Hkh ,d
lPpkbZ gS fd vke iqfyldehZ dks turk dh eqf'dyksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
Kku ugha gksrkA turk lEHkor% iqfyl dks viuk fe= ugha ekurh vkSj u
gh iqfyl tulkekU; ds Åij iM+us okyh foifRr;ksa vkSj nqHkkZX;iw.kZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr dk :[k j[krh gSA nhu ghu] xjhc vkSj
fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa ds izfr rks iqfyl dk joS;k vkSj Hkh vf/kd tM+rk ,oa
laosnu ghurk dk gksrk gSA41
Hkkjr esa iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dk fuokZg fof'k"V lUnHkksZa esa gh gksrk
gSA nksuksa ds chp cgqr de vkSj udkjkRed LkEidZ O;kIr gksus ds dkj.k
turk esa iqfyl dh Nfo fcuk O;fDrxr vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij rFkk lquh
lqukbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij cu tkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ftudk iqfyl
ds lkFk vDlj cSBuk mBuk jgrk gS] mudh /kkj.kk iqfyl okyksa ds ckjs esa
vPNh gksrh gSA laidZ j[kus okyksa ds fnekx esa iqfyl dh Nfo vPNh gksrh
gSA42 Qyr% okLrfod vUr% fØ;k ds vHkko esa iSnk gqbZ ^^izfrdwy iqfyl
Nfo** izk;% lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ij Hkh fufeZr gksrh gSA43
fdlh lekt esa iqfyl turk lg lEcU/kksa ds lHkh dk;ZØe ewy :i
ls ^iqfyl* vkSj ^leqnk;* dh vk/kkjHkwr vo/kkj.kkvksa ij gh fVds gksrsa gSaA
Hkkjr tSlh fo"ke lekt vkSj fodkl'khy jk"Vª esa o.kksZa] tkfr;ksa] oxksZa]
lkekftd lewgksa ,oa iz'kklfud laxBuksa ds vusdkusd Hksn ,oa Lo:i
fo|eku gSaA bu fo"ke lkekftd oxZ lewgksa ds ikjLifjd O;ogkj iqfyl
19
turk lEcU/kksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØeksa dks vusd
foMEcukvksa ls xzLr j[krs gSaA QyLo:i iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds
fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa dks vusd izdkj dh vUr% fØ;kRed
dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa ^fjXl* ds eqgkojs dk iz;ksx djsa rks dguk gksxk
fd ;gk¡ dh lekt O;oLFkk dk fizTesfVd :i viuh laxBukRed fofo/krk
dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gq,s dk;kZRed Nhtu dk ladsr djrk gSA ;gk¡ dh
lkekftd O;oLFkk O;ogkjtU; vkSipkfjdrk dh Hkh iqf"V djrh gS RkFkk
cgqeq[kh ekun.M ,oa HkkbZ Hkrhtkokn vkSj dk;kZy; ra=h; Hkz"Vkpkj dks Hkh
izdV djrh gSA44 cgqfo/k oxksZa ds chp LokFkksZa dh yM+kbZ izk;% lkekftd
O;oLFkk dks leqnk; fojks/kh Hkh fl) dj nsrh gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vke
yksxksa dk iz'kklfud O;ogkj yksdra= fojks/kh cu tkrk gSA
lHkh iz'kklfud laxBuksa dh rjg Hkkjrh; iqfyl Hkh ,d cgqeq[kh
laxBu gSA bldh vuds 'kk[kk,sa gSa] tSls& ukxfjd iqfyl] gfFk;kj can
iqfyl] thŒvkjŒihŒ] lhŒvkbZŒMhŒ] ;krk;kr iqfyl] fjtoZ iqfyl vkfnA
;s lHkh 'kk[kk,sa feydj gh lEiw.kZ iqfyl laxBu dh jpukdj mls
laxBukRed vkSj izdk;kZRed Lrjksa ij cgqeq[krk iznku djrh gSaA fo"ke
lkekftd O;oLFkk rFkk cgqeq[kh iqfyl laxBu vkSj mlds fofo/k dk;Z
feydj iqfyl turk lg lEcU/kksa ds lgt] izHkkodkjh rFkk l{ke fuokZg
rFkk fodkl ekxZ esa vusd xEHkhj izdkj dh leL;k,sa iSnk djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa tks eq[; iz'u gS oks ;g gS fd dkSu ls dk;Z ds nkSjku]
fdl iqfyl laxBu ds] fdl leqnk; ds lkFk fdl izdkj ds lEcU/k
20
fodflr fd, tk;sa\ lqfodflr leqnkf;d laLFkkvksa vkSj iqfyl ds
lqlefUor laxBu rU= ds vHkko esa iqfyl&turk lg lEcU/kksa esa lq/kkj
dh n'kk esa fd, x, lHkh iz;Ru dksbZ vk'kktud ifj.kke mRiUu ugha dj
ik jgs gSa] vkSj u gh mUgsa og xfr fey ik jgh gS] tks ,d yksdrkaf=d
RkFkk Lora= lekt esa feyuh pkfg,A45 ,d izdkj dk iz;kl ,d oxZ ds
fy, fgrdj gksrk gS rks nwljk mldk fojks/k djrk gSA ,d lkoZHkkSfed
lek/kku dh vHkh rd izrh{kk gSA
gekjh dqy QkslZ dk yxHkx 80% vkj{kh gSaA vkj{kh loZizFke iqfyl
ds :i esa fdlh Hkh volj ij turk dks fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] vkSj turk ds
lEidZ esa vkrk gSA og tu lewg ds lEidZ esa vkus ij vFkok turk ds
O;fDr ds lEidZ esa vkus ij tSlk O;ogkj djrk gS] og iqfyl laO;ogkj
dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd fczfV'k iqfyl blfy,
izfl) ugha gS fd ogk¡ dk iqfyl dfe'uj l{ke vkSj izHkko'kkyh gS] cfYd
blfy, fd x'r djrk gqvk flikgh lfØ; gS] ltx gS] vkSj l{ke gSA
og lekt esa viuh oS/kkfud fLFkfr dks le>rk gSA46 ysfdu Hkkjrh;
iqfyl ds flikgh dh fLFkfr vR;Ur n;uh; gSA mlds dk;Z ds ?k.Vs fu;r
ugha gS] NqV~Vh dh leL;k gS] ifjokj ls nwj jgus dh fpUrk vkSj ruko]
de osru] vkokl ,oa thouksi;ksxh vU; lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko] mls
fpM+fpM+k cuk nsrk gSA ,slh izfrdwy ekufld fLFkfr esa mlls ;g vis{kk
ugha dh tk ldrh fd vlkekU; ifjfLFkfrvksa esa mlds lkeus vk;s lkekU;
O;fDr ls og lkekU; O;ogkj dj ldsA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks cyiwoZd
vuq'kkflr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vuq'kkflr djus gsrq vko';drk gksrh gS
21
,d ijEijk dh] ,d vPNs okrkoj.k dh] Lo;a dh yxu vkSj bPNk dh
rFkk vius ls mPPk O;fDr;ksa ds vkn'kksZa vkSj ekxZ n'kZu dhA Hkkjrh; iqfyl
ds flikgh dks bl izdkj dk okrkoj.k miyC/k ugha gks jgk gS fd oks
vuq'kkflr cu ldsA Fkksik gqvk vuq'kklu le; vkus ij Hkkoukvksa ds
fonzksg ds :i esa meM+rk gS] ftldk [kkfe;ktk iqfyl dks rFkk turk dks
Hkqxruk gksrk gSA NksVs iqfyldfeZ;ksa ls tcju ?kjsyw dk;Z ysuk] vuko';d
ijs'kku djuk] ckj&ckj LFkkukUrj.k djuk tSlh dq.Bkvksa ls f?kjs iqfyl
dehZ vuq'kklu esa jg dj dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA mPpkf/kdkjh vius
vf/kdkjksa dh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k dj lg;ksxh dfeZ;ksa ls nklrkiwoZd
O;ogkj djsaaxs rks blds ifj.kke Hkh xyr gksaxsaA ftu mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq
mUgs jkT;dehZ cuk;k x;k gS cqfu;knh rkSj ij os mn~ns'; gh iw.kZ ugha gks
ik,saxsA47
mi fujh{kd vkSj fujh{kd Lrj ds vf/kdkjh iqfyl turk lacU/kksa
dh /kqjh gksrs gSaA ;s Fkkus ds izHkkjh gksrs gSaA Fkkuk{ks= dh iqfyl O;oLFkk
Fkkus ds izHkkjh ds uke ls pyrh gSA fofHkUu iqfyl vk;ksx] lfefr;ksa us
Fkkuk/;{k ds dk;Zdky ds lEcU/k esa le;≤ ij funsZ'k fn, gSaA funsZ'k
gS fd Fkkus dk Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh de ls de nks o"kZ rd vius izHkkj esa
izfr/kkfjr fd;k tk;sxkA48 mi fujh{kd dks vkSj gSMdkULVscqyksa dks ,d
Fkkus esa Øe'k% 3 o"kZ vkSj 5 o"kZ rFkk ,d ftys esa Øe'k% 6 o"kZ vkSj 10
o"kZ :dus dh vuqKk ugha gksxhA49 de vof/k esa LFkkukUrj.k ls iqfyl
vf/kdkjh] LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dks le> ugha ikrk gS vkSj xEHkhjrk iwoZd
nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu ugha dj ikrkA ysfdu vktdy dbZ dkj.kksa ls iqfyl
22
dfeZ;ksa dh Fkkus esa fu;qfDr dh U;wure vof/k fnuksa dh la[;k esa jgus yxh
gSA50 turk ls vPNs lEcU/k cukuk ,slh fLFkfr esa vlEHko gSA
Jherh vPkZuk jkelqUnje~ dk ekuuk gS fd fuEu dkj.kksa ls iqfyl
vkSj turk dk lEcU/k [kjkc gksrk gSA
1½ fdlh f'kdk;r@ekeys dks Vkyuk vkSj mls iathd`r u djuk]
2½ f'kdk;rdrkZ vFkok ihfM+r O;fDr ds lkFk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk dBksj
,oa funZ; O;ogkj fd;k tkuk]
3½ rkdroj ,oa /kuh yksxksa ds izfr i{kikr djuk]
4½ ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vuqiyC/krk]
fo'ks"kK bl rF; ij ,der gSa fd iqfyl turk dk vUr% lEcU/k
vlarks"ktud gksus ds eq[; dkj.k gSa] O;kolkf;d v{kerk] ofj"Brk ds
vk/kkj ij vR;f/kd HksnHkko] jktuhfrdj.k] v{ke usr`Ro] lkekftd
ftEesnkjh dk Hkko u gksuk RkFkk izR;sd Lrj ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk
gksukA iqfyl dk izkFkfed drZO; gS vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke] foospuk vkSj
dkuwu dk ikyu djukA vius ewy drZO;ksa ds izfr mnklhu gksuk Hkh
iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa ds [kjkc gksus dk izeq[k dkj.k gSaA51
ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkjh Jh chŒihŒfla?ky dk dguk gS fd lcdqN
djus ds i'pkr Hkh tuekul iqfyl dks ugha viuk ldk gS] blds eq[;
dkj.k gSa iqfyl }kjk vius dks cspuk] vagdkje; O;ogkj] in dk
nq:i;ksx] drZO;ksa essa f'kfFkyrk] lekt esa ?k`f.kr rRoksa ls lEidZ j[kuk]
cnys dh Hkkouk ls u`'kal O;ogkj] O;luh gksuk] vf'k"V O;ogkj] dk;jrk]
23
vijk/kh rRoksa ls lEcU/k] lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij ve;kZfnr vkpj.k djuk]
drZO; ikyu esa dBksjrk] vkpj.k esa O;frØe] vuq'kklughurk vkfnA blds
vfrfjDr ,sls 40 xq.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ftudks viukdj iqfyl dehZ
lekt esa viu dkss fiz; cuk ldrs gSaA52
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k vkSj fu"d"kZ ;g fl) djrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa iqfyl
turk lg lEcU/k [kjkc gks jgs gSaA ;fn dgha ,sls lEcU/k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa
rks os ;k rks dkYifud gSa vFkok vuds izdkj dh vlaxfr;ksa ls xzflr gSaA
fdUrq bu reke izfrdwyrkvksa ds ckotwn Hkh turk t:jr ds le; iqfyl
dh enn ysus dh bPNqd jgrh gSA naxk] lkoZtfud >xM+s] izkdfrd vkink
vkfn ds le; iqfyl dh dk;Zokgh ds izfr iza'klk dk Hkko iqfyl turk
lEcU/kksa dh lqn`<+ vk/kkjf'kyk gSA
lekt esa gj O;fDr lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls leku ugha
gksrkA Hkkjr esa gh ugha vfirq lalkj ds gj lekt esa fofHkUurk ikbZ tkrh
gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izkphu dky ls gh xjhcksa ,oa detksj oxkasZ] ,d
izdkj ls izR;sd izk.kh ds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk gsrq iqfyl dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA lekt dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ;k vijk/kksa dks lekt Lo;a ugha
fuiVk ldrk gSA vr% iqfyl lekt dh leL;k ds funku gsrq ,d
vko';drk gSA nwljh rjQ ;fn iqfyl lekt ,oa turk ls vPNk O;ogkj
ugha djsxh rks turk ls vPNs lEcU/k LFkkfir ugha gks ldrs] vkSj ,slh
fLFkfr esa iqfyl vdsys gh leL;kvksa ls tw>rh jgsxh vkSj mruh lQyrk
gkfly ugha dj ldrh ftruh gksuh pkfg,A vr% iqfyl vkSj turk ,d
nwljs ds fy;s gksus pkfg;sA53 iqfyl lekt esa ls lekt ds fy, gh cukbZ
24
xbZ gksrh gSA iqfyl vkSj turk nksuksa dks gh vkil esa ,d nwljs dk
lEeku djuk pkfg, vkSj lg;ksx nsus ds fy, rRij jguk pkfg,A lekt
esa dkuwwu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus rFkk vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, iqfyl dk
gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ;s lHkh dk;Z turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, gksrs gSaA vijk/kh
Hkh turk esa ls gksrs gSaA vr% iqfyl dks tu lkekU; dh HkykbZ ds fy,
turk ds gh ,sls yksxksa ds fo:) dk;Zokgh djuh gksrh gS tks dkuwu ds
fo:) vFkok turk ds fgrksa ds fo:) dk;Z dj jgs gksrs gSaA vr% U;k;
fnykus gsrq turk dk lg;ksx vko';d gSA turk dk lg;ksx rHkh lEHko
gS] tc turk&iqfyl lEcU/k vPNs gksaxsA vr% fdlh Hkh lekt esa yksd
O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk vkSj j[kj[kko gsrq iqfyl ,d iwoZ “krZ gksrh gSA54
;g dgk tkrk gS fd ^^iqfyl dk;ksZa ds fy, turk dk leFkZu mlh
izdkj vko';d gksrk gS ftl izdkj ls Hkk’kk ds fy, O;kdj.k vko';d
gksrk gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs ls Loar= Hkh gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ls vfHkUu Hkh gSaA
iqfyl vijk/kksa dks jksddj rFkk vijkf/k;ksa dks nf.Mr djkdj dkuwu dk
ikyu vkSj turk dh lsok djrh gS rFkk vius dk;kZsa dks lQyrkiwoZd
fu’ikfnr djus ds fy, mls turk dh lgk;rk vkSj lg;ksx dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA iqfyl dh leL;k,sa rHkh nwj gks ldrh gSa tc vf/kd
ls vf/kd turk lg;ksx ds fy, lkeus vk,A iqfyl vkSj turk dk ,d
LoLFk vkSj ldkjkRed fj”rk fuEu mn~ns';ksa dks iwjk djus esa enn djrk
gSA
1- vijk/kksa dks jksdus ds fy, turk&iqfyl lgHkkfxrk dks izksRlkguA
25
2- iqfyl vkSj “ks’k lekt ds e/; okrkZyki ,oa ikjLifjd le> dk
fodklA
3- U;k; iz'kklu lEiw.kZ lekt dh ftEesnkjh gS ^^bl fl}kUr dks
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,s lekt dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq O;kolkf;d
n`f"Vdkas.k fodflr djukA
4- iqfyl] vfHk;kstu] U;k;ky; ,oa lq/kkjd laLFkkvksa ds e/; ikjLifjd
lkeUtL; iSnk djukA
5- tfVy leL;kvksa dks le>us esa iqfyl vkSj turk ds uqekbUnksa dks
lg;ksx rFkk lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dks dkuwu dk leku laj{k.k
miyC/k djkukA55
;g lkekU;rkSj ij Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd turk vkSj iqfyl ds
chp gkeksZfu;l lEcU/k lEiw.kZ iqfyl e”khujh ,oa lafo/kku ds lqpk: :i
ls dk;Zjr jgus gsrq vko';d gSaA iqfyl dh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj
djrh gS fd turk mlds dk;Z dks fdruh Lohd`fr iznku djrh gS vkSj
fdruk lEeku nsrh gSA fdlh Hkh yksdrkfU=d ns'k esa vPNs turk&iqfyl
lEcU/kksa dk fo'ks"k egRo vkSj vko';drk gksrh gSA yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa
iqfyl dk eq[; dk;Z gS] lekt dks lg;ksx djuk] dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,
j[kuk] vijk/kksa dks jksduk vkSj vlkekftd rRoksa dks nf.Mr djukA ,slk
okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk tks dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d
gks rFkk ftlesa fgalk vkSj vO;oLFkk dks dksbZ LFkku u gksA56
26
,d etcwr vkSj fo'oluh; iqfyldehZ lH; lekt esa vkRefo'okl
vkSj ikjLifjd yxko dks c<+kus okyk gksrk gSA ,d iqfyldehZ ,slh etcwr
ckM+ ds leku gksrk gS tks vius }kjk jf{kr cxhps dks vkokjk vkSj ?kqeUrw
i”kqvksa ls lqjf{kr j[krh gSA57
iqfyl dh dk;Z”kSyh dk izHkko lh/ks&lh/ks {ks= dh turk ij iM+rk
gS] vkSj mldk ifj.kke ns[kus dks fey tkrk gSA tgk¡ dgha Hkh vPNh
dk;Z”kSyh viukbZ tkrh gS ogk¡ turk eqDrdaB ls iz”kalk djrh gS ,oa
iqfyl ds deZpkfj;ksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ukxfjd vfHkuUnu fd;k tkrk
gSA blds vfrfjDr tgk¡ dk;Z”kSyh O;ofLFkr vkSj ;kstukc) ugha gS] ogk¡
turk }kjk iqfyl ds fo:) /kjuk izn”kZu fd, tkrs gSa vkSj Fkkuk izHkkjh
;k mifujh{kd ds LFkkukUrj.k dh ek¡x dh tkrh gSA FkkukizHkkjh dks vius
Fkkuk {ks= esa dkuwu O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu voljksa ij tulg;ksx
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;fn lg;ksx izkIr gks tkrk gS rks leL;kvksa dk
fujkdj.k Hkh gksrk gS vkSj iqfyl ds dk;Z vkSj vkpj.k ds lEcU/k esa
vkykspuk Hkh ugha gksrh gSA tu lg;ksx u feyus ij yksxksa ds eu esa
iqfyl ds dk;kasZ ds izfr HkzkfUr;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds
vkjksi yxk, tkrs gSaA58
iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa dks LoLFk vkSj e/kqj cuk, j[kus gsrq
FkkukizHkkjh] mifujh{kd] iz/kku vkj{kh vkSj vkj{kh lHkh dks ,d Vhe Hkkouk
ls vkSj O;fDrxr :i ls dk;Z djrs gq, tu lg;ksx izkIr djus dk iz;kl
djuk pkfg,A iwoZ iz/kkuea=h eksjkjth nslkb Z us iqfyl ls ;g vis{kk dh
Fkh fd og vPNk dk;Z djds turk ds fo'okl dks thrus dk iz;kl
27
djsA59 Fkkuk izHkkjh dks pkfg, fd og Fkkuk {ks= e sa “kkfUr lfefr;ksa dk
xBu djk,] le;≤ ij mudh xks’Bh dk v;kstu Hkh djk,sA blls
lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa dk lEidZ iqfyl ls gksrk jgsxk vkSj fo|eku
leL;kvksa ij ppkZ dj mudk lek/kku [kkstk tk ldssxkA dkuwu O;oLFkk
dks izHkkfor djus okys izdj.kksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsus gsrq
yksxksa ls vihy dh tk;s vkSj ,sls lwpuk nsus okyksa dks vk”oLr fd;k
tk, fd mudk uke xksiuh; j[kk tk,xkA ,slh lwpukvksa dh rRdky tk¡p
dh tk, vkSj muds lEcU/k esa vko';d dk;Zokgh dh tk,] ftlls fd
yksxksa esa ;g fo'okl gks fd gekjh lwpuk ij dk;Zokgh gksrh gSA xzkeh.k
{ks= ds izR;sd xk¡o esa xzke lqj{kk lfefr;ksa dks iquZxfBr djds mudh
xks’Bh dh tk;s vkSj leL;kvksa dks lqudj mu ij dk;Zokgh dh tk,A
iqfyl dks lwpuk nsus okys O;fDr;ksa dks ;FkklEHko lgk;rk Hkh nh tkuh
pkfg,] ftlls fd os izksRlkfgr gksrs jgsaA bl izdkj iqfyl rFkk turk ds
e/; O;kIr HkzkfUr;ksa ,oa vyxko dh fLFkfr;ksa ds fujkdj.k ds dk;Z ln~Hkko
,oa leUo; ls gh lQy gks ldrs gSaA60
Fkkus ij rSukr vU; mifujh{kdksa dks Hkh vius izHkkj {ks= vkSj mlesa
lkekU; rSkj ij ?kVus okys vijk/kksa dh tkudkjh] {ks= ds lkEiznkf;d
tkfrxr >xM+ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh] izHkkj {ks= ds lEHkzkUr O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs
esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh vkSj muls lEidZ cuk, j[kuk pkfg,A mu lcds
nwjHkk’k uaŒ vkSj irs vius ikl j[kus pkfg,A ftlls fd vko';drk iM+us
ij mudk lg;ksx fy;k tk ldsA {ks= esa dk;Zjr izeq[k lektlsoh
28
laLFkkvksa tSls jksVjh Dyc] yk;Ul Dyc vkfn dh tkudkjh vkSj muds
}kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lsokvksa dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
blh izdkj pkSdh vkSj chV ij dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks vius {ks= dh
HkkSxksfyd tkudkjh j[kuk vko';d gSA vius {ks= ds Ldwy dkWystksa ds
iz/kkukpk;ksZa] cSad ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vkfn ls lEidZ esa jguk pkfg,A flusek?kjksa
,oa “kjkc?kjksa dks Hkh O;fDrxr :i ls tkdj ns[kuk pkfg, vkSj
le;≤ ij vkdfLed fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izdkj dh
dk;Zokgh ls vijkf/kd ?kVukvksa ij Hkh vadq”k yxrk gS] vkSj turk ds
eu esa Hkh lqj{kk dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gSA vxj dksbZ ,slh tkudkjh feyrh
gS] tks dkuwu O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gS rks mls rRdky Fkkuk
izHkkjh ds laKku esa ykuk pkfg,A61
iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fy, ,slk ugha fd lEiw.kZ nkf;Ro
iqfyl dk gh gSA turk dk Hkh nkf;Ro mruk gh gSA iqfyl vkSj turk
}kjk vkil esa cSBdj ,d nwljs dh leL;kvksa dks gy djuk] lekt dh
HkykbZ] U;k; vkSj vijk/kksa dks jksdus ds fy, fd, x, lkewfgd iz;kl
iqfyl vkSj turk lEcU/k dgykrs gSaA iqfyl vkSj turk lEcU/k ,d nwljs
ds O;ogkj ds Åij fuHkZj djrs gSa] ftlesa nksuksa dk gh O;ogkj vPNk gksuk
pkfg,A ;s lEcU/k iqfyl vkSj turk ds vkilh lg;ksx ds ifj.kke ls gh
curs gSaA62
iqfyl dks ge lc nks’k nsrs gSaA lekt esa ?kfVr gj vijk/k ds fy,]
?kfVr gksus ds ckn vijk/kh dks ugha idM+us vkSj vxj idM+ Hkh fy;k tk,
rks mls ltk ugha feyus rd dk lkjk nks’k ge iqfyl ij Fkksirs gSaA ge
29
bu ckrksa ij /;ku ugha nsrs fd vusd vukSipkfjd etcwfj;ksa] jktuSfrd
ncko] lekt ds “kfDr”kkyh oxksZa dh euekuh] tulg;ksx dk vHkko
vkfn ds vykok dqN vkSipkfjd vkSj dkuwuh eqn~ns Hkh gSa] tks iqfyl ds
dk;ksZ esa ck/kd cus gq, gSa] vkSj mldks lekt ds vkxs vdeZ.; cuk, gq,
gSaA izk;% tu lg;ksx ds vHkko esa Hkh iqfyl dks ukdke;kc gksuk iM+rk gSA
yksxksa dh fgQktr vkSj lqj{kk ds fy, iqfyl vijk/kh dks tku ij [ksydj
idM+rh gS] vkSj vijk/kh xokgksa ds vHkko esa cp fudyrk gSA og i{k
ftlus iqfyl esa fjiksVZ fy[kkbZ gS] ;g eglwl djus yxrk gS fd iqfyl
dqN ugha dj ldrhA63 dHkh&dHkh rks dkykUrj esa fjiksVZ djus okyk
O;fDr gh viuh xokgh ls vfHk;qDr dks U;k;ky; ls NqM+ok nsrk gSA vius
'kks/kdk;Z ds losZ{k.k vkSj lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku 'kks/kkfFkZuh dks ,d ,slk
izdj.k ns[kus dks feyk ftlesa nks vfHk;qDr dks ,d efgyk ds xys ls lksus
dh psu Nhudj Hkkx tkus ds ekeys esa iqfyl us fxj¶rkj djds tsy
HkstkA U;k;ky; esa fopkj.kds nkSjku mDr efgyk us nksuksa esa ls fdlh dks
Hkh ugha igpkukA cjken psu dks Hkh viuk ugha crk;kA lk{; ds vHkko esa
mDr ekeys dks lekIr dj U;k;ky; us vfHk;qDrksa dks nks’keqDr dj
fn;kA64 U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; lk{; ds vuqdwy vkSj mfpr FkkA okfnuh gksus
ds dkj.k tc 'kks/kkfFkZuh us efgyk ls lEidZ fd;k vkSj mlds ifjtuksa ls
okrkZ dh vkSj vfHk;qDrksa ls Hkh okrkZ dh rks igpku Nqik, j[kus ds
vk”oklu ij tkudkjh feyh fd nksuksa ;qok vfHk;qDr i<+s fy[ks vkSj
lEHkzkUr ifjokjksa ds FksA muds ifjtuksa us okfn;k vkSj mlds ifjtuksa ls
lEidZ fd;k] dkuwuh lgk;rk] lykg ysdj vf/kd ewY; dh lksus dh psu
ml efgyk dks ns nh vkSj U;k;ky; esa efgyk us fdlh dks Hkh igpkuus ls
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euk dj fn;k vkSj cjken psu dks Hkh viuk ugha crk;kA okfn;k ds bl
izyksHkuiw.kZ vkpj.k ls eq[;:i ls nks xyr lans'k lekt esa x,A igyk
;g fd ?kVuk djus ds ckotwn Hkh vijk/kh ;fn iz;kl djs rks og cp
ldrk gSA vkSj nwljk ;g fd iqfyl }kjk psu dh >wBh cjkenxh fn[kkdj
>w¡Bk Q¡lk;k x;k FkkA bl ds lEcU/k esa tc ,d QkStnkjh vf/koDrk ls
;g tkuus dh dksf”k”k dh xbZ fd iqfyl bl izdkj e¡gxh oLrq dh >wBh
cjkenxh dSls fn[kk ldrh gS] rks crk;k x;k fd ,sls ekeyksa esa iqfyl
nksgjk [ksy [ksyrh gSA okLrfod fNuSrh dh ?kVuk dh dksbZ psu >wBs
vfHk;qDrksa ls cjken fn[kkdj ,d dsl [kksy fn;k x;k vkSj okLrfod
vfHk;qDrksa dks iSls ysdj NksM+ fn;k x;kA 'kks/kkfFkZuh dks iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd
dfFkr psu mlh okfnuh efgyk dh Fkh] vkSj nks’keqfDr ik, O;fDr gh lgh
vfHk;qDr Fks] ysfdu lkekftd fgr ij O;fDrxr fgr dks ojh;rk nsdj
mDr okfnuh efgyk us U;k; ds mn~ns'; dks foQy dj fn;kA bl izdkj
ds fdrus gh vk'p;Ztud mnkgj.k 'kks/kkfFkZuh ds laKku esa vk,] ysfdu
'kks/kdk;Z dh e;kZnk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, mudk mYys[k u rks mfpr gS
vkSj u gh vuqeU; gSA izLrqr mnkgj.k turk iqfyl lEcU/kksa esa turk dh
Hkkxhnkjh vkSj nkf;Ro dks Li"V djus gsrq nsuk vko';d FkkA
iqfyl }kjk vijk/kksa ds vukoj.k esa tc fdlh vijk/kh ds lkFk
l[rh dh tkrh gS rks ml vijk/kh ds i{k/kj turk ds O;fDr;ksa }kjk
iqfyl dks lafo/kku] iztkrU=] vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa dh ;kn fnykbZ tkrh gSA
ysfdu Lo;a ds ;gk¡] pksjh] ywV ;k vU; dksbZ ?kVuk gksus ij cjkenxh dh
31
rRijrk esa turk }kjk gh ml oDr rd ekjus dh lykg nh tkrh gS] tc
rd fd og vijk/kh ^gk¡* ugha dg nsA
Hkkjrh; turk ds vkpj.k dh ;g folaxfr vuks[kh gSA ,sls esa
iqfyl dks D;k djuk pkfg,] ;g iz”u tfVy gSA iqfyl ;fn l[r
cudj O;ogkj djrh gS rks ml ij vekuqf’kd O;ogkj djus dk vkjksi
yxk;k tkrk gS] vkSj ;fn fouez jgrh gS rks mls v{ke vkSj udkjk gksus
dk f[krkc fn;k tkrk gSA iqfyl dks ges”kk nks i{kksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA ,d og tks f'kdk;r ysdj vkrk gS] nwljk og ftlds fo:)
f'kdk;r gksrh gSA ,sls esa iqfyl ds le{k ,d pqukSrh gksrh gS] D;ksafd
QSlyk fdlh ,d ds gh i{k esa gks ldrk gS vkSj nwljk i{k fuf'pr rkSj
ij iqfyl ls ukjkt gksdj iqfyl ij rksger yxkrk gSA izFke lwpuk
fjiksVZ iathd`r djkus ds izfr turk esa tks fof”k’V vkxzg gS] og leL;k
dk dkj.k curk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd iqfyl ij vkjksi izR;kjksi
yxkus ls iwoZ turk Hkh iqfyl ds lkFk vius O;ogkj dks lq/kkjs] vius QtZ
dks le>s vkSj mUgsa lg;ksx djsA65
iqfyl ds le{k dHkh&dHkh cM+h nqfo/kkiw.kZ fLFkfr Hkh vk tkrh gSA
iztkrkfU=d 'kklu iz.kkyh essa iqfyl turk dh lsok ds fy, gksrh gSA
bldk Li"V vFkZ ;g gS fd fuf'pr :i ls turk iztkrkaf=d 'kklu
iz.kkyh esa izHkqrk ;qDr gksrh gS vkSj iqfyl fu%lUnsg turk dh lsod gksrh
gSA bl izdkj turk vkSj iqfyl dk lEcU/k Lokeh vkSj lsod tSlk gh
gSA66
32
bl fl)kUr dks ykxw djus esa vusdksa leL;k,sa lkeus vkrh gSaA
^turk* tks fd iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkrh gS le;≤ ij viuk Lo:i
cnyrh jgrh gSA turk dk ogh O;fDr iqfyl ds lkeus dHkh izkFkhZ ;k
Qfj;knh ;k oknh cudj vkrk gS vkSj ogh O;fDr dHkh vkjksih cudj
vkrk gSA vkSj dHkh xokg cudj vkrk gSA vc iqfyl dks mlh O;fDr ds
lkFk rhu fofHkUu ifjfLFk;ksa esa rhu izdkj dk O;ogkj djuk iM+rk gSA
oknh ds lkeus iqfyl vius fouez lsod ds :i esa lkeus vk ldrh gS]
xokg ds lkeus fe= ds :i esa lkeus vk ldrh gS] fdUrq vfHk;ksxh ds
lkeus bl izdkj fouez lsod cuuk] turk ds lkewfgd fgr ds fy,
mfpr ugha gksxkA bl izdkj mlh ,d O;fDr ds fy, bu rhuksa fofHkUu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl dh Nfo rhu fofHkUu :iksa esa mifLFkr gksxhA vr%
;g vko';d gS fd iqfyl fouez lsod dh Nfo cukrs le; turk ds
lkewfgd fgr dks vius /;ku esa j[ksA rHkh og turk ds vPNs ukxfjdksa
dk lg;ksx vius drZO; ikyu djus ds fy, izkIr dj ldrh gSA67
iqfyl pkgs fdruh Hkh l{ke D;ksa u gks] og ,d ek= vius gh
iz;Ru }kjk lekt dks lqO;ofLFkr j[kus esa lQy ugha gks ldrhA bl
dk;Z dks lekt rFkk vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh dh lHkh dfM+;ksa dks ,d
lkFk feydj djus ls gh O;ofLFkr lekt dh LFkkiuk esa lQyrk fey
ldrh gSA fdUrq turk onhZ/kkjh iqfyl dks gh ljdkj dk izfrfuf/k le>rs
gq,] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ds fy, ftEesnkj le>rh gSA68
;g rF; fufoZokn gS fd iqfyl dk dk;Z vU; fdlh Hkh foHkkx dh
vis{kk lokZf/kd yksxksa ds thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ysfdu yxHkx 150
33
o’kkasZ ds orZeku iqfyl ds bfrgkl dks ns[ksa rks Li"V gksrk gS fd vU;
foHkkxksa vkSj muds dk;kasZ dh vis{kk iqfyl vkSj mlds dk;ksZa dks cgqr de
le>k x;k gSA iqfyl ds lEcU/k esa tks i`Fkdrk dk Hkko turk ds fnekx
esa gS mlus i`Fkd izdkj ds fookn] vlUrks’k vkSj vlg;ksx ds Hkko dks iSnk
fd;k gSA iqfyl dk Lo;a ds lEcU/k esa ;g ekuuk jgrk gS fd og lekt
dh j{kd] lefiZr dk;ZdrkZ tks fd viuk thou Hkh nko ij yxk nsrs gSa]
vius ifjokj dks R;kxus okys] jkf= esa vkSj lIrkgkUr esa Hkh dk;Z djus
okys] vius dk;Z ds izfr leiZ.k dk Hkko j[kus okys rFkk lekt ds lsod
gSA ogha nwljh vksj turk ds yksx lkekU;rkSj ij ?k`.kk djrs gSa] U;k;ky;
fuank djrs gSa] rFkk ehfM;k Vhdk fVIi.kh djrk gSA69 iqfyl dsk bl izdkj
nks rjg dh ijLij izfrdwy fopkj/kkjkvksa esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA
vkt ds rukoiw.kZ rFkk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds ;qx esa
ubZ&ubZ leL;k,sa lkeus vk jgh gSa] ftuls iqfyl dks tw>uk iM+rk gSA
vO;oLFkk vFkok vijk/k dh lkekftd tM+ksa esa iqfyl ugha tk ldrhA
mldk fujkdj.k rks lekt ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks gh djuk gksxkA70
iqfyl o turk nksuksa gh leku :i ls ns'k ds ukxfjd gSaA turk
ds leku iqfyldehZ Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu oxkasZ] Hkk’kkvksa vkSj izns'kksa ls vkrs gSaA
vius ifjokj ds Hkj.k iks’k.k gsrq mUgsa Hkh lkekU; ukxfjd dh Hkk¡fr la?k’kZ
djuk gksrk gSA NqfV~V;ksa vkSj R;ksgkjksa ij lkekU; ukxfjd ifjokj vkSj
fe=ksa ds lkFk [kqf”k;k¡ ck¡V jgs gksrs gSa] ml le; iqfyldehZ vius
cky&cPpksa ls nwj M~;wVh ij gksrs gSaA iqfyl ds drZO; vkSj cfynku dk
lgh ewY;kadu djuk pkfg, rkfd iqfyl dk eukscy u fxjsA
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iqfyl dks viuh drZO; fu"Bk fuHkkus esa tku tksf[ke esa Mkydj
turk dh enn djuh iM+rh gSA dbZ ckj iqfyldehZ vlkekftd rRoksa
}kjk pkdw vkSj xksyh dk f”kdkj Hkh curs gSaA muds ifjokj okyksa ij ml
le; D;k chrrh gS\ fdl rjg viuh ftUnxh xqtkjrs gSa] bl rF; dh
vksj vke O;fDr dk /;ku ugha tkrkA
Jh ch0,u0 efyd us fy[kk gS fd] ^^tc rd lekt lH; ,oa
mUufr”khy jguk pkgrk gS] lekt esa iqfyl dk jguk vfuok;Z gS**
iqfyltu dh lrr~ lrdZrk ds fcuk euq’; dk i”kq esa v/k% iru gks
tk,sxk vkSj lekt [k.M&[k.M gks tk,xkA
^Jherh iq"iyrk rustk* us fy[kk gS fd] ^^ns'k esa “kkfUr vkSj
O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus dk mRrjnkf;Ro turk vkSj iqfyl nksuksa dk gSA
izR;sd ukxfjd dks pkfg, fd lekt esa 'kkfUr cuk, j[kus ds mRrjnkf;Ro
dks le>asA ge lcdks pkfg, fd viuh xyfr;k¡ ns[ksa] dgha ge Lo;a
csbZeku] Hkz"V ;k nq’pfj= rks ugha gSaA gekjk uSfrd cy Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa }kjk
lEekuuh; ,oa vuqdj.kh; gksuk pkfg,A ukxfjd Lora=rk dk lgh vFkZ
ysuk pkfg, vkSj Lo;a viuh dfe;ksa vkSj nks’kksa dks nwj djuk pkfg,A
turk dks ;g eglwl djuk pkfg, fd “kkfUr ls lkekU; thou O;rhr
djus ds fy, dkuwwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk] muds vius fgr ds fy,
gS vkSj iqfyl rks mudh lqfo/kk vkSj lgk;rk ds fy, gSA iqfyl dh
Hkwfedk dks ;fn foosdiw.kZ <ax ls le> fy;k tk, vkSj ukxfjd Hkh vius
mRrjnkf;Roksa dks le> ysa rks vijk/kksa dk fuokj.k gks ldsxk vkSj dkuwu
O;oLFkk Hkh cuh jgsxhA vius&vius {ks= esa gj ukxfjd ,d flikgh gSA gj
35
le; gj txg iqfyl dk oS'kk[kh dh rjg lgkjk ysuk gkL;kin yxrk
gSA turk ds Hkh dqN uSfrd nkf;Ro gksrs gSaA iqfyl fofHkUu oxZ vkSj
laLd`fr;ksa ds yksxksa dks ,d nwljs ds fudV ykus esa lsrq dk dke dj
ldrh gSA iqfyl vkSj vke turk ds chp lgkuqHkwfr dk okrkoj.k cuk
jgs] ;g iztkra= dh cgqr cM+h lQyrk gSA71
dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus okyh laLFkk ds :i esa lRrk vkSj lekt ds
chp lkFkZd lEcU/k cuk, j[kus dh vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh vko';drk
vkt ftruh iqfyl laxBu dks eglwl gks jgh gS] mruh igys dHkh ugha
gqbZA vkt ds lelkef;d Hkkjrh; lekt esa ?kfVr gksus okyh Ågkiksg vkSj
mFky&iqFky ds dkj.k bl izdkj ds leUo;kRed lEcU/kksa dks cuk, j[kus
dh vkSj Hkh vf/kd t:jr gSA tSls&tSls ekuork viuh oSKkfud
jktuhfrd] rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl dh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nwrh tk,xh] oSls&oSls
iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dk egRo vf/kd ls vf/kd c<+rk gh tk,xkA72
egRoiw.kZ iqfyl dk;ksZ esa tulg;ksx dh fujarj ,oa rkRdkfyd t:jr
lnk cuh jgrh gSA lkoZtfud ,oa iz'kklfud dk;Z dfBu rks gksrs gh gSa]
mudk lEiknu lkekftd “kwU;rk esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp O;kIr lEcU/kksa dh
foLQksVd fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k vkt dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus ds lEcU/k esa ,d
u, cks/k dk mn; gks pqdk gSA blh cks/k ds vk/kkj ij ge bl ckr ds
v/;;u dh rhoz vko';drk eglwl djrs gSa fd iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa ds
lUnHkZ esa bZekunkjh ls vUrjkoyksdu djsa vkSj lkspsa fd ge dgk¡ Fks] vHkh
dgk¡ gSa] vkSj Hkfo"; esa ge dgk¡ gksaxsA vUr% lEcU/kksa dks lq/kkjus gsrq iqfyl
36
ds vUnj ls vkSj iqfyl ds ckgj ls] vusd iz;kl fd, x, gSaA bu iz;klksa
ds dkQh gn rd lkFkZd ifj.kke Hkh izkIr gq, gSaA73
lu~ 1950 esa Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ykxw gqvkA ns'k ds yksdrkaf=d <k¡ps
dks lqn`<+ cuk, j[kus vkSj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ladYiuk dks lkFkZd
cukus ds fy, yEch cgl vkSj v/;;u ds i'pkr~ lafo/kku dks rS;kj fd;k
x;kA lafo/kku ykxw gksus ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;g ,d nqHkkZX; iw.kZ fLFkfr jgh fd
89 o"kZ iqjkus] ijk/khu Hkkjr essssa iqfyl vf/k0 1861 ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z jgh
iqfyl O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ xEHkhj fopkj ugha fd;k x;kA
yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds vuq:i iqfyl dk;Ziz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dk izFke
xEHkhj iz;kl Lora=rk izkfIr ds 30 o"kZ i'pkr~ gqvk tc lsokfuo`Ùk
jkT;iky /keZohj dh v/;{krk esa dsUnz ljdkj us 15@11@77 dks jk"Vªh;
iqfyl vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA bl vk;ksx ds lnL; ofj"B iqfyl
vf/kdkjh] iqfyl ekeyksa ds fo'ks"kK] U;k;k/kh'k] lekt'kkL=h cuk, x, vkSj
vk;ksx us iqfyl dks iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa ds vuqdwy cukus gsrq vusd lq>ko
fn,A ysfdu jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls vk;ksx dh vf'kdka'k flQkfj'kksa ljdkj
us ugha ekuhA dsUnzh; ljdkj us jkT; ljdkjksa dks Hkh ykxw djus gsrq
flQkfj'kksa Hkstha]74 ysfdu jkT; ljdkjksa us Hkh mUgsa B.Ms cLrs esa Mky
fn;kA vk;ksx us Li"V “kCnksa esa ;g flQkfj'k dh Fkh fd ^^iqfyl dh
orZeku O;oLFkk iwjh rjg ls vLohdk;Z gSA ;g dkuwu ds 'kklu ds foijhr
dk;Z djus okyh gS rFkk LoLFk vkSj O;kolkf;d iqfyl O;oLFkk ds fodkl
esa ck/kd gSA bls gj gkyr esa ifjofrZr gksuk pkfg,A75 vk;ksx dh bruh
Li"V fVIi.kh ds i'pkr Hkh dksbZ dk;Zokgh fdlh Hkh ljdkj }kjk ugha dh
37
xbZA vkikrdky ds dVq vuqHkoksa ds ckotwn Hkh fNViqV ifjorZu ds lkFk
mlh O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
o"kZ 1996 esa m0iz0 ds nks lsokfuo`Ùk iqfyl egkfuns'kdksa }kjk
mPpre U;k;ky; esa ,d yksdfgr ;kfpdk nk;j dhA bl ;kfpdk esa ek¡x
dh xbZ fd jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djk;k tk,A
dsUnz ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks Hkh i{kdkj cuk;k x;kA yEch dkuwuh
yM+kbZ ds i'pkr~ 10 o"kZ ckn 2006 esa mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk mDr ekeyk
fu.khZr djrs gq, jkT; ljdkjksa dks funsZ'k tkjh fd,A76 ek0 mPpre
U;k;ky; }kjk tks eq[; 7 funsZ'k tkjh fd, x, Fks os fuEu gSa&
1- jkT; lqj{kk vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k tk,A
2- iqfyl egkfuns'kd dh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij vkSj mldk
dk;Zdky U;wure 2 o"kZ gksA
3- vkbZ0th0 ls ysdj Fkkuk izHkkjh rd dk dk;Zdky fu;r gksuk
pkfg,A U;wure 2 o"kZ gksuk pkfg,A
4- iqfyl LFkkiuk cksMZ dk xBu gksA iqfyl fu;qfDr] izksUufr]
LFkkukUrj.k dk;Z cksMZ }kjk lEikfnr gksus pkfg,A
5- jkT;] ftykLrj ij Lora= iqfyl f'kdk;r izkf/kdj.k dk xBu gks]
tks iqfyl ds f[kykQ f'kdk;r lqu ldsA
6- vUos"k.k dk;Z gsrq rFkk dkuwu O;oLFkk gsrq vyx&vyx iqfyl gksuh
pkfg,A
7- jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vk;ksx dk xBu gksA
38
mijksDr esa izFke 06 funsZ'k jkT; ljdkjksa ds fy, gSa] ftudks dkuwu
O;oLFkk] vkSj vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh tk¡p vkfn dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku }kjk
fn;k x;k gSA77 vfUre funsZ'k dsUnzh; ljdkj dks gSA dsUnz ljdkj us
viuh lhek esa jgrs gq, funsZ'kksa dk vuqikyu fd;k gS] ysfdu jkT;
ljdkjksa dh mnklhurk ;Fkkor cjdjkj gSA
iqfyl turk vUr%lEcU/kksa dh tc Hkh ppkZ gksrh gS] rHkh
lokZf/kd udkjkRed i{k ds :i esa iqfyl ,DV] 1861 dks vk/kkj cuk;k
tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd iqfyl dh Hkwfedk vkSj mlds pfj= esa dksbZ
mYys[kuh; lq/kkj u gksus dk lcls cM+k dkj.k ;g gS fd 1861 ds iqfyl
,DV ds Lo:i esa Lora= Hkkjr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA ;kuh Hkkjr
dh iqfyl ,d vk/kqfud ;q) iqjkus gfFk;kjksa ls yM+ jgh gSA78 bl fLFkfr
dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vDVwcj] 2005 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us ,d iqfyl
vf/kfu;e~ izk:i lfefr ¼ih0,0Mh0lh0½ ftls ^lksyh lksjkcth lfefr*
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] xfBr dh rFkk bldsk u;k ekWMy iqfyl
,DV dk izk:i rS;kj djus dk dk;Z fn;kA bl volj ij iz/kkuea=h Jh
eueksgu flag us iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd
^^gesa bl ckr ls vk”oLr gksuk gS fd izR;sd Lrj ij iqfyl cy] fo'ks"k
:i ls iqfyl tuin Lrj dk iqfyl cy jkt'kkgh cy ls yksdrkaf=d
laxBu esa ifjofrZr gks tk,A** lfefr dks iqfyl ds cnyrs nkf;Roksa ds
vuqlkj iqfyl ,DV cukuk FkkA lfefr us viuk dk;Z iwjk djrs gq,s ekWMy
iqfyl ,DV] 2006 izLrqr dj fn;k gSA ns'k esa iatkc ,slk igyk izkUr gS
ftlus viuk u;k iqfyl ,DV Lohdkj dj ykxw dj fn;k gS A ogha m0iz0
39
esa fnukad 01@1@2007 dks iqfyl ,DV izk:i lfefr dk xBu rks dj
fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu mlds ckn dksbZ dk;Z ugha gqvk gSA79
lkeqnkf;d iqfyflax dh ladYiuk dks vkRelkr~ dj iqfyl vkSj
turk dks fudV ykus ds dkQh iz;kl fd,s x, gSa vkSj yxkrkj ,sls iz;kl
tkjh gSaA lkeqnkf;d iqfyl ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dks dgrs gSa] tks iqfyl vkSj
,d vke vkneh ds chp dh nwjh feVkus ds fy, ,d dM+h dk dke djrh
gSA bls ^iM+kslh iqfyl* ds uke ls Hkh lEcksf/kr dj ldrs gSaA80
lkeqnkf;d iqfyl O;oLFkk dks c<+kus ds fy, O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd rkSj
ij vusd iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA vusd lkekftd dk;ZØeksa esa iqfyl }kjk
lgHkkfxrk djds turk ls fudVrk c<+kus ds iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA
gfj;k.kk iqfyl vdkneh }kjk ^^laosnh iqfyl&l'kDr lekt**
uke ls dk;ZØe pykdj fudVre Fkkuk&e/kqou ds 27 xk¡oksa dks xksn
ysdj fofHkUu dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSaA blds vPNs ifj.kke fey
jgs gSaA turk iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkus esa ladksp ugha dj jgh vkSj iqfyl
dks vius gj dke esa turk dk lg;ksx fey jgk gSA
m0iz0 esa vHkh dE;wfuVh iqfyflax ls lEcfU/kr dk;ZØeksa dks vf/kd
izksRlkgu ugha fey ik jgk gSA fQj Hkh O;fDrxr Lrj ij iqfyl
vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ;Fkk lEHko iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA ,d ,slk gh iz;ksx
tuin xkft;kckn esa vij iqfyl v/kh{kd ¼xzkeh.k½ }kjk fd;k x;kA
muds }kjk yxHkx 16 xk¡oksa ds ,sls 2500 O;fDr;ksa ds VsyhQksu@eksckby
ua0 ,df=r djds ,d Mk;jsDVªh cukbZA ;s os yksx Fks] ftuds fo:) dHkh
dksbZ vfHk;ksx iathd`r ugha gqvkA ,sls yksxksa ls le;≤ ij lEidZ
40
djus dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus vkSj vkijkfèkd ?kVukvksa ds vukoj.k esa
cgqr vf/kd lg;ksx feyk vkSj turk ds eu esa iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds izfr
fo'okl dk Hkko Hkh mRiUu gqvkA81
le;≤ ij fofHkUu lkekftd laxBuksa] iqfyl foHkkx ,oa
laLFkkvksa }kjk dk;Z'kkyk vkSj lsehukj dk vk;kstu djds bl fn'kk esa
lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA iqfyl dk;kZy;ksa eas ikfjokfjd leL;k
lek/kku dsUnz lapkfyr djds oSokfgd fookn rFkk vU; NksVs&NksVs fooknksa
dks lqy>kus dk iz;kl iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA oSls bl izdkj
ds dk;ksZa dks vU;Fkk dksbZ dkuwuh ekU;rk ugha gSA
iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dks e/kqj cukus esa gekjh U;k;ikfydk }kjk Hkh
le;≤ ij vko';d fn'kk funsZ'k nsdj ;ksxnku fd;k tkrk jgrk gSA
Mh0 ds0clq cuke ia0 caxky jkT; ds ekeys82 esa vius fu.kZ; }kjk
mPpre U;k;ky; us ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku dks jksdus ds fy, ,d
vkpkj lafgrk dk gh fuekZ.k fd;kA bu funsZ'kksa dks Li"V :i ls cksMZ ij
fy[kokdj izR;sd iqfyl LVs'ku esa Li"V ns[ks tkus ;ksX; LFkku ij Vaxokus
dk funsZ'k Hkh fn;kA
blh izdkj fxj¶rkjh ds lEcU/k esa cjrh tkus okyh lko/kkfu;k¡]
gFkdM+h yxkus ds lEcU/k esa funsZ'k] tekur ds lEcU/k esa turk o iqfyl
ds e/; dVqrk mRiUu djus okys ekeyksa ds lEcU/k esa funsZ'k nsdj
egRoiw.kZ fookfnr fcUnqvksa dks Li"V dj fn;k gSA83 bu funsZ'kksa dk ikyu
u djus ij loksZPp U;k;ky; us psrkouh Hkh nh gS fd] ^^;g U;k;ky; ns'k
dks ;g fn[kkus ds fy, d`r ladYi gS fd ns'k dh turk fdl izdkj ds
41
iqfyl cy ds fy, dj ns jgh gSA ;fn ;s iqfyl vf/kdkjh viuk dk;Z u
djus ij n.M Hkqxrsa] rHkh lcd lh[ksaxsA84
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks ekuokf/kdkj dkuwuksa dk izf'k{k.k iznku djds
ekuoh; O;ogkj gsrq izsfjr djus ds iz;kl fd,s tk jgs gSaA lekt dh ek¡x
ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe rS;kj djds izf'k{k.k fn;k tk jgk gS rFkk
eukSoSKkfud fof/k;ksa dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tk jgk gS rFkk euksoSKkfud fof/k;ksa
dks fl[kk;k tk jgk gS] ftlls fd nqO;Zogkj dh f'kdk;rsa u feys vkSj
turk ds lkFk iqfyl ds lEcU/k fujUrj lq/kkj dh vksj vxzlj gksaA fuR;
izfr u, dkuwu curs tk jgs gSaA iqfyl dks lHkh dkuwuksa dk ikyu djuk
vkSj djkuk gksrk gSA izf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls u,s dkuwu vkSj U;k;ky; ds
fu.kZ;ksa dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gS] ftlls fd fdlh dkuwu dk mYya?ku
djds iqfyl dehZ Lo;a ds fy, vkSj turk ds fy, ijs”kkuh mRiUu u
dj nsaA
dkuwuksa esa la'kks/ku djds iqfyl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks yksd fgr esa
fu;fU=r djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkijkf/kd ekeyksa ls lEcfU/kr
dk;Zokgh n.M lafgrk ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl }kjk lkekU; rkSj ij dh tkrh
gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e 2005 rFkk n.M izfØ;k
lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0 200885 ds }kjk tufgr ds dbZ la'kks/ku djds
fo/kkf;dk }kjk iqfyl&turk ds Vdjko dks de djus dk iz;kl fd;k
x;k gSA vU; vf/kfu;eksa esa Hkh lekt dh vko';drk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,s la'kks/ku fd,s x, gSa vFkok izko/kku j[ks x, gSaA
42
;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;k laLFkk vius ekSfyd :i ls xfBr laxBukRed
,oa izdk;kZRed Lo:i dks NksM+dj vU; dk;ksZa esa layXu gks tkrh gS] rks
Hkys gh og dk;Z dSls Hkh tufgr dk D;ksa u gks] mldks djds laLFkk dh
Nfo ij dksbZ ldkjkRed izHkko iM+s ;g vko';d ugha gSA gks ldrk gS fd
mu lg;ksxh dk;ksZa dks iwjk djrs&djrs og vius ewy mn~ns'; ls HkVd
tk,A D;ksafd fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus dk ,d fu/kkZfjr le; gksrk gS]
vkSj og dk;Z ml le; ij u fd;k tk, rks ml dk;Z dk gksuk ;k u
gksuk dksbZ egRo ugha j[krkA
,d f'k{kd dk eq[; dk;Z vkSj ekSfyd mn~ns'; cPpksa dks
xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kk nsuk vkSj cPpksa dks ;ksX; cukuk gSA ysfdu fu/kkZfjr
vf/kdre~ le; lhek esa og f'k{k.k ls tqM+s vU; lg;ksxh dk;Z
tSls&?kj&?kj tkdj cPpksa dks cqykuk] cPpksa dh lkQ lQkbZ dk /;ku
j[kuk] Hkkstu O;oLFkk djuk vkSj f[kykuk] cPpksa dh Nk=o`fRr] os'kHkw"kk]
fo|ky; ds fuekZ.k vkfn ds lEcU/k esa fo|ky; ls ckgj dk;kZy; tkus ds
dk;Z esa O;Lr jgrk gS rks f'k{k.k dk;Z ds fy, i;kZIr le; ugha ns ikrk]
ftlls cPpksa dh f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk izHkkfor gksrh gS] vkSj vU; dk;Z vPNh
izdkj ls djus ij Hkh vfHkHkkodksa ds eu esa mldh Nfo [kjkc gksrh gSA
;gh fLFkfr iqfyl foHkkx dh gSA iqfyl foHkkx dk xBu eq[; :i
ls nks mn~ns';ksa ds fy, fd;k x;k gS&vijk/kksa dks fuokfjr djuk] vkSj
mudk irk yxkukA86 igyk mn~ns'; dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus ls gS vkSj
nwljk vkijkf/kd ekeyksa ds vUos"k.k ls gSA iqfyl }kjk lkekftd fgr vkSj
HkykbZ ds fy,s vU; fofo/k dk;Z djrs gq, ;fn vius ewy dk;ksZ dks fu"Bk
43
ds lkFk ugha fd;k tk jgk gS] rks fuf'pr :i ls mldh Nfo ij izfrdwy
izHkko iM+sxkA ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkjh Jh Vh0,u0 feJ us dgk gS fd]
^^iqfyl gekjs ns'k esa dkuwu dks ykxw djus okyh izeq[k laLFkk gS] vr% og
dkuwu dh ifjf/k esa gh dk;Z djus dks ck/; gSA iqfyl dk nkf;Ro gS fd
og dkuwu dk 'kklu ykxw djds lekt esa O;oLFkk dk;e j[ksA87
lnjyS.M dk Hkh ;g dguk gS fd] ^^iqfyl 'kCn izkFkfed :i ls
jkT; ds mu izfrfuf/k;ksa dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ftudk dk;Z dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fu;fer vkijkf/kd lafgrk dks
ykxw djuk gSA88
bu ckrksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ;g mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd og
O;fDr vFkok laLFkk vius ekSfyd Lo:i dks LoLFk nf"Vdks.k ls ns[krs gq,
viuh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa ewy dk;ksZa ds fu"iknu ds nkSjku turk ds fgr vkSj
le; dh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq,s FkksM+k cnyko ykdj dk;Z djs rks ifj.kke
csgrj gks ldrs gSaA fdlh laLFkk dk xBu ftu mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy,
gksrk gS] mUgha mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ vxj laLFkk }kjk tufgr esa dh tkrh gS
rks mls turk dk Hkjiwj leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA vkSj mlds Lo:i dh
lkFkZdrk fl) gksrh gSA
^Jh 'kSys'k xka/kh* us bl fLFkfr dsk vkSj vf/kd Li"V djrs gq,
dgk gS fd] ^^turk dh iqfyl ls ;g vis{kk ugha gksrh fd og jkT; ds
:i esa dk;Z djs vFkkZr ljdkj }kjk fd,s tkus okys dk;Z djs vFkok f'k{kk]
LokLF; lsok iznku djus okyh lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z djsA
turk okLrfodrk esa tks pkgrh gS og ;g gS fd iqfyl dkuwu dks ykxw
44
djs vkSj dkuwu ds vuqlkj dk;Z djsA nwljh rjQ] ;g vR;f/kd nqHkkZX;iw.kZ
gS fd turk Hkh ;g Hkwy xbZ gS fd orZeku leL;kvksa ds fy, vdsys
iqfyl dks gh ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA turk Hkh leku :i ls
ftEesnkj gS D;ksafd og xyr vis{kk,sa iqfyl ls j[krh gSA tc Lo;a ls
tqM+h gqbZ dksbZ ?kVuk gksrh gS rks yksx fdlh Hkh lhek rd pys tkrs gSa]
vkSj xyr lk/ku viukus yxrs gSa rFkk iqfyl ls Hkh ;g vis{kk djrs gSa
fd og Hkh xyr lk/ku viukdj mudh leL;k lqy>k,sA Jh ,0ds0
tSu] la;qDr lfpo] x`g ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dk dguk gS fd] ^^fdlh
Hkh jk"Vª dh lH;rk dh xq.koRrk bl ckr ls ekih tkrh gS fd ogk¡
vkijkf/kd dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus esa dSls rjhds viuk,s tkrs gSaA90
iqfyl dks vius vijk/k jksdus ds rjhdksa dks bl izdkj dk;kZfUor
djuk pkfg,s] ftlls fd yksxksa ds eu esa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksA
turk dks dsoy bl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa ls lqjf{kr gh ugha j[kuk pkfg,
cfYd mudsk ;g eglwl djkuk pkfg, fd lM+dksa ij os bl izdkj ds
vijkf/k;ksa }kjk fd, x, vkØe.kksa ls eqDr jgsaxsA ,slk Hkh okrkoj.k gks
ldrk gS fd yksx lqjf{kr gksa fdUrq eglwl djrs gksa fd os lqjf{kr ugha
gSaA iqfyl }kjk ogh dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gks ftls turk pkgrh gS] ysfdu
turk dks ,slk yxrk gks fd dksbZ dk;Zokgh gh ugha dh xbZA bl izdkj
lgh Hkkouk ykus ds fy, yksxksa dks okLrfod rF;ksa ls voxr djkuk
vko';d gSA iqfyl viuk dk;Z djrs le; dkuwu dks dsoy ykxw gh u
djs] cfYd yksxksa dks bl ckr ls voxr djk, vkSj fo'okl iSnk djk, fd
os izHkkodkjh <ax ls dkuwu dk ikyu djk jgs gSaA91
45
ra= vkSj vke vkneh esa xgjk vlaokn gSA laidZ ghurk gS] vlarks"k
gSA vxj ra= dks vUrfØZ;kRed ugha fd;k x;k vkSj ra= ,oa yksd ds chp
dh laokn ghurk [kRe ugha dh xbZ] rks dksbZ Hkh ra= ugha py ldrk] dksbZ
O;oLFkk ugha py ldrhA92 iqfyl ra= vkSj yksd ds e/; ;fn vlaokn
lkeIr gks tk, rks turk ds eu esa iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izfr “kadk dk
Hkko lekIr gks tk,xk] vkSj vijk/kksa ds izfr ekSu jgus dh turk dh izo`fr
lekIr gksxh] ftlls iqfyl dks le; ls dk;Zokgh djus dk volj
feysxkA ,slh fLFkfr turk iqfyl lEcU/kksa ds lnSo fgr esa gksxhA
iqfyl dh ge pkgs tSlh O;k[;k djsa] ysfdu iqfyl dk eq[; dk;Z
rks iqfyflax gh gSA iqfyldehZ vFkok iqfyl lsok ds izfr LokHkkfod I;kj
vFkok vkReh;rk dk Hkko mRiUu gksuk dfBu gSA vf/kd ls vf/kd vxj
dqN lEHko gS rks ;g fd iqfyl dh dk;Z {kerk ds dkj.k lEeku dk Hkko
mRiUu gks ldrk gS] iqfyl vius nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djsxh ,slk n`<+
fu'p; gks ldrk gSA93
iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dh vo/kkj.kk ,d mHk; i{kh; O;oLFkk gSA
tc rd iqfyl vkSj lekt nksuksa iz'kkldh; lUnHkksZa esa izHkkoh :i ls
lEcU/k lq/kkjus esa layXu ugha gksaxs] rc rd iqfyl turk ds chp lEcU/kksa
dks u rks LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh mUgsa nh?kZthoh cuk;k tk
ldrkA lekt pw¡fd ,d O;kid] vHkwrZ ,oa fo'kky bdkbZ gS] vr% iqfyl
ds fy, ;gh fgrdj ,oa okaNuh; gS fd og iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa ds
fodkl esa Lo;a gh lfØ; gksdj igy djsA ,d vuq'kkluc) ,oa
lqlaxfBr iz'kklfud bdkbZ gksus ds dkj.k iqfyl foHkkx rFkk mlesa
46
dk;Zjr dfeZ;ksa esa lq/kkj ykuk rqyukRed n`f"V ls vklku dke gSA94 iqfyl
ds tks cqfu;knh dk;Z gS] mudks djus esa iqfyl dh Hkwfedk uk rks cnyh gS
vkSj uk gh cny ldrh gSA ysfdu ftl rjg Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k
tkuk gS] mlesa ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA
lekt ds izR;sd oxZ dk O;fDr fdlh u fdlh :i esa iqfyl dh
vko';drk dks eglwl djrk gSA iqfyl vkSj turk dk fofHkUu :iksa esa
lkeuk gksrk gS] tSls&vfHk;qDr ds :i esa] ihfM+r ds :i esa] dkuwu ds
lg;ksxh ds :i esa] tu lkekU; ds :i esa vkfnA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa
esa turk vkSj iqfyl ds e/; fdl izdkj dk lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,s ;gh bl
'kks/k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gSA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr vFkok laxBu ds fy,s viuh ekSfyd Hkwfedk dks
R;kxdj fdlh ubZ Hkwfedk esa Lo;a dks <ky ysuk vR;Ur gh eqf'dy dk;Z
gksrk gS] ysfdu viuh ekSfyd Hkwfedk vFkok drZO;ksa dk mfpr ,oa ekU;
fl)kUrksa ds vuq:i bZekunkjh ls fuoZgu djds vkSj fuoZgu dh izfØ;k esa
le;kuqlkj ifjorZu djds lekt esa fo'okl mRiUu fd;k tkuk vklku
gksrk gSA ,slh ekU;rk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,s 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa dh ;kstuk
fuEu izdkj j[kh gSA
'kks/k ds mn~ns'; %&
1- iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl ds fofHkUu :iksa dk fu/kkZj.kA
2- vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh foospuk ds lUnHkZ esa iqfyl&turk lEcU/kksa
dk v/;;uA
47
3- dkuwu O;oLFkk ds dk;ksZa ds lUnHkZ esa iqfyl&turk lEcU/kksa dk
v/;;uA
4- vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ls tqM+s vU; dk;ksZa ds lUnHkZ esa
iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/kksa dk v/;;uA
5- iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk ewY;kadu ,oa
fo'ys"k.kA
6- vUr% lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk v/;;u ,oa
ldkjkRed cukus gsrq lq>koA
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk iqfyl ds fdlh u, vorkj dh dYiuk ugha dh xbZ
gS] cfYd dkuwu }kjk iqfyl ,oa turk dks tks vf/kdkj vkSj drZO; iznku
fd, x, gSa] muds vuqikyu esa gh vFkok dkuwu dh ifjf/k esa gh leL;k
dks [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] ftlls fd vko';drkuqlkj lq/kkj
ykdj iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dks fo'oluh; cuk;k tk ldsA
48
lUnHkZ lzksr ¼v/;k;&1½
1- Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr & MkW0 iq[kjkt tSu] i"B&1
2- mijksDr
3- Hkkjrh; iztkrU= vkSj iqfyl & iq’iyrk rustk & eq[ki`"B
4 J.N. Bains & R.B. Jain; Political Science in Transition, 1981, Page: 226
5 Politics & Social Change, 1963 By F.G. Bailly.
6- The modernity of Tradition, 1967 By L&S Rudolf, Page-11
7- Cast in Indian Politics, 1970 By Rajni Kothari, Page-41
8- Police & Political Development in India – D.H. Bailey, Page-14
9- Hkkjrh; iztkrU= vkSj iqfyl & iq’iyrk rustk] eq[ki`"B
10. Oxford Dictionary – Ed. 2005
11. Royal Commission on Police powers report, 1929 (3297)
12. Police system in the limited states – Smith Bruice (1956)
13. A short history of British Police (London, 1963), By Raith Charls
14. Constitution of India – Art-240, VIIth Schedule
15- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & MkW0 t;t; jke mik/;k;
16- m0 iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys’ku ,oa iqfyl vf/kfu;e & vks0 ih0 jk; ¼2009½
17- mijksDr
18- iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 dh /kkjk&2
19. dsUnz jkT; lEcU/k & iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx] 1969] i`"B&36
20. Indian Police - Dr. Prabhu Dutt Sharma, Page-40
21. Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh izLrkouk
22. iqfyl vkSj lekt & MkW0 ih0 ,l0 Hkw"k.k & i`"B&195
23. Websters New World College Dictionary - 2010
24. Online Etymology Dictionary - 2010 - Duglas Harper
25. American Heritage Dictionary of English Lanhguage IV Ed. 2008-2009
26. Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk & vkpj.k. leL;k,sa ,oa vf/kdkjh & lat; xkSM+] i`"B&
63&64
49
27. iqfyl ,.M ikWfyfVdy MSoyieSaV bu bfUM;k & izks0 Mh0 ,p0 oSyh
28. Hkkjr esa iqfyl iz'kklu & dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ds lUnHkZ esa & MkW0 iq[kjkt tSu]
i`"B&804
29. fnueku & 5 ls 11 uoEcj] 1978] i"B&11
30. iqfyl dk vkpj.k & jk"Vªh; leL;k & ,0 th0 uwqjkuh ¼jktLFkku if=dk½
14@5@85] i`"B&6
31. iqfyl vkSj lekt & MkW0 ih0 ,l0 Hkw"k.k & i`"B& 205&206
32. iqfyl ,.M ikWfyfVdy MSoyieSaV bu bfUM;k & izks0 Mh0 ,p0 oSyh
33. Journal of Criminology, Criminal Law & Police Science March, 1972,
Page-106 - By Robert Balch
34. Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj v/;;u & 2005] Vh0 vkbZ0 vkbZ0
35. iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 dh /kkjk & 22
36. Hkkjr esa iqfyl laxBuksa ds vk¡dM+s & B P R & D }kjk izdkf'kr
37. ekufld LokLF; ,oa iqfyl & ,d fo'ys"k.k & vkftr ;kno iqfyl foKku if=dk
& tqykbZ ls flrEcj] 2006
38. Hkkjrh; iqfyl & lanHkZ ,oa ifjizs{; & “kadj ljksfy;k ¼1988½
39. Perspective on Indian Police : The Indian Journal of Public Administration -
C.D. Sharma {Oct-Dec, 1973} Page- 525-555
40. Public Image of the Police - Socieity Journal (BHU) July - Dec, 1972,
Page- 247-263
41. Perspective on Indian Police - P.D. Sharma, Page 529-531
42. Study on Public Image of Police - ibid - Page-262
43. P. D. Sharma - ibid
44. F. W. Riggs - Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of
Prizmatic Society (1924)
45. Hkkjrh; iqfyl & lanHkZ ,oa ifjizs{; ¼i"B&33½ & “kadj ljksfy;k
46. Police Today - S. Sen (Chapter-1, Cop and the Crowd)
47. Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk & vkpj.k leL;k,sa ,oa vf/kdkjh & lat; xkSM+]
i`"B& 63&64
50
48. Para-524, U. P. Police Regulation
49. Para-520, U. P. Police Regulation
50. Table No. ................
51. Police & the Community - Mrs. Archana Ram Sundaram
52. gekjk ladYi ¼1982½ & Jh ch0 ih0 fla?ky
53. iqfyl vkSj lekt & ih0 ,l0 Hkw"k.k ¼i`"B&222½
54. Greeth Clifford : Old Society and New State (1963)
55. Redelet Louise A : Introduction to Police & Community (1973)
56. Ghosh S. K. : Police and the Public (1965)
57. Rodelet Louis A : The Police & the Community
58. Fkkuk izcU/ku & gkfde jk; ¼2009½ izLrkouk esa
59. The Hindu, 14/11/1976
60. Howard H. Url M. S. - Police Community Relations
61. gkfde jk; & Fkkuk izcU/ku ¼2009½] i`"B&94
62. iqfyl vkSj lekt & MkW0 ih0 ,l0 Hkw"k.k ¼i`"B 221&222½
63. Øekad 26 okyh & i`"B 17&18
64. /kkjk&356 Hkk0 n0 la0 dk ,d fopkj.k
65. Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk & vkpj.k. leL;k,sa ,oa vf/kdkjh & lat; xkSM+] i`"B&
63&64
66. Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk ¼1999½ & f”kf”kj dqekj flag] i`0&96
67. Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk ¼1999½ & f”kf”kj dqekj flag] i`0&97
68. Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk ¼1999½ & f”kf”kj dqekj flag] i`0&97] izkDdFku }kjk
Jh oh0 ,u0 flag
69. The Police : An Introduction - Michael D. Lymann
70. Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk ¼1999½ & f”kf”kj dqekj flag] i`0&97] izkDdFku }kjk
Jh oh0 ,u0 flag
71. Hkkjrh; iztkra= vkSj iqfyl & iq’iyrk rustk ¼i0 112&113½
72. Hkkjrh; iqfyl & lanHkZ ,oa ifjizs{; & “kadj ljksfy;k ¼1988½
73. Howard H. Worley MS - Opsit (i0&9)
51
74. dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ifji= la[;k & 11012@11@83&jk0 iq0 vk0 lSy]
fnukad 31@03@83
75. jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh izFke fjiksVZ
76. izdk'k flag ,oa vU; cuke Hkkjrla?k ¼2006½8] ,l0 lh0 lh0] 1
77. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh lkroha vuqlwph
78. Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr & iq[kjkt tSu] ch0 ,y0 QkfM+;k & i0 809
79. lh0 ,p0 vkj0 vkbZ0 dh fjiksVZ
80. yksd iqfyl & =Sekfld if=dk] vizSy 2010] lh0 ,p0 vkj0 vkbZ0] ubZ fnYyh
81. yksd iqfyl & =Sekfld if=dk] vizSy 2010] lh0 ,p0 vkj0 vkbZ0] ubZ fnYyh
82. Mh0 ds0 clq dk ekeyk
83. Ruling
84. Ruling
85. ¼2009½ dk la[;kad&5] fnukad 7@11@2009 dks jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh
86. iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 dh mn~nsf”kdk
87. Compendium of Supreme Court Rulings on Criminal Law & Police Work (IInd
Ed.-2003)- Forwarding note.
88. Principals of Criminology (1968), TOI Press, Bombay
89. Police Public Interface - Making it happen (Nov, 2004), Mumbai
90. Police Public Interface - Making it happen (Nov, 2004), Mumbai
91. Ø0 la0 & 26
92. vej mtkyk & 27@12@10] i"B&12
93. Germire Bernard : Police role in urban society (1972)
94. Ø0 la0&26
52
v/;k;&2
lkfgR; leh{kk ,oa v/;;u i)fr
¼d½ lkfgR; leh{kk
^iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl* fo"k; ij vc rd gq,s 'kks/k dk;ksZa esa ls
vf/kdka'k iqfyl turk lEcU/kks ds lS)kfUrd i{k dks ysdj fd;s x;s gSa]
vFkok fdlh ,d igyw dks ysdj fd;s x;s gSaA vf/kdre dk;Z vaxzsth Hkk"kk
esa gh gqvk gSA fdlh lkekftd 'kks/k dk;Z dh okLrfod mi;ksfxrk rHkh gS
tc og Kku ds fodkl] lkekftd leL;kvksa ds fu"i{k fo'ys"k.k rFkk
lkekftd fu;a=.k esa lgk;d gksaA1 blds vfrfjDr 'kks/k dk;Z dh fo"k;
oLrq ^O;fDr lewg* Hkh 'kks/k dh leL;k vkSj mlds }kjk mn~?kkfVr rF;ksa ls
Lo;a Hkh ifjfpr gks ldsa rks 'kks/k dh mi;ksfxrk c<+ tkrh gSA mRrj izns'k
iw.kZr% fgUnh Hkk"kh jkT; gSA ;gk¡ dh vke turk vkSj iqfyldehZ eq[;:i
ls fgUnh Hkk"kh gSaA vc rd miyC/k fo"k; lkexzh ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V
:i ls izrhr gksrk gS fd bl fo"k; ij fgUnh Hkk"kk esa i;kZIr v/;;u ugha
fd;k x;k gSA
orZeku le; esa lekt ds vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd <k¡apsa esa vR;f/kd
rhozrk ls ifjorZu gks jgk gSA ,sls ifjorZuksa ls iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/k
Hkh iwjh rjg izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA izLrqr fo"k; ij bl n`f"V ls fuR; uohu
'kks/k dh vko';drk gSA
'kks/kdk;Z gsrq ftl fo"k; {ks= dh leL;k dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS]
ml {ks= esa igys fd,s x,s dk;ksZa dk lko/kkuh iwoZd v/;;u leL;k ds
53
lek/kku esa vR;f/kd lgk;d gksrk gSA2 lkfgR; leh{kk dk egRo bl n`f"V
ls vkSj vf/kd gS fd ,slk djus ls vkjEHk esa 'kks/kdk;Z ds tfVy izrhr
gksus okys y{; Li"V gks tkrs gSa vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ;g tkudkjh gks tkrh gS
fd mlds fy,s rF;ksa vkSj lkexzh dk ladyu fdu lzksrksa ds ek/;e ls
djuk mfpr gksxkA
lkfgR; leh{kk dh lokZf/kd mi;ksfxrk bl n`f"V ls gS fd blls
v/;;u fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa ,d vUrnZ`f"V rFkk lkekU; Kku izkIr djus]
'kks/kdk;Z esa mi;ksxh fl) gksus okyh i)fr;ksa ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/k esa rFkk
midYiuk ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk feyrh gSA3 lkfgR; leh{kk ls
,d gh 'kks/kdk;Z dks fQj ls nqgjkus dh xyrh ls cpk tk ldrk gS rFkk
'kks/k fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr ,sls egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa dks ftu ij fd vU;
'kks/kdrkZvksa us /;ku ugha fn;k gS] vius 'kks/k esa lfEefyr djus esa lgk;rk
feyrh gSA4
viuh iqLrd Hkkjrh; iqfyl&lanHkZ ,oa ifjizs{;¼1988½ esa
Jh 'kadj ljksfy;k us iqfyl turk lEcU/k dh Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa
O;k[;k dh gSA blesa fy[kk gS fd iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dk lqfodflr
Lo:i og fo'oluh; midj.k gS] ftlds ek/;e ls yksdrkaf=d lekt esa
iqfyl vkSj turk ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dh vUr% fdz;kRed lR;rk dks
le>k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lUnHkksZa esa iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa ds fo"k; esa
vc rd fd,s x, O;olkf;d iz;klksa ,oa 'kSf{kd v/;;uksa dh fn'kk izk;%
,sfrgkfld ,oa :<+ i{kksa rd gh lhfer jgh gSA iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dks
le>us ds fy,s fodflr dk;Zdze ladsr nsrs gSa fd bl fn'kk esa fd,s tk
54
jgs iz;kl iqfyl dh Hkwfedk rFkk turk dh Hkkxhnkjh ds chp visf{kr
lUrqyu LFkkfir ugha dj ikus ds nks"kh gSaA
Jhefr iq"iyrk rustk us viuh iqLrd ^Hkkjrh; iztkrU= vkSj
iqfyl* esa fofHkUu izdkj ds vijk/k vkSj iqfyl dh fofHkUu izdkj dh
Hkwfedkvksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA Hkkjrh;
lekt dks izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka fojklr esa feyh gSaA lekt esa bUgha
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fucVusa ds fy, rFkk dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus ds
fy,s iqfyl dks lko/kkuh iwoZd vius nkf;Ro dks fuHkkuk gksrk gSA
Jherh rustk us vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu vk¡dM+ksa dk
lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k Hkh fd;k gS vkSj crk;k gS fd izfrjks/k vkSj fu;U=.k
ds ckotwn lekt ds jksx vFkkZr vijk/k c<+rs gh tk jgs gSaA dsoy
jkt/kkuh fnYyh esa gh laKs; vijk/kksa esa lu~ 1990 esa 4-32 izfr'kr c<+ksÙkjh
gqbZ] tcfd o"kZ 1991 esa 4-7 izfr'kr o`f) gqbZA ns'k ds vU; jkT;ksa vkSj
la?k'kkflr izns'kksa ds vk¡dM+s Hkh vkius mfYyf[kr fd,s gSaA
^^Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk** ¼1999½ esa Jh f'kf'kj dqekj
flag us fooj.k fn;k gS fd iqfyl lsok dk vkjEHk Hkkjr ,oa bXySaM esa
fdl izdkj gqvkA yanu dh eSVªksiksfyVu iqfyl tks fd fo'o esa mPpdksfV
dh iqfyl ekuh tkrh gS] mlds ckjs esa Hkh fooj.k fn;k gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa
iqfyl vk;qDr iz.kkyh ds fodkl ds ckjs esa vkSj iqfyl ds mn~ns';ksa rFkk
mu mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy,s iz;ksx essa yk,s tkus okys mik;ksa ds ckjs esa
Hkh vkius bl iqLrd esa o.kZu fd;k gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds fy,s izf'k{k.k]
vuq'kklu vkSj fujh{k.k ds egRo ds lEcU/k esa Hkh foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk
55
x;k gSA iqfyl }kjk vijk/kksa ij fu;U=.k j[krs gq, rFkk 'kkfUr] O;oLFkk
dk;e j[krs gq, fdl izdkj ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu fd,s fcuk iqfyl dks
vius mn~ns'; izkIr djus pkfg,s] bl lEcU/k esa Hkh mUgksaus o.kZu fd;k gSA
;krk;kr iqfyl rFkk u'khys inkFkksZa ls lEcfU/kr vijk/kksa ij Hkh izdk'k
Mkyk x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr iqfyl dY;k.k] efgyk iqfyl vkSj iqfyl
turk lEcU/k tSls fo"k;ksa ij Hkh rF;kRed fVIif.k;k¡ bl iqLrd esa
miyC/k gSaA izpkj ek/;eksa ds izHkko ds lEcU/k esa Jh flag dk voyksdu gS
fd ^^turk ds vf/kdka'k yksx vius thou esa fnu izfrfnu ds dk;ksaZ esa
iqfyl ds laidZ esa ugha vkrsA vkSj bl izdkj muds eu esa iqfyl ds izfr
tks /kkj.kk curh gS] og bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd izpkj ek/;eksa ds
tfj, iqfyl ds fo"k; esa fdruk mldh vPNkbZ;ksa dks izpkfjr fd;k tkrk
gSA
Jh lat; xkSM + us viuh iqLrd ^^Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk &
vkpj.k leL;k,sa ,ao vf/kdkj**¼2006½ esa fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ,ao laLej.kksa
ds ek/;e ls iqfyl dh O;k[;k dh gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks feyus okyh
lqfo/kkvksa rFkk vkijkf/kd dkuwuksa esa iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds egRo ij Hkh Jh
xkSM+ dk voyksdu izLrqr 'kks/k fo"k; ds v/;;u esa cgqr vf/kd lgk;d
gSA iqfyl vkpj.k ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu vkpkj lafgrk vkSj fu;e rFkk
funsZ'kksa dk ladyu djrs gq,s fofHkUu ifjLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl vkpj.k ds :i
izLrqr fd, gSaA bUgksusa fy[kk gS fd iqfyl rFkk turk esa ,d nwljs ds izfr
O;kIr udkjkRed /kkj.kkvksa ls tkfgj gS fd iqfyl vkSj turk vius&vius
nkf;Roksa ds izfr lgh nax ls lfØ; ugha gSA vkSj nksuksa ds e/; tks [kkbZ gS]
56
og mÙkjksÙkj c<+rh gh tk jgh gSA iqfyl ds izfr turk ds veS=hiw.kZ
n`f"Vdkas.k dh iqf"V xr n'kdksa ds fd,s x,s vusd 'kks/k v/;;uksa ,oa
losZ{k.kksa ls Hkh gksrh gSA iqfyl dk turk ds izfr dSlk n`f"Vdksa.k gS] bldks
vk¡dus rFkk tk¡pus ds fy, Hkh vusdkusd losZ{k.k o v/;;u vk;ksftr
fd,s x, gSaA tks vius ifj.kkeksa esa vf/kdrj udkjkRed gh jgs gSaA iqfyl
vkSj lkEiznkf;drk ij vius fopkj O;Dr djus gq, ys[kd dk dguk gS
fd Hkkjrh; iqfyl dks lkEiznkf;d ,sfrgkfld i"BHkwfe esa u dsoy
lkEiznkf;d fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy,s dkjxj mik; djus gkssaxs] cfYd
mUgsa vius n`f"Vdks.k esa Hkh ifjorZu djuk gksxk] rkfd uktqd ,oa
laosnu'khy Hkkjrh; lekt dh 'kjhj jpuk] mldh fØ;k 'khyrk] lkeftd
:X.krk rFkk mlesa O;kIr lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds elyksa ls og izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls fuiV ldsA ,d vFkZ esa iqfyl dks lekt dh uCt dks igpkuuss ds
fy, ,d fo'ys"kd oS| dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA ys[kd us blds vfrfjDr
iqfyl vkSj turk ds lUnHkZ esa lkEiznkf;drk ds lkekftd rFkk
euksoSKkfud vk;keksa ij Hkh fopkj O;Dr fd,s gSaA
oYMZ~l xzsV iqfyl eSu ¼1997½ uked viuh iqLrd esa Jh ch0
,u0 efyd us dqN fo'oizfl) iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ys[k
fy[ks gSaA bUgksaus ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa ds O;fDrRo vkSj dfrRo ds lEcU/k esa
foLr`r :i ls izdk'k Mkyk gSA buds ys[k i<+us ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
turk ds fy,s dk;Z djus dk fn[kkok djus ¼ifCyd LVaV½ djus dh vis{kk
dkuwu }kjk iznRr nkf;Roksa dk xEHkhjrk ls fuokZg djus ls gh
iqfyl&turk lEcU/kksa esa okLrfod lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA buesa eq[;
57
:i ls Jh vf[ky dqekj flUgk ds lEcU/k esa ys[k vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSaA ;s
,sls igys Hkkjrh; Fks] ftUgksaus Lora=rkiw.kZ fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; izns'k ds
iqfyl egkfujh{kd dk dk;ZHkkj xzg.k fd;k FkkA blds vfrfjDr Jh pkYlZ
VSxkV Z ,oa fofy; gsujh ls lEcfU/kr ys[k Hkh vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA
iqfyl vkSj lekt uke viuh iqLrd esa MkW0 ih0 ,l0 Hkw"k.k us
iqfyl }kjk fd,s tkus okys dk;Z rFkk ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk
fo'kn~ foospu fd;k gSA bl iqLrd esa iqfyl dh izfrfnu dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh
dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vkpkj uhfr] iqfyl vkpj.k] iqfyl izo`fRr] ekuo
ewY;] iqfyl O;ogkj vkSj iqfyl Nfo ij Li"V :i ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k
gSA iqLrd ds ik¡pos Hkkx esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k gS fd iqfyl ds
turk ds lkFk rFkk fofHkUu voljksa ij dSls O;ogkj gksus pkfg,A izLrqr
iqLrd ds ik¡pos v/;k; esa iqfyl n`f"Vdksa.k rFkk O;ogkj fo"k; ij izdk'k
Mkyk x;k gSA blesa fofHkUu oxZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk iqfyl ds O;ogkjksa dk
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr v/;k; 'kks/kkfFkZuh ds fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa
lE;d~ ekxZn'kZu iznku djrk gSA izLrqr xzUFk esa iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl
ds O;ogkfjd igyw ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gS] ftldh fd vkt ds
lekt esa cgqr vf/kd vko';drk gSA
Jh f=ukFk feJk us viuh iqLrd QLVZ pktZ esa iqfyl&turk
lEcU/kksa ij viuh egRoiw.kZ jk; O;Dr dh gSA ;g iqLrd 22 v/;k;ksa esa
foHkDr gSA izR;sd v/;k; LFkkuh; iqfyl izcU/ku ds ,d fof'k"V igyw ls
lEcfU/kr gSA
58
bl iqLrd ds v/;k; 13 vkSj 14 esa fo'ks"k :i ls turk&iqfyl
lEcU/kksa dks etcwr cukus ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn;s x,s gSaA izpkj
ek/;eksa ds lkFk lEcU/kksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ lq>ko gSaA fo}ku ys[ku
us vius O;ogkfjd vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij lq>ko fn, gSa fd iqfyl dks
pkfg,s fd og lekt ds izfrf"Br O;fDr] fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k] xSj ljdkjh
laxBu] Nk= laxBu] /kkfeZd laxBuksa ds izfrfuf/k rFkk 'kkfUr lfefr;ksa ls
okrkZyki cuk,s j[ksaA
fn iqfyl uke viuh iqLrd esa ekbdsy Mh yseSu us ukxfjd
O;ogkj vkSj iqfyl ds lUnHkZ esa lkekftd lEcU/kksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA
ys[kd us ;g crk;k gS fd iqfyl ds izfr turk dk O;ogkj fdl izdkj
iqfyl ls lEcfU/kr uhfr;ksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA ys[kd dk izeq[k
mn~ns'; ikBdksa dks bl ckr ls voxr djkuk gS fd iqfyldehZ dkSu gSa]
vkSj dkSu ugha gSa] os D;k dj ldrs gSa] vkSj D;k ugha dj ldrs rFkk
muds }kjk fd,s x,s dk;ksZa dks okLrfodrk esa igpku D;ksa ugha feyrhA
iqfyl VqMs esa Jh ,l0 lsu us iqfyl ds lkeus vkus okyh
pqukSfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa tSls HkhM+ dks fu;fU=r djuk] fxj¶rkjh djuk vkfn
ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA Jh lsu dk voyksdu gS fd iqfyl
foHkkx esa flikgh ,d ,slh dM+h gS ftlds O;ogkj ls lEiw.kZ iqfyl foHkkx
ds O;ogkj dk izfrfuf/kRo gksrk gSA ys[kd us iqfyl ds laxBukRed
okrkoj.k ds ckjs esa Hkh vius vuqHkotU; fopkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
ehfM;k vkSj iqfyl ds e/; lEcU/k dks vkt dh yksdrkaf=d
O;oLFkk esa lnSo e/kqj lEcU/k dh vis{kk ys[kd us ugha dh gSA ys[kd dk
59
dguk gS fd {kf.kd erHksn vkSj ldkjkRed igyqvksa ij ruko ds lkFk
lkFk nksuksa ds e/; vf/kdka'k igyqvksa ij ikjLifjd le> gksuk vfr
vko';d gS rFkk ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd nksuksa ,d nwljs ds dk;ksZa dk
ldkjkRed fo'ys"k.k djds iz'kalk Hkh djsaA
MkW0 ds0 ,l0 ekFkqj us viuh iqLrd iqfyl ,.M dE;qfuVh
¼1987½ esa vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq,s fy[kk gS fd izR;sd jkT; ljdkj
dks pkfg, fd iqfyl foHkkx esa fo'ks"k tulaidZ ,oa ehfM;k fo'ks"kKksa dh
fu;qfDr djs ftlls fd iqfyl ehfM;k lEcU/k vPNs cus jgsa rFkk bl
lEcU/k esa vke turk vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa dks Hkh f'kf{kr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
iqfyl ,.M fn dE;qfuVh uked viuh iqLrd esa Jherh vpZuk
jkelqUnje~ fy[krh gSa fd turk ds yksxksa ds eu esa ;g fo'okl cSBk gqvk
gS fd iqfyl ds lkFk mudk fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls lkeuk gksuk
,d lq[kn vuqHko iznku djus okyk volj ugha gksrk&
¼v½ vfHk;ksx iathd`r u djuk]
¼c½ ifjokjh vFkok ihfM+r O;fDr ds izfr iqfyl dk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ
O;ogkj u gksuk]
¼l½ 'kfDr'kkyh O;fDr ds izfr i{kikriw.kZ lg;ksx dk O;ogkj
djuk]
¼n½ ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vko';drk ds le; miyC/k u gksuk]
60
ysf[kdk dk er gS fd Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k yksx ,slk ekurs gSa fd
iqfyl turk lEcU/k e/kqj u gksus ds eq[; dkj.k gSa& iqfyl esa
O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdksa.k dh deh gksuk] iqfyl ds ofj"Brk Øe esa rkyesy
dk vHkko] jktuhfrdj.k] vi;kZIr usr`Ro] lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro dh deh
vkSj iqfyl esa lHkh Lrjksa ij O;kIr Hkz"VkpkjA
gekjs ns'k esa dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa us iqfyl cy ls lEcfU/kr
leL;kvksa vkSj mudk lek/kku lq>kus ds fy,s le; le; ij vk;ksxksa dh
LFkkiuk dhA bu vk;ksxksa us Hkh viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dha] tks fd bl izdkj
gSa&
izFke iqfyl vk;ksx¼1902&1903½] ftls Hkkjrh; iqfyl vk;ksx
ds uke ls tkuk x;kA mlus viuh fjiksVZ nh fd vk;ksx dks vius Hkze.k
ds nkSjku lokZf/kd xEHkhj f'kdk;rsa iqfyl cy ds lnL;ksa esa O;kIr
Hkz"Vkpkj dh feyhaA
Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa igyh ckj lu~ 1977 esa jk"Vªh;
iqfyl vk;ksx dk xBu Jh /keZohj dh v/;{krk esa gqvk FkkA bl vk;ksx
us iqfyl iz'kklu ds lEcU/k esa xgurk ls v/;;u fd;k rFkk vkB Hkkxksa esa
viuh fjiksVZ 1981 rd izLrqr dhA vk;ksx us iqfyl iz'kklu ls lEcfU/kr
fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ij viuh vk[;k izLrqr dhA buesa izeq[k Fks& vkoklh;
leL;k] osru lajpuk] f'kdk;rksa ds lek/kku gsrq dk;Z;kstuk;sa] iqfyl
dfeZ;ksa ds ifjokjksa ds fy,s dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,sa] dkfeZd iz'kklu]
vkijkf/kd fjdkWMZ ,oa vk¡dM+ksa dk j[kj[kko] iqfyl foHkkx esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh
61
leL;k] iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy,s vkpkj lafgrk] iqfyl turk lEcU/k
vkfnA
vkB Hkkx esa izLrqr laLrqfr;ksa dk lkjka'k fuEu izdkj gSA
izFke fjiksV Z esa fo'ks"k :i ls bl fo"k; ij laLrqfr;k¡ dh Fkha fd
yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa vPNs iz'kklu ds fy,s ;g vko';d gS fd
dk;Zikfydk }kjk viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds nq:i;ksx vFkok vius nkf;Roksa ds
fuoZgu ls fojr jgus ds dkj.k ukxfjdksa dks gksus okyh dfBukbZ] uqdlku
vFkok fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ijs'kkuh ds fuokj.k gsrq ,d laLFkkxr O;oLFkk
gksuh pkfg,A vk;ksx dk ;g fopkj Fkk fd iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk tks
foosd ls fu.kZ; fy, tk;sa os fu.kZ; mfpr vk¡dyu ij vk/kkfjr gksus
pkfg, vkSj ;g lq>ko fn;k fd egRoiw.kZ ekeyksa esa vfoosdh fu.kZ; fy;k
tkuk jksdus ds fy,s foLr`r fn'kk funsZ'k fu/kkZfjr fd, tkus pkfg, ftlls
fd bl izdkj dh fopkj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgh fu.kZ; fy, tk ldsaA
¼iSjk&18-46½
viuh f}rh; fjiksVZ esa ;g fujh{k.k fd;k fd iqfyl dk ewyHkwr
dk;Z lekt esa dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kuk rFkk fu"i{k lsok iznku djuk
gSA bl lEcU/k esa iqfyl vf/kfu;e esa Li"V:i ls iqfyl dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus dk lw>ko fn;k x;kA ¼iSjk&14-28½
f}rh; fjiksVZ ds v/;k;&18 ds iSjk&18-37 esa vk;ksx us] lu~
1960 esa iqfyl egkfujh{kdksa dh dkWUQzsal esa Lohd`r iqfyl vkpkj lafgrk
ds [k.M 12 ls viuh vlgefr O;Dr dh gS] vkSj lq>ko fn;k gS fd
62
iqfyl dks turk ds fy,s iwjh rjg ls mi;ksxh rHkh cuk;k tk ldrk gS
tc fuEu ds lEcU/k esa mPp xq.koRrk cuk,s j[ksa&
& vuq'kklu]
& drZO;ksa dk dkuwu lEer vkSj mRrjnkf;Roiw.kZ Hkkouk ls fuoZgu]
& mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkns'kksa dk vuqikyu]
& cy ds izfr iw.kZ LokfeRo dk Hkko]
& iw.kZ izf'k{k.k ,oa izR;sd ifjfLFkfr ds fy,s iw.kZdkfyd rS;kjhA
¼iSjk&14-29½
laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds lanHkZ esa vk;ksx us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd
iqfyl dks bl izdkj dk;Z djuk pkfg, fd izR;sd ukxfjd dh xfjek cuh
jgs] muds laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh vf/kdkj lqjf{kr jgsa rFkk lekt dh
,drk] v[k.Mrk vkSj lkekftd rkuk ckuk lqjf{kr cuk jgsA vk;ksx us ;g
eglwl fd;k fd jktuhfr] dkuwu ds 'kklu ij izHkkoh gksrh tk jgh gSA
vr% ,slh O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gS fd iqfyl] jktuhfr ls vizHkkfor jgsA
;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k fd ,slh O;oLFkk Hkh vko';d gS ftlls iqfyl ij
fu;U=.k vkSj fujh{k.k cuk jgsA blh dkj.k ls jkT; lqj{kk vk;ksxksa ds
xBu dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA
r`rh; fjiksVZ esa vk;ksx us ;g fujh{k.k fd;k fd lekt ds
det+ksj oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds izfr iqfyl fo'ks"k :Ik ls nkf;Rok/khu gksrh gSA
vk;ksx us vkxs ;g fujh{k.k fd;k fd bl izdkj dh èkkj.kk =qfViw.kZ gS fd
,d laKs; vijk/k dh foospuk djrs gq,s fxj¶rkjh vko';d gSA ;g Hkh
flQkfj'k dh fd /kkjk 170 n0iz0la0 dks ifjofrZr fd;k tkuk pfg,s]
63
ftlls fd ;g /kkj.kk lekIr dh tk lds fd xSjtekurh; vijk/kksa esa
fxj¶rkjh vko';d gSA blesa fxj¶rkjh ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r fn'kk funsZ'k
rS;kj djus dh flQkfj'k dh xbZA vkSj ;g lq>ko izLrqr fd;k x;k fd
fxj¶rkjh djus okys iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.kksa dks dsl
Mk;jh esa mfYyf[kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼iSjk&22-28½
prqFkZ fjiksVZ esa f'kdk;rksa ds Fkkus esa u fy[ks tkus dh leL;k ds
ckjs esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA vk;ksx us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd foospuk ds
lEcU/k esa ,d vkpkj lafgrk cukbZ tkuh pkfg,sA ¼iSjk&34-3½ vkSj
/kkjk&100] 161] 162] 167] 172 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa la'kks/ku dh
vko';drk Hkh gSA lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ lq>ko v/;k;&34 ds iSjk 34-10 rFkk
iSjk 34-16 esa fn;s x;s gSaA iSjk&39-10 esa Hkh =qfViw.kZ O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa
lq>ko gSa vkSj dgk gS fd fdlh ekeys dh foospuk esa bZekunkjh vkSj
fu"i{krk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fdlh Hkh lk{kh dk c;ku fyfic) djus ds
i'pkr mlds c;kuksa dh izfr gLrk{kfjr djds xokg dks miyC/k djkuh
pkfg,A FkMZ fMxzh mik;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh vko';d lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s
gSaA
ikapoh fjiksVZ dh flQkfj'ksa eq[;:i ls iqfyl O;ogkj dh vkpkj
lafgrk ls lEcfU/kr gSaA vk;ksx us iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vkpkj lafgrk ds
uke ls dqN fl)kUr Hkh lq>k, gSa vkSj ;g vis{kk Hkh dh gS fd iqfyl
vf/kdkjh bu fl)kUrksa dk vius O;ogkj esa ;Fkkor~ ikyu djsaxsA vk;ksx
dh ut+j esa iqfyl&turk lEcU/k vR;f/kd vlUrks"ktud fLFkfr esa gSaA
blds fy,s vk;ksx us dbZ dkj.kksa dks mRrjnk;h crk;k gS] tSls& i{krkiw.kZ
64
O;ogkj] Hkz"Vkpkj] funZ;rkiw.kZ O;ogkj] rFkk laKs; vijk/kksa dks iathd`r u
djuk vkfnA ;g Hkh fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gS fd iqfyl ,sls yksxksa dks Hkh
ijs'kku djrh gS tks mlds lg;ksx ds fy,s izLrqr gksrs gSaA
NBoha fjiksV Z ds iSjk&6 esa ;g voyksdu fd;k x;k gS fd
yksdrU= dh ewyHkwr vko';drk gSa] dkuwu dk 'kklu] rFkk lafo/kku ds
vUrxZr ukxfjdksa dks iznRr ewyHkwr vf/kdkj vkSj Lora=rk,saA vk;ksx us
lq>ko fn;k fd vfookfnr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl dks fo'ks"k:i ls Nk=ksa ls
lEidZ LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A blls lekt esa ;g lans'k tk;sxk fd muds
izfr iqfyl lnSo i{knzksgh gh ugha gSA
lkroha fjiksV Z esa vk;ksx us iqfyl ds laxBukRed nkf;Ro ds
lEcU/k esa foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;k gS vkSj fo'ks"k:i ls cy dh v[k.Mrk]
O;kolkf;d nf"Vdkas.k] rFkk ijke'kZ l=ksa dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k gSA
turk ds izfr iqfyl dh tokcnsgh dh vko';drk ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k
gS D;ksafd vPNh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds fy,s iqfyl dk;Z iz.kkyh dh
tuLohdk;Zrk vR;f/kd vko';d gSA blh izdkj dkuwu ds 'kklu ds izfr
Hkh iqfyl dh tokcnsgh vko';d gSA
viuh vkBoha vkSj vfUre fjiksVZ esa Hkh vk;ksx us izeq[k :i ls
iqfyl dh tokcnsgh ds lEcU/k esa voyksdu fd;k gSA vk;ksx dk er gS
fd yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa iqfyl lfgr izR;sd ljdkjh foHkkx viuh
dk;Ziz.kkyh vkSj fØ;kdykiksa ds fy,s turk ds izfr ftEesnkj gSA ysfdu
;g Hkh fujh{k.k fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa turk ds izfr lh/kh
tokcnsgh ls dqN dfBukb;k¡ Hkh mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA blfy,s ;g fu;e
65
cuk fn;k x;k fd yksd lsok,sa turk ds pqus gq,s izfrfuf/k;ksa ds izfr
tokcnsg gksaxhA ¼iSjk&61-4½ tcfd vfUre tokcnsgh turk ds izfr gh
gSA iqfyl dh vf/kdre~ tokcnsgh rks ns'k ds dkuwu ds izfr gh gSA
vf/kdre~ voljksa ij dkuwu ds izfr tokcnsgh dks U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dh
izfØ;k }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼iSjk&61-5½
dsjy iquxZBu lfefr ¼1959½ us ;g voyksdu fd;k fd iqfyl
iz'kklu ds fy,s lcls cM+k vojks/k jkT; iz'kklu esa nyxr jktuhfr ds
dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA egkjk"Vª iqfyl vk;ksx ¼1964½] e0 iz0 iqfyl
vk;ksx ¼1965&66½] rfeyukMw iqfyl vk;ksx ¼1971½ rFkk m0 iz0 iqfyl
vk;ksx us Hkh dqN blh izdkj ds fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA
if'peh caxky iqfyl vk;ksx ¼1960½ dk xBu Jh ds0 lh0 lsu
dh v/;{krk esa gqvk FkkA bl vk;ksx esa jkT; esa iqfyl iz'kklu ds fofHkUUk
igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k gSA vk;ksx us o"kZ 1961 esa izLrqr viuh fjiksVZ esa
;g lykg nh gS fd viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus rFkk vius nkf;Roksa dk
fuoZgu djus esa iqfyl }kjk iqfyl jSX;wys'ku ds fu;eksa dk dBksjrk ls
ikyu djuk pkfg,sA blds vuqlkj iqfyl ds l'kDrhdj.k ds eq[;:i ls
ftEesnkj dkjd gSa& laxBu dh etcwrh] vijk/kksa ds vUos"k.k esa lq/kkj]
izHkko'kkyh ,oa leqfpr dkfeZd izcU/ku] iqfyl cy esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh lekfIr
vkfnA bu lc dkjdksa ls iqfyl turk lEcU/kksa esa Hkh lq/kkj gksxkA
fcgkj iqfyl deh'ku ¼1961½ dk xBu Jh ch0 ih0 teqvkj dh
v/;{krk esa gqvk FkkA bUgksaus Hkh iqfyl ds dk;Z vkSj nkf;Roksa ds lEcU/k esa
fujh{k.k fd;kA blds vfrfjDr }S/k fu;U=.k vo/kkj.kk] iqfyl dh
66
'kfDr;k¡] rFkk O;fDrxr leL;kvksa ij Hkh voyksdu fd;kA bl vk;ksx us
iqfyl ds dkfeZd iz'kklu] izksUufr dh izfØ;k] osru HkRrs vkfn esa ifjorZu
ds lq>ko fn;s rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj dks u"V djus rFkk turk&iqfyl lEcU/kksa dks
e/kqj cukus lEcU/kh lq>ko fn;sA
iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dk iqfyl iz'kklu lEcU/kh dk;Z
lewg ¼1966½ us Lora= Hkkjr esa iqfyl dh Hkwfedk ij foLr`r v/;;u
fd;kA blds vuqØe esa dk;Z lewg us ftu egRoiw.kZ dkjdksa ij vius
fopkj izLrqr fd;s muesa izeq[k gSa& tuin iqfyl iz'kklu] ftyk iqfyl
v/kh{kd dh Hkwfedk] iqfyl iz'kklu esa ftyk eftLVªsV dh Hkwfedk] cM+s
'kgjksa esa iqfyl dh dk;Z iz.kkyh] jkT; ds Lrj ij iqfyl iz'kklu] vkfFkZd
iz'kklu] dkfeZd iz'kklu] dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus ds lanHkZ esa
iqfyl&turk lEcU/k rFkk dsUnz&jkT; lEcU/kA
vk;ksx us iqfyl iz'kklu ls lEcfU/kr dbZ izdkj dh dfe;ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj dbZ izdkj ds lq/kkjksa dk e'kfojk fn;k gS] tSls&
ftyksa esa dk;Z dh vf/kdrk dks ns[krs gq, iqfyl cy esa o`f)] ftyk
eftLVªsV vkSj ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd ds e/; lkSgknZiw.kZ lEcU/k] iqfyl
laxBuksa dks /ku dk leqfpr vkoaVu] vPNk dkfeZd iz'kklu] lg;ksxkRed
iqfyl turk lEcU/k] vkfnA
fnYyh iqfyl vk;ksx ¼1966½ dk xBu tfLVl th0 Mh0 [kkslyk
dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us Hkh iqfyl iz'kklu ds
fofHkUUk igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k gS] tSls&lsok lEcU/kh ifjfLFkfr;k¡] vkokl
,oa dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,sa] lajpukRed lq/kkj] dk;Z {kerk] dkfeZd iz'kklu
67
,oa turk ds lkFk lEcU/k] vkfnA vk;ksx us mijksDr igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr
leL;kvksa ds lq/kkj gsrq vusd mik; lq>k,] tks fd iqfyl&turk vUr%
lEcU/k ls lEcfU/kr v/;;u gsrq vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSaA
iqfyl izf'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr lfefr ¼1971½ dk xBu izkSQslj
,e0 ,y0 xksjs dh v/;{krk esa gqvk FkkA bl lfefr us iqfyl izf'k{k.k ds
mn~ns';ksa rFkk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dk ljdkj vkSj mlds foHkkxksa dh
dk;Zfof/k ij iM+us okys izHkko dk Hkh v/;;u fd;kA blds vfrfjDr
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ewyHkwr Vªsfuax dh O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa Hkh vius
fopkj izLrqr fd;sA lfefr us iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfDr vkSj iqfyl
ukxfjd lEcU/kksa ij Hkh vius fopkj j[ksA lfefr us ns'k esa iqfyl&izf'k{k.k
ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk izf'k{k.k dh dfe;ksa dks
mn~?kkfVr fd;kA orZeku vo';drkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa iqfyl izf'k{k.k dks
vkSj vf/kd izHkko'kkyh vkSj lE;d cukus gsrq vusd lq>ko Hkh izLrqr
fd;sA bl lfefr dh fjiksVZ iqfyl izf'k{k.k ij ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ
nLrkost+ gaSA
iqfyl lq/kkj lEcU/kh ts0 ,Q0 fjcsjks lfefr ¼1998½& Hkkjr
ljdkj ds x`gea=ky; us ek0 lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ij 1996 esa
iqfyl lq/kkj ij v/;;u vkSj fjiksVZ gsrq Jh ts0,Q0 fjcsjks] iwoZ iqfyl
egkfuns'kd] iatkc dh v/;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh FkhA bl lfefr
us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd orZeku le; esa iqfyl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds eq[;
:i ls le>kSrkoknh n`f"Vdkas.k ftEesnkj gSA bl izdkj ds le>kSrs
O;fDrxr fgr esa fd,s x,s gSa] u fd yksdfgr esaA lfefr dk er gS fd
68
gekjs ns'k esa iqfyl lq/kkj ds ekxZ esa rhu izeq[k ncko lewg ck/kd gSa &
jktusrk] ukSdj'kkg vkSj dqN gn rd iqfyl vf/kdkjh Lo;a A bu rhu
ncko lewg esa ls fdlh ds }kjk Hkh O;Dr izfrfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl
lq/kkj ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ dkjxj dne mBkuk mfpr ugha gS A lfefr dk
er gS fd iqfyl lekt dk gh ,d fgLlk gS] vkSj ns'k esa iqfyl lq/kkj
vkUnksyu dk ekxZn'kZu lekt dk fgr iznf'kZr djus okys dkjdksa }kjk gh
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lfefr us jkT; lqj{kk vk;ksx dh vko';drk ij
vR;f/kd cy fn;k gSA jkT; lqj{kk vk;ksx ls lfefr us ;g vis{kk dh gS
fd og&
¼d½ jktusrkvksa ds euekus dk;[email protected];ksa ls lqj{kk iznku djsxk]
¼[k½ 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ikjnf'kZrk rFkk mRrjnkf;Ro dks lqfuf'pr
djsxk]
¼x½ iqfyl ds izfr turk esa fo'okl dk Hkko mRiUu djus dk iz;kl
djsxk]
¼?k½ jkt usrkvksa ds vokaNuh; ncko ls lqj{kk iznku djsxkA
in~eukHkS;k lfefr ¼2000½& Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr bl
lfefr ds v/;{k Jh in~eukHkS;k Fks] tks fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds xg&ea=ky;
esa lfpo FksA lfefr us ljdkj dks viuh fjiksVZ o"kZ 2000 ds vUr esa lqiqnZ
dh FkhA lfefr dk ;g er Fkk fd iqfyl dk jktuhfrdj.k vkSj
vijk/khjd.k vR;f/kd cM+k gS vkSj blds ihNs lcls cM+k dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj
crk;kA lfefr us iqfyl ds vijk/khjdj.k dks jksdus ds fy,s dqN
vko';d mik; Hkh viuh fjiksVZ esa lq>k, FksA ¼i`"B&109] iSjk&9-4½
69
bl fjiksVZ dk v/;k;&18] iqfyl esa mRrjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk ds
fodkl ls lEcfU/kr gSA lfefr dk ;g fopkj Fkk fd tc Hkh iqfyl ds
fo:) turk dh dksbZ f'kdk;r vkrh gS] mldh fo'oluh;rk de gks
tkrh gSa turk iqfyl esa fo'okl ugha djrh vkSj ,slk vuqHko djrh gS fd
iqfyl foHkkx }kjk turk ds fdlh O;fDr dh f'kdk;r ij fu"i{k vkSj
izHkko'kkyh rjhds ls tk¡p ugha dh tk ldrhA lfefr dk lq>ko Fkk fd
iqfyl ds dk;ksZa ds lgh lgh vkadyu ds fy,s jkT;ksa ds Lrj ij ,d
leku lwpdkad fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA lq>k;s x, dqN
lwpdkad bl izdkj gSa&
¼1½ turk esa lqj{kk ds Hkko dk losZ ds vk/kkj ij vkadyu]
¼2½ vijk/k ds Lrj dk losZ ds vk/kkj ij vkadyu]
¼3½ vijk/k ls Hk; ds Hkko dk vkadyu losZ ds vk/kkj ij]
¼4½ iqfyl ds izfr turk dk fo'okl]
¼5½ fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys ds vUos"k.k esa ,sls ihfM+r vkSj xokgksa dk
izfr'kr tks iqfyl dh dk;Zokgh ls larq"V FksA
dsjy iqfyl ds dk;Z vkSj mRrjnkf;Ro lEcU/kh vk;ksx ¼ekpZ 2000½
dh fjiksVZ esa lq>ko fn,s x,s gSa fd&
¼1½ Fkkuk Lrj ij dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk lEcU/kh M~;wVh rFkk vikjkf/kd
ekeyksa ds vUos"k.k dks vyx vyx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼2½ LFkkuh; iqfyl esa ftl toku dks Hkh rSukr fd;k tk;s mldh ,d
ekg dh laf{kIr Vªsfuax vko';dA
70
¼3½ cM+s 'kgjksa esa iqfyl vk;qDr O;oLFkk dh vko';drk] fo'ks"k :i ls
,sls 'kgjksa esa tgk¡ dh tula[;k 1 djksM+ ds vkadM+s dks ikj dj
xbZ gSA
¼4½ oh0 vkbZ0 ih0 lqj{kk ds uke ij iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh rSukrh iqfyl
foHkkx ds Åij ,d vuko';d Hkkj gSA bl ijEijk dks rksM+k tkuk
vko';dA
¼5½ i`Fkd :i ls ,d iqfyl HkrhZ cksMZ vko';d gS] ftldk eqf[k;k
ofj"B ftyk ,oa l= U;k;k/kh'k ds Lrj dk dksbZ vf/kdkjh gh
gks] ftlls iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh HkrhZ 'kh?kzrk ls gks ldsA
¼6½ izR;sd Fkkus esa ,d dEI;wVj vko';d :i ls miyC/k gksA
¼7½ ;krk;kr fu;eksa ds lEcU/k esa Ldwyh ikB~;Øe esa Hkh i<+k;k tkuk
pkfg,A
iqfyl vf/kfu;e&1861 & gekjs ns'k dh iqfyl O;oLFkk vHkh rd lu~
1861 esa ikfjr iqfyl vf/kfu;e~ ds vk/kkj ij gh lapkfyr gks jgh gSA
bldh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa esa iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds drZO;ksa@vf/kdkjksa dk o.kZu
gSA blesa dqy 47 /kkjk,sa gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&23] iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds drZO;ksa ds lEcU/k esa
izko/kku djrh gSA bu drZO;ksa esa izeq[k gSa& vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk]
okj.Vksa dk fu"iknu djuk] xqIr lwpukvksa dk laxzg djuk] vijkf/k;ksa dk
irk djuk vkfnA ;s lHkh drZO; bl izdkj ds gSa fd budks djus ds
71
nkSjku iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dk okLrk vke turk ds yksxksa ls iM+rk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&34 vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa lM+d vkfn ij dfri;
LFkkuksa ij vijk/kksa ds fy,s n.M dk izko/kku gSA okLrfodrk esa blds
izko/kkuksa dk iz;ksx lkoZtfud thou esa O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus ds fy,s fd;k
tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu budk iz;ksx vke turk ds fo:) vf/kd gksrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&17 fo'ks"k iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr
izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk&18] 19] 20] 21 Hkh blh ls lEcfU/kr gSA turk ds
yksxksa esa ls vko';drkuqlkj fo'ks"k iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djds
muls lg;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA ,slk djus ls iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/kksa esa
lq/kkj gksrk gS] vkSj iqfyl cy dh dk;Z&{kerk esa Hkh of) gksrh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&7] v/khuLFk iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fn,s tkus
okys n.M ds lEcU/k esa gSA ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikjLifjd
lEcU/kksa ds lEcU/k esa ;g izko/kku egRoiw.kZ gSA
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx&3 esa fn;s x;s
ekSfyd vf/kdkj iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/kksa dks lh/ks lh/ks izHkkfor djrs
gSaA bu vf/kdkjksa esa izeq[k:i ls vuqPNsn&19 ls 22 rd O;fDrxr
Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj] vuq0&23] 24 esa 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj] vuq0&25
ls 28 rd /keZ Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj] rFkk vuq0 29&30 esa laLd`fr vkSj
f'k{kk lEcU/kh vf/kdkj mYys[kuh; gSA O;fDrxr Lora=rk lEcU/kh
vf/kdkjksa esa eq[; :i ls vuq0&20 esa of.kZr vijk/k ds fy,s nks"k flf) ds
lEcU/k easa laj{k.k] vuq0&21 esa izk.k vkSj nSfgd Lora=rk dk laj{k.k]
vuq0&22 esa cUnhdj.k ,oa fujks/k ds fo:) laoS/kkfud laj{k.k] ,sls izko/kku
72
gSa tks lh/ks lh/ks turk&iqfyl vUr% lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
vuq0&21 ds vUrxZr ekuo xfjek ds lkFk thus dk vf/kdkj] iqfyl
eqBHksM+ esa e`R;q ds fy,s izfrdj] gFkdM+h yxkus ds fo:) laj{k.k]
vekuoh; O;ogkj ds fo:) laj{k.k vkfn dks O;fDrxr Lora=rk dk izdkj
ekuk x;k gSA
canh izR;{khdj.k ;kfpdk] fuokjd fujks/k fof/k;ksa dh vko';drk]
fuokjd fujks/k fof/k;ksa ds fo:) lafof/kd laj{k.k vkfn vusd ,sls fo"k;
gSa] ftudk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds ifjizs{; esa v/;;u izLrqr 'kks/k fo"k; dh
n`f"V ls vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSA
lafo/kku esa fo/kkf;dk }kjk le;≤ ij fy,s x,s laoS/kkfud
la'kks/ku rFkk ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUUk mPp U;k;ky;ksa ,oa
loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fu.khZr fofHkUUk ekeys 'kks/k v/;;u ds fy,s
vR;f/kd lgk;d gSaA
yksd lsodksa ds laoS/kkfud laj{k.k ds lEcU/k esa vuq0&311 dk
v/;;u Hkh vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSA
lk{; vf/kfu;e~&1872 ds fofHkUu izko/kku turk&iqfyl vUr% lEcU/kksa
dks izHkkfor djus okys fofHkUu dkjdksa ds lEcU/k esa O;oLFkk djrs gSaA
iqfyl dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gS fdlh vijk/k dh foospuk djukA
foospuk djus ls rkRi;Z gS vijk/k dks lkfcr djus okys lk{;ksa dk
ladyuA vxj iqfyl }kjk lk{; ladyu esa i;kZIr lko/kkuh cjrh tkrh gS
rks U;k;ky; }kjk vijk/kh dks nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls iqfyl
73
ds izfr turk ds eu esa lEeku vkSj fo'okl dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gSA MkW0
vorkj flag us viuh iqLrd lk{; fof/k esa leLr izko/kkuksa dh O;k[;k]
muls lEcfU/kr U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
/kkjk&3] esa bl ckr dk mYys[k gS fd dkSu lh ckrsa lk{; gSa] rFkk
fdl izdkj ds lk{; dks ,df=r djus ls iqfyl dks cpuk pkfg,A blds
vfrfjDr VsifjdkMZj] iapukek] dqRrs }kjk [kkst] dEI;wVj fizaV vkmV]
Mh0,u0,0 fQaxj fizafVax] czsu eSfiax ukjdks ,sukfyfll vkfn oSKkfud
ijh{k.kksa dks lk{; dh Js.kh esa ekuk x;k gSA
/kkjk&25] 26] 27 esa laLohd`fr ds lEcU/k esa egRoiw.kZ O;oLFkk nh
xbZ gSA iqfyl ls vFkok iqfyl vfHkj{kk esa laLohd`fr dks ekU; ugha fd;k
x;k gSA vxj laLohdfr ds ifj.kke Lo:i vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr fdlh rF;
dk irk pyrk gS rks laLohd`fr iqfyl vfHkj{kk esa Hkh ekU; gSA
blh izdkj lk{; vf/k0 dh /kkjk&32] 35] 45 ls 51] rFkk
/kkjk& 125 ds izko/kku 'kks/kkfFkZuh ds fy,s egRoiw.kZ ekxZ n'kZu izLrqr djrs
gSaA
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk&1973 & n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds lEcU/k esa
'kks/kkfFkZuh us ewy vf/kfu;e ds lkFk lkFk Jh ,l0 ,u0 feJk vkSj
Jh ,l0 ih0 R;kxh }kjk fyf[kr n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh O;k[;k dk
v/;;u fd;k gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa izfØ;k lEcU/kh izko/kku fn;s x;ss
gSaA blesa eq[; :i ls n.M U;k;ky;ksa dk xBu] vfHk;qDrksa dh fxj¶rkjh
ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl ds nkf;Ro vkSj vf/kdkj] vkijkf/kd vUos"k.k dh
74
izfØ;k ls lEcfU/kr izko/kkuksa dk mYys[k gSA o"kZ 2005 o 2008 esa blds
dqN egÙoiw.kZ izko/kkuksa esa la'kks/ku Hkh fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z ls
lEcfU/kr] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa v/;k;&4 ls 12 rd fo'ks"k :i ls
iBuh; gSaA lafgrk esa dqy 37 v/;k; gSa] tks fd 484 /kkjkvksa esa foHkDr gSaA
blds vfrfjDr nks vuqlwph gS A
v/;k;&4 esa ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh 'kfDr;k¡] v/;k;&5 esa
O;fDr;ksa dh fxj¶rkjh] v/;k;&8 esa ifj'kkfUr dk;e j[kus ds fy,s vkSj
lnkpkj ds fy,s izfrHkwfr] v/;k;&10 esa yksd O;oLFkk vkSj iz'kkfUr cukus]
v/;k;&11 esa iqfyl ds fuokjd dk;Z] v/;k;&12 esa iqfyl dks bfRryk
vkSj mldks vUos"k.k djus dh 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA tekur ds izko/kkuksa ds
lEcU/k esa v/;k;&33 esa O;oLFkk nh xbZ gSA
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0&2008] }kjk tks la'kks/ku fd,s
x,s gSa os turk iqfyl vUr% lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djus okyh dk;Zokfg;ksa
ds lEcU/k esa gSa A /kkjk&41, esa O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd fdlh foospuk ds
fy,s cqyk,s tkus ij iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk uksfVl fn;k tk;sxk] blh izdkj
/kkjk&41ch] 41Mh tksM+dj fxj¶rkjh dh izfØ;k vkSj fxj¶rkjh ds le;
iqfyl ds drZO;] ftyk ,oa jkT; Lrj ij fu;U=.k d{k dh LFkkiuk]
iwNrkN ds le; fxj¶rkj O;fDr dks vius odhy ls feyus ds vf/kdkj ls
lEcfU/kr izko/kku lfEefyr fd,s x,s gSaA /kkjk&55, tksM+dj fxj¶rkj 'kqnk
O;fDr ds LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk ds fy,s ml vf/kdkjh dks ftEesnkj cuk;k
x;k gS] ftldh vfHkj{kk esa fxj¶rkj O;fDr gSA
75
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa bl izdkj izfØ;k lEcU/kh ,sls cgqr ls
fu;e@dkuwu of.kZr gSa] ftudk vuqikyu iqfyl&turk lEcU/kksa dks lqn`<+
cukrk gSA
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgr] 1860 & bl lafgrk esa dqy 511 /kkjkvksa
dk lekos'k gSA bu /kkjkvksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds vijk/kksa dh ifjHkk"kk,sa vkSj
muds fy,s n.M dk izko/kku gSA ;g lafgrk dqy 23 v/;k;ksa esa foHkDr gSA
fo'ks"k :i ls v/;k;&4] tks fd lk/kkj.k vioknksa ds lEcU/k esa gS]
mYys[kuh; gSA bl v/;k; esa dqN ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu gS ftuesa fd;k
x;k dksbZ dk;Z vijk/k ugha gksrk tcfd vU;Fkk og vijk/k gksrk gSA
n.M lafgrk ij jruyky /khjtyky }kjk fyf[kr n bfUM;u
ihuy dksM esa Øeokj lHkh /kkjkvksa ds vko';d vo;o vkSj mudh
O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA buds }kjk iqLrd ds vUr esa fn;k x;k lkjka'k vkSj
mnkgj.k Lo:i fn;s x;s fons'kh U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; fo"k; dks le>us esa
vR;f/kd lgk;d gSaA
ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1993 & ;g vf/kfu;e eq[;
:i ls ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds vf/kd vPNs laj{k.k ds fy,] rFkk mlls
lEcfU/kr ekeyksa ds fy,s jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx] jkT; ekuokf/kdkj
vk;ksx] ,oa ekuokf/kdkj U;k;ky;ksa ds xBu gsrq izko/kku djus ds fy,
vf/kfu;fer fd;k x;k gSA blesa dqy 43 izko/kku gSaA
Jh ,p0 vks0 vxzoky us viuh iqLrd ekuo vf/kdkj esa ekuo
vf/kdkj vkSj bl vo/kkj.kk ds fodkl ds lEcU/k esa foLrkj ls fy[kk gSA
76
nqcZy lewg vkSj ekuo vf/kdkj] ekuo vf/kdkjksa ij {ks=h; vfHkle;] ekuo
vf/kdkj vkSj vkradokn ij Hkh foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gSA ekuo vf/kdkj
vk;ksx ds lEcU/k esa ys[kd us foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA
MkW0 t;t;jke mik/;k; us viuh iqLrd ekuo vf/kdkj esa
fy[kk gS fd ekuo vf/kdkj yksd vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k dk gh LFkkbZ Hkkx ugha
gks x;k] cfYd ?kjsyw vkSj vkUrfjd fof/k dk HkhA lewg uk'kd gfFk;kjksa]
ukfHkdh; vL=ksa] O;kid Lrj ij QSyh gqbZ vkradokn ls izsfjr fgalk vkSj
ea=.kk vkfn ls Hk;kØkar fo'o esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds izfr vknj vkSj mudk
ikyu gh ,d vk'kk gS] tks mUur lH;rk dks lR;kuk'k ls cpk ldrh gSA
viuh iqLrd ekuo vf/kdkj esa MkW0,l0ds0 diwj us ekuo
vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds dqN vU; mik;ksa esa dfri; vf/kfu;eksa ds lEcU/k
esa fy[kk gSA buesa izeq[k gSa&
1- vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ¼vR;kpkjksa dk fuokj.k½ vf/k0] 1989
2- ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dk vf/k0] 1955]
3- vYila[;dksa ds fy,s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/k0] 1992]
4- efgykvksa ds fy,s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/k0] 1990]
5- lQkbZ deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/k0] 1993 ,oa
6- fiNM+s oxksZa ds fy,s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/k0] 1993
m0 iz0 v/khuLFk Js.kh ds iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ¼n.M ,oa
vihy½ fu;ekoyh] 1991 dks m0 iz0 iqfyl ds v/khuLFk Js.kh ds iqfyl
77
vf/kdkfj;ksa dh foHkkxh; dk;Zokfg;ksa] n.M ,oa vihyksa dks fofu;fer djus
dh n`f"V ls cuk;k x;k gSA ;g fu;ekoyh fujh{kd Lrj rd ds iqfyl
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ykxw gksrh gSA
foHkkxh; tkap ,oa fuyEcu ¼1999½ uke iqLrd esa Jh vks0ih0
jk; us foHkkxh; tk¡p vkSj dk;Zokfg;ksa ds lEcU/k esa foLrkj ls mYys[k
fd;k gSA U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; ds lUnHkZ esa mu fu;eksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA
bl iqLrd esa fo'ks"k :i ls foHkkxh; tk¡p] vuq'kklfud dk;Zokgh] uSlfxZd
U;k; ds fl)kUr vkSj fuyEcu ds lEcU/k esa mYys[k gSA
Jh ch0 ,u0 feJk }kjk ladfyr m0 iz0 iqfyl funsZf'kdk
¼1997½ esa iqfyl foHkkx ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fu;ekofy;ksa
dk ,d fof'k"V laxzg izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd fofo/k vijk/k
vf/kfu;e esa n.M U;k;ky;ksa esa fnu izfrfnu mi;ksx esa vkus okys egRoiw.kZ
57 vf/kfu;eksa dk ladyu gSA buesa ls vf/kdka'k vf/kfu;eksa ds vUrxZr
iqfyl }kjk fuR; izfr dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA
ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy jk"Vªh; iqfyl vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr
iqLrd] dEisfUM;e vkWQ lqizhe dksVZ :fyaXl vkWu fØfeuy ykW ,.M
iqfyl odZ ¼2003½ esa iqfyl }kjk vius fuR; izfr ds O;ogkj esaa tks dk;Z
fd,s tkrs gSa] muds lEcU/k esa lqizhe dksVZ dss fu.kZ;ksa dk ladyu fd;k
x;k gSA bu fu.kZ;ksa esa fn;s x;s fn'kk funsZ'k iqfyl dk fuR; izfr ds dk;ksZa
esa ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
78
,0vkbZ0vkj0 1997] ,l0lh0 610] esa Mh0 ds0 clq cuke
if'peh caxky jkT; ds vius fu.kZ; esa ek0 mPpre~ U;k;ky; us dsUnz
vkSj jkT;ksa dh tk¡p ,oa lqj{kk ,tsfUl;ksa dks lHkh izdkj dh fxj¶rkjh vkSj
fujks/k ds ekeys esa vuqlj.k djus ds fy,s foLr`r ekxZn'kZd fl)kUr
fofgr fd,s gSaA ekuo vf/kdkj vkSj iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k esa ;g
fu.kZ; vius esa ,d i`Fkd lkfgfR;d nLrkost gSA ;g ekeyk ,d xSj
jktuhfrd laLFkk ds v/;{k Jh Mh0ds0 clq }kjk yksdfgr okn ds :i esa
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds le{k yk;k x;k FkkA ;g ekeyk iqfyl vfHkj{kk esa
gqbZ ekSrksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA
blh izdkj ,l0lh0lh0] 4 ¼1994½] 260 tksfxUnj flag cuke
m0iz0jkT; ds vius fu.kZ; esa mPpre~ U;k;ky; us fxj¶rkjh ds lEcU/k esa
foLr`r ekxZn'kZd fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;s gSa vkSj dgk gS fd fdlh O;fDr
dks fxj¶rkj djrs le; iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks bl ckr ls larq"V gksuk
vko';d gS fd mls fxj¶rkj djus dk ;qfDr;qDr vkSfpR; gSA
MkW0ih0,l0 Hkw"k.k us viuh iqLrd iqfyl vkSj lekt¼1997½ esa
izfrfnu dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkpkj uhfr] iqfyl vkpj.k
vkSj iqfylo`fRr] ekuo ewY;] iqfyl O;ogkj vkSj iqfyl dh Nfo ij izdk'k
Mkyk gSA bl iqLrd esa foHkUu voljksa ij turk iqfyl lEcU/kksa ds
Lo:iksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA orZeku le; esa ns'k dh lelkef;d
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cM+h rsth ls cnyko vk;k gSA yksxksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj]
rduhdh foLrkj gksus rFkk lapkj e/;eksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k tkx:drk
vkbZ gS] rFkk euq"; u dsoy vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lkspus yxs gSa] cfYd
79
vf/kdkjksa ds guu ij fojks/k Hkh djrs gSaA rFkk vf/kdkj u feyus ij
U;k;ky; ds njokt+s Hkh [kV[kVkrs gSaA ,slh nqfo/kkiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl
dh Hkwfedk dkQh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA iqfyl bu lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
fuiVus ds fy, D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djs] bu iz'uksa dk mRrj nsus dk
iz;kl bl iqLrd esa fd;k x;k gSA
iqfyl vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl C;wjks }kjk izdkf'kr =Sekfld
if=dk iqfyl foKku rFkk dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks }kjk izdkf'kr ekfld
if=dk esa Hkh le; le; ij izdkf'kr ys[k 'kks/kkfFkZuh ds fy,s vR;f/kd
lgk;d fl) gq,s gSaA
jsuj jkWcVZ ¼2000½ us vius v/;;u ikWfyfVDl vkWQ n iqfyl
esa fczfV'k iqfyl dk bfrgkl] dk;Ziz.kkyh] lekt'kkL= ,oa iz'kklu ds
lEcU/k esa fy[kk gSA izFke nks v/;k;ksa esa iqfyl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa
O;kolkf;d nf"Vdkas.k ds fodkl ds lEcU/k esa 1829 ls 1856 dh vof/k
dk v/;;u gS] rRi'pkr 1856 ls 1951 rd mlds fodkl vkSj
dk;Zfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u gSA Hkkx&2 esa iqfyl laLd`fr] lkekftd 'kks/k] rFkk
iqfyl dk;ksZa ds lEcU/k esa ehfM;k ds izLrqfrdj.k dk o.kZu gSA v/;k;&6
esa iqfyl dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj nkf;Roksa dk o.kZu gSA
mijksDr lHkh v/;;u xzUFkksa ls iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ¼iqfyl
ifCyd bUVjQsl½ ds lEcU/k esa tks igyw eq[kj gksdj lkeus vkrk gS] og
;g gS fd cnyh gqbZ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rFkk orZeku
jktuSfrd ifjn`'; esa iqfyl dks viuh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa ifjorZu ykuk pkfg,
vkSj mls turk ds fudV tkdj mlls rknkRE; LFkfkir djuk pkfg,A
80
rFkk turk dks iqfyl cy dh dk;Zlhekvksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, mlds
lkFk lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A bl leL;k dk egRoiw.kZ igyw ;g Hkh gS fd
turk }kjk iqfyl ls lg;ksx dh vis{kk] lkekU; rkSj ij turk ds gh ,d
vU; oxZ ds fo:) izHkko'kkyh dk;Zokgh ds :i esa gh dh tkrh gSA ;g
oxZ vijkf/k;ksa dk Hkh gks ldrk gS vFkok dkuwu rksM+us okys lkekU; yksxksa
dk HkhA blfy, turk&iqfyl lEcU/kksa dh fdlh u,s ifjos'k esa v/;;u
dh vko';drk ftruh gS] mruh gh bl ckr dh vko';drk gS fd nksuksa
ds dk;Z vkSj nkf;Roksa dh lhek esa gh muds lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k
tk;sA bl n`f"V ls vius 'kks/kdk;Z esa 'kks/kkfFkZuh iqfyl O;ogkj dh vuqdwy
vkSj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh midYiuk ds vk/kkj ij gh iqfyl ifCyd
bUVjQsl dk v/;;u tuin vyhx<+ esa m0iz0 iqfyl ds lEcU/k esa djus
dk iz;kl djsxhA
midYiuk
lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dh xgu leh{kk vkSj fo"k; dh ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kk
ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ,slk fopkj mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd iqfyl
O;ogkj dh vuqdwy vkSj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl vkSj turk ds
yksxksa dk ikjLifjd O;ogkj lUrqyu vPNs iqfyl ifCyd vUr% lEcU/kksa
dk vk/kkj gks ldrk gSA vius vuqla/kku esa 'kks/kkfFkZuh fuEu midYiukvksa
ds lEcU/k esa v/;;u djsxh&
¼v½ iqfyl dk dk;Z dkuwu dk ikyu djkuk rFkk dkuwu ds 'kklu dh
LFkkiuk esa lg;ksx djuk gSA iqfyl vkSj turk nksuksa dkuwu dk
81
ikyu ftruh xEHkhjrk ls djsaxs] muds e/; laEcU/k mrus gh e/kqj
gksaxsA
¼c½ iqfyl dk nkf;Ro gS fd og leku :i ls lHkh ukxfjdksa ds lkFk
O;ogkj djs rFkk turk dk dÙkZO; gS fd iqfyl dks nckc jfgr
okrkoj.k esa dk;Z djus nsA ,slk djus ij iqfyl turk ds lEcU/k
e/kqj gksaxsA
¼l½ turk }kjk vkSipkfjd dk;ksZa esa Hkh iqfyl gLr{ksi dh vis{kk j[kus
dh izofÙk rFkk iqfyl cy vkSj lalk/kuksa deh ds dkj.k mu
vis{kkvksa ds iw.kZ u gksus ls turk&iqfyl vaUr% lEcU/k izHkkfor gksrs
gSaA
¼n½ vkSifuosf'kd fopkj/kkjk] oS;fDrd vfHkufr] fufgr LokFkZ ,oa
iqfyldfeZ;ksa dh oS;fDrd leL;k;sa iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa dks
izHkkfor djrh gSaA
¼;½ iqfyl }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa dh turk dks lgh ,oa le; ls
tkudkjh u feyus ds dkj.k turk iqfyl lEcU/k izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
¼j½ fof/k }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dk vfrya?ku djus ds dkj.k vFkok fof/k
}kjk vf/kdkj u fn;s tkus ds dkj.k turk dh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i
iqfyl }kjk dk;Zokgh u djus ls iqfyl turk lEcU/k izHkkfor gksrs
gSaA
82
¼[k½ 'kks/k v/;;u i)fr
izLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z dks iw.kZ djus ds fy,s 'kks/kkZfFkZuh us vius
v/;;u esa izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d leadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA iqfyl turk
vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fofHkUu Lo:i ,d nwljs dks dfri; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
fo'ks"k:i ls izHkkfor djrs gSa] vr% 'kks/k fo"k; dh mi;ksfxrk dh n`f"V ls
vkuqHkfod vuqla/kku i)fr dks viuk;k x;k gSA vkuqHkfod vuqla/kku dk
vk/kkj eq[;r% vuqHko vFkok fujh{k.k ;k voyksdu gksrk gSA5 blesa fl)kUr
dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ;g vuqla/kku eq[;r% izkFkfed
leadksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA6 blesa tks fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSa mudk voyskdu
vFkok iz;ksx }kjk iquiqZf"Vdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl vuqla/kku esa
izkFkfed lzksrksa ls leadksa dk ladyu fd;k tkrk gSA bl vuqla/kku esa Hkh
izkFkfed leadksa ls lkexzh dk ladyu djds vuqla/kku gsrq fufeZr
midYiukvksa dk ijh{k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
vkuqHkfod vuqla/kku {ks= vk/kkfjr v/;;uksa ij cy nsrs gSaA ;gh
,sls vuqla/kku dk lcls izeq[k xq.k gS fd blls lEcfU/kr pjksa dk ;FkkFkZ
:i ls izkd`frd ifjos'k esa v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd izØeksa dks
muds ;Fkkor~ LokHkkfod Lo:i esa] voyskdu rFkk ifjekiu }kjk le>us
dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls vuqla/kku esa vuqla/kkudrkZ v/;;u {ks= esa
tkdj okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA7
izkFkfed leadksa ds ladyu gsrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh us fuEu fof/k;ksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k gS&
83
¼v½ fun'kZu] vFkok izfrn'kZ]
¼c½ lkekftd losZ{k.k]
¼l½ fujh{k.k] vFkok voyksdu]
¼n½ iz'ukoyh]
¼;½ lk{kkRdkj
¼v½ izfrn'kZ ;k fun'kZu i)fr
izLrqr vuqla/kku esa 'kks/kkfFkZuh dk 'kks/k {ks= tuin&vyhx<+ gSA
tuin vyhx<+ ds leLr O;fDr;ksa vkSj ogk¡ rSukr leLr iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds
lEcU/k esa v/;;u fd;k tkuk u rks O;kogkfjd :i ls lEHko gS vkSj u
gh vU; dkjdksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,s lehphu gSA vr% 'kks/kkfFkZuh us
izfrn'kZ i}fr dk iz;ksx vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu ds fy;s fd;k gSA
lk/kkj.krkSj ij tc ge fdlh lexz ls ,slh bdkbZ vFkok bdkbZ;k¡
pqu ysrs gSa] tks lEiw.kZ lexz dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSa rks bUgha pquh gqbZ
bdkb;ksa dks ge izfrn'kZ dgrs gSaA izfrn'kZ i)fr ds ihNs vo/kkj.kk ;g
gksrh gS fd izfrn'kZ ds vUnj os lHkh xq.k] izfØ;k,sa] lEcU/k vkfn gksrs gSa]
tks fd ml lexz esa gksrs gSa] ftldk izfrn'kZ ,d va'k gSA ;g mEehn dh
tkrh gS fd fuf'pr izfrekuksa ij vk/kkfjr fdlh ,d O;fDr dh izfrfØ;k,sa
ln`'k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vU; O;fDr;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ls fHkUu ugha gksrhaA
bl izdkj fdlh lewg ds vkuqikfrd izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ls ge bu
izfrfØ;kvksa dk Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSaA8
84
bl izdkj ,d lkaf[;dh; izfrn'kZ ml lexz ;k lEiw.kZ dk ,d
vfr y?kq :i gS] ftlesa ls bls izkIr fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk iqfyl
izfrn'kZ gsrq Fkkuksa dk p;u rFkk turk izfrn'kZ gsrq xk¡o ,oa 'kgjh
bdkbZ;ksa dk p;u blh i)fr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gSA
vuqla/kku dh bl i)fr dks iqfyl ds izfr fHkUu fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa turk ds yksxksa dh /kkj.kk vkSj n`f"Vdks.k tkuus ds fy,s iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gS rFkk blh izdkj vke turk ds O;fDr ls iqfyl dh vis{kkvksa dks
tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ;g i)fr iqfyl&ifCyd bUVjQsl ds
fofHkUu vk;keksa dks U;wure Je esa de le; vkSj ferO;;rk iwoZd iznf'kZr
djus esa lQy jgh gSA
,d izfrn'kZ] tSlk fd blds uke ls izdV gS] foLrr lewg dk
y?kq:i gSA izfrn'kZ i)fr ls vuqla/kku esa le;] Je vkSj /ku dh cpr Hkh
gksrh gS rFkk vk¡dM+ksa dh la[;k esa deh vk tkus ls] lakf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k
vf/kd xEHkhjrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼c½ lkekftd losZ{k.k
lkekftd losZ{k.k gsrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh us "nSo izfrn'kZ i)fr" dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA nSo izfrn'kZ i)fr] p;u dh ml i)fr dks dgrs gSa] tc lexz
esa ls izR;sd O;fDr dks p;fur gksus ds leku volj gksa ,slk p;u
nSo;ksx ls gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ,d lkekU; lkaf[;dh; iz.kkyh
dks nSo izfrn'kZ dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr] vfHk:fp vFkok O;fDrxr
85
lqfo/kkuqlkj pquko u djds] mnkgj.kkFkZ izR;sd ik¡poh bdkbZ dks
voS;fDrd la;ksx ls pquus dks "nSo izfrn'kZ" dgrs gSaA
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk nSo izfrn'kksZa dks iqu% NksVs NksVs oxksZa esa foHkDr
fd;k x;k gSA bu oxksZa dks feykdj budh ikjLifjd rqyuk dh xbZ gSA
bl i}fr dks "Lrfjr nSo izfrn'kZ" i)fr dgk tkrk gSA bl i)fr
ds }kjk ,slh dbZ dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gS] tks nSo
izfrn'kZ ls lEHko ugha gSA p;fur Fkkuksa esa ls iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dk] rFkk
'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k bdkbZ;ksa esa ls vk¡dM+s izkIr djus gsrq yksxksa dk p;u bl
i)fr ls fd;k x;k gSA
¼l½ voyksdu vFkok fujh{k.k
voyksdu vFkok fujh{k.k ,d ,slh vuqla/kku i)fr gS] ftlesa us=ksa
}kjk vk¡dM+s ladfyr djds mUgsa ys[kc) fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ?kVukvksa ,oa
O;ogkj dk LokHkkfod :i ls v/;;u gS] ftlesa voyksdudrkZ lqfu;ksftr
:i ls rFkk O;ofLFkr :i esa Lo;a ?kVukvksa ,oa O;ogkj dk voyksdu
djds muds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj voyksdu vk¡[kksa }kjk
fopkj iwoZd v/;;u dh ,d izfof/k gS] ftlls fd lkewfgd O;ogkj vkSj
tfVy lkekftd laLFkkvksa ,oa lexz dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gSA voyksdu dsoy nSfud thou dh gh vR;f/kd O;kid fØ;kvksa esa
ls ,d fØ;k ek= ugha gSA vfirq ;g oSKkfud vuqla/kku dk ,d izkFkfed
;U= Hkh gSA bldk mn~ns'; vuqla/kku ds ,d izkFkfed ;U= ds :i esa
ekuo cqf) ds izs{k.k rFkk vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij Kku izkIr djuk gSA
86
"foKku voyksdu ls izkjEHk gksrk gS] rFkk vfUre izkekf.kdrk ds
fy,s voyskdu dh vksj ykSVrk gSA" blls Hkh voyksdu dk egRo Li"V gks
tkrk gSA voyksdu] vuqla/kku ds vkuqHkfod v/;;u esa vk¡dM+s ,df=r
djus dh egRoiw.kZ izfof/k gS] tks fd okLrfod O;ogkj] vuqHkokfJr
v/;;uksa] rFkk lkekftd leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa izR;{k fujh{k.k }kjk
oLrqfu"B ,oa fo'oluh; lwpuk,sa ladfyr djus esa lgk;d gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us vius vuqla/kku esa Lo;a O;fDrxr Lrj ij ?kVukvksa]
ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj turk&iqfyl O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k gSA mijksDr
voyksdu iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ;kstuk rFkk iwoZ fufeZr iz'ukoyh ds vk/kkj ij
fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj ;g lajfpr voyksdu dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us voyksfdr dh tkus okyh bdkb;ksa rFkk ys[k c) dh tkus
okyh lwpukvksa ds lEcU/k esa iwoZ fuf'pr ;kstuk rS;kj dj yh Fkh] bl
ckr dk iwjk /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd voyksfdr bdkbZ rFkk voyksdu ds
le; vkSj LFkku dh izkekf.kdrk cuh jgsA
¼n½ iz'ukoyh
izLrqr vuqla/kku esa iqfyl vkSj turk ds yksxksa ls vko';d vk¡dM+s
,df=r djus ds fy, iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA iz'ukoyh vk¡dM+s
ladyu djus dh ,d ,slh fof/k gS] ftlesa de le; esa vusd
lwpuknkrkvksa] tks fd foLr`r {ks= esa QSys gq,s gksrs gSa] ls lwpuk ,df=r dh
tk ldrh gSA iz'ukoyh] iz'uksa dh ,d lwph gS] ftudk mRrj Lo;a
lwpuknkrk Hkjrk gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh us viuh iz'ukofy;k¡ O;fDrxr lEidZ }kjk
87
Hkh lwpuknkrkvksa dks miyC/k djkbZa vkSj Mkd }kjk Hkh Hkstdj
izR;qRrjnkrkvksa rd igq¡pkbZaA pw¡fd iz'ukoyh }kjk izek.khd`r ifj.kke gh
izkIr gksrs gSa] ftudk lkj.kh;u ,oa lkaf[;dh lEcU/kh iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk vkxs ds v/;k;ksa esa lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.kksa ds
vk/kkj ij tks rkfydk,sa izLrqr dh gSa os bu iz'ukofy;ksa ij Hkh vk/kkfjr
gSaA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu ds fy,s lajfpr@vlajfpr] nksuksa
izdkj dh iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA iz'ukoyh dks v/;;u izkjEHk djus
ls iwoZ gh iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs
gq,s rS;kj dj fy;k x;k FkkA 'kks/kkfFkZuh us bl ckr dk iwjk /;ku j[kus
dk iz;kl fd;k fd iz'ukoyh ds iz'u iwoZ fuf'pr vkSj Li"V gksa] ftudk
mRrj lwpuknkrk lqxerkiwoZd ns ldsA
ftu vk¡dM+ksa ds lEcU/k esa fuf'pr mRrj dh vko';drk vuqHko
dh xbZ muds mRrj gsrq caniz'ukoyh dks rS;kj fd;k x;k] ftlesa izR;sd
iz'u ds lEeq[k mlds lEHkkfor oSdfYid mRrj Hkh fn,s x;sA lwpuknkrk
dks mi;qDr fodYi dk p;u djds ml ij dsoy ¼½ fu'kku yxkuk
FkkA bl izdkj dh iz'ukoyh ls lkj.kh;u vkSj lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k
vR;f/kd vklku gks x;kA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us vius vuqla/kku esa nks izdkj dh iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA ,d iz'ukoyh turk ds yksxksa ds fy,s rFkk nwljh iz'ukoyh
iqfyl cy ds lnL;ksa ds fy,s forfjr dh xbZA
88
iz'ukofy;ksa dks iqfyl vkSj turk] nksuksa izfrn'kZ ds e/; forfjr
fd;k x;kA iqfyl cy ds lnL;ksa ls iz'ukoyh yxHkx N% ekg dh vof/k
esa izkIr gks xbZ ysfdu turk ds izR;qRrjnkrkvksa ls iz'ukoyh okil ysus esa
yxHkx 1½ o"kZ dk foyEc gqvkA iz'ukofy;k¡ okil izkIr djus esa ;g
foyEc izR;qRrjnkrkvksa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZuh] nksuksa ds dkj.k gh gqvkA iqfyl cy
ds lnL;ksa esa fo'ks"kdj vkj{kh oxZ us iz'uksa dk mRrj nsus esa ladksp dk
vuqHko fd;kA turk ds yksxksa esa ,sls O;fDr;ksa us iz'ukoyh dks Hkjus esa
ladksp dk vuqHko fd;k ftudk fdlh u fdlh :i esa dHkh iqfyl ls
laidZ gqvk gS vFkok ftuds fo:) fdlh U;k;ky; esa vkijkf/kd eqdnek
pyk gSA iqfyl vkj{kh vius ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) fdlh Hkh izdkj
dh fVIi.kh djus esa Mjs gq,s jgs] tcfd turk ds dkQh yksxksa esa bl ckr
dk Hk; eglwl gqvk fd iqfyl ds fo:) Vhdk fVIi.kh djus ij dgha
dksbZ dk;Zokgh u gks tk;sA
iz'ukofy;ksa ds }kjk izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k fo'ys"k.k
vfxze v/;k;ksa esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks
iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dks lk/kkj.k izfr'kr] fp= rFkk
rkfydk ds :i esa v/;k;&6 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
¼;½ lk{kkRdkj
lk{kkRdkj fof/k }kjk 'kks/kkfFkZuh us izLrqr vuqla/kku esa 200 O;fDr;ksa
ls fofHkUu lwpukvksa dk ladyu fd;kA lk{kkRdkj nks vFkok nks ls vf/kd
O;fDr;ksa dh ,d cSBd gS] ftlesa vuqla/kkudrkZ] lwpuknkrkvksa ls viuh
vuqla/kku dh leL;k ls lEcfU/kr vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd :i esa iz'u
89
iwN dj lwpuk,sa ,df=r djrk gSA lk{kkRdkj dk /;s; u dsoy izR;{k
vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu djuk gksrk gS] cfYd mRrjnkrk ds O;fDrRo] mldh
izo`fRr;ksa vkSj mlds jkx }s"kksa dk irk yxkuk Hkh gksrk gS] tks mRrjnkrk
dh Hkko Hkafxekvksa] ckrphr] bPNk] vfuPNk vkfn ds }kjk izdV gksrh gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us vius vuqla/kku esa vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd] nksuksa
izdkj ds lk{kkRdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vkSipkfjd lk{kkRdkj esa lk{kkRdkj
drkZ }kjk lwpuknkrk ls igys ls rS;kj iz'u iwNk tkrk gS] vkSj muds
mRrj ogha ij fy[krk tkrk gSA tcfd vukSipkfjd lk{kkRdkj esa
lk{kkRdkjdrkZ lwpuknkrk ls Lora=:i esa viuh vuqla/kku dh leL;k ds
fofHkUu igyqvksa ij okrkZyki djrk gSA rFkk lwpuknkrk dh :fp ds fo"k;
ij gh lk{kkRdkj dk lekiu djrk gSA bl izdkj blesa vukSipkfjd :i
ls gksus okyh ckrphr ls gh lwpuk ,df=r dh tkrh gSA
'iqfyl&ifCyd bUVjQsl' ,d vR;f/kd laosnu'khy fo"k; gSA
iqfyl vkSj turk] nksuksa oxZ ds lnL;ksa us ,d nwljs ds fo:) fdlh Hkh
dkj.k ls Vhdk fVIi.kh djuk mfpr ugha le>k gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa
vukSipkfjd lk{kkRdkj dh fof/k us vk¡dM+ksa dks izkIr djus esa vR;f/kd
lg;ksx fn;kA ^iqfyl vkSj turk* nksuksa oxZ ds yksxksa us vukSipkfjd
lk{kkRdkj esa vius vius fopkj [kqydj O;Dr fd;sA blds dkj.k vk¡dM+ksa
ds izn'kZu esa vR;f/kd lg;ksx feyk vkSj 'kks/kkfFkZuh dks viuk v/;;u iw.kZ
djus gsrq ekxZn'kZu Hkh izkIr gqvkA lk{kkRdkj ls izkIr lwpukvksa dk vk¡dM+ksa
ds :i esa fo'ys"k.k v/;k;&6 esa fd;k x;k gSA
izkFkfed vkadM+ksa dk vadyu 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk iqfyl vkSj turk ds
vyx&vyx nks oxZ cukdj fd;k x;k gSA ftldk o.kZu fuEu izdkj gSA
90
iqfyl ds e/; ls izfrn'kZ dk p;u
'kks/kkfFkZuh us tuin vyhx<+ ds 26 Fkkuksa esa ls fuEufyf[kr 04
Fkkuksa dks mudh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd fofo/krk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs
gq,s vius 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq pquk gSA tuin eq[;ky; fLFkr iqfyl
dk;kZy; ij Hkh yksx viuh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks ysdj iwjs ftys ls vkrs
gSa] rFkk ogk¡ i;kZIr la[;k esa iqfyl dehZ Hkh rSukr jgrs gSaA vr% iqfyl
dk;kZy; dks ik¡poh bdkbZ ds :i esa p;fur fd;k x;k gSA
1& Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj
2& Fkkuk vrjkSyh
3& Fkkuk xka/kh ikdZ
4& Fkkuk cUuk nsoh
5& iqfyl dk;kZy; vyhx<+
mijksDr Fkkuksa ls izFke nks ikyh eqdheiqj rFkk vrjkSyh] vyhx<+
xzkeh.k {ks= ds Fkkus gSa rFkk xk¡/khikdZ vkSj cUuk nsoh 'kgjh {ks= ds Fkkus gSaA
'kgjh {ks= esa Fkkuk cUuk nsoh eqfLye ckgqY; {ks= gS] rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= ds
Fkkuksa esa Fkkuk vrjkSyh eqfLye ,oa fiNM+h tkfr ckgqY; {ks= gSA
bl izdkj ls p;fur izR;sd iqfyl bdkbZ ls 20&20 iqfyl
vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh p;fur djds mudks O;fDrxr :i ls vFkok iSjksdkj
ds ek/;e ls iz'ukoyh miyC/k djkdj lwpuk izkIr dh xbZ gSA bl izdkj
100 iqfyl iz'ukofy;k¡ iz;ksx esa yk;h x;h gSaA
91
iqfyl foHkkx ds dEkZpkfj;ksa@vf/kdkfj;ksa ds eu esa iz'ukoyh dks
ysdj lansg ds Hkko dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq;s 100 vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa ls
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds fy, rS;kj iz'ukoyh ds p;f;ur iz'uksa ds vk/kkj ij
lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj }kjk lwpuk izkIr djus esa
bl rF; dks /;ku esa j[kk x;k fd turk ds laEidZ esa vkus okys izR;sd
Lrj ds iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh ls lwpuk yh tk ldsA
bl izdkj p;fur dqy 200 iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa dk
i`Fkd&i`Fkd fooj.k vfxze rkfydk esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 2 ¼1½
Øa- in uke la[;k ek/;e
1- miegkfujh{kd@ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd 05 lk{kkRdkj
2- vij iqfyl v/kh{kd 05 lk{kkRdkj
3- iqfyl mik/kh{kd 10 lk0@iz0
4- fujh{kd 05 lk0@iz0
5- mifujh{kd 50 lk0@iz0
6- lgk;d mifujh{kd 15 lk0@iz0
7- iz/kku vkjk{kh 15 lk0@iz0
8- vkj{kh 60 lk0@iz0
9- lsok fuo`Ùk iqfyl vf/k-@deZpkjh 25 lk0@iz0
10- pkSdhnkj 10 iz'ukoyh
dqy 200
92
mijksDr rkfydk ds vuqlkj p;fur dqy 200 iqfyl vf/kdkjh ,oa
deZpkfj;ksa ls izkIr lwpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk v/;k;&06 esa
fd;k x;k gSA
turk ds e/; ls izfrn'kZ dk p;u
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk turk ds yksxksa ds e/; ls dqy 400 O;fDr;ksa dk
p;u fd;k x;k gSA bu 400 O;fDr;ksa dks fuEu Js.kh ds O;fDr;ksa esa ls
p;fur fd;k x;k gS &
d½ iqfyl ds lkFk izR;{k :i ls lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr]
[k½ iqfyl ds lkFk vizR;{k :i ls lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr]
x½ lekt ds ,sls O;fDr ftudh jk; lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
iqfyl ds lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys os O;fDr gSa tks fdlh
vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk ds nkSjku fdlh u fdlh :i esa iqfyl ds
lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA ,sls O;fDr;ksa esa vfHk;qDr] xokg] oknh vFkok ihfM+r
O;fDr gksrs gSaA budk p;u Fkkus esa miyC/k vijk/k jftLVj ¼jftLVj ua0
4½] vkjksi i= jftLVj] xq.Mk jftLVj rFkk U;k;ky; esa izsf"kr vkjksi i=
¼iqfyl izk:i la[;k&339½ ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA vkjksii= ij
mijksDr lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds uke vkSj irs mfYyf[kr gksrs gSaA o"kZ 2007]
2008] 2009 esa p;fur Fkkuksa ij iathd`r vijk/kksa ds vk/kkj ij izsf"kr
vkjksi i=ksa esa ls turk ds O;fDr;ksa dk p;u fuEukuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA
1& ,sls O;fDr tks fdlh vijk/k ds oknh@ihfM+r jgs gksa & 60
2& ,sls O;fDr tks fdlh vijk/k ds vfHk;qDr jgs gksa & 60
3& ,sls O;fDr tks fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk ds xokg jgs gksa & 60
93
turk ds mijksDr 180 O;fDr;ksa dks iz'ukoyh muds vkjksi i= ij
of.kZr irs ij Mkd }kjk vFkok O;fDrxr :i ls Hkstdj lwpuk izkIr dh
xbZA
'kks/kkfFkZuh dk ekuuk gS fd turk dk izR;sd O;fDr fdlh u fdlh
:i esa izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k :i ls iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkrk gSA vizR;{k
:i ls lEidZ esa vk;s O;fDr;ksa ds p;u gsrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk xzkeh.k {ks=
ds nksuksa Fkkuk {ks= ls nks&nks xk¡oksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA rFkk 'kgjh Fkkuk
{ks= ls 04 okMZ p;fur fd;s x;sA bl izdkj p;fur dqy pkj xk¡o ,oa
pkj okMZ dk fooj.k fuEuor gSA
1½ xzke & ikyh
2½ xzke & [kM+kSvk
3½ xzke & xfu;koyh
4½ xzke & pdkFky
5½ vyhx<+ 'kgj ds okMZ la0 19] 43] 57] 64
mijksDr xzke ikyh ,oa [kM+kSvk] Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj {ks= ls gSaA
rFkk xzke xfu;koyh vkSj pdkFky Fkkuk vrjkSyh {ks= ls gSaA buds p;u esa
bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk x;k gSA fd ,d xk¡o Fkkus ds fudV rFkk nwljk
Fkkus ls vf/kd nwjh ij gksA mijksDr xzke ,oa okMksZa esa izR;sd ls ernkrk
lwph ds vk/kkj ij 15&15 O;fDr;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA bl izdkj
p;fur 120 O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh iz'ukoyh Mkd}kjk vFkok O;fDrxr :i ls
Hksth xbZA
94
mijksDr izdkj ls dqy 300 O;fDr;ksa dks p;fur djds muls
iz'ukoyh }kjk lwpuk ekaxh x;hA buds vfrfjDr lekt ds izfrf"Br 100
O;fDr;ksa ls turk ds fy, rS;kj iz'ukoyh ds p;f;ur iz'uksa ds vk/kkj
ij lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA ;s O;fDr ,sls gSa ftudks turk ds ¼x½ Js.kh ds
izfrn'kZ ds :i esa mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gSA bu O;fDr;ksa esa vf/kdkjh rFkk
fofHkUu O;olk; ls tqM+s O;fDr lfEefyr gSaA
bl izdkj turk ds e/; ls p;fur O;fDr vkSj mudh la[;k dk
fooj.k fuEu rkfydk esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 2¼2½
Øa- izfrn'kZ bdkbZ ek/;e
1- vfHk;qDr O;fDr 60 iz'ukoyh
2- xokg O;fDr 60 iz'ukoyh
3- oknh@ihfM+r O;fDr 60 iz'ukoyh
4- vizR;{k :i ls lEidZ esa vk;s O;fDr 120 iz'ukoyh
5- iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh 10 lk{kkRdkj
6- fo'ofo|ky; ds jhMj@izksQslj 10 lk{kkRdkj
7- fpfdRld 10 lk{kkRdkj
8- jktuSfrd O;fDr 10 lk{kkRdkj
9- O;kikjh 10 lk{kkRdkj
10- ehfM;k ls tqM+s O;fDr 10 lk{kkRdkj
11- U;k; {ks= ls tqM+s O;fDr 20 lk{kkRdkj
12- vU; 20 lk{kkRdkj
dqy 400
95
mijksDr rkfydk esa of.kZr 400 turk ds O;fDr;ksa dh jk; vkSj
muls izkIr lwpuk dk fo'ys"k.k 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk v/;k;&06 esa fd;k x;k
gSA
mijksDr ds vfrfjDr iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ds fofHkUu
vk;keksa ds v/;;u gsrq vfHkys[kh; lzksrksa ls vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ lwpuk,sa
miyC/k gqbZ gSa] tks fd 'kks/kdk;Z dh fujUrjrk ds fy,s vifjgk;Z FkhaA bu
vfHkys[kh; lzksrksa esa mn~HkV fo}kuksa vkSj vuqHkoh vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fyf[kr
iqLrdsa] iqfyl laxBuksa ,oa vU; izdk'kuksa }kjk izdkf'kr ikf{kd] ekfld
if=dk,sa] fofHkUu izdkj ds vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k] ,sfrgkfld izys[k] lekpkj
i=] vf/kfu;e] U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; rFkk iqfyl] vijk/k vkSj U;k; iz'kklu
ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ osclkbV gSaA
f}rh; vkadM+ks@vfHkys[kh; Lkzksrksa dks izkIr djus gsrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh us
fuEufyf[kr laLFkkuksa ,oa dk;kZy;ksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k&
1& C;wjks vkWQ iqfyl fjlpZ ,oa MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh
2& la;qDr jk"Vª dk;kZy;] ubZ fnYyh
3& iqfyl eq[;ky;] ubZ fnYyh
4& MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj iqfyl vdkneh] eqjknkckn
5& iqfyl izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] eqjknkckn
6& iqfyl izf'k{k.k fo|ky;] esjB
7& pkS0 pj.kflag fo'ofo|ky;] esjB] egkjk.kk izrki iqLrdky;
96
8& lh0 ch0 vkbZ0 ,sdsMeh] xkft+;kckn] iqLrdky;
9& lh0 ch0 vkbZ0 ,.Vh djI'ku dk;kZy;] ubZ fnYyh
10& ,e0 ,e0 ,p0 dkWyst] xkft+;kckn] iqLrdky;
11& ,u0 lh0 vkj0 ch0 dk;kZy;] ubZ fnYyh
12& iqfyl egkfujh{kd dk;kZy;] vkxjk
13& iqfyl mi egkfujh{kd dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
14& ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd] dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
15& ftyk fodkl vf/kdkjh dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
16& ftyk lwpuk dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
17& vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; iqLrdky;
18& tuin f'kdk;r izdks"B] vyhx<+
19& jkT; f'kdk;r izdks"B] y[kuÅ
20& vfHk;kstu dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
21& eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
22& iqfyl mik/kh{kd dk;kZy;] vrjkSyh] cjyk] bxykl] [kSj ,oa
vyhx<+
23& iqfyl v/kh{kd] uxj vyhx<+
24& iqfyl v/kh{kd] xzkeh.k vyhx<+
25& ftyk lkaf[;dh; vf/kdkjh dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
97
26& ftyk iapk;r dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
27& uxj fuxe dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
28& tuin U;k;ky; vyhx<+ dk iqLrdky;
29& tuin vyhx<+ ds dqN QkSt nkjh vf/koDrkvksa ds iqLrdky;
30& ftyk iqLrdky; vyhx<+
mijksDr dk;kZy; ,oa laLFkkuksa ls 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk vius 'kks/kdk;Z
ls laEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ vkadM+s vkSj lwpuk;sa izkIr dh gSaA ftlds vk/kkj ij
'kks/kdk;Z dks lqxerk iwoZd iw.kZ djus esa lg;ksx feyk gSA
izLrqr izfrn'kZ ds ek/;e ls mijksDr of.kZr 'kks/k v/;;u i)fr ds
vk/kkj ij vk¡dM+s izkIr djus gsrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh us cgqmn~ns'kh; iz.kkyh dks
mi;ksx esa fy;k gSA bl izdkj tks vk¡dM+s izkIr gq,s gSa] mudk fo'ys"k.k
dEI;wVj ,oa dSydqysVj ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gS] ftlls fd vk¡dM+ksa dh
izekf.kdrk cuh jgsA bl vuqla/kkfud izfØ;k ls ;g lqfuf'pr gks ldk gS
fd m0iz0 esa iqfyl&turk vUr% lEcU/k dh okLrfod fLFkfr D;k gS\
'kks/k v/;;u dk egRo
iqfyl vkSj turk ds e/; lEcU/kksa ij O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa dks
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, cgqr vf/kd dk;Z ugha gqvk gSA mÙkj izns'k esa rks ;g
dk;Z vkSj Hkh de gSA cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k esa vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gksrs
gq, Hkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa bl fo"k; esa 'kks/k gsrq :fp de fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
ljdkj dh vksj ls vFkok U;k;ikfydk fd vksj ls tks Hkh fn'kk funsZ'k
98
izkIr gksrs gSa] os lHkh lkekU; rkSj ij ,d i{kh; ,oa iqfyl vkpj.k ls gh
lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA
iqfyl cy dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dks lekfgr
djds rFkk miyC/k fu;e ,oa dkuwuksa ds izfr mnklhurk dk Hkko R;kxdj
vke turk ds eu esa iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izfr fo'oluh;rk dk Hkko]
rFkk iqfyl dk turk ds izfr fo'okl fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k esa ,sls gh O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dks [kkstus dk 'kks/kkfFkZuh us
iz;kl fd;k gSA bl n`f"V ls iqfyl ifCyd vUr%lEcU/kksa ds lq/kkj dh
fn'kk esa izLrqr 'kks/k ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h fl) gksxkA
99
lUnHkZ lzksr ¼v/;k;&2½
1- lkekftd vuqla/kku dh i)fr;k¡&MkW-/keZohj egktu
2. N J Good & P.K.Hatt-Op.cit, page-63-66
3. Pauline V.Young, Op.cit-Page-120
4- lkekftd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh &i"B&24&izks-xkSjh “kadj] MkWŒ jfo izdk'k
5- lkekftd vuqla/kku dh i)fr;k¡&i"B&122&MkW- /keZohj egktu] MkW-deys”k
egktu
6. Peter H.Mann-Op.cit page 55-56
7. C.R. Kothari-Op.cit, page-5
8. The tools of Social Science - John Madge-Page-117
9. Katherine Capt, in Paulin V. Young op. cit-page-178
10. lkekftd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh &i"B&269&275&izks-xkSjh “kadj] MkWŒ jfo
izdk'k
11- vuqla/kku i)fr;ka & R;kxh ,oa jLrksxh i`"B&142&144
100
v/;k;&3
¼d½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl dk bfrgkl
izkphu Hkkjr esa iqfyl O;oLFkk
Hkkjro"kZ esa iqfyl O;oLFkk ds izek.k izkphu dky ls gh izkIr gksrs
gSaA euq ds vuqlkj jktk dk izeq[k drZO; pksjh dh jksdFkke djuk] fgalk
jksduk] vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dks ltk fnykuk gksrk FkkA bl dk;Z ds fy,s jktk
'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa flikfg;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk Fkk tks iqfyl pkSfd;ksa ij
dk;Z djrs FksA euq us fy[kk gS fd jktk pksj ls pksjh fd;k gqvk /ku olwy
djrk Fkk] rFkk ml /ku dks mlds ekfyd dks okfil fnykrk FkkA bl
rF; ls ,d ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ ladsr feyrk gS fd pksjh dk vijk/k lEifRr
ds fo:) dkfjr fd;k tkus okyk ,d izkphure~ vijk/k gSA euq us vkxs
;g Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS fd ;fn pksj idM+ esa ugha vkrk Fkk rks ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa jktk vius dks"k ls gh iSlk nsdj ftldh pksjh gksrh Fkh]
mldks eqvkotk nsrk FkkA ;g rF; izekf.kr djrk gS fd jktk dk ;g
drZO; Fkk fd og vijk/k vkSj vijkf/k;ksa ls turk dh j{kk djsA1
;g mYys[k vkrk gS fd ml dky esa xk¡o gh iqfyl O;oLFkk dh
lcls fupyh lh<+h gqvk djrh FkhA vkSj xk¡o ds eq[; O;fDr@iz/kku ds
ek/;e ls iqfyl O;oLFkk ykxw dh tkrh FkhA xzke iz/kku ds v/khu dqN
pkSdhnkj gksrs Fks] tks xk¡o esa fuxjkuh dk dke djrs Fks] vko';drk iM+us
ij ;s pkSdhnkj] jkr dks xk¡o esa igjk nsrs Fks] vkSj vkus tkus okys
101
vtuch yksxksa ij fuxjkuh j[krs FksA ;s pkSdhnkj@iz/kku ckgjh yksxksa dh
vijk/k lEcU/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ij jksdFkke j[krs FksA
dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa tks fd bZlk ls yxHkx 300 o"kZ iwoZ fy[kk
x;k gS] xqIrpj foHkkx ds dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr pkj v/;k; feyrs gSa] ;gh
xqIrpj jktk dh vk¡[k gksrs FksA jktk dk drZO; gksrk Fkk fd oks bUgha
xqIrpjksa ds ek/;e ls vius vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj turk ds dkjukeksa dks tkus
rFkk vius efU=;ksa] lHkklnksa] fojksf/k;ksa] ;ks)kvksa] lHkk ds vU; lnL;ksa]
lEcfU/k;ksa] vkSj jkT; dh efgykvksa ds fo"k; esa tkusaA o.kZu vkrk gS fd
fofHkUu izdkj ds :iksa] tSls fd] fo|kFkhZ] lU;klh] x`gLFk] riLoh bR;kfn]
izdkj ls xqIrpj Nn~eo s’k esa jgdj viuk dk;Z djrs FksA bu xqIrpjksa dk
iz;ksx jkT; esa 'kkfUr j[kus] jkT; esa U;k;k/kh'kkasaa vkSj jkT;kf/kdkfj;ksa esa
Hkz"Vkpkj jksdus ds fy,s] feykoV[kksjksa] pksj] MdSr rFkk vU; vijkf/k;ksa ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kus ds fy,s fd;k tkrk FkkA dkSfVY; us gj izdkj ds
xqIrpjksa dk foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA muds drZO;ksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk gSA
bUgksaus lkS] nks lkS] pkj lkS xzkeksa ds fy,s xzkeh.k iqfyl dh vyx vyx
O;oLFkk dk o.kZu fd;k gS] tks fd laxzg.k] [kokZfVd] vkSj nzks.k eq[k ds
uke ls fo[;kr FksA2
lu~ 324&313 bZ0iwoZ esa phuh ;k=h esxkLFkuht us ekS;Z lkezkT; dh
mPp fodflr iqfyl O;oLFkk] ukSdj'kkgh] iz'kklu rFkk xqIrpj O;oLFkk
dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gSA mUgksaus rRdkyhu uxj vkSj muds thou dk
o`gr~ o.kZu fd;k gSA rRdkyhu uxj ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh dks ikSjiky ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA mlds v/khu n.Muk;d gksrk Fkk] tks dkuwu ,oa
102
O;oLFkk dh ns[kHkky djrk FkkA esxkLFkuht us ;g Hkh fy[kk gS fd iqfyl
j{kd vFkok izgjnkj dHkh dHkh Øwj vkSj funZ;rk dk O;ogkj Hkh djrs
FksA buds vfrfjDr xzke.kh dk o.kZu vkrk gS] ftlesa iqfyl vkSj
U;k;k/kh'k nksuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ fufgr gksrh FkhaA xksi ,d NksVk vf/kdkjh
gksrk Fkk tks fd uxj esa vokafNr rRoksa ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa ij ut+j j[krk
FkkA
iqfyl laxBu ds izkphu dkyhu :i ds bfrgkl dk dqN vuqeku
,oa izek.k izkphu ys[kksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA izek.k feyrk gS fd izkjEHk esa ;g
dk;Z lSfud lsok ds ek/;e ls gh fd;k tkrk Fkk] vkSj tSls&tSls lekt
laxfBr gksrk x;k] ukxfjd thou fLFkj] lhekc) gksrk x;kA jkT; dh
j{kk ds fy,s lsuk dh ftEesnkjh c<+rh xbZA lekt esa O;oLFkk rFkk
U;k;@dkuwu dk ikyu djkus ds fy,s ,d vyx ny curk x;k] ;g ny
dkykUrj esa iqfyl ds :i esa fodflr gqvkA
xqIr lkezkT; esa Hkh iqfyl dh O;ofLFkr bdkbZ gksus ds izek.k feyrs
gSaA egku dfo dkyhnkl }kjk fyf[kr izfl) ukVd vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~
ds ,d jkspd vkSj gkL;kLin izlax esa ,d eNqvkjs dks ,d dherh v¡xwBh
dk foØ; djrs gq,s idM+s tkus dk n`';@izlax vkrk gSA iqfyl vf/kdkjh
}kjk lwpd vkSj tkuqd uked nks flikfg;ksa ls Hkh mDr lEcU/k esa iwNrkN
djrs gq,s fn[kk;k x;k gSA v¡xwBh jktk ds ikl igpku gsrq ys tk;h tkrh
gSA jktk }kjk buke Lo:i eNqvkjs dks nh xbZ Lo.kZeqnzkvksa esa ls dqN dks
eNqvkjs }kjk flikfg;ksa dks Hkh fn;k tkuk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blh izdkj
'kwnzd ds ukVd ePNdfVde~ esa Hkh ,d iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk ,d
103
egRoiw.kZ fgald HkxksM+s vijk/kh ij jktekxZ ij fuxjkuh djrs fn[kk;k
x;k gSA ,d vU; n'; esa ,d fyfid] U;k;k/kh'k ,oa iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks
,d vijk/kh ds okn fu.kZ; djrs gq,s fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj
xqIrdky esa Hkh iqfyl dh LFkkfir O;oLFkk ds izek.k feyrs gSaA dkykUrj esa
nqxZiky] iqjiky] uxjiky 'kCn dksV~Viky vFkok dksViky vkSj ckn esa
dksroky esa ifjofrZr gks x;sA xqIrdky ls ysdj pksyoa'k vkSj fot;uxj
lkezkT; ¼1336 ls 1565½ rd iqfyl O;oLFkk ds fodkl ds izek.k feyrs
gSaA ,slh O;oLFkk dfri; ifjorZuksa ds lkFk eqxydky rd izpfyr jghA
e/;dky esa iqfyl O;oLFkk
e/;dky esa eqlyekuksa ds vkØe.k ds ckn Hkh iqfyl dk dk;Z
'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk FkkA ysfdu bl dk;Zdky esa iqfyl dk
eq[; dke lsuk }kjk fd;k tkus yxk FkkA lqYrku }kjk QkStnkj dh
fu;qfDr dh tkrh Fkh] tks lqYrku dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu vius fuf'pr
{ks= esa djrk FkkA 'kgjksa esa dksroky dh fu;qfDr gksrh Fkh] tks iqfyl dk
drZO; fuHkkrk FkkA dksroky ds lg;ksx ds fy,s vU; lg;ksxh deZpkjh
gksrs FksA dksroky ds funsZ'kkuqlkj gh iqfyl eq[; jktekxksZa ij x'r
yxkrh Fkh vkSj jkr esa 'kgj esa ukdkcUnh djrh FkhA eqxydky esa iqfyl
O;oLFkk dk fodkl gqvk FkkA ml le; dh 'kklu O;oLFkk dqjku dh
vk;rksa dh O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ml dky esa jkT; Lrj ij lwcsnkj
iqfyl ds dk;ksZa dh ns[kHkky djrk FkkA3 izR;sd lwcsnkj eqxy 'kkld ds
izfr ftEesnkj gksrk FkkA ftys ds vf/kdkjh QkStnkj gksrs FksA QkStnkj
iqfyl vkSj iz'kklu dk iz/kku gksrk FkkA QkStnkj gh lsuk dk uk;d gksrk
104
FkkA ftyk ijxuksa esa c¡Vk gksrk Fkk vkSj QkStnkj eq[; eftLVªsV dk dk;Z
djrk FkkA izR;sd ijxus dh ftEesnkjh fldsnkj ij gksrh Fkh vkSj fldsnkj
dk fu;U=.k Fkkus ds izeq[k Fkkusnkj ij gksrk FkkA izR;sd Fkkus esa Fkkusnkj
dh lgk;rk ds fy,s dqN flikgh gksrs Fks] tks gfFk;kjcUn gksrs FksA bu
flikfg;ksa dks cjdUnkt dgk tkrk FkkA ml le; ;g O;oLFkk Fkh fd
;fn fdlh ;k=h dks fnu esa ywV fy;k tkrk Fkk rks mldk gtkZuk QkStnkj
dks nsuk gksrk FkkA 'kgj esa lwcsnkj vkSj vU; mPp vf/kdkjh ds u gksus ij
mldh ftEesnkjh dksroky fuHkkrk FkkA 'kgj esa xqIrpj foHkkx dh ns[kjs[k
Hkh dksroky gh djrk FkkA ,McMZ dksCl ds vuqlkj dksroky uked
laLFkk dk eq[; dk;Z dkuwu&O;oLFkk ,oa jktLo ls lEcfU/kr FkkA ,d
vU; ys[k esa Hkh fy[kk gS fd dksroky dk dk;Z uxj ds Hkouksa] ekxksZa dk
fooj.k j[kuk ,oa mudh fuxjkuh djuk FkkA
dksroky dks eqxydky esa tks 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr Fkha] mudk foLr`r
fooj.k vdcj egku ds njckjh dfo vcqy Qty }kjk vkbus vdcjh esa
fd;k x;k gSA dksCl ds vuqlkj eqxy iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa dksroky in
esa U;k;k/kh'k ,oa iqfyl v/kh{kd nksuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ fufgr FkhaA mlds eq[;
dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey Fkk]4
¼1½ vijk/kksa dk laKku]
¼2½ uxj esa fu"ks/kkKk ykxw djuk]
¼3½ eki rksy ds midj.kksa dh tk¡p djuk]
¼4½ lkekftd O;ogkj dks fu;fU=r djuk]
¼5½ lkekftd lqj{kk dk fu;U=.k]
105
¼6½ f'kdkfj;ksa] dlkb;ksa dks LFkku fn;k tkuk] vkfnA
vkSjaxtsc ds dky esa dksroky dkth ds v/khuLFk gksrk FkkA mlds
lkFk ?kqM+lokj vf/kdkjh rFkk 20&30 flikgh fu;qDr gksrs FksA og ftyk
Lrj ij dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dh leL;kvksa dks QkStnkj] vkfey vkSj
ijxus ds vU; jktLo vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk ls lqy>krk FkkA izR;sd
ijxus esa vko';drkuqlkj Fkkus gqvk djrs FksA5 ml dky esa fo'kky xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa dh lqj{kk ds fy,s LFkkuh; xzkeh.k lfefr;k¡ gh eq[; :i ls
mRrjnk;h FkhaA cM+s iSekus ij fgalk] LFkkuh; tehnkjksa ds fonzksg] nL;q
fxjksgksa }kjk ywVekj] jktLo ds cM+s iSekus ij xcu vkfn ds ekeyksa esa
QkStnkj dks gh dk;Zokgh djus dh fufoZokn 'kfDr ,oa drZO; FksA6 1757
bZ0 ds Iyklh ds ;q) ds le; rd vkaf'kd ifjorZuksa ds lkFk blh izdkj
dh O;oLFkk izpyu esa jgh FkhA
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dky dk izkjEHk lu~ 1757 ds Iyklh ds ;q) ls gh
lkekU; rkSj ij ekuk tkrk gSA tc bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa
jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa dh ftEesnkjh vius Åij yh rks ml le; Hkkjr esa
'kkfUr O;oLFkk Bhd ugha FkhA iqfyl iz'kklu Hkh vPNh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vkijkf/kd xfrfof/k;k¡ lEiw.kZ ns'k esa pje ij FkhaA fons'kh]
vQxkuh rFkk vU; yqVsjs lEiw.kZ ns'k esa lfØ; FksA blh le; ;wjksi esa
vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds nkSjku vusd oSKkfud e'khuksa dk fodkl gqvk] ftlls
;wjksi esa vijk/k ds rkSj rjhdksa esa dkQh ifjorZu vk;kA feyksa esa
deZpkfj;ksa }kjk vijk/k fd, tkrs Fks] ftlls dkQh vkfFkZd uqdlku gksrk
106
FkkA lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk ds dkj.k iqfyl O;oLFkk uke ek=
dh jg xbZ FkhA7
bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh }kjk loZizFke caxky esa iqfyl O;oLFkk dk
izkjEHk fd;k x;kA okjsu gsfLVaXt igyk xouZj tujy Fkk] ftlus vPNh
iqfyl O;oLFkk dks ykxw djus dk iz;Ru fd;k A 07@12@1772 dks
dEiuh ljdkj us ,d v/;kns'k tkjh djds iqfyl&iz'kklu dk vf/kxzg.k
fd;k vkSj ns'k esa ,dhd`r iqfyl O;oLFkk ykxw dh] ftlds }kjk eftLVªsV
dks vius {ks= esa ,d njksxk vkSj mlds v/khu ,d teknkj rhu cjdankt
¼Constable½ ,oa ,d ekSgfjZj ¼Clerk½fu;qDr djus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k
FkkA njksxk dk dk;Z osru Hksxh iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ,oa pkSdhnkjksa ds lg;ksx ls
{ks= esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kuk FkkA
ykMZ dkuZokfyl ¼1786&1805½ us Hkkjr dk xouZj tujy cuus
ds i'pkr vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh dks uk;c lwcsnkj ds fu;U=.k ls okfil
ysdj QkStnkjh dh iz/kku dpgjh dks eqf'kZnkckn ls dydRrk LFkkukUrfjr
dj fn;k FkkA mlus lkjs ns'k esa LFkkbZ iqfyl cy dh fu;qfDr dhA mlus
njksxk iz.kkyh dks iqu% izkjEHk fd;k rkfd dkuwu O;oLFkk dks cuk,s j[kk
tk lds rFkk vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+k tk ldsA njksxk iz.kkyh esa lkjs ftyksa
dks Fkkuksa esa ck¡Vk x;k Fkk vkSj izR;sd Fkkus dk bUpktZ njksxk gksrk FkkA
njksxk dh fu;qfDr eftLVªsV djrk Fkk] ftlds fu;U=.k esa og dk;Z djrk
FkkA ml njksxk ds v/khu 20 ls 50 rd cjdUnkt ¼Constable½ gksrs FksA
ml le; njksxk dk osru 25 :0 izfrekg gksrk FkkA fdlh Mkdw dks
idM+us ij 10 :0 izfr Mkdw njksxk dks buke feyrk FkkA 'kgjksa ds Fkkus
107
ds bUpktZ dks dksroky dgk tkrk FkkA cktkjksa] esyksa] lkoZtfud LFkkuksa
ij 'kkfUr LFkkfir djus dh ftEesnkjh njksxk dh gksrh FkhA njksxk ftys
dh O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa eftLVªsV dks ekfld fjiksVZ nsrk FkkA njksxk
iz.kkyh vkxs pydj vlQy fl) gqbZ] D;ksafd ;g ckgj ls Fkksih gqbZ
iz.kkyh Fkh] vkSj osru de gksus ds dkj.k os Hkz"V gksrs FksA8
lu~ 1807 esa ykMZ fe.Vks Hkkjr dk xouZj tujy cukA iqfyl
O;oLFkk ds lq/kkj ds fy,s mlus lcls vf/kd egRo fn;kA mlds }kjk
iqfyl dk dsUnzh;dj.k fd;k x;k vkSj caxky ds fy,s ,d iqfyl v/kh{kd
fu;qDr fd;k x;kA iqfyl v/kh{kd ds in dks ckn esa iqfyl egkfujh{kd
ds :i esa cny fn;k x;kA caxky dks dydRrk] <kdk vkSj eqf'kZnkckn]
rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;kA bl ubZ iz.kkyh dk eq[; mn~ns'; xqIrpjksa dh
lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij MdSrksa dks idM+uk FkkA ckn esa blh iz.kkyh dks lu~
1810 bZ0 esa iVuk] cukjl vkSj cjsyh ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA bl
iz.kkyh dk lcls vf/kd ykHk ;g jgk fd iqfyl O;oLFkk ,d O;fDr ds
gkFk esa lkSai nh xbZ] tks fd viuk iwjk /;ku dsoy iqfyl ij gh dsfUnzr
djrk FkkA mldk lEcU/k U;k; rFkk dj olwyh ls ugha FkkA lu~ 1829 esa
iqfyl v/kh{kd dk dk;Z foRrh; {ks=h; vk;qDr dks lkSai fn;k x;k vkSj
iqfyl vk;qDr dk in lekIr dj fn;k x;kA bl ifjorZu ds dkj.k
njksxk vfu;fU=r gks x,s vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj c<+ x;kA lu~ 1832 esa tk¡p gsrq
cuh fof'k"V lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa fVIi.kh dh fd iqfyl
vf/kdkjh csbZeku] v{ke vkSj vR;kpkjh gks x, gSa] D;ksafd mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ds
ikl fu;U=.k djus ds fy,s le; dk vHkko FkkA
108
baXySaM esa lu~ 1829 esa jkcVZihy us iqfyl O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj fd;k]
ftlls izsfjr gksdj ml le; dh Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh mlh izdkj dh
iqfyl O;oLFkk dks ;gk¡ ykuk mfpr le>kA blh mn~ns'; ls lj Fkkel
eSVdkWQ us iqfyl dh ,d ;ksX; O;oLFkk cukus gsrq ,d iqfyl lfefr
fu;qDr dhA bl lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij lu~ 1853 bZ0 esa
cEcbZ iqfyl ds izR;sd ftys esa ,d iqfyl vk;qDr fu;qDr fd;k x;k]
ftldk ,d ek= dk;Z iqfyl ij fu;U=.k djuk Fkk enzkl esa Hkh ;gh
iz.kkyh ykxw dh xbZ vkSj izkUrksa ds fy,s ,d iqfyl egkfujh{kd fu;qDr
fd;k x;kA gj ftys esa iqfyl v/kh{kd fu;qDr fd,s x,sA lu~ 1860 rd
bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ns'k ds yxHkx leLr Hkkxksa esa ykxw dh xbZA caxky
esa ykMZ dkuZokfyl] enzkl esa Fkkel equjk s vkSj cEcbZ esa ,yfQLVu esa
vius vius izdkj ls iqfyl O;oLFkk dks laxfBr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
bl dkj.k ls lkjs ns'k esa ,d:irk iqfyl O;oLFkk esa ugha vk ldh FkhA
lu~ 1860 esa izFke iqfyl vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA bldk
izeq[k mn~ns'; ekStwnk iqfyl O;oLFkk dh tk¡p djds lkjs fgUnqLrku ds
fy,s ,d yksd lsoh iqfyl cukuk Fkk] tks fd lsok ls fHkUu gksA bl
vk;ksx ds lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij gh Þiqfyl ,DV]1861ß ikfjr fd;k x;kA
bl vf/kfu;e dks 20&03&1861 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA vf/kfu;e dh
mn~nsf'kdk bldk mn~ns'; Li"V djrh gS] ftlesa fy[kk gS fd]Þpw¡fd
iqfyl iquxZfBr djuk vkSj vijk/kksa dks fuokfjr djus rFkk mudk
irk yxkus ds fy,s mls vkSj vf/k n{k midj.k cukuk lehphu gS]
vr% fuEufyf[kr :i esa ;g vf/kfu;fer fd;k tkrk gSAß9 loksZPp
109
vf/kdkjh iqfyl egkfujh{kd cuk;kA mlds fu;U=.k esa izkUr ds lEiw.kZ
iqfyl cy dks j[kk x;kA izR;sd ftys esa ,d iqfyl fujh{kd fu;qDr
fd;k x;k vkSj cM+s 'kgjksa esa ,d lgk;d iqfyl v/kh{kd fu;qDr fd;k
x;kA iqfyl v/kh{kd ds v/khu fujh{kd] iz/kku flikgh] lktsZ.V] vkSj
flikgh gksrs FksA vPNs iqfyl iz'kklu ds fy,s ftys dks dbZ {ks=ksa esa ck¡Vk
x;k FkkA iqfyl ds izR;sd v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh ds drZO;ksa dks muds Lrj ds
vuqlkj fuf'pr fd;k x;kA bu vf/kdkfj;ksa esa fujh{kd lcls vf/kd
egRoiw.kZ v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh FkkA bl in ds fy, ;wjksfi;u rFkk Hkkjrh;
nksuksa dks pquk tkrk FkkA fujh{kdksa esa ls ,ds iqfyl v/kh{kd dk;kZy; esa
fu;qDr jgrk FkkA 'ks"k fujh{kd ftys esa vU;= rSukr jgrs FksA fujh{kd ds
i'pkr nwljk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ in iz/kku flikgh dk gksrk FkkA mlds
uhps fQj lktsZ.V gksrk FkkA ml le; esa v/kh{kd vFkok lgk;d v/kh{kd
ds :i esa fdlh Hkkjrh; dh fu;qfDr ugha gksrh FkhA Hkkjrh;] lnSo iqfyl
ds fuEu inksa ij gh rSukr gksrs FksA ;s yksx flikgh ;k iz/kku flikgh ds
in ij gh pqus tkrs FksA izfrf"Br Hkkjrh; ifjokj ds yksxksa dks fujh{kd
cuk;k tkrk FkkA blds vfrfjDr bl vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij
iqfyl foHkkx esa dkQh ifjorZu vk;kA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa gsrq dbZ dY;k.kdkjh
;kstuk,sa izkjEHk dh xbZA iqfyl dks mi;qDr gfFk;kj tSls&fiLVy] fjokYoj
rFkk jkbQy vkfn fn,s x,s vkSj iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds fMªy dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh
xbZA xzke pkSdhnkj O;oLFkk dks pkyw j[kk x;kA ysfdu pkSdhnkjksa dk
osru vkSj muds drZO;ksa esa o`f) dh xbZA
110
1902 esa fgUnqLrku ds ok;ljk; ykWMZ dtZu us iqfyl O;oLFkk dh
tk¡p gsrq u;s vk;ksx ds vkns'k fd,sA bl vk;ksx us iqfyl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh
esa dkQh dfe;k¡ ikbZa] ysfdu 1861 bZ0 dh cukbZ iqfyl iz.kkyh vkSj dkuwuksa
dks lgh ik;k vr% dksbZ ifjorZu izLrkfor ugha fd;kA lu~ 1902 ds iqfyl
vk;ksx us Þjklk;fud ijh{k.k foHkkxß iatkc izkUr esa izpfyr djus dk
lq>ko fn;k tks ckn esa vk/kqfud Forensic Science Laboratory ds uke
ls e'kgwj gqvkA blh nkSjku Hkkjr esa fQaxj fizaV iz.kkyh dk vkjEHk gqvkA
bl vk;ksx us lq>ko nsdj “Criminal Inestigation Deptt.” dh Hkh
LFkkiuk djkbZA
20 oha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk ls gh Lora=rk laxzke izkjEHk gksus ds
dkj.k iqfyl dks bl jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] rFkk
Hkkjrh;ksa ds fo:) gh dk;Zokgh djuh iM+hA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; iqfyl
vkt Hkh turk dk fo'okl izkIr ugha dj ldhA10
1902 ds vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k ds vk/kkj ij gh Hkkjrh;ksa ds iqfyl
v/kh{kd ds in ij fu;qfDr ds }kj [kqys gSaA blls iwoZ Hkkjrh;] vf/kdkjh
ugha gksrs FksA Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy,s iqfyl mik/kh{kd in l`ftr fd;k x;kA
ysfdu O;oLFkk fQj Hkh ,slh Fkh fd Hkkjrh; iqfyl vf/kdkjh ml in rd
tkdj lsok&fuor gks tkrs Fks] tgk¡ ls vk¡Xy vf/kdkjh viuh lsok izkjEHk
djrk FkkA lu~ 1920 esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl dks Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy,s Hkh [kksy fn;k
x;kA lu~ 1921 esa ijh{kk Hkkjr vkSj baXySaM nksuksa txg gqbZA bl izdkj
1861 esa vaxzst+ksa us tks iz.kkyh fodflr dh] vkt Hkh ogh iz.kkyh py jgh
gSA
111
Lora= Hkkjr dh iqfyl O;oLFkk
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqlkj iqfyl ,d jkT; Lrj dk fo"k; gS]
vkSj jkT;] iqfyl ds fu;U=.k vkSj ifjpkyu dk ,dek= vf/kdkj j[krk
gSA dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa esa dsUnz dk xg ea=ky; lh/kk iqfyl ij fu;U=.k
j[krk gSA Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk p;u la?k yksd lsok
vk;ksx ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq izkUr ds
nwljs inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA11
jkT;ksa esa x`g foHkkx iqfyl ij fu;U=.k j[krk gSA ea=h Lrj ds
i'pkr xg lfpo fu;U=.k djrs gSaA x`g lfpo Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok
ls gksrs gSaA
Lora=rk ds i'pkr ns'k dk jktuSfrd <k¡pk ifjofrZr gqvk gS]
fdUrq bl ifjorZu dk dqN Hkh izHkko iqfyl O;oLFkk ij dqN fo'ks"k ugha
iM+k gSA iqfyl ls ;g vis{kk j[kh xbZ gS fd og Lo;a dks u;s jktuSfrd
ifjos'k esa <ky ysA lu~ 1861 dk iqfyl ,DV vHkh rd iqfyl dks
fu;fU=r dj jgk gSA oSls dqN izns'kksa us viuk u;k iqfyl vf/kfu;e
rS;kj djds ykxw dj fy;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh lkroha vuqlwph dh
nwljh lwph }kjk vijk/k vkSj iqfyl iz'kklu lEcU/kh fo"k; jkT;ksa dk fo"k;
gSaA bu ij fu;U=.k vkSj dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj jkT;ksa dks gSA
vf/kfu;e }kjk iznRr bu vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djds vf/kdrj jkT;ksa }kjk
iqfyl fofu;e fufeZr fd,s x,s gSa] vkSj ykxw fd,s x,s gSaA
112
dsUnz ljdkj }kjk Lo;a dqN dsUnzh; iqfyl laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k
x;k gSA budh Hkwfedk ds vuq:i dsUnz ljdkj budk mi;ksx Lo;a ds
vuqlkj djrh gSA vko';drk gksus ij jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh vius
mn~ns';ksa ds fy,s dsUnz ljdkj ls vuqjks/k djds bu iqfyl laxBuksa dh
lsok,sa yh tkrh gSaA
bu laxBuksa esa dqN fuEu gSa&
¼1½ dsUnzh; fjtoZ iqfyl QkslZ ¼CRPF½
¼2½ lhek lqj{kk laxBu ¼BSF½
¼3½ Hkkjr frCcr lhek iqfyl ¼ITBP½
¼4½ lhek lqj{kk cy (SSB½
¼5½ dsUnzh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy ¼CISF½
¼6½ Hkkjrh; xqIrpj C;wjks ¼IB½
¼7½ fjlpZ ,.M ,usfyfll foax ¼RAW½
¼8½ dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks ¼CBI½
¼9½ jk"Vªh; vUos"k.k vfHkdj.k ¼NIA½
¼10½ us'kuy lqj{kk xkMZ~l ¼NSG½
¼11½ fo'ks"k lqj{kk cy ¼SPG½
mijksDr esa lh0ch0vkbZ0 vkSj ,u0vkbZ0,0 xEHkhj vkijkf/kd ekeyksa
dk vUos"k.k djrh gSaA vkbZ0 ch0 rFkk jkW xqIrpj laxBu gSaA 'ks"k iqfyl
laxBu fofHkUu izdkj ls lqj{kk vkSj laj{kk ds dk;Z esa yxk,s tkrs gSaA
izR;sd laxBu dk izeq[k iqfyl egkfuns'kd Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
113
¼[k½ m0 iz0 dh iqfyl O;oLFkk
m0 iz0 tula[;k dh n`f"V ls ns'k dk lcls cM+k jkT; gSA bldh
dqy tula[;k 16-60 djksM+ ¼yxHkx½ gSA izns'k dk {ks=Qy yxHkx
2]36]286 oxZ fd0eh0 gSA m0 iz0 esa yxHkx 1-20 yk[k iqfyl dehZ gSaA ;g
dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd fo'o esa lcls cM+k laxBu gSA izns'k dh
iqfyl 72 tuin rFkk 33 l'kL= cVkfy;uksa esa foHkDr gSA egkfuns'kd
iqfyl iz'kklu dk izns'k dk lcls cM+k vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA o"kZ 1981 ls
iwoZ iqfyl iz'kklu dk loksZPp vf/kdkjh iqfyl egkfujh{kd gksrk FkkA
1981 esa la'kks/ku djds egkfujh{kd ds in dks mPphdr djds loksZPp
inkf/kdkjh egkfuns'kd dks cuk fn;k x;k vkSj vfrfjDr egkfujh{kd
iqfyl ds in dks mPphd`r djds egkfujh{kd ds in esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k
x;kA blh ds lkFk fofHkUu izdks"Bkas esa Hkh iwoZ fLFkr inksa dks mPphdr
fd;k x;kA13
Lora=rk ds i'pkr m0 iz0 esa lcls cM+k iqfyl vf/kdkjh
iqfyl egkfujh{kd gksrk FkkA Lora=rk ds i'pkr m0 iz0 ds izFke iqfyl
egkfujh{kd Jh ch0 ,u0 ykfgM+h FksA
Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; m0 iz0 iqfyl esa fuEu bdkb;k¡ dk;Z dj
jgh Fkha14 &
¼1½ izknsf'kd iqfyl ;k flfoy iqfyl
¼2½ jktdh; jsyos iqfyl
¼3½ uxj iqfyl
¼4½ Nkouh iqfyl
¼5½ dLck iqfyl
114
¼6½ xzkeh.k ,oa jktekxZ iqfyl
¼7½ ugj iqfyl
¼8½ cjdUnkt xkMZ~l ¼U;k;ky;ksa dh lqj{kk gsrq½
¼9½ xzkeh.k iqfyl ¼xzke pkSdhnkj½
m0 iz0 iqfyl }kjk izkjEHk ls mRd`"V lsok,sa iznku dh tkrh jgh
gSaA fnukad 03&11&1952 dks Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kkuea=h Jh tokgjyky
usg: us m0 iz0 iqfyl dks iqfyl dyj iznku dj lEekfur fd;kA ;g
lEeku ikus okyh m0 iz0 iqfyl] ns'k dh igyh iqfyl QkslZ FkhA fofHkUu
vfHk;kuksa ds rgr vc rd m0 iz0 iqfyl ds yxHkx 22500 toku 'kghn
gks pqds gSaA
m0 iz0 iqfyl esa orZeku esa tks eq[; 'kk[kk,sa gSa] os fuEu gSa&
¼1½ iqfyl egkfuns'kd eq[;ky;] bykgkckn
¼2½ iqfyl eq[;ky;] bykgkckn
¼3½ izknsf'kd vijk/k fjdkWMZ C;wjks
¼4½ vijk/k vuqla/kku foHkkx
¼5½ izknsf'kd fothySal
¼6½ vfHklwpuk foHkkx
¼7½ jktdh; jsyos iqfyl
¼8½ vfXu'keu lsok,sa
¼9½ iqfyl jsfM;ks 'kk[kk
¼10½ iqfyl izf'k{k.k 'kk[kk
¼11½ fo'ks"k dk;Z cy
115
¼12½ QkSjsfUld iz;ksx'kkyk,sa
¼13½ vaxq"B Nki C;wjks
¼14½ ;krk;kr funs'kky;
¼15½ ekuokf/kdkj foHkkx
¼16½ iqfyl rduhdh lsok,sa
¼17½ vkradokn fojks/kh 'kk[kk
¼18½ fo'ks"k vuqla/kku 'kk[kk
¼19½ izknsf'kd l'kL= cy
¼20½ vkfFkZd vijk/k 'kk[kk
¼21½ vUrjkZT;h; lhek cy
¼22½ dkuwu O;oLFkk ,oa vijk/k
¼23½ iqfyl eksVj VªkUliksVZ foHkkx
¼24½ MkW0 ch0 vkj0 vEcsMdj iqfyl vdkneh
¼25½ iqfyl dEI;wVj lSy
¼26½ Hkz"Vkpkj fujks/kd laxBu
,sfrgkfld rF;
m0 iz0 jkT; ¼rRdkyhu la;qDr izkUr½ esa iqfyl O;oLFkk lu~ 1857
ds izFke Lora=rk laxzke ds i'pkr izkjEHk gqbZA bl O;oLFkk dks 1860 bZ0
ds iqfyl deh'ku ds vuqlkj iqu% laxfBr fd;k x;kA fe0 ,e0 ,p0
dksVZ lu~ 1860 esa xfBr iqfyl deh'ku ds v/;{k FksA bUgha dks lu~ 1860
esa la;qDr izkUr dk izFke iqfyl egkfujh{kd cuk;k x;k FkkA blds i'pkr
lu~ 1863 esa la;qDr izkUr ¼vc m0 iz0½ esa iqfyl O;oLFkk esa laxBukRed
116
,oa iz'kklfud lq/kkj ds fy,s jk"Vªh; iqfyl lfefr dk xBu fd;k
x;kA 1890 esa la;qDr izkUr ds rRdkyhu xouZj fe0 MCY;w dk;s dh
v/;{krk esa iqfyl iquxZBu lfefr xfBr dh xbZA bl lfefr us flfoy
,oa l'kL= iqfyl cy esa fu;qfDr ds lEcU/k esa le:irk cuk,s j[kus dh
flQkfj'k dhA blds vfrfjDr vU; cgqr lh flQkfj'ksa bl lfefr us dhaA
bueas izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh Vªsfuax izeq[k FkhA15
lu~ 1902 esa la;qDr izkUr dh ljdkj us iqfyl vk;ksx] 1902 dh
flQkfj'kksa dks ekurs gq,s jkT; iqfyl dkMj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj iqfyl
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds osru fu/kkZj.k dh Hkh O;oLFkk dhA 1944 esa la;qDr izkUr
ljdkj us rRdkyhu bEihfj;y iqfyl ds vf/kdkjh fe0 th0 ts0
ih;lZ dks m0 iz0 dh iqfyl ds lEcU/k esa mfpr eSu ikoj Iykfuax gsrq
lq>ko nsus ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;kA ih;lZ lfefr us fuEu lq>ko fn,16&
¼1½ izns'k esa l'kL= cy cuk,s j[kuk]
¼2½ lsuk iqfyl rFkk fo'ks"k l'kL= cy dh LFkkiuk]
¼3½ vk/kqfud gfFk;kjksa ls cy dks lqlfTtr djuk] buesa 303 jk;Qy]
gYds vkXus;kL=] gSUM xzsusM] okgu ,oa ok;jySl lSV 'kkfey FksA
lu~ 1947 esa Hkh la;qDr izkUr ljdkj us lj lhrkjke dh
v/;{krk esa ,d 9 lnL;h; lfefr xfBr dhA bl lfefr us Hkh iqfyl
O;oLFkk esa dbZ lq/kkj fd,s tkus gsrq lq>ko izLrqr fd;sA Lora=rk ds
i'pkr Hkh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa }kjk lq>k,s x;s ifjorZuksa dks Lohdkj djrs
gq,s vkt dk iqfyl laxBu rS;kj gqvk gSA
117
m0 iz0 iqfyl dk {ks=h; foHkktu
mRrj izns'k dks dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus dh n`f"V ls 8
iqfyl tksu esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd iqfyl tksu esa iqfyl foHkkx
dk ofj"Bre~ vf/kdkjh iqfyl egkfujh{kd gksrk gSA tks fd Hkkjrh; iqfyl
lsok dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA egkfujh{kd vius v/khuLFk {ks=ksa ds izHkkjh ,oa
i;Zos{k.k vf/kdkjh gksrss gSa RkFkk vius {ks=ksa ds mi egkfujh{kdksa dk ;Fkksfpr
ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA17 izR;sd iqfyl tksu esa yxHkx 2&3 iqfyl jsat gSa A
iqfyl tksu dh lwph fuEu izdkj gS&
1- y[kuÅ 5- dkuiqj
2- cjsyh 6- bykgkckn
3- esjB 7- okjk.klh
4- vkxjk 8- xksj[kiqj
izns'k esa dqy 18 iqfyl jsat ¼ifj{ks=½ gSaA izR;sd jsat dk iqfyl
izeq[k mi iqfyl egkfujh{kd Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA izR;sd
miegkfujh{kd vius [k.M dh iqfyl dh n{krk ds fy, mRrjnk;h gksrk
gSA vius {ks= esa vijk/k ds lkekU; i;Zos{k.k ds fy, Hkh miegkfujh{kd
mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA18 izR;sd jsat esa 2 ls 4 tuin gksrs gSaA m0 iz0 dh
iqfyl jsat fuEu gSa19&
1- y[kuÅ 3- dkuiqj
2- QStkckn 4- >k¡lh
5- cjsyh 7- bykgkckn
6- eqjknkckn 8- fp=dwV
y[kuÅ
cjsyh
dkuiqj
bykgkckn
118
9- esjB 11- vkxjk
10-lgkjuiqj 12- vyhx<+
13- okjk.klh 16- xksj[kiqj +
14- fetkZiqj 17- cLrh
15- vktex<+ 18- nsohikVu
tuinh; iqfyl dh lajpuk
izns'k esa orZeku esa dqy 72 iqfyl tuin gSaA iqfyl tuinksa ds
izeq[k iqfyl v/kh{kd@ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd gksrs gSaA tuin iqfyl dh
n{krk vkSj vuq'kklu ds fy, mlds drZO;ksa ds leqfpr ikyu ds fy,
iqfyl v/kh{kd mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA iqfyl v/kh{kd ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd og vius vkokl ij Hkh vklkuh ls lkekU; turk ds fy, miyC/k
gksxkA20
tuinksa esa iqfyl v/kh{kd ds lg;ksx ds fy,s vij iqfyl
v/kh{kd rFkk mi iqfyl v/kh{kd Lrj ds vf/kdkjh gskrs gSaA ;s iqfyl
vf/kdkjh jkT; iqfyl lsok ls gksrs gSaA ofj"B iq0v0@iq0v0 lnSo Hkkjrh;
iqfyl lsok ds vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA jkT; iqfyl lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
la[;k tuin dh vko';drkuqlkj fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
m0 iz0 esa lkekU; rkSj ij iz'kklfud@jsosU;w tuin rFkk iqfyl
tuin leku gh gSaA ;|fi tuin eas iqfyl foHkkx dk izeq[k ofj"B
iqfyl v/kh{kd gh gksrk gS] ysfdu dkuwu] O;oLFkk dks cuk,s j[kus dh
esjB
okjk.klh
vkxjk
xksj[kiqj
119
izkFkfed ftEesnkjh ftyk eftLVªsV dh gksrh gSA ftyk eftLVªsV ftys ds
nkf.Md iz'kklu dk izeq[k gksrk gS] vkSj bl gSfl;r esa iqfyl ds dk;Z dks
fu;af=r vkSj funsZf'kr djrk gSA mldk vuqeksnu Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd
vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj fujh{kdksa dks LFkkukUrfjr djus ds fy, vko';d gSA21
ftyk eftLVªsV Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
iqfyl tuin dks iqu% iqfyl mi tuin rFkk {ks= esa ck¡Vk tkrk
gSA ,d iqfyl {ks= dk ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkjh iqfyl mik/kh{kd gksrk gSA
iqfyl mik/kh{kd ds lfdZy esa lfdZy vkWQhlj Hkh dgrs gSaA ,d iqfyl
ldZy esa lkekU; rkSj ls 2 ls 4 Fkkus gksrs gSaA izR;sd iqfyl Fkkus dk Hkkj
lk/kd vf/kdkjh iqfyl fujh{kd@mifujh{kd gksrk gSA lEiw.kZ izns'k esa
tuin ds eq[; Fkkuk dks dksrokyh dgk tkrk gSA22 dksrokyh {ks= esa
lkekU; rkSj ij 'kgj dk iqjkuk vkSj ?kuk clk gqvk {ks= vkrk gSA LFkkuh;
Hkk"kk esa iqfyl LVs'ku dks Fkkuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA iqfyl Fkkus ds Hkkj
lk/kd vf/kdkjh dks Fkkuk/;{k ¼m0fu0½ vFkok ,l0,p0vks0 dgk tkrk gSA
budh lgk;rk ds fy,s Fkkus ij mi fujh{kd] lgk;d mi fujh{kd] eq[;
vkj{kh vkSj vkj{kh gksrs gSaA iqfyl LVs'ku {ks= dks iqfyl pkSfd;ksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl pkSdh dk Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh
mifujh{kd@lgk;d m0fu0 gksrk gSA Fkkus ij rSukr iqfyl dehZ viuh
chV vFkok vU; LFkkuksa ij x'r@isVªksfyax ds fy,s ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 24 ?k.Vs iqfyl dh mifLFkfr cuk,s j[kus gsrq xzkE;
pkSdhnkj O;oLFkk ykxw gSA izR;sd xk¡o esa ,d pkSdhnkj gSA ;g foospuk ds
vfrfjDr iqfyl ds vU; dk;Z dj ldrk gSA orZeku esa pkSdhnkjksa dks
120
jkT; ljdkj }kjk 1000&1000 :0 osru Lo:i fn,s tk jgs gSaA budks
ekg esa de ls de nks ckj vko';d :i ls Fkkuk tkuk gksrk gSA pkSdhnkj
dh fu;qfDr iqfyl v/kh{kd dh flQkfj'k ds vk/kkj ij ftyk eftLVªsV
}kjk dh tkrh gSA23 orZeku le; esa pkSdhnkjh O;oLFkk dqN egRoghu gks
xbZ gSA bls iqu% tkxr djus dh vko';drk gSA
izns'k dh iqfyl lajpuk
iqfyl egkfuns'kd
iqfyl egkfujh{kd ¼{ks=½
iqfyl mi egkfujh{kd ¼ifj{ks=½
ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd@iqfyl v/kh{kd ¼tuin½
vij iqfyl v/kh{kd
iqfyl mik/kh{kd@{ks=kf/kdkjh ¼{ks=½
izHkkjh fujh{kd@mi fujh{kd@lgk0 m0 fu0@gSM dk¡LVsfcy
¼Fkkuk½
vkj{kh
¼iqfyl chV½
mijksDr fp= esa mÙkj izns'k dh flfoy iqfyl dh lajpuk n'kkZ;h
xbZ gSA flfoy iqfyl dk dk;Z dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk vkSj
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh foospuk djuk gSA turk ds lEidZ esa lkekU; rkSj
ij flfoy iqfyl ds yksx gh vkrs gSaA
121
iqfyl eq[;ky; dh lajpuk 24
iqfyl egkfuns'kd
ADGP ADGP ADGP IG/Asst. IG
(HR) (PERS) (L&O) (DGP)
IG IG (Nor.) IG Dy. Asst. to
(HR) (Est.) (STF) (DG)
DIG IG IG PRO
(HR) (Admn.) (Crime)
IG Addl. SP
(Pers.) (Crime)
mijksDr fp=kssas esa] igys esa {ks= esa dk;Zjr iqfyl cy dk laxBu
vkSj nwljs esa eq[;ky;@vU; lg;ksxh 'kk[kkvksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk laxBu
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA
iqfyl cy dh miyC/krk
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k esa ftl xfr ls of) gqbZ gS] blds lkis{k
iqfyl cy esa c<+ksRrjh ugha dh xbZ gSA tula[;k ds c<+us ds lkFk gh
jkstxkj ds voljksa dh ryk'k esa yksxksa dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
iyk;u] c<+rk tula[;k ?kuRo] yksxksa dh ,s'kks vkjke ds izfr fyIlk dh
122
izfr;ksfxrk vkfn us vijk/kksa esa o`f) dh gSA bu lc dkj.kks us iqfyl dh
leL;k,sa vkSj vf/kd c<+k nh gSaA u;s izdkj dh vkijkf/kd ?kVukvksa ,oa
vijkf/k;ksa ds u,s oxZ esa L=h vijkf/k;ksa ,oa cky vijkf/k;ksa dh la[;k esa
o`f) 'kkfey gksus ds dkj.k iqfyl dk dk;Z {ks= Hkh nks xquk gks x;k gSA
,slh izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy,s i;kZIr iqfyl cy dk gekjs
;gk¡ vHkko gSA dqN ns'kksa esa iqfyl&turk vuqikr vfxze rkfydk ls Li"V
gSA
rkfydk&3¼1½
25
Ø-la- ns'k iqfyl dehZ@1000 tula[;k
1- flaxkiqj 6-00
2- gk¡xdk¡x 4-8
3- eysf'k;k 3-44
4- teZuh 2-3
5- Lisu 2-9
6- lkmFk vÝhdk 2-8
7- vkLVªsfy;k 2-09
8- Ýakl 2-05
9- ;w0ds0 2-05
10- tkiku 1-8
11- Jhyadk 1-72
12- vesfjdk 2-8
13- ikfdLrku 1-63
14- Hkkjr 1-30
15- dksLVkfjdk 0-37
123
rkfydk 3¼1½ ls Li"V gS fd izfr ,d gt+kj dh tula[;k ij
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh la[;k Hkkjr esa U;wure gSA fo'o esa U;wure vuqikr
dksLVkfjdk dk gSA Hkkjr dk LFkku dksLVkfjdk ls gh Åij gSA Hkkjr esa
;g vuqikr ikfdLrku ls Hkh de gSA la;qDrjk"Vª la?k }kjk ekud vuqikr
izfr ,d yk[k dh tula[;k ij 222 dk gSA26 izfr ,d gtkj ij ;g
vuqikr 2-22 dk gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g vuqikr vR;f/kd U;wu gSA
m0 iz0 esa izfr ,d yk[k dh tula[;k ij iqfyl dehZ 71miyC/k
gSaA bl izdkj m0 iz0 esa ;g vuqikr jk"Vªh; vuqikr ls Hkh dkQh de gSA
ns'k ds egkuxjksa] fnYyh] cEcbZ] dydRrk] enzkl] cSaxyksj esa iqfyl
vuqikr ekud ls dkQh vf/kd gS] bl dkj.k ns'k dk vuqikr dqN lq/kjk
gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA vU;Fkk rks xzkeh.k ,oa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa ;g vuqikr
vR;ar gh U;wu gSA
mΠizΠesa izfr ,d yk[k dh tula[;k ij iqfyldfeZ;ksa dh la[;k
dqN izns'kks dh rqyuk esa dkQh de gS] tksfd fuEu rkfydk 3¼2½ ls Li"V
gSA
rkfydk&3¼2½
izns'k la[;k izfr 1 yk[k
mRrj izns'k 71
fcgkj 64
egkjk"Vª 164
iΠcaxky 95
fnYyh 403
124
mΠizΠesa izfr 100 oxZ fdyksehVj ij 59 iqfyldehZ miyC/k gSA
mΠizΠesa ;g vuqikr Hkh vR;f/kd de gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ izns'kksa ls rqyuk
rkfydk 3¼3½ esa nh gqbZ gSA
rkfydk 3¼3½
izns'k la[;k izfr 100 oxZ fd-eh-
mRrj izns'k 59
fcgkj 63
egkjk"Vª 712
iΠcaxky 97
fnYyh 4980
jktLFkku 20
mΠizΠesa ;g vuqikr fcgkj ls Hkh de gS ysfdu jktLFkku ls
T;knk gSA jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k {ks= jsfxLrkuh gksus ds dkj.k ogk¡ ij
tula[;k dk ?kuRo de gSA vr% jktLFkku dk ;g vuqikr dksbZ xaHkhj
leL;k ugha gSA mRrj izns'k esa tula[;k dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,s
;g vuqikr vR;f/kd de gSA
mΠizΠesa o"kZ 2007 esa iqfyl cy esa fofHkUu inksa dh Lohdr
la[;k vkSj miyC/k la[;k rkfydk 3¼4½ esa iznf'kZr gSA
125
rkfydk 3¼4½28
in Lohd`r miyC/k
DIG and above 163 133
Dy SP - SSP 1306 1004
ASI - Inspector 13513 10810
Constable - ASI 118659 107609
Total 133641 119556
rkfydk 3¼4½ ls Li"V gS fd mÙkj izns'k esa vkj{kh ls ysdj
fujh{kd rd ds iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh vR;f/kd deh gSA turk dk dk;Z
lkekU; rkSj ij blh Lrj ds iqfyl deZpkjh@vf/kdkfj;ksa ls gh iM+rk gSA
bl Lrj ds iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh la[;k i;kZIr gksuk vko';d gSA
o"kZ 2007] 2008] 2009 essa mΠizΠds leLr Fkkuksa ij iathdr
vfHk;ksxksa esa foospukds mijkUr dh xbZ dk;Zokgh dk fooj.k rkfydk la[;k
3¼5½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 3¼5½29
fooj.k 2007 2008 2009
fiNys okn$o"kZ esa nk;j 163482 184809 187151
vkjksi xyr ik;s x;s 15091 16762 15722
lgh ,Q vkj izsf"kr 36266 44226 45902
vkjksi i= izsf"kr 96312 109554 108193
o"kZ ds vUr esa yfEcr 15813 14267 13335
vkjksi i= dk izfr'kr 72-6 71-9 70-2
126
rkfydk 3¼5½ rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gS fd yxHkx 25&30% ekeyksa
esa ,Q-vkj- izsf"kr dh xbZ gSaA o"kZ esa nk;j ekeyksa dh la[;k foospuk
vf/kdkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSA
mΠizΠessa ,d o"kZ esa o"kZ 2009 ds vkadM+ks ds vk/kkj ij Fkkuksa ij
iathd`r vijk/kksa dh la[;k dh nf"V ls Fkkuksa dk fooj.k rkfydk la[;k
3¼6½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 3¼6½29
vijk/k la[;k Fkkuksa dh la[;k
0 & 60 72
61 & 100 143
101 & 200 264
201 & 300 258
301 & 400 220
401 & 500 196
501 & 1000 211
1000 ls vf/kd 111
dqy 1475
127
lq/kkj gsrq fd;s x;s Á;kl
1- fnukad 15&11&1977 dks MkWŒ /keZohj dh v/;{krk esa jk"Vªh; iqfyl
vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA vk;ksx us ns'k esa iqfyl O;oLFkk dk
v/;u fd;k vkSj viuh flQkfj'kas 31&3&1983 dks lHkh jkT;ksa dks
HksthA mŒÁŒ ljdkj us ÁkjEHk esa gh vkaf'kd :i ls vk;ksx dh
flQkfj'kkas dks ykxw djus dk Á;kl fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ckn esa vk;ksx
dh flQkfj'kksa ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA blds vfrfjDr dbZ
lfefr;k¡ Hkh cuk;ha x;ha] ftuds ckjs esa iwoZ esa foLrkj ls o.kZu
fd;k tk pqdk gSA
2- mŒ ÁŒ ljdkj }kjk fnukad 2&1&2008 dks hZ
,oa ÁksUufr ckMZ dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA vjktif=r iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ ,oa izksUufr ls lEcfU/kr leLr
dk;Zokfg;k¡ blds }kjk dh tkrh gSaA fu"i{k] ikjn'khZ ,oa =qfVjfgr
HkrhZ izfd;k lqfuf'pr djuk rFkk ofj"Brk ,oa {kerk esa larqyu
cuk;s j[kdj izksUufr ds i;kZIr volj miyC/k djkuk cksMZ dk
mn~ns'; gSA blds v/;{k egkfuns'kd@vijegkfuns'kd Lrj ds
vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaSA lnL;ksa esa 2 vkbZ-th-] 2 Mh-vkbZ-th- vkSj 1 ,l-ih-
Lrj ds vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA
3- iqfyl ds vf/kdkjh ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s ns'k ds fofHkUu izf'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa esa izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA eqjknkckn esa
fLFkr MkWΠHkhejko vEcsMdj iqfyl izf'k{k.k vdsMeh esa izf'k{k.k dh
vk/kqfud lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k djk;ha xbZ gSaA
128
4- ekUuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds vuqikyu esa mΠizΠljdkj
us fnukad 12&3&2008 dks jkT; lqj{kk vk;ksx ds xBu dk fu.kZ;
fy;k gSA ysfdu vHkh rd bl fn'kk esa dksbZ vU; dk;Zokgh ugha gks
ldh gSA
5- iqfyl eq[;ky; ,oa ljdkj }kjk ekUuh; mPp U;k;ky; ,oa loksZPp
U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djus gsrq vko';d fn'kk funsZ'k fn;s
x;s gSa ,oa uhfr;k¡ cuk;h xbZa gSaA buls fxj¶rkjh] tekur] vfHkj{kk]
vfHk;qDrksa dk ifjogu] eky dk fuLrkj.k ,oa foHkkx gsrq
dY;k.kdkjh dk;kZas ds lEcU/k esa uhfr;k¡ ykxw djus esa lqfo/kk gqbZ
gSA
6- iqfyl foHkkx }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh gsYi ykbu] MsLd] izdks"B
vkfn cukdj turk dks lqfo/kk;sa iznku djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k
gSA blls turk ds eu esa iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izfr fo'okl c<+kus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, ekWMy
Ldwy] euksjatu d{k] rFkk ifjokj ds fy, vko';d lqfo/kk;sa tSls%&
jlksbZ xSl] ikuh] dSUVhu vkfn miyC/k djk;h x;h gSaA
mijksDr ds vfrfjDr vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk;sa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds
fy;s lapkfyr dh tk jgh gSaA
129
lanHkZ Lkzksr ¼v/;k;&3½
1- euqLe`fr & 8-41&8-67
2- Kautilya on exposition of his social Ideal & political
thinking-NC Bandyopadhyay (1928)
3- Mughal Administration-by Jadunath Sarkar (1952)
4. Police & Crime in India-Adm cobs - page 33.42
5. Mughal Rule in India-Advard & Garret -page-185
6. A short history of Akabar the Great - Ashirwadi lal-page 228
7. Police & political Development in India (1969)-Devis
H.Bailly
8. mijksDr
9- iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 dh mn~nsf”;dk
10. The Police in British India, 1861-1947-by Anand Swaroop
Gupta-page 202-246
11. Hkkjr dk lafo/kku&lkroha vuqlwph] nwljh lwph
12- 'kklukns'k la-&3708@vkŒ&7&175&1 ¼x`g iqfyl½ vuqŒ7] 18@7@81
13- 'kklukns'k la-&1574@vkŒ&iqŒlsŒ&2&1983 ¼x`g iqfyl½ lsok,sa
14- mŒizŒ iqfyl dh vf/kdkfjd osclkbV
15- Criminal Justice India series, UP-2001
16. ih;lZ lfefr fjiksVZ &1944
17- ifjPNsn&1 v- iqfyl fofu;e
18- ifjPNsn&2 iqfyl fofu;e
19- www.uppolice.up.nic.in
20. mŒizŒ iqfyl fofu;e] iSjk&12]13
130
21- mŒizŒ iqfyl fofu;e] iSjk&6]524
22- mŒizŒ iqfyl fofu;e] iSjk&17]40
23- mŒizŒ iqfyl fofu;e] iSjk&6]524
24- www.uppolice.up.nic.in
25. Time World-1/12/08
26- la;qDr jk"Vª losZ fjiksVZ &2006
27- VkbEl vkWQ bf.M;k&y[kuÅ]01@05@12
28- Økbe bu bf.M;k&2007
29- Økbe bu bf.M;k&2007] 2008] 2009
30- Økbe bu bf.M;k&2009
31. Letter No.11013/11/83-NPC Cell date 31/3/83
32- mŒizŒ ljdkj dk 'kklukns'k fnukad&2@1@2008
33- mŒizŒ x`g iqfyl vuqŒ&10 dk dk;kZy; Kki la[;k&615@N%&iqŒ&10&
2008] fnukad&12@3@18
131
v/;k;&4
tuin vyhx<+ dk lkekU; v/;;u ,oa tuin vyhx<+ ds iqfyl
¼d½ tuin vyhx<+ dk lkekU; v/;;u
fdlh Hkh 'kks/kdk;Z dks fd,s tkus ls iwoZ mlds v/;;u {ks= ds
fu/kkZj.k dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA ;fn v/;;u {ks= dk fu/kkZj.k Bhd
izdkj ls gks tkrk gS rks mlesaa v/;;u i)fr;ksa dk Hkh Bhd izdkj ls
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj 'kks/kdk;Z dks lqxerk ls iw.kZ fd;k tk
ldrk gSA 'kks/k{ks= dk ;fn mfpr p;u gks tkrk gS] rks 'kks/kkFkhZ LFkkuh;
i;kZoj.k dks HkyhHkk¡fr le> Hkh ysrk gS] vkSj mlds lanHkksZa dks Hkh ,df=r
dj ysrk gSA bl izdkj 'kks/kkFkhZ ,d mn~ns';ijd fu"d"kZ izkIr djus dh
fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh ds bl 'kks/k dk v/;;u {ks= tuin&vyhx<+ gSA tuin
vyhx<+ dks p;fur fd, tkus dk eq[; dkj.k ;gka dh lkekftd]
lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd fofo/krk rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZuh dk tuin vyhx<+ ls
HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gksuk ,oa v/;;u dh lqxerk gSaA vkuqHkfod vuqla/kku
ogk¡ mfpr gksrk gS] tgk¡ bl ckr dk izek.k nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gS
fd dqN pj] vU; pjksa dks fdlh fof'k"V :i esa vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA
bl izdkj ds 'kks/k esa fofHkUu pjksa esa lgpkfjrk vkSj dkj.krk ds lEcU/k
dk irk yxkus ds fy,s lk{kkRdkj izkfof/k vR;f/kd dkjxj gksrh gSA
lk{kkRdkj izkfof/k dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, 'kks/kkFkhZ dks LFkkuh; yksdHkk"kk
132
dk Hkh Kku vko';d gSA1 bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh 'kks/k {ks= ds :i esa
tuin&vyhx<+ dks p;u fd;k x;k gSA
tuin vyhx<+ esa fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa gh /keksZa ds yksx i;kZIr
la[;k esa gSaA vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls vR;kf/kd fodkl'khy gksus rFkk
fo'oizfl) vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; gksus ds dkj.k tula[;k dk ,d
vO;ofLFkr teko tuin vyhx<+ esa gksrk jgk gSA O;kikj vkSj f'k{kk gsrq
ns'k fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vkdj yksx ;gk¡ jgrs gSA dkuwu ,oa yksd O;oLFkk
cuk,s j[kus ds xq:rj nkf;Ro ds dkj.k ,slh Hkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqfyl
O;oLFkk dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk vR;kf/kd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh {ks= ds i;kZoj.k dk izHkko ml O;oLFkk ij vko';d :i
ls iM+rk gS] tks ml i;kZoj.k esa dk;Z djrh gSA ml {ks= dh ,sfrgkfld]
HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkekftd lajpuk] rFkk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd
izkfLFkfr] ,oa buds laokgd O;fDr vFkok lewg vkSj mudh ikjLifjd
fuHkZjrk ml i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA vr% 'kks?k fo"k; dh mi;ksfxrk
dh nf"V l 'kks/k{ks= dh i"BHkwfe esa bu leLr pjksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh
fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA bl izdkj ds 'kks/k ls fdlh laxBu ds lEeq[k
tks rkRdkfyd leL;k;sa gksrh gSaa] mudk lek/kku vklkuh ls [kkstk tk
ldrk gSA2
133
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
vyhx<+ dks iwoZ uke ^dksy* ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dksy ,d
vR;kf/kd izkphu LFky gSA egkHkkjr ds ,d leh{kkdkj ds vuqlkj
vuqekur% ikap gtkj o"kZ iwoZ dksbZ dkS'kjfo&dkS'ky uked pUnzoa'kh jktk
;gka jkT; djrk FkkA ml le; mldh bl jkt/kkuh dk uke dkS'kkEch
FkkA ckYehfd jkek;.k esa Hkh bl rF; dk mYys[k feyrk gSA dkykUrj esa
dkS'kjfo dks ijkLr dj dksy uke ,d nSR; jkt ;gka dk jktk cuk vkSj
mlus vius uke ds vuqdwy ;gk¡ dk uke dksy j[kkA blh le; ik.Mo
viuh jkt/kkuh gfLrukiqj ls mBkdj vgj ¼cqyUn'kgj½ yk,s FksA mlh
dky es Hkxoku d".k ds vxzt cyjke th }kij ;qx ds vUr esa jkt?kkV
xaxk Luku ds fy,s ;gk¡ gks dj xqtjs rks mUgksaus LFkkuh; [kSj jksM ij
vyhx<+ 'kgj ls yxHkx 5 fd-eh- nwj fLFkr izkphu ,sfrgkfld LFky
[kSjs'oj /kke ij viuk iM+ko Mkyk] vkSj nSR; lezkV dksy dk o/k djds
viuk gfFk;kj ^gy* tgk¡ tkdj /kks;k Fkk ml LFkku dk uke ^gy/kqvk*
gks x;kA muds lsukifr gj nso ussa ml LFkku ij fu;fer iSaB yxokuk
izkjEHk fd;k] ftlls ml LFkku dk uke ^gjnqvkxat* gks x;kA vyhx<+ ls
yxHkx 10 fd-eh- nwj vyhx<+ jke?kkV ekxZ ij ;g miuxj ^gjnqvkxat*
uke ls vkt Hkh fLFkr gSA Hkxoku cyjke us dksy dk jkT; ik.Moksa dks ns
fn;k Fkk] ijUrq izpfyr gksus ds dkj.k uke ugha cnykA3
eFkqjk laxzgky; esa 2000 ch-lh- ds tks flDds lqjf{kr j[ks gSa] os lHkh
gjnqvkxat] lkluh vkSj yk[kuw ls [kqnkbZ esa izkIr gq,s gSaA blds vfrfjDr
tuin vyhx<+ ds vdjkckn] xaxhjh] cjkSyh] xkSaMk] fot;x<+] filkok]
134
VIiy] lkadjk] vrjkSyh] tykyh] [kSj] /kulkjh] eksjFky] cslok¡ vkSj glk;u
vkfn LFkkuksa ls [kqnkbZ esa rkez;qxhu vo'ks"k ds :i esa xs:vk jax ds feV~Vh
ds ik= feys gSa] tks ;g ladsr nsrs gSa fd ;s LFkku yxHkx ik¡p gtkj o"kZ
iwoZ ds Hkh gks ldrs gSaA rFkk egkHkkjr ds vklikl dksy ds fudV bu
cfLr;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ gksxhA eFkqjk laxzgky; esa laxzghr oLrqvksa ls bl
rF; dh Hkh iqf"V gksrh gS fd rRdkyhu lH;rk ds vuqlkj ;gk¡ ds yksx
gfM~M;ksa ds vkStkj] euds rFkk pkd feV~Vh ds f[kykSus iz;ksx djrs FksA
tSu vkSj ckS)dky esa Hkh bl tuin dk uke ^dksy* gh FkkA
vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dh fp=nh?kkZ esa laxzghr ewfrZ;ksa] ftyk
ifj"kn~ vyhx<+ izkax.k esa fLFkr ewfrZ;ksa rFkk eFkqjk laxzgky; esa miyC/k
dqN ewfrZ;ksa ls vyhx<+ esa tSu&ckS) laLd`fr dh iqf"V gksrh gSA
bfrgkl ls ,d ;g Hkh rF; Li"V gksrk gks gS fd vyhx<+ esa ,d
fdyk ÅijdksV Vhys ij cuk;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ ij vktdy iqjkuh
dksrokyh gSA ;g fdyk jktk cq)lSu Mksj dk fdyk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd
jktk Mksj dh dpgjh orZeku eksgYyk&?kksfl;ku ijdVku esa] tgk¡ orZeku
esa dksrokyh gS] mlds nkfgus dksus ij lqjax ds Åij yxrh FkhA4
bZlk dh 11oha 'krkCnh ds bfrgkl dkj ^Qfj'rk feugkt* ds
^,gokyukek* ds vuqlkj egewn xtuoh us Hkkjr ij vkdze.k ds nkSjku
1018 bZ0 essa eFkqjk esa Hk;adj ywVikV djds ykSVrs le; dksy dks viuh
xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz cuk;k FkkA 1193 bZΠesa 'kkgcqn~nhu xkSjh ds tujy
dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us dksy dks vius v/khu fd;k FkkA 1236bZ0 esa cnk;w¡ ds
lqYrku bYrqrfe'k us dksy esa turk ds fonzksg dks nck;k vkSj tykyh
135
LFkku dks viuk dsUnz cuk;kA 1398bZ0 esa rSewj us vyhx<+ ij vkØe.k
fd;k vkSj 1405 bZŒ esa bdcky [kk¡ ;gk¡ dk 'kkld cukA 1488bZ0 esa
cgyksy yksnh dh e`R;q ds ckn fldUnj yksnh dk jkT;kfHk"ksd tykyh
¼vyhx<+½ esa fd;k x;k FkkA
,d ys[kd us ;g Hkh fy[kk gS fd lS;n HkxksM+ksa ds eulcnkj
eqgEentku us 1525bZ0 esa dksy ds fdys ij dCtk dj fy;k Fkk vkSj
mldk uke ekSgEenx<+ j[kkA ;g ekSgEenx<+ gh fQj iwjs 'kgj dk
ifjpk;d cudj ^vyhx<+* dgk tkus yxkA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd
flrEcj] 1527bZ0 esa ^ckcj* Hkh dksy vk;k Fkk] vkSj ;gk¡ ds 'kkld us
mldh v/khurk Lohdkj djyh FkhA vyhx<+ dk ckcjh e.Mh ekSgYyk mlh
ds uke ij clk;k x;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ckcj vf/kdrj vyhx<+ ds
dLck&vrjkSyh esa Bgjrk FkkA5
1784bZ0 esa dksy esa egknth flaf?k;k us viuk 'kklu LFkkfir fd;k
vkS rRdkyhu ckn'kkg vQlj [kk¡ dh gR;k dj nh FkhA 1803bZ0 esa vaxzstksa
ds vyhx<+ ij vkØe.k ds le; vyhx<+ ds 'kkld nkSyrjko th flaf/k;k
FksA6
lu~ 1803 esa vyhx<+ ds rRdkyhu 'kkld nkSyrjko th flaf/k;k dks
gjkdj bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds ^duZy ysd* us ;gk¡ viuk dCtk fd;k
Fkk] vkSj 1804 esa bls ,d ftyk cuk fn;k FkkA lh0jlsy dks ;gk¡ dk
igyk dyDVj cuk;k x;kA buds uke ij jlyxat ekSgYyk vkt Hkh
gSA7
136
fnukad 24-5-1875 dks rRdkyhu dySDVj ,l0,e0 QxwZlu vkSj lj
lS;n vgen [kk¡ dh okrkZ ds vuq:i vyhx<+ esa ^lj lS;n vgen [kk¡
,saXyks&vksfj;.Vy Ldwy* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ftldk uke ckn esa ^vyhx<+
eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; fd;k x;kA8
lu~ 1880 esa dySDVj ek'kZy ds njckj esa jktk gjukjk;u flag ds
izLrko ij uqekb'k eSnku ij yxus okyh v'o izn'kZuh dk uke ^vyhx<+
fMfLVªDV Qs;j* j[kk x;k] tks vkt df"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd izn'kZuh ds uke
ls izfl) gSA mlh le; rglhy dksy vkSj dksrokyh ds Hkou ÅijdksV
ij tkek efLtn ds lkeus cuok;s x,A mlds i'pkr dySDVj th0,l0
gSjhlu ds vkns'k ls orZeku dysDVªh&dpgjh cuokbZ xbZ vkSj rRdkyhu
yS¶VhusaV xouZj lj vYQzsM dkfyUl ykW;y ds uke ij ^yk¡;y ykbczsjh
cuokbZ xbZ tks fd vc ^ekyoh; iqLrdky;* ds uke ls ekStwn gSA
mijksDr fooj.k ls ;g Li"V :i ls mYys[kuh; gS fd vyhx<+
vius izknqHkkZo ds le; ls gh jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky dk dsUnz jgk gSA bl
mFky&iqFky dk [kkfe;ktk ges'kk lkekU; turk dks mBkuk iM+k gSA
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr
tuin vyhx<+ mÙkj izns'k ds mÙkjh&if'peh Hkkx esa fLFkr ,d
egRoiw.kZ tuin gSA ;g tuin 7804* iwohZ ns'kkUrj rFkk 27
053* mÙkjh
v{kka'k ds e/; fLFkr lery eSnkuh Hkkx gSA tuin dh tyok;q eq[;r%
le'khrks".k gSA tuin esa okf"kZd o"kkZ dk vkSlr 800 feyhehVj gSA9
137
vyhx<+ ds mÙkj esa tuin cqyUn'kgj] mÙkj iwoZ esa tuin cnk;w¡
gSA nf{k.k iwoZ esa tuin&,Vk] dk'khjkeuxj] nf{k.k esa gkFkjl rFkk nf{k.k
if'pe esa tuin eFkqjk gSA
tuin vyhx<+ xaxk&;equk nksvkc ds e/; fLFkr gSA mÙkj if'peh
lhek ij ;equk unh bl tuin dks gfj;k.kk jkT; lss i`Fkd djrh gS] rFkk
iwoZ esa xaxk unh cnk;w¡ tuin dks i`Fkd djrh gSA xaxk vkSj ;equk] nks
izeq[k ufn;ksa ds vfrfjDr tuin dh lhek esa tks vU; NksVh ufn;k¡ cgrh
gSa] os gSa& dkyhunh] uheunh] jkrok unh] pksFkk unh] lsaxj unh] djou
unhA tuin esa xaxk vkSj ;equk ds lehi dh Hkwfe ^[kknj* dgykrh gSA
vkfFkZd lajpuk dh n`f"V ls tuin vyhx<+ d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gSA
tuin dh vf/kdka'k tula[;k ¼yxHkx 71%½ vkt Hkh xk¡oksa esa jgrh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼1½
tuin vyhx<+ ls lEcfU/kr vk¡dMs+10
Ø-Lka- en la[;k
1- HkkSxksfyd {ks= 3700-4 oxZ fd-eh-
2- dqy tula[;k 29]92]286
3- 'kgjh tula[;k 86]46]94
4- xzkeh.k tula[;k 21]27]592
5- xzkeh.k tula[;k dk % 71%
6- 'kgjh tula[;k dk % 29%
7- iq#"k la[;k 16]07]402
8- L=h la[;k 13]84]884
9- vuqikr ¼efgyk@iq:"k½ 862@1000
138
tuin dh xzkeh.k tula[;k ls Hkh dkQh yksx d`f"k dk;Z ls fHkUu
O;olk;ksa esa layXu gSa] ysfdu vk; dk izeq[k lzksr d`f"k gh gSA tuin esa
eq[; :i ls xsgw¡] cktjk] eDdk] ljlksa] frygu] /kku] xUuk] ve:n] vke
vkSj csj dk mRiknu gksrk gSA bu Qlyksa ij vk/kkfjr ^rsy m|ksx* tuin
ds izeq[k m|ksxksa esa gSSA xUuk dh Qly ij vk/kkfjr ,d phu fey ^fn
fdlku lgdkjh phuh feYl fy0 lkFkk ¼vyhx<+½ esa LFkkfir gSA
xzkeh.k {ks= esa djhc 3-90 yk[k gSDVs;j Hkwfe ij jch] [kjhQ vkSj tk;n]
rhuksa Qlysa gksrh gSa xzkeh.k {ks= ds yksx d`f"k dk;Z ds vfrfjDr nqX/k
mRiknu esa Hkh izeq[k :i ls layXu gSaA tks fd xzkeh.k tula[;k dh vk;
dk eq[; lzksr gSA
tuin vyhx<+ dh uxjh; tula[;k dk eq[; O;olk;] O;kikj]
gFkdj?kk m|ksx rFkk rkyk m|ksx gSA ;gk¡ dh uxjh; tula[;k dh vk;
dk eq[; lk/ku rkyk m|ksx gSA vyhx<+ dh fo'ks"k igpku ;gk¡ ds rkyk
m|ksx dh otg ls gSA vk|kSfxd izxfr dh n`f"V ls vyhx<+ esa 78-89
,dM+ Hkwfe ij ^^rkyk uxjh** dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA vyhx<+ ds rkyk
m|ksx dk okf"kZd VuZvksoj yxHkx 200 djksM+ #i;s gSA ;gk¡ ls rkyksa dk
fu;kZr lEiw.kZ fo'o esa gksrk gSA vyhx<+ ds rkyk m|ksx dk bfrgkl dkQh
iqjkuk gSA bl m|ksx ds eqxydkyhu gksus rd ds izek.k miyC/k gSaA
vaxzsth 'kkludky esa rkyk m|ksx ds {ks= esa vyhx<+ esa dkQh fodkl
gqvkA lu~ 1870 esa tkWUlu ,.M da0 uke ls izFke vaxzsth rkyk QeZ dh
139
Hkh LFkkiuk vyhx<+ esa gqbZ FkhA vyhx<+ esa NksVs vkSj cM+s m|ksx feykdj
yxHkx 25]000 rkyk m|ksx bdkb;k¡ gSaA
czkWl fQfVax lkexzh dk mRiknu vyhx<+ dk nwljk izeq[k m|ksx gSA
Hkkjr esa lkokZf/kd czkl fQfVax mRiknu ;gk¡ gksrk gSA
yxHkx 100 Vu czkl vkSj 50 Vu ftad mRiknksa dk ;gk¡ izfrfnu
mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ;gk¡] IykfLVd] /kkrq ds f[kykSus]
fiLVy] gFkdM+h] cSYV] cSt dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj budh
lIykbZ Ldwyksa rFkk ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa dh tkrh gSA
vyhx<+ esa ftad MkbdkLV ;U=ksa dk cgqrk;kr esa mRiknu gksrk gSA
budk fuekZ.k xeZ pSEcj MkbZdkfLVax izfØ;k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vyhx<+
esa ftad /kkrq dh [kir 'ks"k Hkkjr esa [kir ls dgha vf/kd gSA vyhx<+ esa
vkVkseksckby ikVZl~ dk fuekZ.k Hkh vR;kf/kd ek=k esa gksrk gSA budk
fu;kZr Hkkjr ds vU; 'kgjksa esa rFkk fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA
vyhx<+ esa 4 Qy ifj"dj.k l;a= ¼ÝwV jkbifuax IykaV~l½ gSa] ftuesa
Qy] lCth vkSj esok dk ifj"dj.k djds muds mRiknksa dks nSfud mi;ksx
ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ds gtkjksa yksx
izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls bl m|ksx ls ykHkkfUor gks jgs gSaA
tuin vyhx<+ esa ^^eS0 fgUn ,xzks bUMLVªht fy0 (HAIL)** uke
ls ,d vR;k/kqfud dV~Vh?kj ,oa ekal 'kks/ku l;a= dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
blesa HkSal vkSj HksM+ rFkk cdjh ds ek¡l dk 'kks/ku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
100% fu;kZrd bdkbZ gS] bldk rduhfd i;Zos{k.k ^^dsUnzh; peZ 'kks/k
140
laLFkku] psUubZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl l;a= dks U;wthysaM vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k ds rduhdh lg;ksx ls o"kZ 1997 esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA bl
le; izfrfnu 800 HkSals vkSj 100 HksM+ksa ds ekal dk 'kks/ku blesa fd;k tkrk
gSA jkstxkj dh n`f"V ls ;g l;a= vyhx<+ ds fy,s mruk ykHkizn ugha gS]
ysfdu fons'kh eqnzk dh vk; dh nf"V ls bldk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
jkT; vkSj dsUnz ljdkj ds lfEefyr lg;ksx ls bldh LFkkiuk gqbZ gSA
vyhx<+ ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks xfr iznku dsjus ds fy, ;gk¡ ij
rhu vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ;s gS &
1& bUMfLVª;y ,LVsV] iykjksM+] vyhx<+
2& rkyk uxjh] jke?kkV jksM] vyhx<+
3& vgykeiqj vkS|ksfxd {ks=] vyhx<+
vyhx<+ ls yxHkx 15 fd0eh0 dh nwjh ij dkfleiqj uked LFkku
ij ^rki fo|qr l;a=* LFkkfir gS] ftls dkfleiqj ikoj gkml ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vyhx<+ ls yxHkx 50 fd0eh0 nwjh ij ujkSjk
ijek.kq l;a= fLFkr gSA budk vyhx<+ ds LFkkuh; fodkl esa dksbZ fo'ks"k
;ksxnku ugha gSA vyhx<+ ds vkS|ksfxd {ks= rkykuxjh dks nf{k.kkapy
fo|qr forj.k fuxe }kjk 24 ?kaVs vck/k fo|qr vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA12
izns'k ljdkj us viuh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds rgr tuin vyhx<+ dks
fu;kZrd {ks= ekurs gq,s bls bUVjusV ls tksM+ fn;k gSA ftys ds vkS|ksfxd
fodkl esa ftyk m|ksx dsUnz dh Hkh viuh fof'k"V Hkwfedk gSA
141
tuin vyhx<+ esa O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij tula[;k dk oxhZdj.k
vfxze rkfydk la[;k 4¼2½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼2½
vyhx<+ tuin esa tula[;k dk vkfFkZd oxhZdj.k
Ø-Lka- vkfFkZd {ks= tula[;k
1- d`"kd 279736
2- d`f"k Jfed 145093
3- i'kqikyu] o`{kkjksi.k 6948
4- [kuu 113
5- ikfjokfjd 16137
6- xSj ikfjokfjd 61704
7- fuekZ.k dk;Z 11123
8- O;kikfjd ,oa okf.kT; 52236
9- ;krk;kr laxzg.k ,oa lapkj 15796
10- vU; deZdkj 81519
11- dqy eq[; deZdkj 670405
12- lhekUr deZdkj 75955
dqy deZdkj 746360
142
'kSf{kd ifjn`';
'kSf{kd nf"V ls tuin vyhx<+ cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ ij
,sfrgkfld :i ls LFkkfir vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; gSA bldh
LFkkiuk 19oha 'krkCnh ds egku lekt lqq/kkjd f'k{kkfon~ vkSj i=dkj lj
lS;n vgen [kk¡ us 24 ebZ 1875 esa dh FkhA bl laLFkku us vc rd ns'k
vkSj fons'k dh dbZ foHkwfr;ka iSnk dh gaSA buesa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr MkWŒ
tkfdj gqlSu] ikfdLrku ds jk"Vªifr Qtys bykgh pkS/kjh] eksgEen v;wc
[kk¡] caxykns'k ds iz/kkuea=h eatwj vyh izeq[k gSA bl fo'ofo|ky; esa ns'k
ds gh ugha cfYd fons'k ds Hkh cgqr ls fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk xzg.k djus vkrs gSaA
vyhx<+ esa tokgjyky usg: esMhdy dkyst Hkh gSA blesa vk/kqfud
fpfdRlk dh leLr lqfo/kk,sa miyC/k gSaA vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; esa
ekSykuk vktkn ykbczsjh cgqr le`) vkSj lqfo/kk lEiUu gSA fo'oHkj ds
f'k{kktxr esa lEHkor% ;g izFke ykbczsjh gS] tks 24 ?k.Vs [kqyh jgrh gSA
bldh vk/kkj f'kyk ns'k ds izFke iz/kkueU=h iaΠtokgjyky usg: us
12-11-55 dks j[kh rFkk 06-12-60 dks bldk mn~?kkVu Hkh fd;kA
eqxydkyhu bfrgkl ij bl iqLrdky; esa ns'k esa lokZf/kd iqLrdsa gSaA
blesa yxHkx 15 gtkj ls vf/kd nqyZHk ik.Mqfyfi;ka] fo}kuksa] f'k{kdksa rFkk
'kks/kdrkZvksa ds fy,s fo'ks"k :i ls vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gSA vyhx<+
fo'ofo|ky; esa yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa ij mPp v/;;u vkSj 'kks/k dh lqfo/kk
miyc/k gSA vyhx<+ tuin esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk fooj.k vfxze rkfydk
la[;k 4¼3½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
143
ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh dqy 111 mPp f'k{kk laLFkku tuin
vyhx<+ esa gSA eaxyk;ru fo'ofo|ky; ds :i esa izns'k dk futh {ks= dk
izFke fo'ofo|ky; Hkh ftyk vyhx<+ ds cslok¡ uked LFkku ij LFkkfir
gSA blesa bathfu;fjax ,oa izcU/ku ls lEcfU/kr mPp v/;;u dh lqfo/kk
miyC/k gSA
tuin vyhx<+ dk dqy lk{kjrk izfr'kr 58-48 gSA efgyk ,oa
iq:"kksa dk vyx&vyx lk{kjrk izfr'kr fp= la[;k 4¼4½ esa fn[kk;k x;k
gSA
rkfydk & 4¼3½
^vyhx<+ tuin esa 'kSf{kd laLFkk,sa*
Ø-Lka- laLFkk la[;k
1- csfld Ldwy 1998
2- vij izkFkfed Ldwy 840
3- lSdsUMªh Ldwy 396
4- fMxzh dkWyst 11
5- vkbZ-Vh-vkbZ- 3
6- ikWyhVsfDud 0
7- eSfMdy dkWyst 1
8- bath- dkWyst 2
9- fo'ofo|ky; 2
144
fp= la[;k & 4¼4½
vyhx<+ tuin dk lk{kjrk izfr'kr
ifjogu ds lk/ku
vyhx<+ tuin esa ifjogu ds :i esa lM+d ;krk;kr rFkk jsy
;krk;kr izeq[k gSA vyhx<+ 'kgj fnYyh&gkoM+k eq[; jsy ekxZ ij fLFkr
gSA tuin esa yxHkx 2037 fd0eh0 iDdh lM+dsa gSaA lM+d ;krk;kr eq[;
:i ls rhu jktekxksZa esa foHkkftr gSA ;s gS &th0Vh0jksM] Hkjriqj&ihyhHkhar
ekxZ] p¡nkSlh&rkariqj tksV ekxZA
tuin esa yxHkx 83 fd0eh0 yEch jsy ykbu gSA ;g eq[; :i ls
dkuiqj&eFkqjk] fnYyh&gkoM+k] vyhx<+&eqjknkckn vkSj gkFkjl taD'ku dks
tksM+rh gSA tuin esa ,d gokbZ iV~Vh Hkh gS] ftls /kuhiqj gokbZ iV~Vh
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
43.30%
71.70%
efgyk
iq#"k
145
rkfydk & 4¼5½13
tuin esa ifjogu ekxZ dh fLFkfr
lM+d ;krk;kr & 176 cl LVs'ku ¼cl LVkWi½
jsy ;krk;kr & 11 jsyos LVs'ku gkWYV lfgr
ok;q ;krk;kr & 1 /kuhiqj gokbZ iV~Vh
tuin vyhx<+ ls fudVLFk gokbZ vM~Mk ¼vUrjkZ"Vªh;½ bfUnjkxk¡/kh
gokbZ vM~~Mk ubZ fnYyh gSA tuin esa gokbZ vM~Mk ¼vUrjkZ"Vªh;½ [kSj ds
ikl] tuin xkSrecq) uxj dh lhek ds fudV ^tsoj* esa izLrkfor gSA
vyhx<+ ls xqtjus okyk thŒVhŒ jksM] Hkkjr dk lcls yEck lM+d ekxZ
gSA
tks jk"Vªh; jktekxZ tuin dh lhek ls xqtjrs gSa os NH-91 rFkk
NH-93 gSaA blds vfrfjDr ;equk ,Dlizsl&os xzsVj uks;Mk ls vkxjk rd
gS] ftlls nksuksa 'kgjksa ds e/; dh nwjh rhu ?kaVs esa iwjh dh tk ldrh gSaA
vyhx<+ 'kgj vkSj nsgkr esa ?kksM+k rkaxk] fjD'kk] VSEiw] tqxkM+ LFkkuh;
ifjogu ds lk/ku gSaA vyhx<+ 'kgj esa o"kZ 2014 rd eSVªks ifj;kstuk dk
izLrko gSA ;kstuk dh xfr ns[kdj ;g laHko ugha yxrkA fudV Hkfo"; eas
vyhx<+ esa fjaxjksM rFkk ÝsV dksjhMksj ds :i esa ekyokgd jsy ;krk;kr
gsrq iFkd ls jsyos ykbu dk fnYyh ls gkoM+k rd ok;k&vyhx<+ izLrko
gSA
146
lapkj lk/ku &
tuin vyhx<+ esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa esa izeq[k :i ls Mkd?kj] rkj?kj]
VsyhQksu dsUnz] Vsyhfotu] pyfp= x`g lfEefyr gSaA lapkj ØkfUr ds
i'pkr tuin ds yxHkx 90 izfr'kr xzkeksa esa eksckby lsok miyC/k gSA
blds vfrfjDr tuin esa izn'kZuh rFkk esys Hkh lapkj dk ,d izeq[k lk/ku
gSA yxHkx 60 izfr'kr xzkeh.k {ks= esa ch0,l0,u0,y0 VsfyQksu dh lsok
miyC/k gSA futh {ks= dh lapkj dEifu;k¡] ,;jVsy] gp] VkVk bf.MdkWe]
vkbfM;k] fjykbUl vkfn vR;kf/kd lLrs nkeksa ij xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa eksckby
lsok miyC/k djk jgh gSaA fudV Hkfo"; esa ch0,l0,u0,y0 dh ;kstuk
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dks bUVjusV ls Hkh tksM+us dh gSa] ftlls fd xzkeh.k {ks= ds
fdlku vkSj Nk= v|ru tkudkjh ls oafpr u gksaA
vyhx<+ tuin esa lapkj O;oLFkk dks lqpk: cuk, j[kus gsrq lapkj
dsUnzksa dh fLFkfr fuEu rkfydk ls Li"V gS &
rkfydk & 4¼6½
vyhx<+ tuin esa lpkj dsUnzksa dh miyC/krk
Ø- lk/ku xzkeh.k {ks= egkuxj tuin
1- Mkd?kj 320 46 366
2- rkj?kj 3 6 9
3- VsyhQksu dsUnz 54 06 60
4- pyfp= 07 10 17
5- eksckby dEiuh 18 18 36
147
lekpkj i=
tuin vyhx<+ esa yxHkx lHkh jk"Vªh; nSfud lkepkj i= i<+s tkrs
gSaA eq[; :i ls fgUnh] mnwZ vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds lekpkj i= tuin esa
i<+s tkrs gSaA egkuxj esa yxHkx lHkh lekpkj i= tks fd jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
izdkf'kr gksrs gSa] i<+s tkrs gSa] ysfdu xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fgUnh ds jk"Vªh;
lekpkj i=ksa esa ls dsoy vej mtkyk] nSfud tkxj.k] vkt] nSfud
HkkLdj i<+s tkrs gSaA dqN EkqfLye ckgqY; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mnwZ ds LFkkuh;
v[kckj dks Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls tuin esa i<+s tkus okys
lekpkj i=ksa dk fooj.k rkfydk la[;k 4¼7½ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS &
rkfydk & 4¼7½
vyhx<+ tuin esa lekpkj i=ksa dk fooj.k
Ø- Hkk"kk nSfud lkIrkfgd ikf{kd ekfld
1- fgUnh 6 15 & &
2- mnwZ & 1 1 &
3- vaxzsth 3 & & &
;ksx 9 16 1 &
LFkkuh; lekpj i=ksa esa izeq[k fuEu gSa &
1- nSfud izdk'k
2- nSfud izkonk
3- nSfud tkxj.k
4- nSfud yksdrkaf=d niZ.k
5- nSfud vyhx<+ uxjh ¼lka/; laLdj.k½
148
vyhx< esa 2 ,Q0 ,e0 jsfM;ks LVs'ku dk;Zjr gSA ;s gS&
1& 92-7 MHz fcx ,Q0,e0
2& 101-3 MHz vkWy bf.M;k jsfM;ks
blds vfrfjDr ^turk dh vkokt* ¼VON½ uke ls LFkkuh; U;wt
psuy Hkh vyhx<+ esa dk;Zjr gS] ftlds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; lekpkjksa ls
turk dks voxr djk;k tkrk jgrk gSA
/kkfeZd fLFkfr
tuin vyhx<+ esa oSls rks yxHkx lHkh /keksZa ds yksx jgrs gSaA
ysfdu eq[; :i ls fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nks gh /keksZa dk izHkko gSA tuin esa
/kekZuqlkj tula[;k dk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&
rkfydk & 1 ¼8½
^vyhx<+ tuin esa /kekZuqlkj tula[;k fooj.k*
Ø- /keZ xzkeh.k uxjh; tula[;k dqy tula[;k
1- fgUnw 2239471 558842 84-90% 2798313
2- eqfLye 221943 260130 14-63% 482073
3- bZlkbZ 597 2358 0-09% 2937
4- flD[k 1830 3315 0-16% 5145
5- ckS) 2594 604 0-10% 3198
6- tSu 854 3238 0-12% 4092
7- vU; 133 10 & 143
8- vfuf'pr 80 01 & 81
149
rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd eq[;:i ls fgUnw vkSj eqfLye /keZ ds yksx
gh tuin esa gSaA vU; /keksZa ds yksx ux.; ek=k esa gSaA tuin esa
jktuSfrd :i ls Hkh fgUnw vkSj eqfLye ijLij fojks/kh gh jgrs gSaA
jktuSfrd izHkqRo vkSj lkEiznkf;d elyksa ij tuin esa vDlj fookn dh
fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA
rkfydk & 4¼9½
vyhx<+ tuin dh fgUnw@eqfLye tula[;k dk forj.k
Øa-la- /keZ xzkeh.k 'kgjh
1- fgUnw 80% 20%
2- eqlyeku 47% 53%
mijksDr fooj.k ls ;g rF; Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kla[;d eqfLye
'kgjh {ks= esa vkokflr gSaA mijksDr rkfydk ;g Li"V djrh gS fd
tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij Hkys gh 'kgjh {ks= esa fgUnw vf/kd gSa] ysfdu
eqfLye vkcknh dk vf/kdre~ Hkkx 'kgjh gSA 'kgjh {ks= esa lkEiznkf;d
ruko dk ,d izeq[kdkj.k ;g lehdj.k Hkh gSA bu dkj.kksa ls gh vyhx<+
dks lnSo ls lkEiznkf;d 'kgj ekuk tkrk jgk gSA
tuin ds eqlyekuksa esa f'k;k vkSj lqUuh nksuksa lEiznk; ds yksx gSaA
f'k;k lEiznk; ds yksx vf/kdka'kr% 'kgjh {ks= esa gh vkokflr gSaA lqUuh
lEiznk; ds eqlyekuksa esa dqjS'kh] fln~nhdh] mLekuh] xkSjh] ;wlqQ] ukbZ]
150
'ksjokuh vkfn gSA O;olkf;d :i ls lkekftd rkSj ij igpkus tkus okys
lewg rsyh] fHkLrh] lDdk] dlkbZ] tqykgs] efugkj] Qdhj] HkM+Hkwtk vkfn Hkh
eqfLye tula[;k ds Hkkx gSaA
tuin dh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 21-20 izfr'kr Hkkx vuqlwfpr
tkfr ds O;fDr gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k
634500 gSA tuin vyhx<+ esa vuq0 tkfr leqnk; esa lokZf/kd la[;k
tkVoksa dh gSA vyhx<+ 'kgj ds vykok eqfLye oxZ ds yksx vrjkSyh]
xaxhjh] NjkZ] Nrkjh] tykyh {ks=ksa esa vkokflr gSaA tkfrxr fLFkfr rfydk
la[;k 4¼10½ ls Li"V gS &
rkfydk & 4¼10½
tuin vyhx<+ esa tkfrokj tula[;k
Ø-la- tkfr la[;k izfr'kr
1- tkVo 3]39]997 54%
2- [kVhd 57-331 9-03%
3- ckYehfd 55]414 8-73%
4- vU; 1]24]528 19-62%
5- ,l-Vh- 230 0-04%
Hkk"kk & Hkk"kk vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gksrh gSA vxj vfHkO;fDr Li"V
vkSj mfpr gS rks fopkjksa ds vknku iznku esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksrhA
'kks/k{ks= ds yksxksa dh Hkk"kk dk Kku gksuk 'kks/kkFkhZ dk vko';d xq.k gSA
Hkk"kkbZ n`f"V ls vyhx<+ tuin dh tula[;k dk oxhZdj.k fuEuizdkj gS&
151
rkfydk & 4¼11½
Ø-la- Hkk"kk tula[;k dk izfr'kr
1- fgUnh 92-20%
2- mnwZ 7-63%
3- iatkch 0-10%
4- caxkyh 0-02%
5- vU; 0-05%
rkfydk la[;k 4¼11½ ls Li"V gS fd yxHkx tuin dh lEiw.kZ
vkcknh fgUnh Hkk"kh gh gSA tuin dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj
vyx&vyx {ks= esa LFkkuh; izHkko cksyh ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tuin
vyhx<+ dks czt {ks= dk vax ekuk tkrk gSA tuin esa cztHkk"kk gh
lkekU; rkSj ij cksyh tkrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa FkksMs+ LFkkuh; ifjorZuksa ds
lkFk cztHkk"kk gh iz;qDr gksrh gSA tuin ds nf{k.k if'peh Hkkx dh Hkk"kk
esa gfj;k.koh iqV utj vkrk gS] nf{k.k Hkkx esa eFkqjk dk izHkko gSA tuin
ds xzkeh.k {ks= esa Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls ,d fo'ks"krk ;g ikbZ tkrh gS fd
eqfLye lekt ds yksx Hkh LFkkuh; izHkko ds lkFk czt Hkk"kk dk gh iz;ksx
djrs gSaA
tuin ds izeq[k R;kSgkj ,oa esys
czt {ks= dk ,d Hkkx gksus rFkk viuh ,sfrgkfld fojklr ds dkj.k
tuin vyhx<+ lkaLdfrd :i ls dkQh le`) gSA R;kSgkj vkSj esyksa dk
152
vk;kstu ;gk¡ dkQh /kwe/kke ls gksrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks= esa vf/kdka'k R;kSgkjksa
dks fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku ,d lkFk eukdj lkEiznkf;d lkSgknZZ dh vuwBh
felky dk;e djrs gSaA
fgUnqvksa ds ikjEifjd R;kSgkj gksyh] nhokyh] j{kk&cU/ku] Jhd".k
tUek"Veh] uojk= vkfn tuin esa iwjh rS;kjh ds lkFk euk;s tkrs gSaA ogha
ij eqlyekuksa dh bZn] 'kCcs&cjkr] eqgjZe] jetku vkfn Hkh mudh
ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj euk,s tkrs gSaA xaxk n'kgjk vkSj dkfrZd LUkku ioZ
dks tuin esas vR;f/kd mRlkg ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA bu voljksa ij
yk[kksa yksx fudVorhZ xaxk ?kkVksa ij Luku gsrq ,df=r gksrs gSaA
NksVs&cM+s dbZ esyksa ds vfrfjDr tuin esa loZ izeq[k :i ls ^d`f"k
,oa vkS|ksfxd izn'kZuh* dk vk;kstu izR;sd o"kZ tuojh@Qjojh ekg esa
fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, iz'kklu }kjk Hkh fo'ks"k izcU/k fd,s tkrs gSaA
fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa gh bl vk;kstu esa iwjs mRlkg ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh
djrs gSaA bls e'kgwj ^vyhx<+* dh uqekb'k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
bldk vk;kstu fczfV'kdky ls gh gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA
bl izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fnYyh&dydRrk eq[; th0Vh0 jksM ij
fnYyh dh rjQ ls vyhx<+ esa izos'k djrs gh Fkkuk cUuk nsoh ds lkeus
djhc 1½ yk[k oxZ eh0 {ks= esa QSys ,sfrgkfld eSnku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izn'kZuh essa euksjatu ds vfrfjDr foKku] df"k lEcU/kh tkudkjh] ,oa
vU; rduhdh tkudkjh Hkh nh tkrh gSA blesa fofHkUu izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds
}kjk Kku dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA
153
jktuhfrd ifjn`';
vyhx<+ tuin jktuSfrd :i ls ,d cgqr laosnu'khy tuin gSA
tuin dh jktuhfr esa /keZ] tkfr tSls rRo Hkh gkoh jgrs gSaA orZeku le;
esa tuin esa 5 jk"Vªh; ikVhZ ftuesa 1&Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl] 2&Hkkjrh;
turk ikVhZ] 3&cgqtu lekt ikVhZ] 4&ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ]
5&ekdZloknh ikVhZ] nks jkT; Lrjh; ikVhZ lektoknh ikVhZ rFkk jk"Vªh;
yksdny ,oa vusd {ks=h; ny viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgs gSaA
le;≤ ij gksus okys fgUnw] eqfLye naxksa us tuin dh jktuhfr
dks Hkh ges'kk izHkkfor fd;k gSA fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa esa izk;% ;g ns[kk x;k
gS fd izR;sd jktuhfrd ny mlh tkfr ds O;fDr dks fVdV nsrk gS] ftl
tkfr dk lehdj.k i{k esa gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k O;fDr vius vius lEiznk;
;k tkfr ds mEehnokj dks gh er nsrs gaSA
vyhx<+ tuin esa Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr lkluh] gkFkjl] xaxhjh]
fldUnjkjkÅ] vyhx<+] dksy] bxykl] [kSj] p.MkSl] vrjkSyh] cjkSyh
fo/kku lHkk {ks= jgs gSaA buesa p.MkSl {ks= dks 1974 esa lekIr dj fn;k
x;kA gkFkjl tuin vyx gks tkus rFkk ifjlheu ds i'pkr vyhx<+
tuin esa fo/kkulHkk dh bl le; 7 lhV gSaA
vyhx<+ tuin esa yksdlHkk ds igys nks {ks= FksA vyhx<+ yksdlHkk
{ks= rFkk gkFkjl yksd lHkk {ks=A u,s ifjlheu rFkk gkFkjl ftyk cu
tkus ds dkj.k vc dsoy vyhx<+ yksd lHkk {ks= 'ks"k jgk gSA bl izdkj
laln esa vyhx<+ dk izfrfuf/kRo ,d lkaln dk rFkk fo/kkulHkk esa 7
154
fo/kk;dksa dk gSA vyhx<+ dh 2 fo/kkulHkk xaxhjh vkSj bxykl ds ernkrk
gkFkjl yksdlHkk {ks= ds lkaln dks gh vHkh pqurs gSA
o"kZ 1969 ls ysdj vc rd ds pqukoksa esas tuin esa Hkkjrh; turk
ikVhZ vFkok mlds iwoZ orhZ ny] dkaxzsl] yksdny@turk ny ds vykok
vU; fdlh ny dks Hkjiwj leFkZu ugha feykA gky gh esas gq;s fo/kkulHkk
pqukoksa esa lektoknh ikVhZ dks cgqer izkIr gqvk gSA
1977 ds vkikrdky ds i'pkr gq, fo/kku lHkk pquko es tuin dh
10esa ls 8 lhV turk ikVhZ us thrha FkhA 1980 ds i'pkr tula?k dks
lekIr djds mlds LFkku ij Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ uke ls u, ny dk
mn; gqvkA
tuin ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa esa turk us mlh ny dks fot;h
cuk;k gS] ftl ny dk ns'k esa opZLo jgk gSA
vrjkSyh fo/kku lHkk {ks= esa eqfLye vkcknh i;kZIr gSA ysfdu bl
{ks= ls 1967 ls ysdj 1996 rd Jh dY;k.k flag gh Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ]
turk ikVhZ ;k tula?k ls pquko thrs gSaA dsoy ,d ckj dk¡xzsl izR;k'kh
MkW0 vuokj [kk¡ 1980 esa pquko thrs FksA dY;k.k flag ds i{k esa fgUnqRo
vkSj tkfrxr lehdj.k izeq[k dkj.k jgs gSaA
blh izdkj vyhx<+ fo/kkulHkk lhV ls Hkh lkekU;r% Hkkjrh; turk
ikVhZ vFkok mldh iwoZorhZ ikVhZ;ka ;k dk¡xzsl ds mEehnokj fot;h jgsa gSA
Hkktik@turk ikVhZ us ges'kk fgUnw mEehnokj rFkk fojks/kh ikVhZ us lnSo
eqfLye mEehnokj dks ;gk¡ ls fVdV fn;k gSA orZeku esa 16oha fo/kkulFkk
155
esa tuin vyhx<+ ls fo/kku lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk o.kZu fuEu rkfydk ls
Li"V gS &
rkfydk ua- & 4¼12½14
Ø-la- {ks= uke fo|k;d ikVhZ
1- vyhx<+ t+Qj vkye l-ik-
2- dksy t+ehj mYykg l-ik-
3- bxykl¼lq-½ f=yksdh jke fnokdj yksdny
4- cjkSyh Bk0 nyohj flag yksdny
5- [kSj¼lq-½ Hkxorh flag yksdny
6- xaxhjh jkds'k flag l-ik-
7- vrjkSyh ohjs'k ;kno l-ik-
mDr lkj.kh ls ;g Li"V gS fd vyhx<+ tuin ls lRrk/kkjh
lektoknh ikVhZ dks 4 lhV feyh gaS tcfd yksdny dks 3 lhV izkIr gqbZ
gSA yksdny dk izHkko vyhx<+ {ks= esa lnSo ls jgk gSA dk¡xzsl] Hkktik]
clik dk ,d Hkh fo/kk;d bl ckj fot;h ugha gqvk gSaA
tuin vyhx<+ ds ernkrk 2 lkalnksa dk pquko djrs gSaaA yksdlHkk
{ks= vyhx<+ ds lkaln dk pquko fo/kkulHkk {ks= vyhx<+ 'kgj] dksy]
vrjkSyh] cjkSyh o [kSj ds ernkrk djrs gSA vyhx<+ yksdlHkk {ks= ls
lkaln Jherh jktdqekjh pkSgku gSa] tks fd clik ls gSaA vyhx<+ tuin
dh xaxhjh vkSj bxykl fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds ernkrk gkFkjl yksdlHkk {ks=
156
dk izR;k'kh pqurs gSaA gkFkjl yksdlHkk {ks= ls lkaln Jherh lkfjdk
c?ksy gSa] tks yksdny ls gSaA
f=Lrjh; iapk;r O;oLFkk esa ftys dh lcls cM+h iapk;r ftyk
iapk;r gksrh gSA blds v/;{k dk pquko turk }kjk ftyk iapk;r ds fy,
lh/ks pqus x,s lnL; vius esa ls gh djrs gSa orZeku esa vyhx<+ ftyk
iapk;r v/;{k pkS/kjh lq/khj flag gSaA
vyhx<+ tuin essa dqy 9 uxj iapk;r gSaA ;s fuEu gSa &
1& fot; x<+ 2& bxykl
3& tV~Vkjh 4& gjnqvkxat
5& tykyh 6& dkSfM+;k xat
7& NjkZ 8& fiy[kuk
9& cslok¡
vyhx<+ egkuxj Lo;a esa uxj fuxe gSA uxj fuxe dk izeq[k uxj
izeq[k vFkok es;j gksrk gSA vyhx<+ uxj fuxe dhs es;j Jherh
'kadqUryk Hkkjrh gSaA jkT; ljdkj dh vksj ls uxj fuxe ds iz'kklu ds
fy, lcls cM+k vf/kdkjh fuxek;qDr fu;qDr gksrk gSA
tuin vyhx<+ esa nsk uxj ikfydk ifj"kn gSaA ;s fuEu gSa&
1½ vrjkSyh 2½ [kSj
157
uxj ikfydk ifj"kn dk izeq[k uxj ikfydk v/;{k gksrk gS] ftldk
pquko turk }kjk lh/ks fd;k tkrk gSA iz'kklu ds rkSj ij uxj ikfydk
esa vf/k'kklh vf/kdkjh fu;qDr gksrk gSA
iz'kklfud ifjp;15
tuin vyhx<+ dks tuin dk ntkZ fczfV'k 'kkludky esa lu~ 1804
esa fn;k x;k FkkA bl tuin ds izFke dySDVj fe0 jlsy FksA rc ls
vyhx<]+ tuin bdkb Z ds :i esa tkuk tkrk jgk gSA
orZeku esa vyhx<]+ e.My eq[;ky; gSaA e.My dk izeq[k vk;qDr
gksrk gSaA vyhx<+ e.My ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa tks ftys vkrs gSa] os fuEu gSa &
1& vyhx<+ 2& gkFkjl
3& ,Vk 4& dka'khjkeuxj
vyhx<+ tuin esa 5 rglhy] 12 fodkl [k.M gSa] vkSj 122 U;k;
iapk;r] 853 xzke iapk;r vkSj 1212 xk¡o gSaA izR;sd rglhy esa lkekU;
iz'kklu gsrq ofj"Bre~ vf/kdkjh miftykf/kdkjh Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk
gS] ;s lHkh ftyk eftLVªsV ds fu;U=.kk/khu gksrs gSaA izR;sd fodkl [k.M
esa ,d [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh gksrk gS] ftl ij lh/kk fu;U=.k ftyk
fodkl vf/kdkjh vFkok eq[; fodkl vf/kdkjh dk gksrk gSA
158
tuin dh iqfyl O;oLFkk16
tuin iqfyl iz'kklu dh n`f"V ls jsUt eq[;ky; gSA jsat dk
loksZPp vf/kdkjh iqfyl miegkfujh{kd gksrk gSA vyhx<+ jsat ds
{ks=kf/kdkj esa fuEu 4 tuin vkrs gSaA
1& vyhx<+ 2& gkFkjl
3& ,Vk 4& dk'khjke uxj ¼dklxat½
vyhx<+ dh tuinh; iqfyl O;oLFkk dks fuEu fijkfeM Ja[kyk ls
iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd ¼vyhx<+½ ,l-,l-ih-
vij iqfyl v/kh{kd vij iqfyl v/kh{kd
¼'kgj½ ¼xzkeh.k½
{ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh {ks=kf/kdkjh
¼'kgj½ ¼'kgj½ ¼'kgj½ ¼vrjkSyh½ ¼[kSj½ ¼bxykl½ ¼cjyk½
izFke f}rh; r`rh;
izR;sd {ks=kf/kdkjh vius {ks= esa fLFkr Fkkuksa dk i;Zos{k.k vf/kdkjh
gksrk gSA {ks=kf/kdkjh] iqfyl mik/kh{kd Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
159
tuin esa {ks=okj Fkkuksa dk fooj.k fuEu gS &
1½ {ks=kf/kdkjh 'kgj & izFke
1& dksrokyh uxj
2& Fkkuk nsgyh xsV
3& Fkkuk & lkluh xsV
2½ {ks=kf/kdkjh] 'kgj & f}rh;
1& Fkkuk cUuk nsoh
2& Fkkuk & xka/kh ikdZ
3& Fkkuk xHkkuk
3½ {ks=kf/kdkjh] 'kgj & r`rh;
1& Fkkuk flfoy ykbUl
2& Fkkuk DoklhZ
3& Fkkuk tok¡
4½ {ks=kf/kdkjh & vrjkSyh
1& Fkkuk & vrjkSyh
2& Fkkuk gjnqvkxat
3& Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj
4& Fkkuk & nknksa
5½ {ks=kf/kdkjh ¼[kSj½
1&11 Fkkuk & [kSj
2& Fkkuk & VIiy
3& Fkkuk & filkok
4& Fkkuk & p.MkSl
160
6½ {ks=kf/kdkjh & bxykl
1& Fkkuk & bxykl
2& Fkkuk & xkS.Mk
3& Fkkuk & yks/kk
4& Fkkuk & eMjkd
7½ {ks=kf/kdkjh & cjyk
1& Fkkuk & xaxhjh
2& Fkkuk & cjyk
3& Fkkuk & NjkZ
4& Fkkuk & vdcjkckn
5& Fkkuk & fot;x<+
bl izdkj tuin vyhx<+ esa dqy 26 Fkkus gSaaA 13 Fkkusa 'kgjh {ks=
esa vkSj 13 Fkkusa xzkeh.k {ks= esa gSA Fkkuk cUuknsoh] dksrokyh uxj] flfoy
ykbUl] vrjkSyh] [kSj vkSj bxykl esa Fkkuk izHkkjh fujh{kd Lrj dk
vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA 'ks"k Fkkuksa esa izHkkjh mifujh{kd Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk
gSA
tuin esa iqfyl dh vU; 'kk[kk,sa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSaA ftuds izHkkjh
vyx&vyx Lrj ds vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA lHkh ij lh/kk fu;U=.k ofj"B
iqfyl v/kh{kd dk gh gksrk gSA
161
v/;;u gsrq p;fur iqfyl Fkkus
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk vius v/;;u gsrq fuEu pkj Fkkuksa dks pquk x;k gSA
Fkkuksa ds pqus tkus dk vk/kkj v/;k;&2 esa of.kZr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
p;fur Fkkus fuEu izdkj gSaA
ikyh eqdheiqj
vrjkSyh
xk¡/kh ikdZ
cUuk nsoh
mDr p;fur Fkkuksa ds lEcU/k esa lkekU; tkudkjh vfxze rkfydk
4¼13½ esa nh xbZ gSA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼13½
p;fur Fkkuksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh
Ø- en@Fkkuk ikyh eq- vrjkSyh xka/kh ikdZ cUuknsoh
1- eq[;ky; ls nwjh 40 fd-eh- 30 fd-eh- 'kgj 'kgj
2- {ks=kf/kdkj 64 xkao 1 dLck 'kgjh {ks= 'kgjh {ks=
93 xkao 11 xkao
3- iqfyl vkokl 04 15 142 148
4- okgu 01 thi 01 thi 1 thi 1 thi
01 eks-lk- 02 eks-lk- 5 eks-lk- 10 eks-lk-
5- tkfr ;kno eqfLye]czk- fefJr eqfLye
vuq-tkfr Bk-] yks/kh Lko.kZ fgUnw
6- iq-pkSdh 02 05 06 05
7- U;k;ky; ts-,e- ts-,e- ,-lh-ts-,e- ,-lh-ts-,e-
vrjkSyh vrjkSyh vyhx<+ vyhx<+
xzkeh.k {ks=
'kgjh {ks=
162
Fkkuk & ikyheqdhiqj
rkfydk la[;k 4¼14½
iqfyl cy dh la[;k
in Lohd`r@fu;ru miyC/k
fujh{kd X X
mifujh{kd 05 05
eq[; vkj{kh 03 04
vkj{kh 32 23
;ksx 40 32
rkfydk la[;k 4¼15½
iathd`r vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
en 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0 n0 la0 79 141 01
vU; vf/k0 317 221 239
;ksx 396 362 330
163
rkfydk la[;k 4¼16½
fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
ifj.kke 2007 2008 2009
vkjksi i= 133 131 121
,Q-vkj- 28 22 19
;ksx 161 153 140
rkfydk la[;k 4¼17½
Fkkuk/;{k dh fu;qfDr vof/k&¼2007 ls 2009½
30&06&07 ls 13&08&08 1½ ekg
13&08&07 ls 28&08&08 7½ ekg
23&08&08 ls 10&11&08 7½ ekg
10&11&08 ls 28&12&08 18 fnu
28&12&08 ls 22&07&09 7 ekg
29&07&09 ls 08&12&09 4½ ekg
08&12&09 ls Qjojh 2010 rd 2½ ekg
vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 4½ ekg yxHkx
164
Fkkus ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN egRoiw.kZ rF; fuEu izdkj gSa &
& izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dk vkSlr & 21
¼Hkk0n0la0 ds ekeyksa esa½
& ,d foospuk iw.kZ gksus esa yxus okyk U;wure vkSlr le;&
yxHkx 02 ekg
& foospukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
vkSlr la[;k & yxHkx 1089 izfr o"kZ
& foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh miyfC/k & 100 izfr'kr
¼3 uo p;fur mifujh{kd½
165
Fkkuk vrjkSyh
rkfydk la[;k 4¼18½
iqfyl cy dh la[;k
in Lohd`r@fu;ru miyC/k
fujh{kd 01 X
mifujh{kd 11 06
eq[; vkj{kh 08 05
vkj{kh 71 45
;ksx 91 56
rkfydk la[;k 4¼19½
iathd`r vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
en 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0 n0 la0 174 244 425
vU; vf/k0 441 731 434
eksVj okgu vf/k0 981 885 1053
;ksx 1596 1616 1912
166
rkfydk la[;k 4¼20½
fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
ifj.kke 2007 2008 2009
vkjksi i= 205 327 288
,Q-vkj- 28 48 54
;ksx 233 375 342
rkfydk la[;k 4¼21½
Fkkuk/;{k dh fu;qfDr vof/k&¼2007 ls 2009½
03&08&07 ls 05&08&08 1 ekg
05&08&08 ls 30&12&08 5 ekg
30&12&08 ls 02&03&09 2 ekg
02&03&03 ls 05&01&010 10 ekg
05&01&10 ls 28&01&10 23 fnu
28&01&10 ls Qjojh 2010 rd 1 ekg yxHkx
vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 5 ekg yxHkx
167
Fkkus ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN egRoiw.kZ rF; fuEu izdkj
gSa &
& izfr foospd izfro"kZ foospukvksa dk vkSlr& yxHkx 23 ¼Hkk0n0 la0
ds ekeyksa esa½
& foospukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
la[;k & yxHkx 3683 izfr o"kZ
& foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh miyfC/k & yxHkx 50 izfr'kr
168
Fkkuk xk¡/kh ikdZ
rkfydk la[;k 4¼22½
iqfyl cy dh la[;k
in Lohd`r@fu;ru miyC/k
fujh{kd X X
mifujh{kd 13 06
eq[; vkj{kh 13 05
vkj{kh 86 57
;ksx 112 68
rkfydk la[;k 4¼23½
iathd`r vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
en 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0 n0 la0 645 227 426
vU; vf/k0 584 417 601
eksVj okgu vf/k0 271 308 362
;ksx 1500 952 1389
169
rkfydk la[;k 4¼24½
fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
ifj.kke 2007 2008 2009
vkjksi i= 263 329 284
,Q-vkj- 63 111 180
;ksx 326 440 446
rkfydk la[;k 4¼25½
Fkkuk/;{k dh fu;qfDr vof/k&¼2007 ls 2009½
23&01&07 ls 25&05&07 4 ekg
25&5&07 ls 05&01&08 7½ ekg
05&01&08 ls 13&05&08 2½ ekg
24&03&08 ls 13&05&08 1½ ekg
13&05&08 ls 30&05&08 17 fnu
09&06&08 ls 24&07&08 1½ ekg
24&07&08 ls 02&09&08 1 ekg 8 fnu
02&09&08 ls 15&11&08 2½ ekg
17&11&08 ls 28&12&08 1 ekg 10 fnu
29&12&08 ls 28&01&09 1 ekg
01&02&09 ls 28&07&09 6 ekg
28&07&09 ls Qjojh 2010 rd 7 ekg
vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 03 ekg
170
Fkkus ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN egRoiw.kZ rF; fuEu izdkj
gSa &
& izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dk vkSlr& yxHkx 33 ¼Hkk0n0 la0
ds ekeyksa esa½
& izfr foospuk yxus okyk vkSlr le; U;wure & yxHkx 2 ekg
& foospukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
la[;k & yxHkx 4312 izfr o"kZ
& foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh miyfC/k & yxHkx 46 izfr'kr
171
Fkkuk cUuk nsoh
rkfydk la[;k 4¼26½
iqfyl cy dh la[;k
in Lohd`r@fu;ru miyC/k
fujh{kd 01 01
mifujh{kd 13 13
eq[; vkj{kh 13 03
vkj{kh 84 66
;ksx 111 83
rkfydk la[;k 4¼27½
iathd`r vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
en 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0 n0 la0 358 445 612
vU; vf/k0 408 476 588
eksVj okgu vf/k0 1064 921 950
;ksx 1830 1842 2150
172
rkfydk la[;k 4¼28½
fuLrkfjr vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
ifj.kke 2007 2008 2009
vkjksi i= 381 417 524
,Q-vkj- 192 241 217
;ksx 573 658 741
rkfydk la[;k 4¼29½
Fkkuk/;{k dh fu;qfDr vof/k&¼2007 ls 2009½
03&07&06 ls 22&05&07 10½ ekg
22&05&07 ls 01&11&08 1 o"kZ 5½ ekg
04&11&08 ls 23&12&08 1½ ekg
23&12&09 ls 13&09&09 9 ekg
17&09&09 ls Qjojh 2010 rd 5 ekg yxHkx
vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 8½ ekg yxHkx
173
Fkkus ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN egRoiw.kZ rF; fuEu izdkj
gSa &
& izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dk vkSlr& yxHkx 34 ¼Hkk0n0 la0
ds ekeyksa esa½
& izfr foospuk yxus okyk vkSlr le; U;wure & yxHkx 2 ekg
& foospukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
la[;k & yxHkx 5245 izfr o"kZ
& foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh miyfC/k & 100 izfr'kr
¼2 uo p;fur mi fujh{kd½
174
rkfydk la[;k 4¼30½21
tuin vyhx<+ esa iqfyl cy dh fLFkfr
in Lohd`r@fu;ru miyC/k
miegkfujh{kd ¼DIG½ 01 01
ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd ¼SSP½ 01 01
vij iqfyl v/kh{kd ¼ADD. SP½ 02 02
iqfyl mik/kh{kd ¼Dy. SP½ 09 09
fujh{kd ¼Inspector½ 09 07
mifujh{kd ¼Sub. Inspector½ 192 116
iz/kku vkj{kh 170 106
vkj{kh 1196 1169
;ksx 1580 1411
175
rkfydk la[;k 4¼31½
tuin esa iathd`r vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
en 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0 n0 la0 3472 3580 5393
vU; vf/k0 10313 8550 9180
eksVj okgu vf/k0 16470 17749 18315
iqfyl vf/kfu;e 1033 1066 2094
;ksx 31288 30945 34982
rkfydk la[;k 4¼32½
ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd dh fu;qfDr vof/k ¼2007 ls 2009 rd½
07&04&06 ls
17&05&07 rd
1 o"kZ 1 ekg 10 fnu Jh vf[ky dqekj IPS
17&05&07 ls
02&06&08 rd
1 o"kZ 0 ekg 15 fnu Jh j?kqohj yky IPS
02&06&08 ls
06&02&10 rd
1 o"kZ 8 ekg yxHkx Jh vlhe v:.k IPS
06&02&10 ls Jh fot; izdk'k IPS
176
rkfydk la[;k 4¼30½ vkSj 4¼31½ ds vk/kkj ij tuin ds lEcU/k esa
dqN egRoiw.kZ rRo fuEu izdkj gSa &
& Hkk0 n0 la0 ds vkSlr vfHk;ksx & 4148 izfr o"kZ
& izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dk vkSlr & yxHkx 20 ¼Hkk0n0la0
ds ekeyksa esa½
& foospukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lh/ks lEidZ esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
la[;k & yxHkx 61441 izfr o"kZ
& foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh miyfC/k & 63 izfr'kr
p;fur 4 Fkkus vkSj tuin ls lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+s Qjojh 2010 rd
dh lwpuk ij vk/kkfjr gSaA
177
rkfydk la[;k 4¼33½22
eftLVsªV U;k;ky; ds oknksa dk rhu o"khZ; rqyukRed fooj.k
¼2007 ls 2009½
Ø- 'kh"kZd 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
1- o"kZ ds izFke fnu
yfEcr
28655 2412 28717 2829 28708 2641
2- o"kZ esa U;k;ky; Hksts
x,
2201 4949 2290 3431 1931 3263
3- ;ksx 30856 7361 31007 6260 30539 5904
4- fu.khZr 2139 4532 2299 3619 1940 3392
5- ltk 310 4244 473 3342 520 3164
6- nks"keqDr 34 16 30 17 24 06
7- fMLpktZ 0 0 0 0 01 0
8- nkf[ky n¶rj 58 26 87 26 53 6
9- l= U;k;ky; lqiqnZ 1077 246 991 234 640 216
10- jkthukek 660 0 718 0 702 0
11- o"kZ ds vUr esa yfEcr 28717 2829 28707 2641 28599 2512
12- ltk dk izfr'kr 90-11 99-62 94-03 99-49 99-50 99-51
178
rkfydk la[;k 4¼34½23
l= U;k;ky; ds oknksa dk rhu o"khZ; rqyukRed fooj.k
¼2007 ls 2009½
Ø- 'kh"kZd 2007 2008 2009
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
Hkk0n0 vU;
vf/k0
1- o"kZ ds izFke fnu
yfEcr
2028 2750 2593 2871 3137 2888
2- o"kZ esa U;k;ky; Hksts
x,
1077 411 991 444 640 2191
3- ;ksx 3105 3161 3584 3315 3777 5079
4- fu.khZr 512 290 447 427 472 36
5- ltk 177 265 125 292 149 379
6- nks"keqDr 317 119 314 134 297 138
7- fMLpktZ 0 0 0 0 0 0
8- vU; izdkj ls
fuLrkfjr
18 06 08 01 26 19
9- o"kZ ds vUr esa yfEcr 2593 2871 3137 2888 3305 4543
10- ltk dk izfr'kr 35-80 58-10 28-47 68-54 33-41 73-31
179
rkfydk la[;k 4¼35½24
fopkjk/khu cUnh ¼2007 ls 2009½
fooj.k 2007 2008 2009
l= U;k;ky;
vf/k0 U;k;k;y;
l= U;k;ky;
vf/k0 U;k;ky;
l= U;k;ky;
vf/k0 U;k;ky;
o"kZ ds
izkjEHk esa
yfEcr
614 1233 718 1064 806 1123
o"kZ ds vUr
esa yfEcr
718 1064 806 1123 862 1294
rkfydk la[;k 4¼36½25 vyhx<+ ifj{ks= esa egÙkoiw.kZ vijk?kksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u
Ø-la- vijk/k o"kZ 2007 o"kZ 2008 o"kZ 2009 1- MdSrh 3 1 1
2- ywV 8 9 7
3- gR;k 21 21 21
4- cyok 17 16 19
5- x`gHksnu 13 21 31
6- jksM gksYM vi 0 0 0
7- okgu pksjh 25 22 46
8- dqy pksjh 25 22 46
9- fQjkSrh gsrq vigj.k 0 0 0
10- vU; vigj.k 18 19 36
11- ngst gR;k 7 4 10
12- ckykRdkj 4 5 7
dqy 141 140 224
180
rkfydk la[;k 4¼37½26
vyhx<+ ifj{ks= esa vU; vf/kfu;eksa ds vijk/kksa dk rqyukRed
fooj.k
Ø-la- vijk/k 2008 2009 2010
1- 'kL= vf/k0 131 174 125
2- tqvk vf/k0 75 103 99
3- ,u-Mh-ih-,l- 66 43 75
4- vkcdkjh vf/k0 109 144 142
5- xq.Mk vf/k0 49 101 80
6- xSaxsLVj vf/k0 07 20 17
7- jk-lq-dk- 01 12 06
8- 109 n0iz0 la- 42 89 69
9- 110 n0iz0 la- 250 693 502
10- bZ-lh- ,DV 6 5 5
dqy 736 1384 1120
181
rkfydk la[;k 4¼38½27
¼efgykvksa ds fo:) vijk/k½
Øala- vijk/k 2008 2009 2010
1- gR;k 3 3 6
2- cykRdkj 4 5 7
3- 'khy Hkax 19 13 14
4- vigj.k 15 17 30
5- NsM+[kkuh 5 5 13
6- efgyk mRihM+u 35 34 37
7- pSu LuSfpax 1 1 2
8- ngst gR;k 7 4 10
dqy 98 82 119
izLrqr v/;k; esa fn;s x;s iqfyl vkadM+s lEcfU/kr Fkkuk ,oa iqfyl
v/kh{kd dk;kZy; ds fooj.k i=ksa ds vk/kkj ij ladfyr fd;s x;s gSaA bu
vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx ;Fkk LFkku v/;k; 6 ds fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu esa fd;k
x;k gSA
182
lanHkZ Lkzksr ¼v/;k;&4½
1- lkekftd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh&i`"B&9 ls 53&izksŒ xkSjh “kadj]
MkW- jfo izdk'k
2- Research Methodology : Methods & Techniques-page 4-5 -
by C.R.Kothari
3- Descriptive and Historical Account of the Aligarh District,
Page-348-364, By Edward Atkinson
4. mijksDr dk i"B la[;k&484
5. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world, By Thompson
Gale (2004)
6. Decisive Battles of India from 1746 to 1849-By George
Bruice Malleson
7. The tremendous Adventures of Major Gahagan-By William
Makepeace Thackeraym (Chapter-2)
8. Aligarh Muslim University Website
9- www.fallingrain.com
10. vyhx<+ dh tux.kuk] 2001
11. Times of India, (03/6/2003)
12- lzksr&ftyk lwpuk dsUnz vyhx<+
13- ftyk lkaf[;dh; if=dk
14- ftyk fuokZpu dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
15- ftykf/kdkjh dk;kZy; vyhx<+
16- ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd dk;kZy;] vyhx<+
183
17- jftLVj la[;k&4] Fkkuk&ikyh eqdheiqj
18- jftLVj la[;k&4] Fkkuk&vrjkSyh
19- jftLVj la[;k&4] Fkkuk&xka/khikdZ
20- jftLVj la[;k&4] Fkkuk&cUuknsoh
21- dk;kZy; ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd] vyhx<+
22- vfHk;kstu dk;kZy;] vyhx<+] fooj.k if=dk&2007 ls 2009
23- mijksDr
24- mijksDr
25- ftyk vijk/k fjdkMZ C;wjks&vyhx<+
26 ftyk vijk/k fjdkMZ C;wjks&vyhx<+
27- ftyk vijk/k fjdkMZ C;wjks&vyhx<+
184
v/;k;&5
iqfyl ifCyd baVjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa fooj.kkRed v/;;u
izLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z dh izLrkouk vkSj mn~ns';ksa ls Li"V gS fd iqfyl
ifCyd bUVjQsl ds Lo:iksa dh ifjdYiuk dkuwu dh ifjf/k esa dk;Z djrs
gq,s iqfyl ,oa turk ds yksxksa ds vUr% lEcU/k ds vk/kkj ij gh dh xbZ
gSA dkuwu }kjk iqfyl ,oa turk ds yksxksa dks ,d nwljs ds dk;ksZa esa
lg;ksx djus gsrq tks nkf;Ro lksais x;s gSa] mUgha dks vk/kkj cukdj bu
Lo:iksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS] tks fd fuEu gSa&
¼1½ vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh foospuk ds lUnHkZ esa]
¼2½ dkuwu O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa ds lUnHkZ esa]
¼3½ mijksDr ls i`Fkd vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ls tqM+s vU; dk;ksZa ds
lUnHkZ esa]
mijksDr izdkj ls dk;Z djrs gq,s iqfyl vkSj turk ds yksx ftrus
:i esa ijLij lEidZ esa vkrs gSa] os gh izLrqr 'kks/k ds vuqlkj iqfyl
ifCyd bUVjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:i gSaA turk tks iqfyl ds lEidZ esa
vkrh gS] le; vkSj vko';drk ds vuq:i viuk Lo:i cnyrh jgrh gSA
turk dk O;fDr tc ihfM+r gksdj f'kdk;r ysdj iqfyl ds ikl vkrk gS
rks og oknh gksrk gS] tc og Lo;a vijk/k djrk gS rks vfHk;ksxh gksrk gS
rFkk fdlh ekeys dks lqy>kus esa tc fu’i{k lg;ksxh ds :i esa vkrk gS
rks xokg gksrk gSA ,sls izR;sd Lo:i esa iqfyl vkSj turk ds O;fDr;ksa dk
185
vUr% lEcU/k ogr~ Lrj ij iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
mDr Lo:iksa esa iqfyl ,oa turk ds yksxksa ds nkf;Ro vkSj muds fuoZgu
dh fofgr izfØ;k dk v/;;u 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,s
vR;f/kd vko';d vkSj vifjgk;Z gSA
iqfyl }kjk lkekU;r;k nSfud dk;Zokgh esa fuEu vf/kfu;eksa dks
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS&
¼1½ Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860
¼2½ n.M izfØ;k alafgrk] 1973
¼3½ “kL= vf/kfu;e] 1959
¼4½ vkcdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1910
¼5½ lkoZtfud |wr vf/kfu;e] 1887
¼6½ foLQksVd inkFkZ vf/kfu;e] 1908
¼7½ foLQksVd vf/kfu;e] 1884
¼8½ vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955
¼9½ dkWih jkbV vf/kfu;e] 1957
¼10½ ngst izfr’ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961
¼11½ mŒizŒ xq.Mk fu;U=.k vf/kfu;e] 1970
¼12½ fxjksg can vf/kfu;e] 1986
¼13½ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e] 1980
¼14½ eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e] 1988
¼15½ iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861
¼16½ iqfyl eSuqvy
186
¼17½ mŒizŒ iqfyl v/khuLFk Js.kh vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh vkpj.k fu;ekoyh]
1991
¼18½ fØfeuy ykW la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1932
¼19½ mŒizŒ xkso/k fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 1955
¼20½ lwpuk izkS/kksfxdh vf/kfu;e] 2000
¼21½ eknd nzO; rFkk euksRrstd inkFkZ vf/kfu;e] 1985
¼22½ fd”kksj U;k; ¼ckydksa dh ns[kjs[k o laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2000
¼23½ vuqŒ tkfr@tuŒ tkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e
mDr vf/kfu;eksa ds vUrxZr fofgr vijk/k ,oa of.kZr izfØ;k dk
iqfyl }kjk vf/kdrj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
buds vfrfjDr vU; cgqr ls vf/kfu;e gSa] ftudk iz;ksx iqfyl
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu muls lEcfU/kr izdj.k ;nk&dnk vkrs gSaA
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh foospuk ds lUnHkZ esa
lekt esa fdlh laKs; vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus ij tks izFke dk;Zokgh
dh tkrh gS] og gS mDr vijk/k dh lwpuk@izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ iqfyl dks
fn;k tkukA1izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ fudVre~ Fkkus esa vijk/k ls ihfM+r O;fDr
vFkok ml vijk/k ds lEcU/k esa lwpuk j[kus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr }jk
djkbZ tkrh gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ ¼FIR½fy[kkus
okys O;fDr dk ml ?kVuk ls dksbZ lEcU/k gksA izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[ks
tkus ds i'pkr mldh izfr fjiksVZdrkZ dks nh tkrh gS] RkFkk mDr ekeys
187
dh foospuk fdlh l{ke iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks lksai nh tkrh gSaA foospuk
djus okys vf/kdkjh dks foospd vFkok foospuk vf/kdkjh dgk tkrk gSA2
foospuk izkjEHk djrs gq,s foospd ml ekeys ls lEcfU/kr dsl
Mk;jh rS;kj djrk gSA dsl Mk;jh esa mlds }kjk izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ
¼,QŒvkbZŒvkjŒ½ ,oa jkstukepk vke ¼th-Mh-½ esa mDr vijk/k ds
iathd`r gksus lEcU/kh jiV dh udy dh tkrh gSA lkekU; Mk;jh ,d ,slk
nLrkost gS tks LFkkbZ :i ls Fkkus ij j[kk tkrk gS] vkSj Fkkus ij gksus
okyh izR;sd dk;Zokgh dk mYys[k blesa fd;k tkrk gSA3 foospd }kjk
oknh] ?kVuk ls izHkkfor O;fDr] ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh j[kus okys O;fDr
¼xokg½ ds c;ku dsl Mk;jh esa vafdr fd;ss tkrs gSaA4 ?kVuk LFky dk
fujh{k.k dj mldk uD”kk utjh rS;kj dj dsl Mk;jh ds lkFk laYkXu
fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn vko';d gS rks vfHk;qDr dh fxj¶rkjh]5 vkSj ckn esa
lEifRr dh cjkenxh dh dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA lEiw.kZ lk{; ,df=r
djus ds i'pkr ;fn vijk/k izFke n`’V;k fl) ik;k tkrk gS rks foospd
}kjk vfHk;qDrksa ds fo:) vkjksi i= l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; esa
izsf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj ;fn vijk/k lkfcr ugha ik;k tkrk gS rks
foospuk vfUre vk[;k ¼,QŒvkjŒ½ }kjk lekIr dj nh tkrh gS] vkSj
fu/kkZfjr izi=6 esa lwpuk U;k;ky; dks izsf’kr dj nh tkrh gSA la{ksi esa
fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys ds vUos"k.k esa ;g dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd ^^ vUos"k.k ds vUrxZr os lc dk;Zokfg;k¡
vkrh gSa] tks bl lafgrk ds v/khu ¼n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds v/khu½ iqfyl
vf/kdkjh }kjk ;k eftLVªsV ls fHkUu fdlh Hkh ,sls O;fDr }kjk tks
188
eftLVªsV }kjk bl fufeRr izkf/kÑr fd;k x;k gS] lk{; ,df=r djus ds
fy;s dh tkrh gSaA7 vxj la{ksi esa dgk tk;s rks fdlh vijk/k dk vUos"k.k]
ml vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr lk{; dks ,df=r djus dh izfØ;k gSAbl izfØ;k
ds nkSjku turk ls fHkUu&fHkUu Lo:iksa esa iqfyl dk vkeuk lkeuk gksrk
gSaA ;s Lo:i fuEufyf[kr gS&
1- oknh vFkok fjiksVZdrkZ
2- xokg
3- vfHk;qDr
¼1½ oknh vFkok fjiksVZdrkZ ds :i esa
iqfyl Fkkus ij fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk dh lwpuk nsus okys O;fDr
dks oknh vFkok fjiksVZdrkZ dgk tkrk gSA8 ,sls O;fDr }kjk ?kVuk ds
lEcU/k esa le; dh n`f"V ls tks loZizFke lwpuk nh tkrh gS] mls izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ ¼,QŒvkbZŒvkjŒ½ dgk tkrk gSA vxj vijk/k laKs; izd`fr
dk gS rks iqfyl dks Lo;a foospuk djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS] vkSj ;fn
vijk/k vlaKs; izd`fr dk gS rks iqfyl U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls gh dksbZ
foospuk dj ldrh gSA tSls gh fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk dh lwpuk nsus
dksbZ O;fDr Fkkus vkrk gS] oSls gh ;Fkk”kh?kz mldh fjiksVZ fy[kh tkus dh
vis{kk dh tkrh gSA vxj vijk/k laKs; izd`fr dk gS rks mldh fjiksVZ
iqfyl izk:i la[;k&341 ij rhu izfr;ksa esa fy[kh tkrh gSA9 lwpukdrkZ
}kjk fyf[kr esa nh xbZ rgjhj dks fcuk fdlh Qsj&cny ds “kCn”k%
vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fjiksVZ ekSf[kd :i ls dh tkrh gS] rks O;fDr
189
tks bls djrk gS] ds ;FkkFkZ “kCnksa dks] ftlesa mlls iwNs x;s fdlh iz”u
ds fy, mldk mRrj Hkh “kkfey gS] dks fy[ks tkus dk fu;e gS] fy[kus ds
ckn mlds le{k i<+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fjiksVZ rhu izfr;ksa esa fy[kh tkrh
gSA izR;sd izfr ij fjiksVZdrkZ ds gLrk{kj ;k fu”kkuh v¡xwBk cuok,s tkrs
gSaA bl fjiksVZ dh r`rh; izfr Fkkus ds fjdkMZ esa j[kh tkrh gS] nwljh izfr
fjiksVZ djus okys dks rRdky fu%”kqYd nh tkuh pkfg, rFkk ewy izfr]
fyf[kr rgjhj ds lkFk layXu djds l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; dks
iqfyl v/kh{kd ds ek/;e ls rRdky izsf’kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A10 izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[kkus ds fy,s ;g vko';d ugha gS fd og O;fDr Fkkus ij
mifLFkr gh gksA VsyhQksu ij xqeuke O;fDr }kjk lwpuk fn;s tkus ij
izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[kh tk ldrh gSA lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij tc ;g
mn~?kkfVr gks fd vijk/k vlaKs; izd`fr dk gS rks fjiksVZ “kCn”k% ugha
fy[kh tkrh cfYd mlesa lwpuk nsus okys O;fDr ds dFku ds dsoy lkj
dks vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tkrk gSA vijk/k ds lEcU/k esa nh xbZ lwpuk dk
lkj iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk Fkkus dh tujy Mk;jh ¼thŒMhŒ½ esa Hkh fy[kk
tkrk gSA11
ftl iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks vijk/k dh foospuk dk nkf;Ro lksaik
tkrk gS] og oknh ds crk,s vuqlkj mldh fu”kkunsgh ij ?kVuk LFky dk
;Fkk”kh?kz uD”kk rS;kj djrk gS] vkSj oknh dk c;ku dsl Mk;jh e sa
vafdr djrk gSA12
vf'kdka'k ekeyksa esa oknh vFkok lwpukdrkZ og O;fDr gksrk gS] tks
vijk/k ls ihfM+r gksrk gSA rFkk bl ekeys dh foospuk esa fgrc) O;fDr
190
gksrk gSA mldks bl ckr dk vf/kdkj gS fd foospuk ds ifj.kke dh
tkudkjh mls izkIr gks fd mlds }kjk iathd`r djk,s x;s ekeys dk
vfUre ifj.kke D;k jgk \
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd foospuk
vf/kdkjh vius }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh dh lalwpuk] ml O;fDr dks] ;fn
dksbZ gks] ftlus vijk/k fd;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa loZizFke bRryk nh] ml
jhfr ls nsxk] tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk fofgr dh tk;A13
esa Hkh ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd vUos"k.k ds ifj.kke ls
lEcfU/kr lwpuk] Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd vf/kdkjh }kjk ifjoknh dks] ;fn dksbZ
gks] iqfyl izk:i la[;k&47 esa ml le; Hksth tk;sxh] tc og vkjksi i=
;k vfUre fjiksVZ] ;Fkk fLFkfr is”k djrk gSA14 orZeku le; esa lwpuk ds
vf/kdkj ds c<+rs egRo dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ;g izko/kku fof”k’V egRo
dk gSA oknh dks vius }kjk iathd`r djk,s x;s vfHk;ksx dh foospuk ds
ifj.kke ls ;Fkk”kh?kz voxr gksuk blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd og le; ls
vko';drkuqlkj vius ekeys dh iSjoh dj ldsA
,d tuin esa ,d o"kZ esa gtkjksa dh la[;k es avkijkf/kd ekeys
iathd`r gksrs gSaA15 mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd oknh@lwpukdrkZ ds
:i esa gh izfro"kZ gtkjksa O;fDr;ksa ls iqfyl dk vkeuk lkeuk gksrk gSA
oknh ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS] tks vijk/k dh ihM+k ds rhozre~ osx dh fLFkfr esa
Fkkus ij U;k; dh vis{kk ls mifLFkr gksrk gSA mlds lkFk iqfyl dk lh/kk
laokn vkSj O;ogkj gksrk gSA ihfM+r gksus ds ukrs vU; yksxksa dh lgkuqHkwfr
Hkh mlh ds lkFk gksrh gSA blds lkFk iqfyl dk tSlk O;ogkj gksrk gS]
191
mldk rqjUr vkSj izR;{k izHkko iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ij Hkh iM+rk
gSA oknh vFkok lwpukdrkZ ls lEcfU/kr dkuwuksa dk vuqikyu dk;Zokgh esa
ikjnf”kZrk dks vxzlj djrk gSA
xokg ds :i esa
vijk/kksa ds vUos"k.k esa lkekU; ukxfjdksa] eq[kfcj ,oa xokgksa dh cgqr
gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA xokg vFkok lk{kh ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS tks
ml ekeys ds rF; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gksrk gSA16 xokg
Lo;a oknh Hkh gksrk gS] vxj “kjhj ds fo:) vijk/k gqvk gS rks ?kk;y
O;fDr ?kVuk dk egRoiw.kZ xokg gksrk gS] vU; fdlh vijk/k esa ihfM+r
O;fDr egRoiw.kZ xokg gksrk gSA
izfl) U;k;fon~ cSUFke~ ds vuqlkj] ^^ xokg okLro esa U;k;ky; ds
,sls us= rFkk dku gSa tks U;k; ifjnku O;oLFkk esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku iznku
djrs gSaA cl muls dsoy ;gh vis{kk gS fd og U;k;y; dks ogh crk,sa
tks muds us= okLro esa ns[k jgs gSa] u fd og tks us=ksa ls ns[kus ds ckn
Hkh og fdlh fgrc)rk ds dkj.k U;k;ky; dks crk jgs gSa ;k fn[kk jgs
gSaA17 **
mijksDr dFku ,sls xokgksa ds lEcU/k esa gSa tks oknh] ihfM+r vFkok
?kk;y xokg ugha gSA tks fdlh Hkh rjg ?kVuk ls fgrc) ugha gSaA tcfd
,sls Lora= lkf{k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gS tks ?kVuk ds rF; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
ifjfpr gSa] vkSj fdlh Hkh i{kdkj ds i{k vFkok foi{k esa ugh agSaA ,sls
Lora= xokg vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu esa fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSaA fdlh
192
ekeys dh foospuk vkSj fopkj.k nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls xokgksa ij fdlh
Hkh dsl dk Hkfo"; fVdk gksrk gSA18 vius ,sls gh egRo ds dkj.k ,sls
Lora= xokgksa ds lEcU/k esa dbZ izdkj ds 'kks/k fd;s tk pqds gSaA xokgksa ds
egRo dks vke cksypky esa Hkh ;g dgdj Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd
dkuwu lcwr ekaxrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk Hkh ,d ekeys esa ;g
dgk x;k gS fd ^^,d vkijkf/kd dsl dk fuekZ.k lcwr dh lkexzh ls
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds fy;s xokgksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS pkgs dsl izR;{k
lk{; dk gS ;k ifjfLFkfr tU; lk{; dkA19**
foospd dks dgk tkrk gSA foospuk ds nkSjku og
ftu xokgksa ds c;ku fy[krk gS] mUgha xokgksa ds U;k;ky; esa fn;s c;ku
ds vk/kkj ij U;k;k/kh'k fu.kZ; djrk gSA U;k;k/kh'k xokgksa dh xokgh ls
lR; dks vlR; ls mlh rjg vyx djrk gS] ftl rjg vukt dks Hkwls ls
vyx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj xokg ^rF;ksa ds lcwr* miyC/k djkrs
gSaA20
euqLe`fr esa Hkh vkijkf/kd U;k; O;oLFkk esa xokgksa ds ldkjkRed
,oa udkjkRed ;ksxnku ds lEcU/k esa lpsr djrs gq,s dgk x;k gS fd
xyr fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, xokg Hkh mrus gh nks’kh gSa] ftrus fd U;k;k/kh'k]
“kkld rFkk vf/koDrkA21
xokgksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d lkekU; mi/kkj.kk ;g gksrh gS fd os Lora=
gksrs gSa] tc rd fd izfrdwy :i ls lkfcr u dj fn;k tk;A ,slk izR;sd
O;fDr xokgh nsus esa l{ke ekuk tkrk gS tks mlls fd;s x;s iz”uksa dks
le>us rFkk mudk ;qfDr;qDr mRrj nsus dh {kerk j[krk gSA22
193
dkuwu esa ;g O;oLFkk gS fd dksbZ foospuk vf/kdkjh fdlh ,sls
O;fDr ls vius le{k mifLFkr gksus dh vis{kk fyf[kr vkns'k }kjk dj
ldrk gS ftlds ckjs esa ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd og ekeys ds rF;ksa vkSj
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr gSA ,slk O;fDr vkns'k ds vuqikyu esa mifLFkr
gksus ds fy, ck/; gSA 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#’k vkSj fdlh Hkh vk;q dh
L=h dks xokg ds :i esa Fkkus ij ugha cqyk;k tk ldrkA mlds lkekU;
fuokl ij gh mldh xokgh yh tk ldrh gSA vxj mijksDrkuqlkj fdlh
O;fDr dks xokg ds :i esa Fkkus esa cqyk;k tkrk gS rks fu;ekuqlkj mls
[kpkZ fn;s tkus dh vis{kk fof/k }kjk dh xbZ gSA23
foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk xokg ls ?kVuk ds rF; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
lEcU/k esa ekSf[kd ijh{kk dh tkrh gSA cqyk;k x;k xokg ,ssls lHkh iz”uksa
ds mRrj nsus ds fy, ck/; gksrk gS] tks foospukf/kdkjh }kjk mlls iwNs
tkrs gSaaA dsoy ,sls iz”uksa dks iwNs tkus ij izfrcU/k gS ftuds vk/kkj ij
Lo;a xokg ds vkjksfir gksus dh lEHkkouk gksA xokg }kjk bl izdkj ls
viuh ijh{kk ds nkSjku fn;s x;s dFku dks foospukfèkdkjh }kjk dsl
Mk;jh esa fy[kk tkrk gSAfoospukf/kdkjh ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og
xokg ds dFku dks lgh lgh vafdr djsxkA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk
}kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd xokg dk
dFku JO;&n`”; bySDVªkfud lk/kuksa }kjk Hkh vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk
ldsxkA24
esa ;g fu;e gS fd vf/kdkjh dks Lo;a dks
dsoy dFku vfHkfyf[kr djus ds fyfid ds :i esa ugha ekuuk pkfg,A
194
mldk drZO; gS fd lEijh{k.k djs vkSj vuqeku yxk,A25 foospuk
vf/kdkjh dk drZO; LkR; dks [kkstuk gksrk gS] u fd dsoy nks’kflf)
djkukA mls le; iwoZ Lo;a dks fdlh ds i{k esa ;k fojks/k esa rF;ksa dks
fdlh n`f"Vdksa.k ds izfr izfrc) ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;|fi mls izfrj{kk
ds fy, lk{; dh ryk”k djus ds fy, vius drZO; ls ckgj ugha tkuk
pkfg,] ftlesa mls fo'okl djus ds fy, lek/kkuizn vk/kkj gS fd
vfHk;qDr O;fDr nks’kh gSA fQj Hkh mls lnSo vius le{k izfrj{kk lk{;
is”k djus dk vfHk;qDr O;fDr dks volj nsuk pkfg, vkSj ,sls lk{; ij
lko/kkuh iwoZd fopkj djuk pkfg,A26
Hkkjrh; lekt dh dqN fof”k’Vrk,sa gSa] tks vU; lektksa ls vyx
gSa] tSls& /keZ Hkh#rk] :f<+okfnrk] tkrh;rk] geis”kkiu] gj ckr dk Js;
Lo;a ysuk] nks’k nwljksa ij NksM+uk] ckr dks cMk+&p<+k dj dguk rFkk >wB
dks lR; ls feykus esa ladksp u djuk vkfnA bu fof”k’Vrkvksa dks /;ku
esa j[kuk fdlh Hkh foospuk vf/kdkjh ds fy, xokg dks ijhf{kr djrs le;
vfr vko';d gSA mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk bUgha lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku
esa j[krs gq, ,d fu.kZ; esa xokgksa dh rhu izdkj dh Jsf.k;k¡ crkbZ gSaA27
1½ iw.kZr% fo'oluh; xokg
2½ iw.kZr% vfo'oluh; xokg
3½ u iw.kZr% fo'oluh; vkSj u gh iw.kZr% vfo'oluh;
mijksDr esa ls r`rh; izdkj ds xokg gh foospd vkSj U;k;ky; rFkk
vfHk;kstu ds fy, pqukSrh gksrs gSaA buds ijh{k.k esa vR;f/kd lrdZrk dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
195
fHkUu&fHkUu izÑfr ds ekeyksa dh foospuk djrs gq, iqfyl dks dbZ
izdkj ds xokgksa ls ckrphr djuh iM+rh g Sa buesa f”kf{kr O;fDr]
vf”kf{kr O;fDr] ckyd] o`)] efgyk] fpfdRld] vf/koDrk] vf/kdkjh]
iqfyl dehZ] fo’k; fo'ks"kK vkfn gks ldrs gSaA dkuwu esa lHkh xokgksa dh
xokgh dks leku egRo fn;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh vyx&vyx Js.kh ds xokgksa
ls vyx&vyx rjg ls foospd dks O;ogkj djuk gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh
xokg foospuk vf/kdkjh dks fdlh ?kVuk ds lEcU/k esa xokgh rks nsrk gS]
ysfdu foospuk vf/kdkjh dks mlds vkpj.k ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd og
U;k;ky; esa vius fn;s x;s c;ku ls eqdj tk;sxk] rks ,slh fLFkfr esa
foospd ,sls xokg dks Lo;a c;ku fy[kdj mls lEcfU/kr eftLVªsV ds ikl
ys tkrk gSA vkSj eftLVªsV dks izkFkZuk i= nsdj ml xokg dk c;ku
ys[kc) djkrk gSA28 iqfyl dks foospuk ds nkSjku fn;s x;s vius c;ku ls
U;k;ky; esa fopj.k ds nkSjku xokg }kjk vius c;ku ls eqdj tkuk
i{knzksgh ¼gksLVkby½ gksuk dgk tkrk gS vkSj ,sls xokg dks i{knzksgh
xokg dgrs gSaaA orZeku le; esa vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu dh lcls cM+h
leL;k xokgksa dh i{knzksfgrk gSA bldks jksdus ds fy, vyx&vyx Lrj
ij vusd iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa foospuk ds nkSjku
xokg ds fy[ks x;s c;ku ij mlds gLrk{kj ysuk fu’ks/k fd;k x;k gSA
foospukf/kdkjh xokg ls iwNdj Lo;a mldk c;ku dsl Mk;jh esa fy[krk
gSA rFkk ml c;ku dks i<+dj mls lqukrk gSA blh c;ku ds vk/kkj ij
xokg dk U;k;ky; esa c;ku djk;k tkrk gSA
196
dkuwu esa ;g izko/kku gS fd tc Hkh iqfyl fdlh O;fDr dh
ryk”kh ysxh] mldk dksbZ eky dCts esa ysxh] ;k yk”kksa dk fujh{k.k
djsxh rks ogk¡ LokHkkfod :i ls mifLFkr gksus okys izfrf’Br O;fDr;ksa dks
lk{kh ds :i esa cqykdj mUgha ds lkeus iwjh dk;Zokgh djsxh vkSj ckn esa
muds gLrk{kj Qn Z ¼eheks½ ij djok,sxhA ,sls xokgksa dks QnZ dk xokg
dgk tkrk gSaA budh xokgh iqfyl dk;Zokgh dks fo'oluh; cukrh gSA
mijksDr fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd iqfyl }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dh
lQyrk xokgksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blh dkj.k dkuwu ;g vis{kk djrk gS
fd iqfyl dks xokgksa ds izfr mnkj vkSj fopkj”khy gksuk pkfg,A xokgksa
dks vuko”;d :i ls Fkkus ij ugha cSBkuk pkfg,A mŒizŒ iqfyl
jsX;wys”ku esa ;g izko/kku gS fd dksbZ xokg ;fn Fkkus vkdj ;g vuqjks/k
djrk gS fd mldh mifLFkfr dks ys[kc) fd;k tk;s rks foospd dk
nkf;Ro gS fd og fu;ekuqlkj mldh mldh mifLFkfr izk:i la[;k&7
ij lqfuf'pr djsxkA
mPpre~ U;k;ky; us xokgksa ds ;ksxnku dks Lohdkj djrs gq, dgk
gS fd vkijkf/kd U;k; izfØ;k ls tqM+k izR;sd O;fDr fdlh u fdlh :i esa
xokg dks NksM+dj] ykHkkfUor gksrk gSA U;k;k/kh'k] vfHk;kstd] foospd osru
ikrk gS] vf/koDrk Qhl ysrk gS] fdUrq xokg dks U;k;ky; esa lqcg ls
“kke rd dh ijs”kkuh] vf/koDrkvksa ls QVdkj] vfHk;qDr ls mlds thou
dks izHkkfor djus okyh /kedh rFkk vLkqj{kk dh Hkkouk gh feyrh gSA
U;k;ky; us ;g vko';drk eglwl dh gS fd lg;ksx djus okys xokgksa
197
dks okLrfod lqj{kk dsl ls iwoZ rFkk i'pkr nh tk;s rFkk U;k;ky; }kjk
mUgas vLkEeku rFkk ijs”kkfu;ksa ls cpk;k tk;sA30
xokgksa ds lkFk iqfyl dk tks O;ogkj gksrk gS mlds izR;{k vkSj
vizR;{k nksuksa izdkj ds izHkko iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa ij iM+rs gSaA
gekjs lekt esa lgu'khyrk dh deh gksus ds dkj.k vktdy 'kjhj
ds izfr vijk/kksa esa vR;f/kd c<+ksRrjh gks jgh gSA vkilh >xM+s rFkk
ekjihV gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa IkhfM+r i{k viuh f'kdk;r ysdj lh/ks iqfyl
Fkkus ig¡qprk gSA ?kVuk dh xEHkhjrk dks izLrqr djus gsrq og ?kVuk esa
xEHkhj :i ls ?kk;y O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh vLirky u ys tkdj lh/ks Fkkus
igq¡prk gSA iqfyl dk nkf;Ro gS fd ,sls ihfM+r O;fDr dh rRdky izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[kdj ?kk;y O;fDr;ksa dks ljdkjh vLirky bykt gsrq
rFkk fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k gsrq HkstsA vfoyEc fpfdRlk lqfo/kk miyC/k
djk,sA
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k gsrq iqfyl jsX;wys'ku ds iSjk&143 ds vUrxZr
Fkkus ij QkeZ la[;k&34 ¼,½] ftls ^ fpV~Bh et:ch * dgk tkrk gS]
miyC/k jgrs gSaA mlh QkeZ ds lkFk ?kk;yksa dks fdlh vkj{kh ds lkFk
vLirky Hkstk tkrk gSA iqfyl jsX;wys'ku ds izLrj&144 ds vuqlkj
MkWDVj dk ;g drZO; gS fd mDr QkeZ ij gh ijh{k.k vk[;k vafdr djs
vkSj mls lkFk x;s vkj{kh ds gokys dj nsA31
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k fjiksVZ vFkok e`R;q gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa
e`R;qi;kZUr ijh{k.k fjiksVZ ¼iksLV ekWVZe fjiksVZ½ rhu izfr;ksa esa rS;kj dh
198
tkrh gSA ewy izfr iqfyl v/kh{kd dks Hksth tkrh gS] nwljh izfr lkFk vk,s
vkj{kh ds liqnZ dj nh tkrh gS vkSj rhljh izfr dks fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh
}kjk dk;kZy; fjdkMZ ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA32
fdlh vijk/k dh izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ vafdr fd;s tkus ds rRdky
ckn mldk lkjka'k] ?kVuk dk LFky] fnukad] le;] fn'kk] Fkkus ls nwjh]
vkfn dk o.kZu jiV ds :i esa jkstukepk vke ¼G.D.½ eas fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn dksbZ ?kk;y Hkh Fkkus ij yk;k x;k gks rks mlds 'kjhj dh pksVksa dk
lko/kkuh iwoZd eqvk;uk djds pksVksa dk fooj.k Hkh jkstukepk vke dh
jiV esa fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk jDr ;qDr oL= dCts esa ysdj lhy can dj
mudh QnZ rS;kj dj eky[kku s esa j[kk tkrk gSA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks mldh bPNk ds fo:) fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds
fy,s ugha Hkstk tk ldrkA ;fn pqVSy efgyk gS rks Fkkus esa mldh pksVksa
dk ijh{k.k efgyk deZpkjh }kjk rFkk mldk fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k efgyk
fpfdRld }kjk djk;k tkuk pkfg,A n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa fdlh vijk/k
ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Li"V izko/kku
ugha gSa
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds }kjk cykRdkj
dh f'kdkj gqbZ efgyk dh 'kkjhfjd ijh{kk gsrq izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA ;s
izko/kku 23@06@2006 ls izHkkoh cuk, x;s gSaA mDr izko/kku ds i'pkr
Fkkus ij ig¡qpus ds 24 ?k.Vs ds vUnj cykRdkj ls ihfM+r efgyk dk
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k djk;k tkuk vko';d gSA33
199
tc fdlh nq?kZVuk ds gksuss dk lekpkj feyrk gS rks iqfyl dk ;g
ije drZO; gS fd og nq?kZVukLFky ij lqj{kk lEcU/kh dk;Zokgh 'kq: djs]
ftlls fd ?kk;yksa dks rqjUr LokLF; lEcU/kh lgk;rk fey lds vkSj tku
o eky dk vkSj vf/kd uqdlku gksus ls cpko fd;k tk ldsA
fdlh nq?kZVuk vFkok vijk/k ds QyLo:i ?kk;y dksbZ O;fDr tc
Fkkus yk;k tkrk gS] vFkok vkrk gS rks mldh ihM+k dk laosx ml le;
peksZRd"kZ ij gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mldks Rofjr dkuwuh dk;Zokgh dk
vk'oklu vkSj fpfdRlk lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkus ls mldh ihM+k dk laosx de
gks tkrk gS] vkSj mlds eu esa iqfyl ra= ds izfr ldkjkRed /kkj.k curh
gSA
vfHk;qDr ds :i esa
vijk/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,s n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa mYys[k gS
fd] ^^ vijk/k ls dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ;k yksi vfHkizsr gS] tks rRle; izor
fdlh fof/k }kjk n.Muh; cuk fn;k x;k gSA35 ** ,sls dk;Z vFkok yksi
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk vFkok vU; fo'ks"k ,oa LFkkuh; fof/k;ksa esa fn;s x;s gSaA
izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dh n`f"V ls vfHk;qDr mu O;fDr;ksa ls vk'kf;r gSa] ftUkds
fo:) foospuk ds mijkUr vkjksi i= vFkok ifjokn izLrqr fd;k x;k gS
vkSj fopkj.k fd;s tkus dh U;k;ky; ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; U;k; ifjnku O;oLFkk dk vfHk;qDr ,d ,slk vfHkUu vax gS]
ftlds pkjksa vksj fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa ds n.M dh ryokj lnSo yVdh
jgrh gSA oSls vfHk;qDr dks gekjh U;k; O;oLFkk esa fo'o dh vU; U;k;
200
O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa lokZf/kd dkuwuh laj{k.k izkIr gSA bl O;oLFkk esa
vfHk;qDr ds i{k esa IkzkjEHk ls vUr rd] ftlesa vfHk;ksx iathÑr gksus ls
vihy ds fuLrkfjr gksus rd dh fLFkfr lfEefyr gS] funksZf"krk dh
vo/kkj.k v{kq.k jgrh gSA fQj Hkh gekjh O;oLFkk esa vfHk;qDr dh ifjHkk"kk]
vUos"k.k ,oa tk¡p ds nkSjku mldh fLFkfr] vkjksi yxus ls iwoZ U;k;ky; ds
le{k viuh funksZf"krk dk lk{; izLrqr djus ;k nLrkost vkfn dks leu
djkus vkSj mudk ykHk mBkus RkFkk vjksi yxus ls vfUre fu.kZ; rd
mldh dkuwuh gSfl;r] vf/kdkj] cpko ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu igyqvksa ds
lEcU/k esa i;kZIr Hkze gS] ftlds dkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i foosPkuk
vf/kdkjh vFkok U;k;ky; ds }kjk fy;s tkus okyksa fu.kZ;ksa esa ,d:irk dk
vHkko izrhr gksrk gSA36
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk vFkok vU; Hkkjrh;
vf/kfu;eksa esa vijk/k dks rks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu vijk/kh vFkok
vfHk;qDr dks dgha Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA vkWDlQksMZ 'kCn dks"k
ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr ls vfHkizsr fdlh vijk/k ls vkjksfir O;fDr ls gSA37
loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk vius le{k izLrqr izdj.kksa esa vfHk;qDr dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd ^^ vfHk;qDr ls vfHkiszr ,d ,sls O;fDr ls
gS] ftlds fo:) ds v/khu izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ
vfHkfyf[kr dh xbZ gSA38 rFkk ,sls O;fDr lss vfHkizsr gS] ftlds fo:)
vkjksi bl vk'k; dk yxk;k x;k gS fd og fdlh vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA39
bl izdkj vfHk;qDr 'kCn dk vFkZ vyx&vyx lUnHkZ esa
vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn ,sls O;fDr dks bafxr djrk gS] ftldh
201
Lora=rk] vkSipkfjd vkijkf/kd vkjksi ls izfrf"k) dh xbZ gS] dHkh bldk
vk'k; ,sls O;fDr ls gS ftlds fo:) vkijkf/kd vkjksi rks gS] ysfdu vHkh
mldk fopkj.k ugha gqvk gSA40
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku d s esa vfHk;qDrksa dks fuEu laj{k.k
iznku fd;s x;s gSaA41
1½ dksbZ O;fDr fdlh vijk/k ds fy, rc rd nks"kfl) ugha Bgjk;k
tk;sxk tc rd fd mlus ,slk dksbZ dk;Z djus ds le; tks
vijk/k ds :i esa vkjksfir gS fdlh izo`Rr fof/k dk vfrØe.k ugha
fd;k gS ;k mlls vf/kd n.M dk Hkkxh ugha gksxk] tks ml vijk/k
ds fd,s tkus ds le; izo`Rr fof/k ds v/khu vf/kjksfir fd;k tk
ldrk FkkA
2½ fdlh O;fDr dks ,d gh vijk/k ds fy, ,d ckj ls vf/kd
vf/kjksfir vkSj nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
3½ fdlh vijk/k ds fy, vfHk;qDr O;fDr dks Lo;a vius fo:) lk{kh
gksus ds fy,s ck/; ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
blh izzdkj ds }kjk Hkh vfHk;qDr dks fuEu laoS/kkfud
laj{k.k mldh fxj¶rkjh vkSj fujks/k ds lEcU/k esa miyC/k djk;s x;s gSaA
1½ fdlh O;fDr dks tks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k gS] ,slh fxj¶rkjh ds
dkj.kksa ls ;Fkk'kh?kz voxr djk,s fcuk vfHkj{kk esa fu:) ugha j[kk
202
tk,sxk rFkk mls viuh :fp ds vf/koDrk ls ijke'kZ djus vkSj
izfrj{kk djus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr ugha j[kk tk,xkA
2½ ,sls fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr dks vf/kd ls vf/kd 24 ?k.Vs dh
vof/k esa eftLVªsV ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA
mijksDr ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr ds esa ukxfjdksa
dks iznRr ^thou vkSj O;fDrxr Lora=rk* dk ewyHkwr vf/kdkj vfHk;qDr
dks Hkh izkIr gSA vfHk;qDr dh O;fDrxr Lora=rk esa fof/k }kjk LFkkfir
izfØ;k viuk, fcuk gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA42 vfHk;qDr dks ;g
Hkh laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj izkIr gS fd mldk fopkj.k ;Fkk'kh?kz iwjk fd;k
tk;A vuko';d :i ls mlds ekeys dks foyfEcr ugha fd;k tk;sA43
vxj vfHk;qDr xjhc gS vkSj mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,slh ugha gS fd og
vius cpko esa fdlh vf/koDrk dks fu;qDr dj lds rks mls eq¶r dkuwuh
lgk;rk izkIr djus dk Hkh laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA44 mlds }kjk U;k;ky;
esa ;fn bl vk'k; dk izkFkZuk i= fn;k tkrk gS rks ftyk fof/kd lsok
izkf/kdj.k }kjk mls fu%'kqYd vf/koDrk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gS] tks
mlds ekeys dh iSjoh djrk gSA
fdlh dkuwu esa vUos"k.k ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr dks vf/koDrk dh lqfo/kk
miyC/k djkus dk izko/kku ugha gSA ysfdu mPpre U;k;ky; dk ;g
funZs'k gS fd vfHk;qDr dks vUos"k.k ds nkSjku vf/koDrk dh lqfo/kk mldh
ek¡x ij miyC/k djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g lqfo/kk iqfyl dks miyC/k
djkuh gksxhA45
203
bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd fdlh xjhc vfHk;qDr dks eq¶r dkuwuh
lsok,sa miyC/k djkus dh laoS/kkfud ck/;rk dsoy ml le; miyC/k ugha
gksrh tc fopkj.k izkjEHk gksrk gSA vfirq ml le; Hkh miyC/k gksrh gS]
tc vfHk;qDr igyh ckj U;k;ky; ds lkeus is'k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g og
LVst gksrh gS tc vfHk;qDr dks l{ke dkuwuh lykg rFkk izfrfuf/kRo dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh ,slh izfØ;k dks ;qfDr;qDr] _tq] vkSj
U;k;ksfpr ugha dgk tk ldrk ftlesa og O;fDr dkuwuh lykg vkSj
izfrfuf/kRo ls oafpr gqvk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; us ^^gqlSu vkjk [kkrwu cuke fcgkj jkT;** ds
ekeys esa ;g vf/kfu;e fd;k gS fd lafo/kku ds vuqΠ21 esa fdlh O;fDr
dks Lora=rk dh xkjaVh esa ;g fofgr gS fd xjhc O;fDr ds izR;sd ekeys
esa jkT; dh vksj ls fu%'kqYd odhy dh lsok,sa miyC/k djkbZa tk;saaaA vc
izR;sd ekeys esa dksbZ Hkh fu/kZu vfHk;qDr jkT; ds [kpsZ ij odhy dh ek¡x
dj ldrk gSA vkSj ,slk u gksus ij mlds fo:) tks dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gS
og vuqŒ 21 dk vfrØe.k gksus ds dkj.k voS/k ekuh tkdj jn~n dh tk
ldrh gSA lafo/kku ds 39¼d½* Hkh ,slh
gh O;oLFkk djrk gSA46
mDr O;oLFkk dks dkuwuh Lo:i nsus ds fy,s laln }kjk
fof/kd lsok izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1987 ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA bl
vf/kfu;e esa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd fxj¶rkj 'kqnk dksbZ Hkh
vfHk;qDr] dksbZ Hkh xjhc O;fDr] vuqΠtkfr] tutkfr dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr]
efgyk] cPPkk ,oa ,slk O;fDr ftldh okf"kZd vk; 25000@& :Πl s de
204
gS] og jkT; ds [kpsZ ij fu%'kqYd vf/koDrk vius ekeys dh iSjoh ds fy,
ys ldrk gSA47
fdlh laKs; ekeys dh foospuk ds nkSjku vFkok laKs; vijk/k ?kfVr
gksus dh lwpuk ij iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkjh lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ dk;Zokgh
gksrh gSA vfHk;qDr dk lokZf/kd iz;kl fdlh Hkh izdkj fxj¶rkjh ls cpuk
vFkok fxj¶rkj gksus ij tekur ij NwVus dk gh gksrk gSA iqfyl ds ikl
Hkh ^vfHk;qDr dh fxj¶rkjh* ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj lcls vf/kd izHkko'kkyh
gfFk;kj gSA
dkuwu esa iqfyl dks ;g 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gS fd ;fn fdlh
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh mifLFkfr esa dksbZ laKs; vijk/k fdlh O;fDr vFkok
O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk gS rks mDr iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk ,sls O;fDr
dks fxj¶rkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh
dks bl ckr dk ;qfDr;qDr lansg vFkok lwpuk izkIr gS fd fdlh O;fDr us
,slk laKs; vijk/k fd;k gS] tks 07 o"kZ rd dh ltk ds n.M ls
n.Muh; gS] vkSj iqfyl dks fo'okl gS fd ,slk O;fDr iqu% ,slk gh vijk/k
dj ldrk gS] foospuk dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gS] fdlh lk{; dks izHkkfor
dj ldrk gS] vFkok U;k;ky; }kjk cqyk,s tkus ij mifLFkfr ls cpsxk] rks
iqfyl vf/kdkjh ,sls O;fDr dks dkj.k crkdj fxj¶rkj dj ldrk gSA48
fxj¶rkjh dk vf/kdkj turk ds O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh fn;k x;k gSA dksbZ
Hkh izkbZosV O;fDr fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks tks mldh mifLFkfr esa vtekurh;
vkSj laKs; vijk/k djrk gS] fxj¶rkj dj ldrk gSA ,sls O;fDr dks Hkh
fxj¶rkj dj ldrk gS tks mn~?kksf"kr vijk/kh gksA bl izdkj fxj¶rkj
205
fd;s x;s O;fDr dks vuko';d foyEc ds fcuk iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds gokys
fd;k tk;sxk vFkok fudVre~ Fkkus ys tk;k tk;sxk vFkok fHktok;sxkA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ls fuf'pr gh lekt esa mldh
izfr"Bk /kwfey gksrh gSA U;k;ky;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkekftd izfr"Bk Hkh
O;fDr dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gSA50 vuko';d :i ls fxj¶rkjh djds
fdlh ukxfjd dh lkekftd izfr"Bk dks /kwfey ugha fd;k tkuk pfg,A
loksZPp U;k;ky; ,oa mPPk U;k;ky; us blhfy, ;g O;oLFkk nh gS fd
fdlh ekeys ds iathd`r gksrs gh fxj¶rkjh vko';d ugha gSA i;kZIr lk{;
tqVk,s tkus rd vfHk;qDr dks vUrfje tekur nh tkuh pkfg,A51
vuko';d fxj¶rkjh ij U;k;ky; dkQh xEHkhj gSaA U;k;ky;ksa dk
ekuuk gS fd dqN ekeyksa esa ,slk gksrk gS fd vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksrs gh
vfHk;qDr dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ckn esa i;kZIr lk{; ds
vHkko esa vfUre vk[;k yxkdj ekeyk lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA bUgh
lc dkj.kksa ls 07 o"kZ rd dh ltk rd ds vijk/k okys ekeyksa esa
fxj¶rkjh vko';d u gksus ds funsZ'k iznku fd;s gSa vkSj fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa gh 07 o"kZ ls de ltk okys ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkjh dh vuqefr iznku dh
xbZ gSA bykgckn mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fnukad 11@10@11 dks fn;s ,d
u;s ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;gk¡ rd dgk gS fd bu funZs'kksa dks lekpkj
i=ksa }kjk ^^lkr lky rd dh ltk ikus okys vfHk;qDrksa dks jkgr**
'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr dj turk ds LkaKku esa yk;k tk;sA52
^^ ** ds lqizfl) ekeys esa
mPPkre~ U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V vkns'k dkQh iwoZ esa gh fn;k gS fd iqfyl
206
dks viuh fxj¶rkj djus dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx euekus <ax ls gj ekeys esa
ugha djuk pkfg,A fxj¶rkjh dh 'kfDr gksuk ,d ckr gS vkSj mldk
mfprrk ds lkFk iz;ksx nwljh ckr gSA53
mPp U;k;ky; ,oa mPPkre U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr QSlyksa esa fof/kd
leh{kk rFkk fu"d"kZ Hkh dkuwu gh ekus tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ^uthj* vFkok dsl
ykW dgk tkrk gSA laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu dh Hkk¡fr gh ;s Hkh ck/;dkjh
gksrs gSaA54
vfHk;qDr dh fxj¶rkjh djus ds nkSjku iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU;
O;fDr] tks fxj¶rkj dj jgk gS] fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus okys O;fDr dks
oLrqr% Nq,sxk ;k ifj:) djsxkA ,slk rc rd fd;k tk;sxk] tc rd rd
fd fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus okyk O;fDr opu ;k deZ }kjk vius dks vfHkj{kk
esa lefiZr u dj nsA tc fdlh efgyk dks fxj¶rkj fd;k tkuk gS] rks
mldh fxj¶rkjh efgyk iqfyl dehZ dh mifLFkfr esa gh dh tk;sxhA55
vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj efgyk vfHk;qDr dks lw;kZLr ds i'pkr
vkSj lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ fxj¶rkj ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn ,slh
vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr fo|eku gS rks efgyk iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk lEcfU/kr
eftLVªsV ls iwoZ vuqefr ysdj ,slh fxj¶rkjh lw;kZLr ds ckn Hkh dh tk
ldrh gSA56
;fn dksbZ O;fDr viuh tk;t dkuwuh fxj¶rkjh ls cpus dk iz;Ru
djrk gS rks iqfyl dks fxj¶rkjh gsrq vko';d cy iz;ksx djus dk Hkh
vf/kdkj gSA vxj bl izdkj vius dks fxj¶rkjh ls cpkus dk iz;Ru djus
okyk O;fDr eR;qn.M vFkok vkthou dkjkokl ds n.M ls n.Muh;
207
vijk/k dk vfHk;qDr gS] rks iqfyl dks fxj¶rkjh ds iz;kl esa e`R;q dkfjr
djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj izkIr gSA57 iqfyl }kjk ,udkmUVj lkekU;r;k blh
vk/kkj ij fd;s tkrs gSaA U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fo'ks"k vkiokfnd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
gh bl vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx djus dh vuqefr nh gSA58
vxj fdlh vf/kdr iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks ,slk fo'okl djus ds
i;kZIr dkj.k gksa fd dksbZ vfHk;qDr vFkok ,slk O;fDr ftlds fo:)
U;k;ky; ls fxj¶rkjh okj.V tkjh gS] fdlh ?kj esa fNik gS] vFkok izfo"V
gqvk gS rks ,slk iqfyl vf/kdkjh fcuk fdlh ryk'kh okj.V ds ,sls ?kj esa
izos'k djds vfHk;qDrksa dks ryk'k djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSA59
tc dksbZ O;fDr fxj¶rkj djds Fkkus ij yk;k tkrk gS] rks iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ml fxj¶rkj 'kqnk O;fDr dh ryk'kh ys ldrk gSA ryk'kh ds
nkSjku iguus ds vko';d oL=ksa dks NksM+dj fxj¶rkj O;fDr ds ikl ik;h
xbZ lc oLrqvksa dks lqjf{kr vfHkj{kk esa j[k ldrk gSA tks oLrq,sa vfHkj{kk
esa yh tkrh gSa mudh ,d jlhn ml O;fDr dks iznku dh tkrh gSA ml
jlhn esa dCts esa yh xbZ lHkh oLrqvksa dks fy[kk tkrk gSA iqfyl dh vke
cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa bl izfØ;k dks ^tkek ryk'kh* dgk tkrk gSA vxj
fxj¶rkj vfHk;qDr L=h gS rks mldh tkek ryk'kh f'k"Vrk dk iwjk /;ku
j[krs gq, vU; L=h dehZ }kjk yh tkrh gSA60 iqfyl ds fy,s foHkkxh;
funsZ'k gSa fd vfHk;qDr dh ryk'kh nks lkf{k;ksa dh tks iqfyl ls lEcfU/kr
u gksa] mifLFkfr esa dh tkuh pkfg,A61 blh izdkj fdlh ifjlj vkfn dh
ryk'kh esa tks oLrq,sa dCts esa yh tkrh gSa mudh Li"V lwph ekSds ij gh
rS;kj dh tkuh pkfg,A ryk'kh fu"i{k xokgksa ds le{k yh tkuh pkfg,
208
rFkk lwph ij mu xokgksa ds gLrk{kj Hkh vko';d gksrs gSaA ,slh ryk'kh
U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh ryk'kh okj.V ds vuqikyu esa Hkh dh tkrh gS vkSj
Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd vf/kdkjh vFkok fdlh ekeys ds foospuk
vf/kdkjh }kjk bl ckr ds lek/kku ij Hkh yh tk ldrh gS fd vijk/k
ds vUos"k.k ds iz;kstu gsrq dksbZ pht ml LFkku esa fey ldrh gS rFkk
vuqfpr foYkEc ls og oLrq vU;= fNikbZ tk ldrh gS] vFkok u"V dh tk
ldrh gSA62 dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh fdlh ,slh lEifRr dks vfHkxzghr dj
ldrk gS] ftlds lEcU/k esa ;g lansg gS fd og oLrq pqjkbZ gqbZ gS] vFkok
tks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS] ftlls fdlh vijk/k ds fd, tkus
dk lansg gksA63 lkekU;r;k pksjh ds okguksa dh cjkenxh iqfyl }kjk bl
/kkjk ds vUrxZr dh tkrh gSA
fdlh O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus ij pw¡fd mldh nSfgd Lora=rk ds
ekSfyd vf/kdkj dk guu gksrk gSA vr% iqfyl dks dsoy fxj¶rkjh djus
ds nkSjku gh fo'ks"k lko/kkuh cjrus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh cfYd
fxj¶rkj fd, tkus ds i'pkr Hkh dbZ izdkj dh fof/kd vkSipkfjdrk,sa iw.kZ
djuh iM+rh gSaA fxj¶rkj 'kqnk O;fDr dks tks vf/kdkj izkIr gSa os fuEu gSa&
1½ fxj¶rkjh ds vk/kkj tkuus dk vf/kdkj]
2½ fudVre~ O;fDr dks fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk izkfIr dk vf/kdkj]
3½ vfHk;qDr }kjk fxj¶rkjh dh 'kfDr tkuus dk vf/kdkj]
4½ viuh fpfdRlh; ijh{kk djkus dk vf/kdkj]
5½ 24 ?kaVs ds vUnj eftLVªsV ds le{k mifLFkr gksus dk vf/kdkj]
6½ viuh ilUn ds vf/koDrk ls iSjoh djkus dk vf/kdkj]
209
7½ eq¶r dkuwuh lsok dk vf/kdkj]
fdlh O;fDr dks U;k;ky; ds okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj djus okyk
izR;sd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr ml fxj¶rkj O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj
fd, tkus ds vk/kkj rqjUr lwfpr djsxkA64 ;g vkKkid micU/k gSA
65
bldk ikyu fd;k tkuk iqfyl ds fy, vko';d gSA bldk ikyu u
fd;s tkus ij vfHk;qDr dk fjek.M voS/k ekuk tk;sxkA vkSj og tekur
ij NksM+s tkus dk gdnkj gksxkA66
dkuwu esa ;g izko/kku gS fd fxj¶rkj djus okyk izR;sd iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ,slh fxj¶rkjh vkSj ml LFkku ds ckjs esa] tgk¡ fxj¶rkj fd;k
fd;k x;k O;fDr j[kk x;k gS] ;k j[kk tk jgk gS] dh tkudkjh mlds
fe=ksa] ukrsnkjksa] ;k ,sls vU; O;fDr dks ftldks fxj¶rkj O;fDr ukfer
djs] rqjUr lwpuk nsxkA Fkkus dh thΠMhΠesa bl rF; dh lwpuk fy[kh
tk;xhA ,sls fxj¶rkj 'kqnk O;fDr dks tc fjek.M gsrq eftLVªsV ds le{k
izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks eftLVªsV dk ;g drZO; gS fd og ns[ks fd mDr
'krksZa dk vuqikyu fd;k x;k gS fd ughaA dsoy thŒ MhŒ vFkok fxj¶rkjh
ds izi= vFkok dsl Mk;jh esa bu rF;ks adk mYys[k gh vko';d ugha gS]
cfYd okLrfodrk esa vuqikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A67 mPPkre~ U;k;ky; us
cuke if'peh caxky jkT; ds ekeys esa vfHk;qDrksa dh
fxj¶rkjh vkSj fujks/k ds lEcU/k esa foLrr fn'kk funsZ'k fn, gSaA fudVe~
fe= ds vfrfjDr fxj¶rkjh dh laf{kIr lwpuk ftys ds fof/kd lgk;rk
laXkBu dks fn,s tkus gsrq funsZf'kr fd;k gSA68
210
vfHk;qDr dks ;g dkuwuh vf/kdkj gS fd og ;g tku lds fd mls
ftl O;fDr us cUnh cuk;k gS] mls fxj¶rkj djus dh dkuwuh 'kfDr gS ;k
ughaA69 izR;sd iqfyl vf/kdkjh fxj¶rkjh djrs le; vius uke dh lgh]
fn[kkbZ nsus ;ksX;] vkSj Li"V igpku /kkj.k djsxk] ftlls fd fxj¶rkj
djus okys dh vklkuh ls igpku dh tk ldsA fxj¶rkjh dk Kkiu
rS;kj fd;k tk;sxk ftldks fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr ds fdlh ifjokjhtu
}kjk vFkok fxj¶rkjh ds LFkku ds fdlh izfrf"Br ukxfjd }kjk rFkk Lo;a
vfHk;qDr }kjk gLrk{kfjr fd;k tk;sxkA70 jkT; ljdkj dk ;g Hkh nkf;Ro
gS fd izR;sd ftys esa fu;U=.k d{k ds ckgj j[ks lwpukiV ij
fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr;ksa ds uke vkSj irs rFkk iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk
ftlus fxj¶rkjh dh gS uke iznf'kZr djk;k tk;xkA ,sls LkHkh O;fDr;ksa dh
jkT; Lrj ij tkudkjh ,df=r dj mldk lkekU; turk ds lwpukFkZ
,d MkVkcsl Hkh rS;kj fd;k tk;sxkA71 tc fdlh vfHk;qDr dks fxj¶rkj
djds Fkkus ij yk;k tkrk gS rks mlls iz'u djds ;g iwNk tk;sxk fd
mls iqfyl nqO;ZO;ogkj dh dksbZ f'kdk;r gS\ 'kjhj ds ijh{k.kksijkUr ikbZ
xbZ pksVksa dk fooj.k Fkkus ds ^ jkstukepk vke * ¼thŒ MhŒ½ esa vfHk;qDr
dh vken djrs le; fy[kk tk;sxkA foospuk ds nkSjku ;g izfØ;k dsl
Mk;jh esa viukbZ tkrh gSA ;fn dSnh iqfyl nqO;ZO;ogkj dh f'kdk;r
djrk gS vFkok mlds 'kjhj ij nqO;ZO;ogkj dk dksbZ fpUg ik;k tkrk gS]
rks iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;g vfHkfyf[kr djsxk fd D;k mlds loksZRre Kku
rFkk fo'okl esa dSnh ds lkFk nqO;ZO;ogkj fd;k x;k ;k ughaA72
211
;fn fxj¶rkj fd;s x, O;fDr ds 'kjhj ij dksbZ pksV gks] vFkok
foospukf/kdkjh vko';d le>s rks fdlh Hkh ljdkjh vLirky ds MkWDVj
ls ijh{k.k djkuk gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ vfHk;qDr fdlh fo'ks"k dkj.ko'k Lo;a
viuk MkWDVjh ijh{k.k djkok,s tkus dk vuqjks/k djrk gS rks mldk ijh{k.k
jftLVMZ fpfdRlk O;olk;h ls djk;k tk;sxkA ;g vfHk;qDr dk dkuwuh
vf/kdkj gSA ;g micU/k ukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy,
gSaA bl micU/k dk mn~ns'; cpko dk lk{; lqfuf'pr djuk gS] D;ksafd
vfHk;qDr dh izkFkZuk ij dh xbZ fpfdRlh; ijh{kk mldh funksZf"krk lkfcr
dj ldrh gSA73
dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr dks
fxj¶rkjh ds LFkku ls eftLVªsV ds U;k;ky; rd] ;k=k ds fy, vko';d
le; dks NksM+dj vko';d :i ls 24 ?k.Vs dh vof/k ds vUnj eftLVªsV
ds le{k izLrqr djsxkA mPpre~ U;k;ky; }kjk [k=h cuke fcgkj jkT;
ds ekeys esa fn;s x, vkns'k ls bl micU/k dk egRo tkuk tk ldrk gSA
U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd --------ge jkT; rFkk blds iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ls
n`<+rkiwoZd rFkk dBksjrkiwoZd ;g dgrs gSa fd og ;g ns[ksa fd fxj¶rkj
gksus okys O;fDr dks U;kf;d eftLVªsV ds le{k 24 ?k.Vs ds Hkhrj is'k
djus dh laoS/kkfud rFkk dkuwuh vis{kk dk lpsr gksdj ikyu gksrk gSA74
bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd Fkkus esa fu:f) dh vf/kdre lhek 24 ?k.Vs gSA
;fn bl vof/k ds i'pkr Hkh vfHk;qDr dks Fkkus ij fu:) j[kk x;k gS rks
U;k;ky; dks pkfg, fd ,sls O;fDr dks rqjUr eqDr dj nsA75
212
;fn fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) dksbZ vijk/k iathd`r fd;k x;k gS rks
mldks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og viuh ilan ds vf/koDrk ls ijke'kZ dj
lds vkSj viuh izfrj{kk djk ldsA vfHk;qDr ds mlds bl vf/kdkj ls
oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mDr laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj vkKkid gSa] dsoy
funs'kkRed gh ugha gSA76 blh izdkj eq¶r dkuwuh lgk;rk ikus dk Hkh
vf/kdkj vfHk;qDr dks gksrk gSA blds lEcU/k esa iwoZ esa gh mYys[k fd;k
tk pqdk gSA eq¶r dkuwuh lgk;rk miyC/k djkuk jkT; dk nkf;Ro gSA77
vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr ls
lEcfU/kr dk;Zokgh
fdlh vijk/k ds Fkkus ij iathd`r gksus ds i'pkr mldh foospuk
ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr ls lEcfU/kr fuEu dk;Zokfg;k¡ foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk
dh tkrh gSa&
1½ fxj¶rkjh ,oa tekur
2½ vfHk;qDr dk lk{; fy;k tkuk
3½ dqdhZ dh dk;Zokgh
4½ U;kf;d vfHkj{kk@iqfyl vfHkj{kk dh dk;Zokgh]
5½ foospuk dh fjiksVZ U;k;ky; dks izsf"kr djuk]
fxj¶rkjh ds lEcU/k esa iwoZ eas gh foLr`r mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
fxj¶rkj 'kqnk O;fDr dks] vxj mldk vijk/k tekurh; Js.kh dk gS rks
;g crk;k tk;xk fd mldks tekur ij NwVus dk vf/kdkj gSA78 i;kZIr
tekur ysdj Fkkuk izHkkjh dks ,sls vfHk;qDr dks tekur ij NksM+ nsuk
213
pkfg,A vkSj vxj ,slk O;fDr Fkkus ij tekur nsus esa vlQy gksrk gS rks
mls vfoyEc ¼vko';d :i ls 24 ?k.Vs ds vUnj½ U;k;ky; esa izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj U;k;ky; mls tekur ij NksM+ nsrk gSA tekurh;
vijk/kksa esa tekur fxj¶rkj O;fDr dk vf/kdkj gS] tcfd xSj tekurh;
ekeyksa esa tekur nsuk fxj¶rkj djus okys iqfyl vf/kdkjh vFkok
U;k;ky; dk foosdkf/kdkj gSA79
izkd`frd U;k; dk fl)kUr gS fd dksbZ fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ nksuksa i{kksa
dk lquk tkuk pkfg,A80 oknh vFkok ihfM+r tc dksbZ fjiksVZ fy[kkus vkrk
gS rks mldh iwjh ckr lquh tkrh gS] foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk mldk rFkk
xokgksa ds c;ku fy[ks tkrs gSaA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk vFkok vU; fdlh
dkuwu esa foospuk ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr@lafnX/k O;fDr ds c;ku ysus fo"k;d
Li"V izko/kku ugha gSA81 vxj laKs; vijk/k dh fjiksVZ gS rks vfHk;qDr
O;fDr fxj¶rkjh ds Hk; ls viuk i{k foospukf/kdkjh ds le{k izLrqr ugha
dj ikrkA vfHk;qDr i{k dk c;ku lkekU;r;k fxj¶rkjh vFkok tekur ds
ckn gh fy[kk tkrk gSA vFkok fdlh U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds i'pkr gh
mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr gksus ij vfHk;qDr i{k dk c;ku fy[kus dk volj
izkIr gksrk gSA U;k;ky;ksa dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd vfHk;qDr ls iwNrkN ,d
,slh vko';d izfØ;k gS] ftlds fcuk vUos"k.k lEHko ugha gSA82 n.M
izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk&161 esa ;g izko/kku gS fd foospukf/kdkjh] ekeys
ds rF;ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr le>s tkus okys fdlh O;fDRk dh
ekSf[kd ijh{kk dj ldrk gSA /kkjk&161 nΠizΠlaΠds 'kh"kZd ls Li"V gS
fd ;g lkf{k;ksa dh ijh{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA ysfdu ufUnuh lRiFkh cuke
214
ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; dk dguk gS fd
/kkjk&161 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^O;fDr* ds v/khu vfHk;qDr ,oa lafnX/k nksuksa
vkrs gSaA83 vr% vfHk;qDr ds c;ku Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj fy, tk ldrs gSa
ftl izdkj xokg ds] D;ksafd vfHk;qDr Hkh ekeys ds rF; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gksrk gSA ysfdu bl lEcU/k esa Li"V izko/kku ugha gSA vxj
laKs; vijk/k dk vfHk;qDr fcuk tekur izkIr fd;s foospukf/kdkjh ds ikl
viuk c;ku nsus vFkok lk{; lEcU/kh dksbZ lkexzh nsus tkrk gS rks mls
foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj ;fn
foospukf/kdkjh fxj¶rkj ugha djrk gS rks mls dk
vuqikyu u djus ij nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn dksbZ vfHk;qDr Lo;a dks fxj¶rkjh ls cpk jgk gS] U;k;ky; ds
le{k mifLFkr ugha gks jgk gS] rks mlds fo:) fxj¶rkjh okj.V U;k;ky;
ls izkIr dj iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk fxj¶rkjh dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS]84
vkSj fQj Hkh mifLFkr ugha gks jgk gS rks foospukf/kdkjh dh izkFkZuk ij
U;k;ky; }kjk ;g fo'okl djds fd og O;fDr ;k rks Qjkj gks x;k gS]
;k Lo;a dks fNik jgk gS] bl vk'k; dh fyf[kr mn~?kks"k.kk izdkf'kr
djk;sxk fd og O;fDr funsZf'kr LFkku] le; ij mifLFkr gksA ,slk djus
gsrq 30 fnu dh lhek fu;r dh tkrh gSA mn~?kks"k.kk dh izfr LkkekU; rkSj
ij fuokl ds LFkku ij fdlh lgtn`'; LFkku ij fpidkbZ tkrh gS vkSj
nSfud lekpkj i= esa Hkh izdkf'kr djkbZ tkrh gSA ,d izfr lEcfU/kr
U;k;ky; ds ckgj Hkh pLik dh tkrh gSA85 bl mn~?kks"k.kk ds vuqikyu esa
;fn vfHk;qDr mifLFkr ugha gksrk gS rks U;k;ky; ,sls O;fDr dh py
215
vFkok vpy vFkok nksuksa izdkj dh lEifRRk dqdZ djus dk vkns'k ns
ldrk gSA86 mDr lHkh vkns'k U;k;ky; }kjk fu/kkZfjr izk:i ij gh tkjh
fd, tkrs gSaA lkekU;r;k dqdhZ vkns'k mn~?kks"k.kk ds 30 fnu ds i'pkr
fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;fn U;k;ky; dk lek/kku gks tkrk gS fd vfHk;qDr
viuh leLr lEifRr ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk O;;u dj jgk gS] ;k gVk
jgk gS] rks mn~?kks"k.kk ds lkFk&lkFk gh dqdhZ dk Hkh vkns'k tkjh dj
ldrk gSA
tSlk fd iwoZ esa mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gS fd fxj¶rkjh ds 24 ?k.Vs
dh vof/k ds vUnj vfHk;qDr dks lEcfU/kr eftLVªsV ds le{k izLrqr fd;k
tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA bldk vk'k; Li"V gS fd fdlh ekeys dh
foospuk dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, fo/kkf;dk us loZizFke 24 ?k.Vs dh vof/k
fu;r dh gSA88 ;fn 24 ?k.Vs ds vUnj vUos"k.k iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gks rks Fkkus dk Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh vFkok ekeys dk foospd ekeys dh
dsl Mk;jh ds lkFk vfHk;qDr dks fdlh eftLVªsV ds le{k izLrqr djsxkA
vkSj og eftLVªsV vfHk;qDr dks foospd dh izkFkZuk ij vfxze 15 fnu dh
vof/k ds fy, U;kf;d vfHkj{kk esa Hkst nsrk gSA izR;sd 15 fnu i'pkr ;g
vof/k vfxze 15 fnu ds fy, c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA izR;sd 15 fnu i'pkr
foospd dks dsl Mk;jh esa izdj.k dh foospuk dh izxfr dk mYys[k djrs
gq,s fjek.M c<+kus dh izkFkZuk djuh gksrh gSA bl U;kf;d vfHkj{kk dks
^U;kf;d fjek.M* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 10 o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl dh ltk ds
ekeys esa ;g vof/k 15&15 fnu djds vf/kdre 60 fnu ds fy, rFkk
mlls vf/kd dkjkokl ds ekeyksa esa 90 fnu rd c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA89
216
dqN fo'ks"k vf/kfu;eksa esa vf/kd vof/k dk Hkh izko/kku gSA bl vf/kdre
vof/k ds vUrxZr foospuk iw.kZ djds vkjksi i= izsf"kr fd;k tkuk
vko';d gksrk gS] vU;Fkk vfHk;qDr dks tekur ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA90
vxj vfHk;qDRk dh bl vof/k esa tekur gks tkrh gS rks 60 ;k 90 fnu dh
le; lhek vkjksi i= nsus gsrq lekIr gks tkrh gSA fjek.M ds izR;sd
volj ij U;k;ky; esa vfHk;qDr dh mifLFkfr vko';d gksrh gSA
tc 24 ?k.Vs dh vof/k ds vUrXkZr vfHk;qDr dks U;k;ky; esa izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj eftLVªsV iqu% mls iqfyl dh gh vfHkj{kk esa Hkst nsrk
gS rks bl dk;Zokgh dks ^iqfyl fjek.M* dgk tkrk gSA vr% 24 ?k.Vs ls
vf/kd dh vof/k ds fy,s ;fn iqfyl vfHk;qDr dks viuh vfHkj{kk esa j[kuk
pkgrh gS rks mls U;k;ky; ls iqfyl fjek.M ysuk iM+rk gSA fdlh
vfHk;qDr dks vf/kdre 14 fnu dh vof/k ds fy, gh iqfyl fjek.M esa
fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Hkh 'krZ gS fd ;g 14 fnu dh vof/k U;k;ky; esa
izFke ckj izLrqr djus ds i'pkr gh 15 fnu ds vUnj gh gks ldrh gSA91
fdlh Hkh dkuwu esa iqfyl vfHkj{kk fjek.M fdu dkj.kksa ls fn;k
tkuk pkfg;s] bl ckr dk mYys[k ugha gSA iqfyl vfHkj{kk dk fjek.M
lkekU; rkSj ij vfHk;qDr ls ,dkUr esa iwNrkN djus] vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr
fdlh oLrq] gfFk;kj vkfn dh vfHk;qDr dh fu'kkunsgh ij cjkenxh djus
gsrq fn;k tk ldrk gSA92 iqfyl fgjklr ds fjek.M ds fy, U;k;ky; esa
vkosnu Fkkus ds Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh vFkok foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk
lEcfU/kr jktif=r iqfyl vf/kdkjh@{ks=kf/kdkjh ds ek/;e ls fn;k tkrk
gSA93 lkekU; rkSj ij vfHk;qDr }kjk iqfyl ds le{k vfHkj{kk esa fn;k x;k
217
c;ku lk{; esa xzkº; ugha gksrk] ysfdu ;fn mlus vfHkj{kk esa jgrs gq,
dksbZ ,slk c;ku fn;k gS ftlls fdlh lk{; dh [kkst gqbZ gS] rks ,slk
c;ku lk{; esa xzkº; gksxkA94 iqfyl vfHkj{kk fjek.M dks ysdj reke rjg
dh Hkzkafr;k¡ vkSj fookn dks nwj djus ds fy, U;k;ky;ksa }+kjk ;g funsZf'kr
fd;k x;k gS fd iqfyl vfHkj{kk fjek.M ls iwoZ vkSj i'pkr vfHk;qDr dk
MkWDVjh ijh{k.k djk;k tk;xk] ftlls fd iqfyl }kjk fgalk ¼FkMZ fMxzh½
ds iz;ksx ij jksd yxkbZ tk lds] rFkk iwNrkN ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr ds
vf/koDrk ,d fuf'pr nwjh ij mifLFkr jg ldrs gSaA
fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk iw.kZ djds foospuk ds ifj.kke
dh fjiksVZ foospukf/kdkjh@Fkkuk izHkkjh }kjk U;k;ky; esa izLrqr dh tkrh
gSA ;fn vijk/k fl) ik;k tkrk gS rks vkjksi i= izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS]
vkSj ;fn vijk/k fl) ugha ik;k tkrk gS rks vfUre vk[;k izLrqr dh
tkrh gSA95
vxj vfHk;qDr vfHkj{kk esa gS rks vkjksi i= 60 vFkok 90 fnu dh
vof/k esa U;k;ky; esa IkzLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA96 vkSj ;fn vfHkj{kk esa ugha gS
rks tqekZus ls n.Muh; ekeyksa esa 06 ekg] ,d o"kZ dh ltk ds ekeyksa esa
,d o"kZ] rhu o"kZ rd dh ltk ds ekeyksa esa 3 o"kZ vkSj vf/kd ltk ds
ekeyksa esa fdruh Hkh vof/k esa vkjksi i= izsf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA97
vkjksi i= ds lkFk U;k;ky; dks os lHkh nLrkost izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa]
ftuds vk/kkj ij vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vijk/k lkfcr ik;k x;k gSA ,sls
lHkh nLrkostksa dh izfrfyfi rFkk xokgksa ds /kkjk&161 nΠizΠlaΠds
c;kuksa dh izfrfyfi iqfyl }kjk vfHk;qDr dks fn;s tkus dk izko/kku gS]
218
ysfdu ;s izfr;k¡ iqfyl }kjk ugha nh tkrh cfYd U;k;ky; }kjk iznku dh
tkrh gSA98
mΠizΠiqfyl jsX;wys'ku esa ;g funsZ'k gS fd vUos"k.k ;FkklEHko
'kh?kz iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA lk/kkj.k vijk/kksa dh foospuk 04 lIrkg esa
rFkk t?kU; vijk/kksa dh foospuk 08 LkIrkg dh vof/k esa iw.kZ gksuh
pkfg,A ,lŒ lhŒ@,lŒ VhŒ vf/kfu;e ds ekeyksa esa foospuk dks 14 fnu
ds vUnj iw.kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa ftyk iqfyl izeq[k
dh vuqefr ls 2 ekg dh vof/k esa iw.kZ dh tk ldrh gSA vU;Fkk
foospukf/kdkjh ds fo:) foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh ds funsZ'k gSaA100 vkjksi i=
Fkkuk/;{k }kjk vxzlkfjr djds iqfyl {ks=kf/kdkjh dk;kZy; Hkstk tkrk gSA
{ks=kf/kdkjh dk;kZy; ls yksd vfHk;kstd dk;kZy; Hkstk tkrk gSA yksd
vfHk;kstd dk;kZy; esa mldk ijh{k.k dj czhQ rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj
;fn dksbZ deh gS rks yksd vfHk;kstd }kjk mls iwjk djus gsrq {ks=kf/kdkjh
dk;kZy; Hkstk tkrk gS] tgk¡ ls foospd dks Hkstdj deh dks iwjk djk;k
tkrk gS] vkSj iqu% yksd vfHk;kstd ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gSA101
mPPkre~ U;k;ky; }kjk fu.khZr ,d egRoiw.kZ ekeys
vkj 102 ds fu.kZ; ds i'pkr mŒ izŒ
ljdkj ds funsZ'kkuqlkj o"kZ 2001 ds i'pkr mΠizΠiqfyl jsX;wys'ku ds
izLrj&122] ds vuqikyu esa vkjksi i=@vfUre vk[;k vc yksd
vfHk;kstd dk;kZy; ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; esa izsf"kr ugha dh tkrh] cfYd
lh/ks gh iqfyl }kjk U;k;ky; esa iszf"kr dh tk jgh gSaA bl izdkj
219
U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk dh fof/kd
leh{kk dk volj vc lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj vc ,slk dksbZ
volj ugha gS fd dk;kZf/kD;] fof/kd Kku dk vHkko vFkok vU; fdlh
dkj.k ls foospuk esa dksbZ =qfV jg xbZ gS rks mls lq/kkjk tk ldsA
mPPkre~ U;k;ky; ds mDr fu.kZ; esa ,slk dksbZ funsZ'k ugha gSA bl rF;
dh iqf"V U;k;ky;ksa }kjk vius vU; ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dh xbZ gSA
dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks ¼CBI½ esa] rFkk fnYyh jkT; esa foospuk ds
ifj.kke dh fjiksVZ yksd vfHk;kstd }kjk fof/kd leh{kk ds mijkUr gh
U;k;ky;ksa esa izsf"kr dh tk jgh gS] ftlds vPNs ifj.kke IkzkIr gks jgs gSa
rFkk bl dk;Zokgh dks fdlh Hkh rjg mPPkre~ U;k;ky; dh voekuuk
ugha ekuk x;kA
dkuwu O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa ds lUnHkZ esa
^^dkuwu O;oLFkk^^ 'kCnkoyh dk vFkZ cgqr gh foLrr gSA dkuwu
O;oLFkk ls rkRi;Z lekt dh ,slh fLFkfr ls gS] ftlesa vf/kdre tula[;k
dkuwu ds 'kklu dk ikyu djrh gSA rFkk dkuwu dks ykxw djus okyh
laLFkk,sa viuh 'kfDr dks lhfer djus okyh fof/k;ksa dk ikyu djrh gSaA103
lkekU; 'kCnksa esa ^^dkuwu O;oLFkk^^ dk vfHkizk; ml O;oLFkk ls gSa] ftlesa
iqfyl foHkkx }kjk lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZsa dh vokaNuh; xfrfof/k;ksa dks
oS/kkfud izko/kkuksa }kjk fu;U=.k esa j[kk tkrk gSA rFkk vkijkf/kd ?kVukvksa
dh jksdFkke dh tkrh gSA blfy;s dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z
vijk/k dh jksdFkke dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA vijk/kksa esa of) gksus dk eryc
dkuwu O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr [kjkc gksuk ekuk tkrk gSA ;|fi izR;sd vijk/k
220
ls dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk Hkax ugha gksrh ijUrq dkuwu }kjk LFkkfir O;oLFkk
Hkax gksus ij vijk/k vo'; gksrk gSA104 izR;sd ukxfjd dk drZO; gS fd
og dkuwu dk ikyu djs vkSj fdlh vU; ukxfjd ds vf/kdkj dk
vfrØe.k u djsA vxj ge bl nkf;Ro dks Hkwy dj dk;Z djus yxrs gSa
rks vijk/k dk xBu gks tkrk gSA fof/k dk vuqikyu djuk vkSj djkuk
iqfyl dk ,d izeq[k dk;Z gS] D;ksafd dkuwu ds vuqikyu ls gh ukxfjdksa
ds eu esa ;g fo'okl iSnk gksrk gS fd os ,d ,slh fof/kd O;oLFkk esa jgrs
gSa] ftlesa muds vf/kdkjksa ,oa fgrksa dks lqjf{kr ,oa vuqjf{kr fd;k tkrk
gSA bl lqj{kk dh Hkkouk dks cuk, j[kus esa iqfyl dh Hkwfedk fo'ks"k egRo
dh gksrh gSA
dkuwu O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa] fn'kk funsZ'k ,ao
fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij dkuwu O;oLFkk rc lgh ekuh tkrh gSa] tc Ldwy
dkystksa esa 'kkfUriw.kZ okrkoj.k jgs]m|ksx /ka/ks Bhd izdkj ls pyrs jgsa]
R;kSgkj 'kkfUriwoZd lEiUu gks tk,sa] fofHkUu /kekZoyfEc;kas esa lkSgknZiw.kZ
okrkoj.k cuk jgs] tkfrxr fookn u gkas] fofHkUu jktuSfrd nyksa ds
vkUnksyu 'kkfUriwoZd fuiV tk,sa] cktkj] cl LVSUM ,oa vU; lkoZtfud
LFky ij minzo u gks] fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dk vkokxeu lqjf{kr :i ls
lEiUu gks tk;s] fofHkUu izdkj ds pquko 'kkfUriwoZd lEiUUk gks tk;sa] rFkk
vke vkneh vius dks lqjf{kr eglwl djsA ;fn mijksDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks iqfyl }kjk le; jgrs fpfUgr djds dk;Zokgh
dj yh tkrh gS] rks mlls iqfyl vijk/k fu;fU=r djus esa lQy gks
tkrh gS rFkk foospuk dk dk;Z de gks tkrk gSA vke yksxksa dk tuthou
221
O;ofLFkr gksrk gS rFkk yksxksa esa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gS] iqfyl ds
izfr yksxksa esa fo'okl mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj bu lcds ifj.kke Lo:i iqfyl
dks tu lg;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA106
pw¡fd izLrqr 'kks/k dk mnns'; iqfyl turk vUr% lEcU/kksa dh fLFkfr
dk v/;;u dkuwu dh ifjf/k esa gh djuk gSA vr% dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,
j[kus esaa iqfyl }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys dkuwuksa] vf/kfu;eksa dh
ifjf/k esa gh dkuwu O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl
}kjk dkuwu cuk,s j[kus esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys dkuwu] vf/kfu;e izeq[k
:i ls fuEu fyf[kr gSaA107
¼1½ måizå xq.Mk fu;U=.k vf/kfu;e]1970
¼2½ måiz++åfxjksg cUn ,oa lektfojks/kh fØ;kdyki ¼fuokj.k½
vf/kfu;e] 1986
¼3½ eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e]1988
¼4½ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e]1980
¼5½ iqfyl vf/kfu;e]1861
¼6½ måizå iqfyl fofu;e
¼7½ n.M izfdz;k lafgrk]1973
dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds fy,s xq.Mksa ij fu;U=.k djus vkSj
mudkss nckus ds fy,s fo'ks"k O;oLFkk djus gsrq mŒizŒ xq.Mk fu;a=.k
vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e dk foLrkj lEiw.kZ mRrj
izns'k esa gSA blds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh gsrq**xq.Mk^^ 'kCn ls rkRi;Z ,sls
O;fDr ls gS]
222
¼1½ tks Lo;a dks fdlh fxjksg ds lnL; ds :i esa Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk
dh /kkjk &153]153[k] 294 rFkk v/;k;&15]16]22 esa of.kZr vijk/kksa
dks vH;Lrr% djrk gS] djus dk iz;kl vFkok nq"izsj.k djrk gSA
¼2½ tks L=h rFkk yM+dh vuSfrd O;kikj neu vf/kfu;e dk nks"kh
Bgjk;k x;k gksA
¼3½ tks vkcdkjh vf/kå] tqvk vf/kfu;e vFkok 'kL= vf/kå ds vUrxZr
de ls de rhu ckj nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gksA
¼4½ ftldh lkekU; [;kfr nq%lkgfld vkSj leqnk; ds fy, [krjukd
O;fDr gksus dh gksA
¼5½ tks efgykvksa]yM+fd;ksa dks fp<+kus ds fy,s vH;klr% v'yhy fVIi.kh
djrk gksA
¼6½ tks nyky gksA
¼7½ tks x`g ij dCtk djus okyk gkssA108
mijksDr izdkj ds O;fDr ds lEoU/k essa tc fdlh ftyk eftLVªsV
dks lwpuk iqfyl }kjk] turk }kjk ;k {ks= ds fdlh dk;Zikyd eftLVªsV
}kjk feyrh gS109 rks ftyk eftLVsªV lquokbZ dk i;kZIr volj nsdj ;fn
lwpuk dks lgh ikrk gS rks 06 ekg rd ,sls O;fDr dks mDr ftys dh
lhek ls ckgj jgus dk vkns'k dj ldrk gSA bl dk;Zokgh dks ^^xq.Ms dk
cfg"dklu^^ dgk tkrk gS] ,slk O;fDr ;fn vknsf'kr vof/k ds vUnj iqu%
izfrf"k) lhek essa vk tkrk gS rks mlds fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r dj]
223
foospuk djds vkjksi i= U;k;ky; esas izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa 03 o"kZ
rd dh ltk dk izko/kku gSA110 fdlh O;fDr dks xq.M+k ?kksf"kr djus
lEcU/kh dk;Zokgh vFkok vkns'k ftyk eftLVªsV@vij ftyk eftLVsªV
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA111 fu"dklu ds vfrfjDr bl izdkj ?kksf"kr xq.Ms
dks ;g Hkh vkns'k fn;k tk ldrk gS fd og fdlh ukfer
O;fDr@vf/kdkjh ds le{k mifLFkr gksdj fu;fer vof/k esa viuh
xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwpuk nsxk] e;kZfnr vkpj.k djsxkA bl vf/kfu;e esa dh
xbZ dk;Zokgh lekt ds O;fDr;ksa dks lh/ks&lh/ks izHkkfor djrh gSA
måizå fxjksgcUn ,oa lekt fojks/kh fØ;kdyki ¼fuokj.k½
vf/k+å]1986 ds vUrxZr lekt fojk/kh fØ;kdyki jksdus gsrq dk;Zokgh dh
tkrh gSA112 ;g vf/kfu;e Hkh lEiw.kZ måizå esa ykxw gSA bl ds vUrxZr
fxjksg ls rkRi;Z ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ls gS tks yksd O;oLFkk dks
vLrO;Lr djus] vius ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy,s dksbZ vuqfpr
nqfu;koh] vkfFkZd] HkkSfrd ykHk izkIr djus ds mnns'; ls ;k rks vdsys ;k
lkewfgd :i ls fgalk] fgalk dh /kedh ;k izn'kZu }kjk vf/kfu;e esa
of.kZr lekt fojks/kh fØ;kdyki djrs gSaA bl vf/kfu;e esa lk{; vkSj
tekur ds fu;e vR;Ur dBksj gSaA blds ekeyksa dk fopkj.k fo'ks"k
U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA113
bl vf/kfu;e dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd lE;d tk¡p ds mijkUr
;fn U;k;ky; bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prk gS fd dksbZ lEifr fdlh fxjksgcUn
O;fDr }kjk bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fopkj.kh; fdlh vijk/k dk;Z ds
ifj.kke Lo:i vftZr dh xbZ gS rks og ,slh lEifr dks tCr djds
224
mldk mfpr fuLrkj.k dj ldrk gSA114 bl vf/kå ds ekeyksa ds xokgksa
dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k izknku fd;k x;k gSA fopkj.k dk;Zokfg;k¡ cUn djus esa
rFkk xokgksa ds uke irs xksiuh; j[kus dh O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e esa dh xbZ
gSA
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e ,d ,slk vf/kfu;e gS] ftldk iqfyl }kjk
iz;ksx ;krk;kr O;oLFkk dks fu;fU=r djus esa fd;k tkrk gSAdkuwu
O;oLFkk ls bldk lh/kk lEcU/k rks ugha gS] ysfdu ;krk;kr fu;eksa ,oa
dkuwu dk vuqikyu fuf'pr :i ls dkuwu O;oLFkk dks cuk,s j[kus essa
lg;ksxh gksrk gSA
vf/kfu;e esa izko/kku gS fd iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk ladsr djus ij
okgu pkyd dk ;g drZO; gS fd og :dsxk vkSj ek¡xs tkus ij okgu dk
ijfeV] pkyd vuqKfIr izLrqr djsxkA bldk ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd dksbZ
vizkf/kÑr O;fDr ;fn okgu dks ys tk jgk gS rks og idM+k tkrk gSA
pksjh ;k ywV ds okguksa dh cjkenxh bl dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku Hkh gks tkrh
gSA115
[krjukd rjhds ls rFkk vf/kd xfr ls okgu pykuk Hkh bl
vf/kfu;e esa fuf"k) fd;k x;k gSA dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj }kjk
fu/kkZfjr xfr lhek ls vf/kd xfr ls okgu pykus okys O;fDr dks jksddj
mldk pkyku fd;k tkrk gSA dksbZ vijk/k djus ls iwoZ vFkok mlds
i'pkr vijk/kh 'kh?kzrk esa vR;kf/kd xfr ls vkSj [krjukd rjhds ls okgu
pykrs gq;ss Hkkxrs gSa] ,slh fLFkfr esa nq?kZVuk gksus dh Hkh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA
225
,sls okguksa dks vo:) djds vijk/kksa dks ?kfVr gksuk Hkh jksdk tkrk gS
vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+us esa Hkh lQyrk feyrh gSA116
eksVj ;ku vf/kfu;e esa blh izdkj Mªªkboj ds vfrfjDr ,d vU;
O;fDr ls vf/kd nks ikfg;k okgu ij cSBkus ij izfrcU/k gSA ;kuh fd 2 ls
vf/kd O;fDr ugha cSBk,s tk ldrsA fdlh okgu dks bl izdkj [kM+k
djuk fd mlls ;krk;kr dk eqDr izokg vo:) gks tk;] vukf/kÑr :i
ls fdlh dk okgu ysstkuk] okgu ds Bhd gkyr esa u gksuk] vlqjf{kr n'kk
esa ;ku dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk bl vf/kfu;e esa vijk/k cuk,s x;s gSA117
eksVjokgu vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkukas ds mYya?ku ds ekeys essa dqN
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa okguksa dks fu:) dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa pkyd dh igpku lqfuf'pr gksus ij okgu]pkyd dks NksM+ fn;k tkrk
gS] ysfdu okgu ds lkFk miyC/k dksbZ izi= ifjokn ds lkFk U;k;ky;
Hkstk tkrk gSA okgu Lokeh mDr ifjokn ij ;k rks fopkj.k dk lkeuk
djrk gS vFkok U;k;ky; esa tqekZuk Hkjrk gS] vkSj viuk fu:) fd;k izi=
U;k;ky; ls izkIr dj ysrk gSA dqN ekeykssa esa iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks gh
tqekZuk olwy dj NksM+us dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA118
bl izdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh Hkh
dkuwu O;oLFkk dks fu;U=.k esa j[kus gsrq lgk;d gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa lu 1860 essa izFke iqfyl deh'ku dk xBu fd;k x;kA
bldk izeq[k mnns'; ml le; dh iqfyl O;oLFkk dh tk¡p dj lewps
ns'k ds fy, iqfyl cy esa lq/kkj ykdj ,d yksd lsod iqfyl cukuk FkkA
226
bl deh'ku ds lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij gh lu~ 1861 esa iqfyl ,DV ikfjr
fd;k x;kA iqfyl ,DV esa iqfyl ds drZO;ksa ds ckjs esaa dgk x;k gS fd
iz/kku :i ls iqfyl dk drZO; vijk/kksa dks jksduk gS vkSj ;fn vijk/k gks
tkrk gS rks mu vijk/kksa dk irk yxkuk rFkk vijkf/k;ksa dks fxj¶rkj
djuk gSA vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu u djus ij iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ltk
dk Hkh izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA119 iqfyl ,DV dks fuEu mnns';ksa ds fy,s
vf/kfu;fer fd;k x;k Fkk&
¼1½ iqfyl cy dk iquxZBu djuk
¼2½ vijk/kkssa dks fuokfjr djus ds fy, iqfyl cy dks vkSj vf/kd n{k
cukuk
¼3½ vijk/kkas dk irk yxkus ds fy, iqfyl cy dks vkSj vf/kd n{k
cukuk
mDr mn~ns';ksa dk Hkkx ¼2½ jkT; dh dkuwu O;oLFkk ls lh/kk tqM+k
gqvk gSA vf/kfu;e] jkT; ljdkj dks iqfyl cy esa LFkkbZ inksa dks l`ftr
djus dh vuqKk nsrk gSA121 vijk/k]iqfyl iz'kklu rFkk rRlEcU/kh fo"k;
pw¡fd jkT; ljdkj ls lEcf/kr gSa]vr% jkT; ljdkj dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr
gS fd og iqfyl cy dh la[;k esa o`f) dj lds ;k deh dj ldsA
vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr vfrfjDr iqfyl cy dh rSukrh dk
vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkj esa fufgr fd;k x;k gSA ;fn dksbZ {ks= v'kkar vkSj
ladVe; voLFkk esa gS rks ml {ks= esa ifj'kkfUr dk;e j[kus ds fy, jkT;
ljdkj }kjk iqfyl cy dh la[;k c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA122 tgk¡ LFkkuh;
227
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fopkj esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr bruh xEHkhj gS fd
tgk¡ 'kkfUr cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s dBksj dne vko';d gSa ogk¡ jkT;
ljdkj vfrfjDr iqfyl cy dh rSukrh ds fy,s vf/klwpuk tkjh dj
ldrh gSA123 ,sls vfrfjDr iqfyl cy dh rSukrh dk O;; {ks= ds mu
O;fDr;ksa }kjk ogu fd;k tk;xk tks ml {ks= ls lEc) gSa] vkSj vfrfjDr
iqfyl cy dh rSukrh ls ftuds fgrksa rFkk vf/kdkjkas dk laj{k.k gksrk gSA
tc fdlh {ks= esa fof/k fo:) teko]cyok ;k 'kkfUrHkax gqbZ gS ;k
gksus dh laHkkouk gS rc fujh{kd ;k mlls Åij dh iafDr dk dksbZ iqfyl
vf/kdkjh fudVre eftLVªsV dks vkosnu djds ml {ks= ds mrus fuokfl;ksa
dks ftrus dh vko';drk gks vko';drkuqlkj fo'ks"k iqfyl vf/kdkjh
fu;qDr djk ldrk gSA bl izdkj fu;qDr fo'ks"k iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh
'kfDr;k¡ vkSj vf/kdkj lkekU; iqfyl vf/kdkjh tSls gh gksaxsA fo'ks"k iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ds :i esa fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh ugha cfYd ml {ks= ds
fuokfl;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gS]ftlesa naxk]cyok ;k 'kkfUr Hkax
gksus dh laHkkouk gksA124
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ;g Hkh drZO; gS fd og mu xqIr okrkZvksa ds
lEcU/k esa lwpuk ,df=r djs] ftuls yksd iz'kkfUr ds Hkax gksus dh vk'kadk
gksA ,sls fopkj foe'kZ ;k xqIr okrkZ dh lwpuk ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nsdj
muls dk;Zokgh ds fy,s funsZ'k izkIr djsaA125
iqfyl vf/kfu;e esa iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og
yksd&tekoksa vkSj tqywlksa ds fy, vuqKfIr iznku djs rFkk mUgsa fofu;fer
djs] ekxksZa ds laxhr dks fofu;fer djsA fofu;fer djus dh 'kfDr ds
228
vUrxZr izfrcfU/kr djus dh 'kfDr 'kkfey ughas gSA vuqKfIr ftys ds
iqfyl v/kh{kd vFkok lgk;d iqfyl v/kh{kd }kjk nh tkrh gSA126
tSlk fd iwoZ esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa
vijk/k] iqfyl iz'kklu rFkk rRlEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dks jkT; dk fo"k; cuk
fn;k x;k gS vkSj bl izdkj buds lEcU/k esa fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj jkT;
ljdkj dks fn;k x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu jkT;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj
fn;k x;k gS fd os vius jkT;ksa ds iqfyl iz'kklu ds lEcU/k esa vis{kk ds
vuqlkj fof/k fufeZr djsaA blh vk/kkj ij måizå ljdkj }kjk måizå
iqfyl jsX;wys'ku cuk;k x;k gSA127 iqfyl jsX;wys'ku essa vkijkf/kd ekeyksas
dh foospuk ds lEcU/k esa tks izko/kku gSa muds lEcU/k essa foLr`r :i ls
iwoZ esa mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
måizå iqfyl jsX;wys'ku ds fu;e iqfyl dk;Zokgh gsrq ekxZn'kZd
fu;e gaS]ftudk vuqikyu iqfyl }kjk fd,s tkus dh dkuwuh vis{kk dh
tkrh gSA dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus esa iqfyl }kjk dh tkus okyh x'r]
?ksjkcUnh¼fidsV½]vfrfjDr iqfyl dh rSukrh] Qjkj vfHk;qDr ,oa fgLVªh'khVj
vfHk;qDrksa dh fuxjkuh vkfn ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r O;oLFkk gSA blds
vfrfjDr foHkkxh; fu;qfDr] LFkkukUrj.k] foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k esa
Hkh foLr`r O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA iqfyl vf/kå ds 150 o"kZ iqjkus izko/kkuksa dks
vc vizklafxd ekurs gq,s u;k iqfyl vf/kå ,oa fofu;e yk,s tkus ij
rhozrk ls dk;Z py jgk gSA
iqfyl }kjk**yksd O;oLFkk**dks cuk,s j[kus gsrq fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds
fo:) **jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e]1980** ds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh djus dk
229
vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA 'kCn yksd O;oLFkk] dkuwu O;oLFkk ls foLrr
'Cnkoyh gSA **dkuwu O;oLFkk** ,oa **yksd O;oLFkk** ds chp lgh lqfHkUurk
fdlh dk;Z ds tuleqnk; ;k fofufnZ"V LFkku ij igq¡p dh ek=k ,oa
foLrkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA dsoy O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okyk dk;Z
**dkuwu O;oLFkk** dh leL;k gksrh gS rFkk ^^tu leqnk;^^ dks izHkkfor
djus okys dk;Z ^^yksd O;oLFkk^^ dh leL;k gksrs gSaA128
Fkkuk izHkkjh ,oa iqfyl v/kh{kd }kjk bl vk'k; dh fjiksVZ
ftykeftLVªsV dks fn, tkus ij fd veqd O;fDr ds Lora= jgus ls lekt
dh yksd O;oLFkk Hkax gksxh] ftykeftLVsªV }kjk fyf[kr vkns'k djds ml
O;fDr dks dkjxkj es fu:) fd;k tkrk gSA fu:f) ds vk/kkj
ftykeftLVsªV dks Li"V :i ls vius fu:f) vkns'k ds lkFk mfYyf[kr
djus gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fu:) fd;k x;k O;fDr 01 o"kZ dh vf/kdre
vof/k ds fy, fu:) fd;k tk ldrk gSA pw¡fd bl izdkj ds fujks/k ls
fdlh O;fDr dh **O;fDrxr Lora=rk** dk guu gksrk gS]vr% bl
dk;Zokgh esa fu:) O;fDr dks viuh izfrj{kk dk lEiw.kZ volj iznku fd;k
tkrk gSA129 fujks/k vkns'k] fujks/k vf/kdkjh ds O;fDrxr lek/kku ij fuHkZj
gksrk gSA bldks pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA la{ksi esa jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
vf/kå1980 dks **jklqdk** Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vxj dksbZ O;fDr iwoZ ls fdlh
ekeys esa dkjkxkj esa gS vkSj mlds tekur ij NwVdj vkus dh iw.kZ
lEHkkouk gS rFkk fujks/k vf/kdkjh dk ;g lek/kku gS fd mlds ckgj vkus
ls yksd O;oLFkk Hkax gksxh rks mldks jklqdk ds okjaV dh rkehy djkdj
tsy esa gh fu:) fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn og O;fDr ckgj gS rks ml
230
ij fujks/k vkns'k dh rkehy fx¶rkjh okj.V dh rjg ls dh tk;sxh vkSj
mls fxj¶rkj djds dkjkxkj esa fu:) fd;k tk;sxkA130
n.M+ izfd;k lafgrk esa vijk/kksa ds iathdj.k foospuk vkSj fopkj.k
rFkk muls lEcfU/kr vU; izfdz;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa dkuwu of.kZr gSa]
lkFk&lkFk **dkuwu O;oLFkk** cuk,s j[kus gsrq viuk,s tkus okyh izfdz;k]
fu;e vkSj dkuwu fn;s x;s gSaA n.M izfd;k lafgrk esa turk ds O;fDr dk
;g drZO; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS fd fdlh eftLVªsV ;k iqfyl vf/kdkjh
}kjk 'kkfUr Hkax dk fuokj.k ;k neu djus gsrq ;fn fdlh O;fDr ls
lgk;rk ek¡xh tkrh gS rks ,slk O;fDr lgk;rk djus ds fy,s vkc) gSA131
ifj'kkfUr dk;e j[kus ds fy, vkSj lnkpkj ds fy, izfrHkwfr
lEcU/kh dkuwuksa dk iqfyl }kjk lokZf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Fkkus ls
dk;Zikyd eftLVsªV ¼,låM+hå,eå½ dks bl vk'k; dh fjiksVZ Hksth
tkrh gS fd dksbZ O;fDr 'kkfUr Hkax djsxk vFkok ,slk dk;Z djsxk ftlls
'kkfUr Hkax gksus dk vUns'kk gks rks ,sls O;fDr ls eftLVsªV }kjk 01 o"kZ rd
dh vof/k ds fy,s bl vk'k; dh tekur yh tk;sxh fd og ,slk dksbZ
dk;Z ugha djsxkA vke pquko vFkok fdlh izeq[k R;kSgkj vFkok fdlh >xMs+
dh vk'kadk vFkok lkekU; >xMs+ ds i'pkr iqfyl }kjk bl izdkj dh
dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA
fdlh fo'ks"k volj ij dkuwu O;oLFkk dks cuk,s j[kus gsrq
**/kkjk&144^^ ykxw gksus dh ckr lkekU; rkSj ij lqukbZ ns tkrh gSA ,slh
gh fLFkfr dks dj¶;w yxuk dgk tkrk gSSA ,sls ekeykas esa iqfyl }kjk
lEcfU/kr dk;Zikyd eftLVsªV dks fjiksVZ Hksth tkrh gSA eftLVsªV }kjk
231
laLrq"V gks tkus ij fd rqjUr fuokj.k ;k 'kh?kz mipkj okaNuh; gSa]fdlh
O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dks dksbZ dk;Z u djus dk vkns'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,sls fdlh Hkh volj ls iwoZ ftlesa 'kkfUr Hkax dk [krjk gks]bl /kkjk dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izR;sd iqfyl vf/kdkjh dk ;g drZO; gS fd og fdlh laKs;
vijk/k ds fd;s tkus dk fuokj.k djus ds iz;kstu ls gLr{ksi dj ldsxk
vkSj viuh iwjh lkeF;Z ls mls fuokfjr djsxkA ;fn fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh
dks fdlh laKs; vijk/k djus dh ifjdYiuk dk irk gS]rc ,slh
ifjdYiuk okys O;fDr dks fdlh vkns'k vFkok okj.V ds fcuk Hkh fxj¶rkj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl /kkjk dk iz;ksx lkekU;r;k iqfyl }kjk ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS tc ,d nwljs ds f[kykQ f'kdk;r ysdj nksuksa
gh i{k Fkkus ij vk,s gksaA nksuksa i{kkas ds mxz O;fDr;ksa dks iqfyl }kjk
fxj¶rkj djds dk;Zikyd eftLVsªV ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izdkj ;g iqfyl dk fuokjd dk;Z gSA
iqfyl }kjk vFkok fdlh U;k;ky; }kjk tc fdlh vfHk;qDr dh
tekur yh tkrh gs vkSj i'pkrorhZ voLFkk esa ,slh tkudkjh feyrh gS
fd ml O;fDr us tekur dh fdlh 'krZ dk mYya?ku fd;k gS]rks iqfyl
vFkok ihfM+r O;fDr ds izkFkZuk i= ij U;k;ky; }kjk lquokbZ dk uksfVl
nsdj ,slh tekur fujLr dj mls iqu% vfHkj{kk esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
tekur fujLrhdj.k dh dk;Zokgh vijk/kksa dks jksdus rFkk dkuwu O;oLFkk
cuk,s j[kus gsrq vfr vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ dk;Zokgh gSA135
232
vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ls tqM+s vU; dk;ksZa ds lUnHkZ esa
iqfyl ds eq[; dk;Z vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke djuk vkSj vkijkf/kd
ekeyksa dh foospuk djuk gSA buds vfrfjDr vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ls
tqM+s vU; cgqr ls ,sls dk;Z gS ftudk fd;k tkuk dkuwu vuqeU; djrk
gS]vkSj iqfyl ls vis{kk djrk gSA ,sls dk;ksZa esa turk iqfyl lEcU/kksa dks
izHkkfor djus okys dk;Z fuEu fyf[kr gSa&
¼1½ leu]okj.V vFkok U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh izfd;k dh rkehy djuk
¼2½ vfHk;qDrksa dks U;k;ky; vFkok vU; inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds le{k izLrqr
djuk
¼3½ vuqKfIr vkfn ds lEcU/k esa dk;Zokgh
¼4½ O;fDrxr vkpj.k ls lEcfU/kr ekeys
¼5½ lqyg le>kSrk djkus dh 'kfDr
U;k;ky; }kjk vFkok iqfyl ;k vU; izkf/kdkjh }kjk xokg vFkok
vfHk;qDrksa dks ryc djus gsrq leu]okj.V vFkok uksfVl tkjh fd,s tkrs
gSaA bu izfØ;kvksa dh rkehy djuk iqfyl dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSA iqfyl }kjk
lEcfU/kr O;fDr ij izfdz;k dh rkehy djkdj vkns'k dk vuqikyu
lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA rkehy djkus okys iqfyl dehZ dk lh/kk lEidZ
lEcfU/kr O;fDr ls vFkok mlds ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; ls gksrk gSA vr%
rkehy djus okys O;fDr@dehZ dh ckrphr rkSj rjhds vkSj O;ogkj dk
lh/kk izHkko ml lEiw.kZ ifjokj ij iM+rk gSA
233
leu ,d ,slk izk:i gksrk gS tks tkjh djus okys U;k;ky; ds
ihBklhu vf/kdkjh }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksrk gS] vkSj ml ij U;k;ky; dh eqnzk
vafdr gksrh gSA bl ij izkIr djus okys O;fDr dk iwjk uke irk vkSj
leu fd,s tkus dk dkj.k mfYyf[kr gksrk gSaaA bls nks izfr;ksa eas136 rS;kj
fd;k tkrk gSA leu dh rkehy iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh }kjk dh tkrh
gSaA leu dh rkehy O;fDrxr :i ls leu esa ukfer O;fDr ij gh dh
tkrh gSaA leu dh ,d izfr ml O;fDr dks ns nh tkrh gS rFkk nwljh izfr
ij izkIr djus okys O;fDr ds gLrk{kj djk;s tkrs gaS137 vkSj gLrk{kj ;qDr
izfr tkjh djus okys izf/kdkjh dks okfil dj nh tkrh gSA tc leu fd;k
O;fDr u feys rks rkehy dqVqEc ds fdlh vU; Ok;Ld O;fDr ij dh tkrh
gSA ljdkjh O;fDr ij leu dh rkehy ml O;fDr ds dk;kZy; ds izeq[k
ds ek/;e ls djkbZ tkrh gSA138
blh izdkj U;k;ky; }kjk fxj¶rkjh okj.V tkjh fd;s tkrs gSA
fxj¶rkjh okj.V rc rd izorZu esa jgrk gS tc rd mls tkjh djus okys
U;k;ky; }kjk jn~n ugha dj fn;k tk; ;k tc rd og fu"ikfnr u dj
fn;k tk;A izR;sd fxj¶rkjh okj.V iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks lEcksf/kr gksrk gSA
;fn okj.V tekurh; gS rks rkehy djus okyk vf/kdkjh okj.V ij
mfYyf[kr tekur izkIr dj ml O;fDr dks fufnZ"V le; ij U;k;ky; esa
mifLFkr gksus dh fgnk;r nsxk vkSj okj.V ij fu"ikfnr cU/ki= U;k;ky;
dks izsf"kr dj nsxk vkSj ;fn okj.V xSj tekurh; gS rks lEcfU/kr O;fDr
dks fxj¶rkj djds ;Fkk'kh?kz U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk
234
fxj¶rkjh ij os lHkh fu;e ykxw gksaxs tks lkekU; fxj¶rkjh ij ykxw gksrs
gSaA139
iqfyl dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z vfHk;qDrkssa dks Fkkus ls vFkok
tsy ls is'kh ij U;k;ky; esa ys tkuk vkSj ykuk gksrk gSA tsy vkSj Fkkus
ls izfrfnu lSadM+ksa vfHk;qDr U;k;ky; esa yk;s tkrs gSa vkSj mudks is'kh ds
i'pkr iqu% tsy esa ys tk;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k ds nkSjku laSdM+ksa
vfHk;qDr vkSj muds rhekjnkj tks fd U;k;ky; ifjlj esa feyus vkrs
gSa]iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ls feyrs tqyrs gSaA
cfUn;ksa dh]mudk lk{; izkIr djus ;k fdlh vkijkf/kd nks"k dk
mRrj nsus ds fy,s U;k;ky;ksa esa mifLFkfr dh O;oLFkk dkuwu esa dh xbZ gSA
;s cUnh]dkjkxkj]lq/kkjd x`g] czksLVy ;k fdlh vU; laLFkk tgk¡ fu:)
gSa]ogk¡ ls U;k;ky; fu;ekuqlkj yk,s tkrs gSaA140 dkjkxkj ls ykdj mUgsa
U;k;ky; dh gokykr esa j[kk tkrk gSA gokykr ls vko';drkuqlkj mUgsa
U;k;ky;ksa esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA U;k;ky;ksa esa izLrqr djds mUgsa iqu%
gokykr esa cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh U;k;ky;ksa esa dk;Zokgh iwjh gksus
ds i'pkr mUgsa fu;ekuqlkj iqu% dkjkxkj Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA141
vfHk;qDrksa dks nwljs tuinksa vkSj izns'kksa esa Hkh iqfyl }kjk U;k;ky;ksa
esa izLrqr djus gsrq ys tk;k tkrk gSA rFkk fofHkUu cksMZ+]lfefr;ksa ds le{k
Hkh dk;Zokgh esa izLrqr djus gsrq ys tk;k tkrk gSA142
gekjs lekt esa lqj{kk ds mnns';ksa ls rFkk lEeku dh n`f"V ls Hkh
fdlh vkXus;kL=]tSls&cUnwd]fjokYoj]jkbQy]fiLVy vkfn j[kus dk izpyu
235
yksxksa esa c<+k gSA dkuwu O;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls Hkh rFkk lekt esa O;oLFkk
cuk, j[kus dh n`f"V ls Hkh dksbZ O;fDr LosPNk ls 'kL= ugha j[k ldrkA
'kL= [kjhnus ls iwoZ mls 'kL= j[kus dk ykblsal ¼vuqKfIr½ vuqKfIr
vf/kdkjh ls izkIr djuk gksrk gSA måizå esa 'kL= vf/kå ds vUrxZr
vuqKfIr vf/kdkjh ^^ftyk eftLVsªV**gksrk gSA ftyk eftLVsªV dks gh
vuqKfIr nsus vkSj mls fujLr djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA tgk¡ ij iqfyl
dfe'uj O;oLFkk gS ogk¡ vuqKfIr iznku djus dk vf/kdkj iqfyl dfe'uj
dks gksrk gSA143
'kL= ykblsal izkIr djus ds fy,s vkosnu fu/kkZfjr izk:i esa
ftykf/kdkjh dk;kZy; esa fn;k tkrk gSaA mldh ,d izfr iqfyl
vf/kdkjh dk;kZy; Hksth tkrh gSA iqfyl }kjk izkFkZuk i= nkrk ds lEcU/k
esa iwjh tk¡p] Nkuchu dh tkrh gS lUrq"V gksus ij fjiksVZ ftyk eftLVªsV
dks izLrqr dh tkrh gS] ftlds }kjk vuqKfIr iznku dh tkrh gSA vuqKfIr
dh 'krksZ ds mYya?ku gksus ij Hkh iqfyl }kjk bl vk'k; dh fjiksVZ ftyk
eftLVsªV dks izsf"kr dj vuqKfIr fujLr djus dh laLrqfr dh tkrh gSA
iqfyl }kjk izLrqr izkFkZuk i= ij lE;d fopkjksijkUr vuqKfIr fujLr
djus ds lEcU/k esa ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA144
dqN ,sls voljksa ij tcfd yksd'kkfUr vkSj {kse ds fy,s [krjk
gks ldrk gS]ljdkj }kjk vkns'k djds dqN le; ds fy,s 'kL=ksa dks vius
dCts esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkns'k pquko vkfn ds le; esa tkjh
fd,s tkrs gSaA ,sls le; esa 'kL=ksa dks vf/kdka'kr% Fkkus esa gh tek djk;k
236
tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh tuin ds gtkjksa dh la[;k esa vuqKkfIr /kkjh bl
izdkj bl izfdz;k ds nkSjku iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA
iqfyl dehZ ,sls yksd lsod gSa ftuds Åij dkuwu dks ykxw djus
dk Hkkj gksrk gSA vU; yksd lsod ,oa lkekU; turk ds yksxksa dh rqyuk
esa mldk vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj vf/kd e;kZfnr gksus dh vis{kk dh tkrh
gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks turk ds izfr mnkj vkSj fopkj'khy gkssuk pkfg,s
ftuds os lsod gSaA145 blfy,s Ldwy] dkyst] unh] ?kkV] lM+d] lkoZtfud
LFkkuksa ij iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dk O;ogkj lkekU; turk ds izfr vR;f/kd
laosnu'khy vkSj e;kZfnr gksuk pkfg;sA
;krk;kr fu;eksa ds vuqikyu ds ekeys esa fo'ks"k vfHk;ku pykdj
vkSj lkekU;:i ls Hkh iqfyl dks dkQh O;Lr jguk gksrk gSA gekjs ns'k esas
vf/kfu;e vkSj dkuwu brus gSa fd lkekU; O;fDr dks mudh tkudkjh ugha
gksrhA lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls os tks dk;Z dj jgs gksrs gSa og dHkh&dHkh
dkuwu ds fo:) gksus ds dkj.k vijk/k dh Js.kh esa vk tkrk gSA nks ifg;k
okgu ij rhu O;fDr cSBdj tkuk]gSyesV u iguuk]okgu ij jftLVsª'ku
uEcj vafdr u djuk vkfn ,sls gh dk;Z gSaA146 ;krk;kr tkx:drk
lIrkg euk dj rFkk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds fo:) Hkh ,slk vfHk;ku pykdj
iqfyl }kjk ,sls dk;Z u djus gsrq laUns'k fn;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bl izdkj
ds dk;ZØe ;nk&dnk gksrs gSaA
måizå iqfyl jsX;wys'k esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd iqfyl cy dk
lnL; vius drZO; ds nkSjku 'kjkc ugha ih;ssxkA funsZ'k gS fd ,slk djus
okyk iqfyl dehZ ?kksj vuq'kklu ghurk dk vijk/kh ekudj inP;qr rd
237
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn iqfyl dehZ dk vkpj.k ,slk gS fd mls iqfyl
cy esa jgus dks vokaNuh; cukns]rks mls c[kkZLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA147
turk dk dksbZ lkekU; O;fDr tc fdlh ,sls iqfyl dehZ dks ns[krk gS
tks onhZ esa vFkok vius drZO; ds nkSjku 'kjkc dk lsou fd, gq,s gS rks
iqfyl dk;Zokfg;ksa dks xEHkhjrk ls u ysus dh izo`fÙk c<+ tkrh gSA
Fkkus ess vk,s O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk ogk¡ rRle; rSukr iqfyl dfeZ;ksa
}kjk ln~O;ogkj dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA tu lg;ksx izkIr djus ds fy,s
;g cgqr vko';d gSA iqfyl v/kh{kd ds fy,s Hkh ;g funsZ'k gS fd mls
vklkuh ls vius vkokl ij lkekU; turk ds fy,s miyC/k gksuk
pkfg,sA148 bl izdkj mls turk dk lg;ksx vkSj lwpuk,as Hkh feysaxh rFkk
izfrfØ;k Lo:i gksus okys vijk/kksa esa Hkh deh vk;sxh gSA
^^lqyg&le>kSrk** fdlh Hkh fookn dk loksZRd`"V vkSj loZekU; gy
gksrk gSA gekjs dkuwu esa fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys ds fopkj.k ds nkSjku rks
nksuksa i{kdkjksa esa lqyg&le>kSrk gks tkus ij ekeyk lekIr gksus dk
dkuwuh izko/kku gS]ysfdu iqfyl }kjk lqyg&le>kSrk djus ds lEcU/k esa
dksbZ dkuwuh izko/kku ugha gSaA fookn ds i{kdkjksa ds e/; ckrphr }kjk
NksVs&eksVs ekeyksa esa lqyg iqfyl }kjk djkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS]
ysfdu dkuwuh izko/kku u gksus ds dkj.k bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh
dHkh&dHkh vkjksi izR;kjksi dk f'kdkj gks tkrh gSA n.M izfd;k lafgrk esa
vijk/kksa dks **'keu djus** djus dk izko/kku gSA149 dqN vijk/k U;k;ky;
dh vuqKk ls 'keuh; gSa vkSj dqN ihfM+r O;fDr }kjk 'keuh; gSaA blds
vfrfjDr n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa **vfHkokd~ lkSns ckth**¼plea
238
bargaining½ dk v/;k; tksM+dj fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeus ds ikjLifjd
:i ls lek/kku izn fuLrkj.k ds fy, fu;e fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gSaA150
foospuk ls iwoZ gh vFkok foospuk ds nkSjku ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gks
tkrh gSa fd i{kdkj ekeys dks vkxs ugha pykuk pkgrsA ysfdu izko/kku ds
vHkko esa iqfyl dks vkjksi i= U;k;ky; esa le>kSrk djus dh fgnk;r ds
lkFk nsuk gksrk gS vFkok fcuk fdlh izko/kku ds ekeys dks cUn djds
U;k;k+y; esa fjiksVZ nsuh iM+rh gSA bl izdkj U;k;ky; dk vewY; le; Hkh
u"V gksrk gS rFkk turk ds eu esa iqfyl ds izfr udkjkRed Nfo mRiUu
gksrh gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk mijksDrkuqlkj leL;k {ks=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k vius 'kks/k
mn~ns';ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k gSA leL;k {ks+=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k iqfyl dk;Zokgh
,oa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij rFkk lkfgR; leh{kk ds vk/kkj ij
fd;k x;k gSA mijksDr leL;k {ks=ksa dk rF;kRed v/;;u 'kks/k ds
mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksxkA
lUnHkZ lzksr ¼v/;k;&5½
1- /kkjk&154] n.M izf+Ø;k lafgrk] 1973] ,oa iqfyl izk:i la[;k&341
2- iSjk&97 ls 100] m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
3- iSjk&108] m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
4- /kkjk&161] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk
5- /kkjk&41] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] ,oa /kkjk&14] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk
6- iqfyl izk:i la[;k&339] 340 ,oa /kkjk&173¼2½ na0 iz0 la0
239
7- /kkjk&2 ¼t½ na0 iz0 la0
8- lR; ukjk;.k cuke jkT;] 1985] jkt0 fØ0 ds0 41 dk fu.kZ;
9- /kkjk&154] 155 na0 iz0 la0
10- iSjk&97] m0iz iqfyl jSX;wys”ku ,oa mldk v/;k;&10
11- iSjk&102] iqfyl fofu;e ,oa iqfyl izk:i la[;k&347
12- vCnqy gehn c0 m0 iz0 jkT;] dk ekeyk
13. /kkjk&173 ¼2½ ¼II½ na0 iz0 la0
14- iSjk&122] iqfyl fofu;e
15- lkj.kh la[;k &
16- /kkjk&3] lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872
17- QkStnkjh dh odkyr & ,l0 ih0 R;kxh ¼2010½] i`"B&463
18- tkfgjk “ks[k ÞcukeÞ xqtjkr jkT;] 2006] fØfeuy ykW tuZy] 1694 ¼,l0
lh0½
19- Lo.kZflag cuke iatkc jkT; dk ekeyk] 2000 ¼3½ ØkbEl] 12 ¼,l0 lh0½
20- jkepUnz cuke gfj;k.kk jkT; dk ekeyk] ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0] 2000] ,l0 lh0
2017
21- euqLe`fr&18 ok¡ “yksd
22- /kkjk&118 Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/k0
23- /kkjk&160 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
24- /kkjk&12 n0 iz0 la0 ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0] 2008
25- iSjk&107] m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
26- fryds”oj flag cuke fcgkj jkT;] AIR] 1956] SC] 238 dk fu.kZ;
27- okMhchyw ;hoj cuke enzkl jkT;] ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1957] ,l0 lh0 614
28- /kkjk&164 n0 iz0 la0
29- m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku iSjk&111] 112
30- ,u0 ,p0 vkj0 lh0 cuke xqtjkr jkT;] 2009 ¼3½ ,l0 lh0 lh0 ¼fØ0½ 44
240
31- iqfyl jSX;wys”ku dk izLrj&143] 144 rFkk iqfyl izk:i la[;k&34] 34 ¼A½
32- fpfdRlk fu;e laxzg foPNsn&422] 741
33- /kkjk&17] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0] 2005
34- Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk&¼1999½& f”kf”kj dqekj flag] i‘”B&170
35- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk&2
36- QkStnkjh dh odkyr & ,l0 ih0 R;kxh] i`‘B&275
37- vkWDlQksMZ “kCndks’k & laLdj.k 1990] i"B&9
38- 1973 ,l0 lh0 lh0 ¼fØfeuy½ i`"B&563
39- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0] 1990] ,l0 lh0 i"B&5158
40- 1994 fØfeuy ykW tuZy] i`"B&2269
41- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & t;ukjk;.k ik.Ms;
42- esudk xka/kh cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0] 1978] ,l0 lh0] i"B&597
43- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1981] ,l0 lh0 i"B&1675
44- 1978] fØfeuy ykW tuZy] i`"B&1678 ¼lq0 dks0½
45- ufUnuh lRiFkh cuke ih0 ,y0 nkuh] ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0] 1978] ,l0 lh0] 1025
46- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1979] ,l0 lh0] 1369
47- /kkjk&11] fof/kd lsok izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e~] 1987
48- /kkjk&41] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
49- /kkjk&43] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
50- 2010] fØfeuy ykW tuZy] 1435 ¼,l0 lh0½
51- yky deysUnz izrki flag cuke m0iz0 jkT; dk ekeyk] 2009 ¼4½] Ldsy&77
52- “kkSdhu cuke m0iz0 jkT; ,oa vU;] fofo/k QkStnkjh fjV la0&17410@11
53- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1994] ,l0 lh0 1339
54- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuq0 141
55- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0] 2008 dh /kkjk&7
56- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0] 2005 dh /kkjk&6
241
57- /kkjk&46] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
58- 1995 ¼1½] ,l0 lh0 ts0] 173
59- /kkjk&47] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
60- /kkjk&51] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
61- m0iz iqfyl jSX;wys”ku dk iSjk&154
62- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 dh /kkjk&93] 100] 165
63- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 dh /kkjk&102
64- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 dh /kkjk&50
65- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1981] ,l0 lh0 28
66- 1982] y[kuÅ ykW tuZy] 160
67- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0 dh /kkjk&7
68- 1997 ¼1½] ,l0 lh0 lh0] 416
69- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1993] ,l0 lh0 1082
70- /kkjk&41 [k] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk
71- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 dh /kkjk&41 x
72- iqfyl jSX;wys”ku dk iSjk&153
73- n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/k0] 2008 dh /kkjk&8 ,oa /kkjk&54] n.M
izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
74- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0] 1981 ,l0 lh0] 928
75- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1962] ,l0 lh0] 1506
74- /kkjk&303 n0 iz0 la0] 1973
77- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 1968 lq0 dks0 1910
78- /kkjk&436 n0 iz0 la0] 1973
79- /kkjk&437] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
80- Audi Alteram Partem
81- n0 iz0 la0 dh /kkjk&160] 161
242
82- ¼2000½ ,l0 lh0 lh0 ¼fØfeuy½] 703
83- 1978] fØfeuy ykW tuZy] 968 ¼,l0 lh0½
84- /kkjk&70 n0 iz0 la0] 1973
85- /kkjk&82] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
86- /kkjk&83] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
87- izk:i la0 2] 4] 6 f}rh; vuqlwph] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
88- /kkjk&57] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
89- /kkjk&16 ¼2½] n0 iz0 la0] 1973
90- mn; eksgu yky vkpk;Z cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 2001] ,l0 lh0 lh0
¼fØfeuy½] 760
91- /kkjk&167 ¼2½ mn; eksgu yky vkpk;Z cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 2001] ,l0
lh0 lh0 ¼fØfeuy½] 760
92- 1978 fØfeuy ykW tuZy] 20
93- iSjk&111] iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
94- Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/k0 1872 dh /kkjk&25] 26] 27
95- /kkjk&173¼2½ n0 iz0 la0 ,oa iqfyl izk:i la0&339] 340
96- /kkjk&167 n0 iz0 la0
97- /kkjk&468 n0 iz0 la0
98- /kkjk&173¼5½] 173¼7½] 207] 208 n0 iz0 la0
99- iSjk&122¼1½] m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
100- 'kklukns'k la[;k&6647@[k@N%@pkj&710&ih@91] m0iz0] fna0 31@3@91
101- m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”ku dk iSjk&122
102- ,0 vkbZ0 vkj0 2000] ,l0 lh0 1731
103- Introduction to the study of Law of the Constitution by - A V
Diecy (1985)
104- Jh gkfde jk; & Fkkuk izcU/ku] i‘’B&61
243
105- uhyorh cksgjk ca0 mM+hlk jkT; ¼1993½ lh0 vkj0 ,y0 ts0 2899 dk ekeyk
106- Fkkuk izcU/ku & Jh gkfde jk;
107- fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e & vkj0 ih0 feJ
108- /kkjk&2] xq.Mk fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e
109- fu;e&3] xq.Mk fu;U=.k fu;ekoyh
110- /kkjk&10] xq.Mk fu;U=.k vf/k0
111- vf/klwpuk la[;k & 1528@6&iq0&9&30¼2½ ¼1½@83] fnukad 4@7@91
112- m0iz0 vf/kfu;e la0 7] lu~ 1986
113- /kkjk&2] 3] 4 fxjksg cUn vf/k0
114- /kkjk&14] 17 fxjksg cUn vf/k0
115- /kkjk&130] 132] eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e~
116- /kkjk&183] 184] eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e~
117- /kkjk&128] 56] 22] 190] 197] 201 eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e~
118- /kkjk&200] 207 eksVj okgu vf/k0
119- /kkjk&29] iqfyl ,DV] 1861
120- iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861 dh mn~nsf”kdk
121- /kkjk&2 iqfyl vf/kfu;e] 1861
122- /kkjk&15] iqfyl vf/k0] 1861
123- 1972] fØfeuy ykW tuZy] 532
124- /kkjk 17&18] iqfyl vf/kfu;e~
125- /kkjk&23] iqfyl vf/k0
126- /kkjk&30] iqfyl vf/k0
127- Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh lkroha vuqlwph dh nwljh lwph
128- jktsUnz flag cuke m0iz0 jkT;] 1982 ,0 MCY;w0 lh0 tuZy] 15
129- /kkjk&3] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e~] 1980
130- /kkjk&4] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e~] 1980
131- /kkjk&37] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
132- /kkjk&107] 116] 117 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
244
133- /kkjk&144] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
134- /kkjk&149] 151 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
135- v/;k;&33] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
136- /kkjk&61] n0 iz0 la0
137- /kkjk&62] n0 iz0 la0
138- /kkjk&66] n0 iz0 la0
139- /kkjk&70 ls 76] n0 iz0 la0
140- cfUn;ksa dh U;k;ky; esa mifLFkfr vf/k0] 1955
141- xkMZ ,.M ,LdkVZ :Yl
142- jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/k0 dh /kkjk&11
143- /kkjk&3] 13] “kL= vf/kfu;e~] 1959
144- /kkjk&3] 13] “kL= vf/kfu;e~] 1959
145- m0iz0 iqfyl jSX;wys”Ku] iSjk&61
146- eksVj;ku vf/k0 dh /kkjk&128] 129 39
147- iSjk&373 d] 481] iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
148- iSjk&13] 481] iqfyl jSX;wys”ku
149- /kkjk&320 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
150- n.M fof/k la'kks/ku vf/k0] 2005 dh /kkjk&4
245
v/;k;&6
iqfyl ifCyd eqY;kadu
fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu
iqfyl ifCyd b.VjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa turk vkSj iqfyl ds
O;fDr;ksa ls 'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls lwpuk
,df=r dh xbZ gSaA rFkk f}rh;d lzksrksa ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dk Hkh ladyu
fd;k x;k gSA bu vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kdau gh bl v/;k; dh
fo"k; oLrq gSA
ladfyr vk¡dM+ks dk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk ,oa fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k
x;k gSA rkfydk vkSj fp=kas dk p;u] izkIr lwpuk dks Li"V vkSj izHkkoh
<ax ls iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s vko';drk vuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+ks
dk izfr'kr fudkyus esa x.kuk dh n`f"V ls n'kEkyo esa izkIr la[;k dks
fudVre iw.kZ la[;k esa gh iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn fdlh
la[;k dk izfr'kr 43-6 izkIr gq;k gS rks mls 44% ekuk x;k gS vkSj ;fn
43-4 izkIr gqvk gS rks mls 43% ekuk x;k gSA
iz'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj vFkok voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij izkIr lwpuk dks
loZizFke rkfydk vFkok fp= ds }kjk iznf'kZr djds rRi'pkr mldk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
246
turk ds 400 vkSj iqfyl ds 200 O;fDr;ksa ls vkadM+s laxzghr fd;s
x;s gSaA lHkh iz'uksa dk mÙkj lHkh mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk ugha fn;k x;k gSA
fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj ftrus yksxksa us fn;k gS mlh ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k
vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA iz'ukoyh vkSj lk{kkRdkj] nksuksa esa iwNs x;s
iz'uksa ds mÙkj ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 6¼1½
iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dh mez dk fooj.k
mez ¼o"kZ esa½ la[;k
20 ls de 20
20&30 40
30&40 72
40&50 52
50&60 41
60 ls Åij 25
dqy 200
iqfyl foHkkx esa vkj{kh ds in gsrq U;wUkre mez lhek 18 o"kZ gS rFkk
'ks"k inksa ds fy, 21 o"kZ gSA vf/kdre mez lhek lHkh inksa ds fy;s 60 o"kZ
gSA lsok fuo`Ùk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ls Hkh lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj
p;fur iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh mez dk fooj.k rkfydk 6¼1½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
mijksDr ls Li"V gS fd 50% ls vf/kd iqfyldfeZ;ksa dh mez 30&50 o"kZ
ds e/; gSA ;qok iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh la[;k vis{kkd`r de gSA vf/kdre
iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk 30&40 o"kZ ds varjky ls gSA
247
rkfydk 6¼2½
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dh mez dk fooj.k
mez ¼o"kZ esa½ la[;k
20 ls de 47
20&30 82
30&40 76
40&50 112
50&60 51
60 ls Åij 32
dqy 400
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dh mez dk fooj.k rkfydk 6¼2½ esa izLrqr
fd;k x;k gSA turk ds yksxksa esa ls yxHkx 50% izR;qÙkjnkrk 30 ls 50
o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/; gSaA 20 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k
yxHkx 12% gSA blls Li"V gS fd ;qok oxZ vis{kkd`r iqfyl ds izR;{k
vFkok vizR;{k lEidZ esa de vkrk gSA iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkus okys
vf/kdre O;fDr os gS tks 20 ls 50 o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/; ds gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼3½ vkSj 6¼4½ esa Øe'k% iqfyl ,oa turk ds
O;fDr;ksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj tkuus ds fy;s tks iz'u fd;s x;s gS mudk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
248
rkfydk 6¼3½
iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj
f'k{kk la[;k
gkbZ Ldwy 18
b.VjehfM,V 66
Lukrd 81
ijkLukrd 35
dqy 200
rkfydk 6¼4½
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj
f'k{kk la[;k
vf'kf{kr 62
gkbZLdwy rd 79
b.VhehfM,V 104
Lukrd 78
ijkLukrd 68
ih&,p-Mh- 09
dqy 400
249
iqfyl foHkkx esa vkj{kh ds in ij fu;qfDr gsrq U;wUkre ;ksX;rk
b.VjehfM,V gS rFkk 'ks"k lHkh inksa ds fy, Lukrd gSA gkbZ Ldwy ;ksX;rk
okys lHkh deZpkjh 50 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds vkj{kh gSaA mifujh{kd ,oa
vU; mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd gSaA
turk ds 52 O;fDr;ksa us iz'ukoyh fdlh vU; ls iw.kZ djkdj Hksth
gS] vkSj Lo;a dks vf'kf{kr crk;k gSA 10 vf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ls 'kks/kkfFkZuh us
lk{kkRdkj fd;k gSA ;s lHkh O;fDr fdlh u fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys ls
laEcfU/kr jgsa gSaA ih&,p-Mh- /kkjd izR;qÙkj nkrkvksa esa fo'ofo|ky; ds
v/;kid rFkk jktuSfrd O;fDr gSaA
fp= la[;k 6¼5½
iqfyl esa ifjfpr O;fDr;ksa dk izfr'kr & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼D;k iqfyl foHkkx esa vkidk dksbZ O;fDr ukSdjh djrk gS\½
51%
17%
32%
dksbZ ugha
ifjokj dk lnL;
ifjfpr
250
turk ds yksxksa esa ls vk/ks ls vf/kd ,sls O;fDr gS ftuds ifjokj
dk vFkok ifjfpr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr iqfyl esa ugha jgkA turk ds ,sls
izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa dh fLFkfr fp= la[;k 6¼5½esa iznf'kZr gSA
fp= la[;k 6¼5½ ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd 51% yksxksa dk dksbZ ifjtu
vFkok ifjfpr iqfyl foHkkx esa ugha gSa tcfd 17% izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa ds
ifjokj dk lnL; rFkk 32% izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa dk ifjfpr iqfyl foHkkx esa
fu;qDr gSA
fp= la[;k 6¼6½
iqfyl ds vko';d dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼vkidh jk; esa iqfyl ds vko';d dk;Z D;k gSa\½
fp= la[;k 6¼6½ ds vuqlkj turk ds O;fDr;ksa esa ls 79%
izR;qÙkjnkrk iqfyl dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj vko';d dk;Z vijk/kksa dh
tkap]jksd Fkke rFkk dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk ekurs gSA ek= 11% us
42%
37%
10%
11%
dkuwu O;oLFkk cukuk
vijk/kksa dh tk¡p
ljdkj dks lgk;rk
djuk
lkekftd dk;Z
251
lkekftd dk;ksZa esa iqfyl dh Hkkxhnkjh dks vko';d ekuk gS tcfd 10%
uss iqfyl dk dk;Z ljdkj dks lgk;rk djuk crk;k gSA 42 izfr'kr
mÙkjnkrk iqfyl dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dkuwu O;oLFkk cukuk rFkk 37
izfr'kr vijk/kksa dh foospuk dks ekurs gSaA bl fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd
turk ds yksx iqfyl ls mlds dkuwuh nkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ djus dh vis{kk
j[krs gSA lkekftd dk;ksZ esa iqfyl dh Hkkxhnkjh dks vko';d ugha ekursA
fp= la[;k 6¼7½
Fkkus ij tkus dk mn~ns'; & turk ds mÙkjnkrk ¼vki fdlh Hkh iqfyl Fkkus ij fdl dk;Z ls x;s\½
fp= la[;k 6¼7½ esa turk ds ,sls 276 izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa dks n'kkZ;k
x;k gS ftUgksaus fdlh u fdlh dk;Z ls iqfyl Fkkus ij tkuk Lohdkj fd;k
gS A
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
f'kdk;r xokgh vfHk;qDr vU; dk;Z
140
46
72
18
252
140 izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa us f'kdk;r djus vFkok fjiksZV fy[kkus gsrq Fkkus
ij tkuk crk;k gSA vf/kdre O;fDr tks Fkkus ij tkrs gS os oknh vFkok
ihfMr ds :i esa iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSA nwljs LFkku ij ,sls O;fDr
gksrs gS ftuds fo:) dksbZ u dksbZ f'kdk;r gksrh gSA cgqr gh de O;fDr
fdlh vU; dk;Z ls Fkkus tkrs gSA yxHkx 7% O;fDr ¼276 esa ls 18½ fdlh
vU; dk;Z ls Fkkus x;s gS tcfd 'ks"k 93% fdlh eqdn~nes ds lEcU/k esa gh
iqfyl ds lh/ks lEidZ esa vk;s gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼8½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼Fkkus esa fjiksVZ fy[kkus gsrq tkus ij vkidk vuqHko dSlk jgk\½
Ø- fooj.k la[;k izfr'kr
1- fjiksVZ ugha fy[kh xbZ 32 27
2- foyEc ls fy[kh xbZ 54 45
3- Qsjcny fd;k x;k 22 18
4- lgh vkSj le; ls fy[kh xbZ 12 10
dqy 120 100
izFke lwpuk fjiksZV fy[ks tkus ds lEcU/k esa dqy 120 turk ds
O;fDr;ksa us mRrj fn;k gSA ftudk fooj.k rkfydk l[;k 6¼8½esa fn;k
x;k gSA
253
27% yksxks dk dguk gS fd mudh fjiksVZ Fkkus ij ugha fy[kh xbZ
tcfd 10% yksxksa dks fjiksVZ fy[kus ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl ls dksbZ f'kdk;r
ugha gSA 'ks"k 67% yksxksa dh f'kdk;r ;k rks foyEc ls iathd`r dh xbZ
vFkok mlesa ifjorZu dj fn;k x;kA mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd
90% izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa dh jk; iqfyl ds izfr fjiksVZ fy[ks tkus ds ekeys esa
udkjkRed gSA dsoy 10% mÙkj nkrkvksa dh jk; gS fd iqfyl }kjk fjiksVZ
le; ls vkSj lgh&lgh fy[kh tkrh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼9½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fjiksVZ fy[ks tkus esa izk;% foyEc fdl dkj.k ls gksrk gS\½
Ø-la- fooj.k la[;k izfr'kr
1- oknh dh rjQ ls 42 35
2- Fkkuk izHkkjh dh vuqifLFkfr 24 20
3- izkjfEHkd tkap ds dkj.k 37 31
4- vU; dkj.kksa ls 17 14
dqy 120 100
rkfydk 6¼9½ esa iqfyl izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[ks
tkus esa foyEc ds dkj.k ds lEcU/k esa mRrj fn;k x;kA 35% }kjk foyEc
ds fy;s oknh dks gh ftEesnkj crk;k x;k] tcfd 54% }kjk izdj.k dh
tkap vFkok vU; dkj.kksa ls foyEc gksuk crk;kA
254
rkfydk la[;k 6¼10½
izkFkZuk i= fy[kus ds lEcU/k esaa turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼f'kdk;r@,Q-vkbZ-vkj- gsrq izkFkZuk i= dgk¡ ij fy[kk tkuk pkfg;s\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- Fkkus ij fy[kuk mfpr 152 76
2- Fkkus ij fy[kuk vuqfpr 22 11
3- dgha ij fy[kh tk ldrh gS 26 13
dqy 200 100
,sls 88 O;fDr ftudh izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ Fkkus esa fy[kh xbZ
¼rkfydk&6-8½ muesa ls 53 O;fDr;ksa dk dguk gS fd os vkijkf/kd ?kVuk
ds rRdky i'pkr Fkkus ij igqap x;s Fks vkSj fjiksVZ djus gsrq izkFkZuk i=
fy[kdj ugha ys x;s FksA Fkkus ij igq¡pus ds ckn izkFkZuk i= fy[kk vFkok
fy[kok;k FkkA
rkfydk la0 6¼10½ esa 76% mÙkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd izkFkZuk i=
fy[kus dh lqfo/kk Fkkus ij miyC/k gksuh pkfg,A tcfd 11% O;fDr
izkFkZuk i= igys ls fy[kdj Fkkus ykus ds i{k esa gSA ,sls vijkèk tks
rRdky xfBr gksrs gS] muesa izkFkZuk i= ?kVuk LFky ij fy[kus dk le;
ugha gksrk gSA lkekU;r% yksx igys Fkkus igq¡prs gSa mlds i'pkr~ izkFkZuk
i= fy[kdj izLrqr djrs gSaA
255
fp= la[;k 6¼11½
,Q-vkbZ-vkj- U;k;ky; Hkstus dk le; & iqfyl vkSj turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼,Q-vkbZ-vkj- Fkkus ls U;k;ky; fdrus fnu i'pkr~ igq¡ph\½
turk ,oa iqfyl ds yksxksa ls ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- U;k;ky; esa Hkstus dh
dkuwuh vko';drk rFkk le; ds lEcU/k esa iz'u fd;k x;k vkSj eq[;
U;kf;d eftLVªsV U;k;ky; esa ,d ekg esa izkIr izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ dks
Hkstus ds le; dh tkudkjh dh xbZ rks fLFkfr fp= la[;k 6¼11½ ds
vuqlkj izkIr gqbZA
mijksDr fp= ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd 55% ,Q-vkbZ-vkj U;k;ky;
esa ,d lIrkg ds ckn igq¡prh gS rFkk 5% ,d ekg ds i'pkr igq¡prh gS
vFkok igq¡prh Hkh ugha gSA dsoy 5% ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- fu;ekuqlkj iathdr
gksus ds nwljs fnu U;k;ky; igq¡prh gSA bl izdkj ds foyEc ls lEcfU/kr
O;fDr;ksa dks vuko';d ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA vkSj ,Q-vkbZ-vkj dh izfr izkIr
djus gsrq HkVduk iMrk gSA
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
24 ?kaVs 3 fnu 1 lIrkg 15 fnu 1 ekg
5%
25%
40%
15%10%
256
rkfydk la[;k 6¼12½
foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk ¼foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk vkidks fdl izdkj izkIr gqbZ\½
Ø-la- lwpuk dk ek/;e la[;k izfr'kr
1- Lo;a ds iz;kl ls 38 34
2- U;k;ky; ds }kjk 46 41
3- tkap vf/kdkjh }kjk 10 9
4- lwpuk ugha feyh 18 16
dqy 112 100
fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk ds ifj.kke dks izkIr gksus ds
lEcU/k esa ,sls 112 O;fDr;ksa ds mÙkj izkIr gq;s ftUgksaus Fkkus ij vfHk;ksx
iathd`r djk;k gSA buls izkIr mÙkj dk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk 6¼12½ esa fn;k
x;k gSA
57% O;fDr;ksa dks foospuk lekIr gksus ds i'pkr foospuk ds
ifj.kke dh lwpuk izkIr ugha gqbZ] tcfd dkuwuu ,slh lwpuk izkIr gksuk
mudk vf/kdkj gSA 'ks"k esa ls 34% dks muds vius iz;kl ls gh lwpuk
izkIr gqbZ gSA tk¡p vf/kdkjh }kjk ek= 9% ekeyksa esa foospuk ds ifj.kke
ls oknhx.k dks voxr djk;k x;k gSA ,slh lwpuk Hkh fyf[kr :i esa ugha
nh xbZ gSA
mijksDr iz'u tc iqfyl ds yksxksa fd;k x;k rks 80 mÙkjnkrkvksa
us iz'u dk mÙkj fn;k] ftldk fooj.k rkfydk 6¼13½ esa fn;k x;k gSA
257
rkfydk la[;k 6¼13½
foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa & iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk
¼vkius foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk oknh dks fdl izdkj nh\½
Ø-la- lwpuk dk ek/;e la[;k izfr'kr
1- ekSf[kd lwpuk nh 22 27
2- fyf[kr lwpuk nh 'kwU; 'kwU;
3- vkj{kh ls fHktokbZ 19 24
4- tkudkjh ugha 39 49
dqy 80 100
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk nh xbZ lwpuk ls ;g vk'p;Z tud rF;
mn~?kkfVr gksrk gS fd lwpuk nsus dh fof/kd ck/;rk gksrs gq;s Hkh ,d Hkh
ekeys esa fyf[kr lwpuk ugha nh xbZ gSA 51% iqfyl izR;qÙkjnkrkvksa us
ekSf[kd lwpuk nsus dh ckr dgh gS tcfd 49% us dksbZ mÙkj nsuk mfpr
ugha le>kA
258
fp= la[;k 6¼14½
eksckby@Qksu dh miyC/krk & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼vkids ikl fdl izdkj ds Qksu@eksckby dh lqfo/kk gS\½
turk ds yksxks ls muds ikl miyC/k lwpuk ds lk/ku ds lEcU/k esas
iz'u fd;k x;kA izkIr lwpuk dk fo'ys"k.k fp= 6¼14½ esa fd;k x;k gSA
92% yksxks ds ikl viuk vFkok ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; dk
Qksu@eksckbZy miyC/k gSA 8% ds ikl Qksu dh lqfo/kk ugha gSA
62%
30%
8%
viuk
ifjokj esssa
ugha gS
259
fp= la[;k 6¼15½
iqfyl ds uEcj dh tkudkjh ds fo"k; esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼D;k vkids ikl vius {ks= ds fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh dk lEidZ uEcj gS\½
turk ds yksxksa ls Fkkuk@pkSdh@chV izHkkjh ds lEidZ ua- ds lEcU/k
esa tkudkjh dh xbZ rFkk ,slh tkudkjh dh t:jr ds lEcU/k esa iwNk
x;kA mÙkjnkrkvksa ds mÙkj dh fLFkfr fp= 6¼15½ esa gSA
dsoy 7% O;fDr;ksa dks iqfyl ds lEidZ ua- dh tkudkjh gSA
93%
7%
tkudkjh ugha
tkudkjh gS
260
rkfydk la[;k&6¼16½
iqfyl ds lEidZ ua- dh vko';drk & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼vius {ks= ds iqfyl deZpkjh@vf/kdkjh dk lEidZ uEcj
vkids ikl gksuk fdruk vko';d gS\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- cgqr t:jh gS 213 71
2- t:jh ugha gS 27 09
3- gks rks Bhd gS 12 04
4- iz/kku ds ikl t:jh 48 16
dqy 300 100
turk ds yksxks ls iqfyl ds lEidZ ua- dh tkudkjh gksus dh
vko';drk ds lEcU/k esa izkIr tkudkjh dk fooj.k rkfydk 6¼16½ esa gSA
turk ds 87% yksxks us vius {ks= ds Fkkuk izHkkjh vFkok fdlh Hkh iqfyl
dehZ dk lEidZ ua- Lo;a ds ikl vFkok fudV ds fdlh izeqq[k O;fDr ds
ikl gksuk vko';d crk;k gSA dsoy 9% O;fDr bldh vko';drk eglwl
ugha djrsA
261
rkfydk la[;k 6¼17½
xokgh ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fdlh ekeys eas vxj vki xokg jgs gSa rks vkidh xokgh
tk¡p vfèkdkjh us fdlh izdkj yh\½
Øa-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- mÙkjnkrk ds ikl vkdj 55 28
2- ekSf[kd lwpuk ij Fkkus cqyk;k 26 13
3- fyf[kr lwpuk ij Fkkus cqyk;k 04 02
4- i{kdkj ds lkFk xokgh nsus x;s 115 57
dqy 200 100
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls xokgh ds lEcU/k esa iwNk x;k fd xokgh
iqfyl }kjk fdl izdkj yh xbZ rks mÙkj rkfydk la[;k 6¼17½ ds vuqlkj
izkIr gq;sA 57% xokg Lo;a i{kdkj ds lkFk xokgh nsus tkap vf/kdkjh ds
ikl x;s gS vkSj dsoy 15% dks tkap vf/kdkjh }kjk Fkkus ij cqyok;k
x;k gSaaA 28% mÙkjnkrkvksa ds ikl Lo;a vkdj tk¡p vf/kdkjh }kjk xokgh
yh x;h gSA 72% mÙkjnkrkvksa us Fkkus tkdj gh viuh xokgh vafdr
djk;h gSA
262
rkfydk la[;k 6¼18½
xokg ls O;ogkj ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼xokgh gsrq cqykus ij iqfyl }kjk dSlk O;ogkj fd;k x;k\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- vPNk O;ogkj fd;k 30 21
2- vPNk O;ogkj ugha fd;k 58 41
3- dqN ugha dguk 52 38
dqy 140 100
mijksDr rkfydk la0 6¼18½ esa xokgksa ds izfr Fkkus esa iqfyl }kjk
fd;s tkus okys O;ogkj ds lEcU/k esa turk dh jk; dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k
x;k gSA 21 izfr'kr xokgksa us iqfyl }kjk vPNs O;ogkj dh ckr dgh gS
tcfd 41 izfr'kr xokgksa us vPNk O;ogkj fd;k tkuk ugha crk;kA 38
izfr'kr xokgksa us dksbZ mRrj ugha fn;kA vf/kdka'k xokgksa us Fkkus ij vPNk
O;ogkj u fd;s tkus dh ckr dgh gSA
xokgh gsrq Fkkus ij cqyk;s tkus ij [kpkZ nsus ds lEcU/k esa 140
mÙkjnkrkvksa us dksbZ u dksbZ fodYi pquk gSA xokgh gsrq Fkkus ij cqyk;s
tkus ij ,d Hkh O;fDr dks O;; ugha fn;k x;k gS tcfd ,slk O;; fn;s
tkus gsrq dkuwuh izko/kku gSaA turk ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ;g tkudkjh
ugha gS fd xokgh gsrq cqyk;s tkus ij O;; nsus dk fu;e gSA tuin ds
Fkkuksa esa xokg ds [kpsZ ds en esa ctV u gksus dh tkudkjh nh x;hA
263
rkfydk la[;k 6¼19½
c;ku fy[kus dh fof/k ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼vkidk c;ku tk¡p vf/kdkjh us fdl izdkj fy[kk\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- tks cksyk ogha fy[kk 52 35
2- vk/kk lgh vk/kk xyr fy[kk 59 39
3- iwjk xyr fy[kk 17 11
4- c;ku ugha fy[kk 22 15
dqy 150 100
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k fd tk¡p vf/kdkjh us
muds C;ku fdl izdkj fy[ksA dsoy 35% xokgksa us ;g dgk gS fd muds
}kjk tSlk C;ku fn;k x;k Fkk] oSlk gh njksxk th us fy[kk FkkA 'ks"k 65%
xokgksa us muds c;ku dks cnyus vFkok ugha fy[kus dh ckr dgh gSA
bu xokgksa esa oknh 'kkfey ugha gS] D;ksafd oknh ds c;ku lkekU;
rkSj ij ogh fy[ks tkrs gSa] tks dqN mlds }kjk fn;s x;s izkFkZuk i= esa
fy[kk gksrk gSA
264
rkfydk la[;k 6¼20½
xokgh ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
¼D;k xokg dks crk;k x;k fd mudks ;gh c;ku U;k;ky; esa Hkh nsuk gksxk\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- ekSf[kd :i ls crk;k 32 32
2- can i= Hkjok;k 02 02
3- xokg Lo;a tkurs Fks 43 43
4- dqN ugha crk;k 23 23
dqy 100 100
iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls tc ;g iwNk x;k fd mUgksaus xokg dks
;g crk;k fd mudk tks c;ku fy[kk tk jgk gS ogha c;ku U;k;ky; esa
nsus gsrq tkuk gksxkA 23% us xokgksa dks ,slh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha nhA 43%
xokgksa us crk;k gS fd os Lo;a ;g tkurs Fks fd mudks U;k;ky; esa Hkh
xokgh nsus gsrq tkuk gksxkA 32% xokgksa dks foospd }kjk ;g ckr ekSf[kd
crkbZ x;h gSA ek= 2% us ;g crk;k fd xokgksa ls mUgksaus U;k;ky; esa
mifLFkr gksus gsrq ca/k i= Hkjok;k gSA tcfd xokgksa ls ca/k i= Hkjokus
dh dkuwuh ck/;rk gSA mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd foospdkas }kjk
xokgksa ls ca/k i= yxHkx ugha Hkjok;s tk jgs gSaA xokg ;s ugha le> ikrs
fd os ,slh gh xokgh nsus gsrq U;k;ky; tkus ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ck/;
gSaA
265
rkfydk la[;k 6¼21½
mipkj vkSj ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- esa izkFkfedrk&turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fdlh ?kVuk esa pksV vkus ij Fkkus igq¡pus ij iqfyl us D;k fd;k\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- igys bykt ds fy;s Hkstk fQj
,Q-vkbZ-vkj fy[kh
24 17
2- igys ,Q-vkbZ-vkj fy[kh fQj
bykt ds fy;s Hkstk
57 41
3- Lo;a gh bykt djkdj vkus dks
dgk
31 22
4- bykt ugha djok;k 28 20
dqy 140 100
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k fd fdlh ?kVuk esa
pksV vkus ds ckn tc os Fkkus x;s rks iqfyl }kjk loZizFke D;k fd;k
x;kA mÙkj dk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk 6¼21½ esa fd;k x;k gSA
mijksDr rkfydk 6¼21½ ls Li"V gS fd ,ssls ekeykas esa tgk¡ dksbZ
O;fDr ?kk;y voLFkk esa Fkkus ij vkrk gS ogk¡ 41% ekeyksa esa iqfyl }kjk
,Q-vkbZ-vkj fy[kus dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA bykt ckn esa djk;k x;k
gSA ek= 17% ekeyksa esa igys bykt gsrq Hkstk x;k gSA vkSj mlds i'pkr
fjiksVZ fy[kh xbZA 42% ekeyksa esa ;k rks Lo;a bykt djkdj vkus dks dgk
x;k gS vFkok bykt ugha djk;k x;k gSA
266
fp= la[;k 6¼22½
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds lEcU/k esa turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkj djus ds ckn vFkok ?kk;y gksus ij vkidk mipkj iqfyl }kjk djk;k x;k ;k ugha\½
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls iwNk x;k fd mudk MkWDVjh eqvk;uk
fdl izdkj gqvkA yxHkx 96% vfHk;qDrksa us ;g crk;k gS fd iqfyl }kjk
fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus ij mudk fpfdRldh; ijh{k.k djk;k x;k gSA ysfdu
fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk esa ?kk;y 52% yksxks us iqfyl }kjk fpfdRldh;
ijh{k.k djkus dh ckr dgh gSA tcfd 48% us vko';d gksrs gq;s Hkh
iqfyl }kjk MkWDVjh eqvk;uk u djkus dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA vfHk;qDrksa esa
ls ek= 4% MkWDVjh eqvk;uk ugha djus dh ckr dgh gSA
vfHk;qDr dk MkWDVjh eqvk;uk dkuwuh ck/;rk gS rFkk U;k;ky;ksa
}kjk Hkh vko';d cuk fn;k x;k gSA tcfd fdlh ?kVuk esa ?kk;y O;fDr
dk MkWDVjh eqvk;uk dsoy lk{; ladyu dh ,d dk;Zokgh ek= gS] mlds
lEcU/k esa dksbZ Bksl dkuwuh izko/kku ugha gSA
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
vfHk;qDr ?kk;y xokg
96%
52%
4%
48%
eqvk;uk djk;k eqvk;uk ugha djk;k
267
rkfydk la[;k 6¼23½
fxj¶rkjh uksfVl ds lEcU/k esa turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼D;k fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ vkidks fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k crk;s x;s\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- fyf[kr uksfVl }kjk fxj¶rkjh
dk dkj.k crk;k
04 04
2- ekSf[kd :i ls dkj.k crk;k 16 18
3- dksbZ dkj.k ugha crk;k 48 54
4- fdlh vkSj cgkus ls cqykdj
fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k
22 24
dqy 90 100
turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ls iz'u fd;k x;k fd mudks fxj¶rkj
djus ls iwoZ fxj¶rkj djus okys iqfyl vf/kdkjh us dkj.k crk;k fd
ughaA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼23½ ls Li"V gS fd dsoy 22% vfHk;qDrksa dks
fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus ls iwoZ iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkjh dk dkj.k crk;k x;k
gSA 54% yksxksa dks fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.kksa dh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gqbZA
fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ fyf[kr uksfVl fn;s tkus dh ijEijk yxHkx ugha gSA
dsoy 4% ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ fyf[kr uksfVl fn;s tkus dh
tkudkjh gqbZ gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa lkekU; O;fDr Fkkus ij tkus esa
Hk; eglwl djrk gS] D;ksafd mls irk ugha gksrk fd mls Fkkus ij D;ksa
cqyk;k tk jgk gS\
268
rkfydk la[;k 6¼24½
vius fo:) f'kdk;r gksus ij lcls vf/kd Hk; fdl ckr ls yxrk gS\
& turk ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- fxj¶rkjh ls 142 41
2- iqfyl }kjk ekjihV ls 38 11
3- tsy Hkstus ls 45 13
4- lkekftd izfr"Bk /kwfey gksus ls 125 35
dqy 350 100
lcls vf/kd 41% mÙkjnkrkvksa dks muds fo:) fjiksVZ gksus ij
fxj¶rkj gksus ls Hk; yxrk gSA 35% mÙkjnkrk lkekftd izfr"Bk ds Hk;
ls xzLr ik;s x;sA ;g ,d vPNk ladsr gS fd fxj¶rkj djus ds ckn
ekjihV gksus dk Hk; ek= 11% mÙkjnkrkvksa us O;Dr fd;k gSA
;g bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd iqfyl dh Nfo vc vuko';d
ekjihV djus okys cy dh ugha gSA ysfdu fxj¶rkjh vHkh Hkh iqfyl ds
gkFk esa ,d rkdroj gfFk;kj gSA ftldk iz;ksx yksxks ds fo:) fd;k
tkrk gSA
269
rkfydk la[;k 6¼25½
fxj¶rkjh ds ckn tekur dgk¡ ls feyh & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- vnkyr ls 56 70
2- Fkkus ls 07 09
3- tekur ugha gqbZ 11 14
4- ?kVukLFky ij tekur HkjokbZ xbZ 06 07
dqy 80 100
mijksDr rkfydk 6¼25½ ls ;g Li"V gS fd iqfyl }kjk ek= 16%
ekeyksa esa vfHk;qDrksa dh tekur yh xbZ gSA 70% O;fDr;ksa dh tekur
vnkyr ls gqbZ gSA iqfyl }kjk tekur fn;s tkus dh O;oLFkk dkuwu esa
gskus ds ckotwn Hkh iqfyl }kjk tekur nsus dh ijEijk ugha gSA blls ;g
lans'k tkrk gS fd iqfyl }kjk dsoy turk ds fo:) gh dk;Zokgh dh tk
ldrh gS] turk ds i{k esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk ldrhA
vnkyr ls ftu 70% ekeyksa esa tekur gqbZ gS muesa ls 42% ekeys
tekurh; izd`fr ds jgs gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkj djds U;k;ky; Hksts
tkus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gksrkA
270
rkfydk la[;k 6¼26½
Fkkus ls tekur nsus esa leL;k&iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr;ksa dks Fkkus ls tekur nsus esa D;k leL;k vkrh gS\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- vfHk;qDr tekur nsus dks rS;kj ugha
gksrs
42 26
2- U;k;ky; ,slh tekur dks ekU;rk
ugha nsrs
52 33
3- mPp vf/kdkjh vuqefr ugha nsrs 38 24
4- Lo;a dh ftEesnkjh ls cpus ds fy;s 28 17
dqy 160 100
26% iqfyl mÙkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd vfHk;qDr Fkkus ij tekur
nsus dks rS;kj ugha gksrs tcfd 33% dk dguk gS fd Fkkus dh tekur dks
U;k;ky; esa ekU;rk ugha feyrhA mDr nksuks ckrksa ls 'kks/kkfFkZuh lger
ugha gSA lkekU; lh ckr gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fdlh Hkh Lrj ij tekur
nsus dks rS;kj gks tk;sxk vkSj U;k;ky; rFkk iqfyl }kjk nh xbZ tekur esa
dkuwu dksbZ vUrj ugha djrk gSA iqfyl mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk ,slk mÙkj
viuh ftEesnkjh ls cpus dk ,d iz;kl ek= izrhr gksrk gSA mPp
vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ,sls fdlh fyf[kr vkns'k dh tkudkjh ugha gqbZ ftlesa
Fkkus ls tekur nsus ls euk fd;k x;k gksA
271
rkfydk la[;k 6¼27½
tkek ryk'kh dk lkeku izkIr djus ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkjh ds le; ryk'kh esa iqfyl }kjk fy;k x;k vkidk lkeku vkidks dSls feyk\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- lkeku vklkuh ls fey x;k 21 21
2- iwjk lkeku ugha feyk 19 19
3- vnkyr ds vkns'k ls feyk 47 47
4- fcYdqy Hkh ugha feyk 13 13
dqy 100 100
turk ds yksxksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k fd ryk'kh vFkok fxj¶rkjh
ds i'pkr muds ikl ls tks lkeku iqfyl }kjk cjken fd;k x;k og
mUgs dSls feyk FkkA
mDr rkfydk ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd 47% yksxks dks
mudh tkek ryk'kh esa tCr fd;k lkeku U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ls gh izkIr
gqvk gSA 19% dks vk/kk v/kwjk lkeku gh izkIr gqvkA 13% ,sls gS ftudk
lkeku izkIr gh ugha gqvkA mYys[kuh; gS fd mDr lkeku dks ysus ds fy;s
U;k;ky; ds vkns'k dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA ,slk lkeku fdlh
vkijkf/kd ekeys ds lk{; ls lEcfU/kr ugha gksrk gSA U;k;ky; ls tqM+s
O;fDr;ksa tSls& vf/koDrk] vfHk;kstdksa dk dguk gS fd dqN U;k;ky; ,sls
lkeku ds lEcU/k esa vkns'k ikfjr djrs gSa vkSj dqN eky eqdn~nekrh u
gksus ds dkj.k vkns'k ugha djrsA
272
rkfydk la[;k 6¼28½
fxj¶rkjh ds ckn U;k;ky; esa Hkstus dk le; & turk mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkj djus ds fdrus le; i'pkr~ vkidks U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr
fd;k x;k\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- 24 ?k.Vs ds vanj 42 47
2- 2 fnu ckn 18 20
3- 3 fnu ckn 19 21
4- 1 lIrkg ckn 11 12
dqy 90 100
rkfydk la[;k 6¼28½ ls ;g Li"V gS fd 53% vfHk;qDrks dks iqfyl
}kjk fxj¶rkj djds 24 ?k.Vs ds ckn U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
fof/kd :i ls 24 ?k.Vs ls vf/kd dh vfHkj{kk voS/k ekuh tkrh gSA dkuwu
}kjk fuèkkZfjr le; lhek 24 ?kaVs ds vUnj ek= 47 izfr'kr vfHk;qDrksa dks
gh fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr~ U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 12
izfr'kr vfHk;qDr ,sls gSa ftudks ,d lIrkg vFkok mlls vf/kd foyEc ls
U;k;k;y; esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds fcuk
bruh yEch vofèk rd vfHk;qDr dks Fkkus esa vfHkj{kk esa j[kuk dkuwu ,oa
ekuokf/kdkjksa dk Li"V mYya?ku gSA
273
rkfydk la[;k 6¼29½
foyEc ls U;k;ky; esa Hkstus dk dkj.k iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr~ vfHk;qDrksa dks foyEc ls U;k;ky; Hkstus ds D;k
dkj.k gSa\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- iwNrkN esa le; yxus ds dkj.k 28 31
2- cjkenxh ds dkj.k 19 21
3- foospuk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh deh ds dkj.k 32 36
4- dk;Z dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k 11 12
dqy 90 100
rkfydk 6¼29½ ls ;g Li"V gS fd 48% iqfyl dfeZ;ksa us vfHk;qDrksa
dks U;k;ky; esa foyEc ls izLrqr djus ds fy;s dk;Z dh vf/kdrk vkSj
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh deh dks eq[; dkj.k ekuk gSA 'ks"k 52% us vU;
dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk;sa iwjh djus ds dkj.k foyEc gksuk crk;k gSA
dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s U;k;ky; dh vuqefr
ls vfHk;qDr dks 24 ?k.Vs ls vf/kd le; iqfyl vfHkj{kk esa j[ks tkus dk
dkuwu gSA dkj.k pkgs tks Hkh gksa] 24 ?k.Vs ls vf/kd vof/k ds fy, fdlh
Hkh O;fDr dh Fkkus ij fu:f) voS/k gksrh gSA
274
rkfydk la[;k 6¼30½
fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk izkIr djus ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fdlh dh fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk dgk¡ ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gS\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- fudV ds Fkkus ls 140 40
2- iqfyl v/kh{kd dk;kZy; ls 80 23
3- ftyk fu;a=.k d{k ls 18 05
4- vnkyr ls 112 32
dqy 350 100
turk ds 350 O;fDr;ksa ls bl iz'u dk mÙkj izkIr gqvk fd mudk
dksbZ ifjfpr ;fn fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gS rks mldh tkudkjh dg¡k ls
djsaxs \ rkfydk la[;k 6¼30½ esa bl iz'u ds mÙkj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k
gSA 40 izfr'kr yksxksa us Fkkus ls gh lwpuk izkIr djus dh tkudkjh gksus
dh ckr dgh] tcfd 32 izfr'kr yksxksa us vnkyr ls lwpuk izkIr gksus dh
tkudkjh dh ckr dghA dsoy 5% yksxksa dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh gS fd
fu;a=.k d{k ls lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA vf/kdrj O;fDr Fkkuk
vFkok vnkyr ls gh lwpuk izkIr gksus dh tkudkjh j[krs gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk Lo;a voyksdu djds rFkk iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ls
lk{kkRdkj djds ftyk fu;a=.k d{k esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh dh xbZA
yksxksa dks ,slh O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh Hkh ugha gS vkSj ,slh lwpuk nsus dh
i;kZIr O;oLFkk vHkh dh Hkh ugha tk jgh gSA
275
rkfydk la[;k 6¼31½
fof/kd lgk;rk izkIr gksus ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼fxj¶rkj gksus ds i'pkr~ dkuwuh lgk;rk fdl izdkj feyh\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- iqfyl ds }kjk 5 5
2- vnkyr ds }kjk 14 14
3- ifjokjh tuksa ds }kjk 72 72
4- feyh gh ugha 09 09
dqy 100 100
72% vfHk;qDrks dks fof/kd lgk;rk muds ifjokjhtuksa }kjk gh izkIr
gqbZ gSA 28% yksxksa dks fof/kd lgk;rk izkIr ugha gqbZ gSA buesa ls dsoy
5% dks iqfyl }kjk fof/kd lgk;rk miyC/k djkbZ xbZ gSA tcfd 14
izfr'kr dks vnkyr }kjk ;g lqfo/kk nh x;h gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼32½
vius fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksus ij iqfyl ds le{k viuk i{k
j[kus dk volj dc feyk\ & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksus ds rqjUr ckn 5 4
2- tekur djkus ds ckn 38 32
3- fxj¶rkjh ds ckn 48 40
4- volj ugha feyk 29 24
dqy 120 100
276
120 O;fDr;ksa ls ;g iwNk x;k fd muds fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r
gksus ds ckn iqfyl ds le{k lquokbZ dk volj dc izkIr gqvkA 72%
yksxksa }kjk ;g crk;k x;k fd mudks viuh ckr iqfyl ds le{k j[kus dk
volj ;k rks fxj¶rkjh ds ckn feyk vFkok tekur ds ckn feykA 24
izfr'kr yksxksa dks rks viuk i{k j[kus dk volj gh izkIr ugha gqvkA ,slh
fLFkfr esa larqfyr vkSj fu"i{k foospuk gks ikuk lEHko ugha gksrkA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼33½
varfje tekur ds lEcU/k esa & turk o iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
¼vUrfje tekur nsus dh 'kfDr fdldks gksuh pkfg;s\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- U;k;ky; vkSj iqfyl nksuksa dks gksuh
pkfg,
195 65
2- dsoy U;k;ky; dks gksuh pkfg;s 57 19
3- dsoy iqfyl dks gksuh pkfg;s 27 09
4- fdlh dks ugha gksuh pkfg;s 21 07
dqy 300 100
turk vkSj iqfyl nksuksa oxksZ ds mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 65 izfr'kr dk
;g ekuuk gS fd varfje tekur fn;s tkus dh 'kfDr iqfyl ,oa U;k;ky;
nksuksa dks gksuh pkfg;sA ,slk gksus ls vkjksih O;fDr dks Hkh viuh ckr tkap
vf/kdkjh ds le{k j[kus dk volj izkIr gksxk vkSj fdlh Hkh ekeys dh
fu"i{k tkap gks ldsxhA
277
rkfydk la[;k 6¼34½
vkids fo:) vijk/k iathd`r gksus ds i'pkr izFke dk;Zokgh D;k
gqbZ & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj gq;s 38 32
2- vnkyr esa vkReleiZ.k fd;k 57 47
3- fxj¶rkjh ds fo:) LFkxu izkIr fd;k 06 05
4- iqfyl ds ikl vkReleiZ.k fd;k 19 16
dqy 120 100
120 vfHk;qDrksa ls ;g iz'u iwNk x;k fd muds fo:) vijk/k
iathd`r gksus ds ckn muds }kjk igyh dkuwuh dk;Zokgh D;k dh xbZA
47% O;fDr;ksa }kjk vnkyr ds le{k vkReleiZ.k djuk crk;k x;k rFkk
32% }kjk ;g crk;k x;k fd mUgs iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k FkkA
dsoy 16% yksx ,sls gS ftUgksus Lo;a iqfyl ds le{k tkdj vkReleiZ.k
fd;k gSA tcfd 5% yksxks us mPp U;k;ky; ls fxj¶rkjh ds fo:)
LFkxu vkns'k izkIr fd;k gSA
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd vf/kdre O;fDr ;k rks
fxj¶rkj gks tkrs gS ;k tekur izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA blls iwoZ
viuk i{k tkap vf/kdkjh ds le{k j[kus dk fdlh dks Hkh volj ugha
feyrkA vf/kdka'k O;fDr ;k rks fxj¶rkj dj fy;s tkrs gSa vFkok fxj¶rkjh
ls cpus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
278
rkfydk la[;k 6¼35½
vfHk;qDrks ds fo:) dqdhZ ds lEcU/k esa & iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
¼vfHk;qDrksa ds fo:) dqdhZ dh dk;Zokgh dk D;k mn~ns'; gksrk gS\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- vfHk;qDrkas dk U;k;ky; esa vkReleiZ.k
djkuk
22 20
2- fxj¶rkjh gsrq ncko cukuk 32 29
3- oknh ds ncko ds dkj.k 14 13
4- foospuk ds fuLrkj.k ds mn~ns'; ls 42 38
dqy 120 100
rkfydk la[;k 6¼35½ esa iqfyl }kjk vfHk;qDrksa fo:) mudh
py&vpy lEifRr dh dqdhZ dh dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k fd;s x;s iz'u ds
mRrj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA
iqfyl }kjk 49% ekeyksa esa vfHk;qDr dks U;k;ky; esa gkftj djus
vFkok fxj¶rkj djus ds mn~ns'; ls ,slh dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA 38%
dk;Zokfg;ka foospuk ds fuLrkj.k ds mn~ns'; ls dh tkrh gSA tcfd 13%
dk;Zokgh oknh ds ncko esa vFkok mldh larq"Vh ds fy;s dh tkrh gSA
dqdhZ dh dk;Zokgh dk mn~ns'; vfHk;qDr dks lEifRr cspdj iyk;u djus
ls jksduk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk ;g ugha crk;k x;k fd
dksbZ O;fDr tks fd vfHk;qDr gS dHkh lEifRr cspdj iyk;u dj x;k gksA
279
rkfydk la[;k 6¼36½
fxj¶rkjh ls cpus ds iz;kl ds lEcU/k esa & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
¼Lo;a vFkok fdlh ifjfpr ds fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksus ij fxj¶rkjh ls cpus gsrq D;k iz;kl fd;s\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- U;k;ky; ls LFkxu izkIr djus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
32 16
2- U;k;ky; esa gkftj gksdj
tekur djkbZ
126 63
3- ?kj NksM+dj dgha vU;= pys x;s 63 21
4- py&vpy lEifRr cspdj Qjkj
gksus dh dksf'k'k dh
'kwU; 'kwU;
dqy 200 100
mijksDr rkfydk ds mÙkj turk ds yksxks ls ;g iz'u iwNdj izkIr
fd;s x;s fd ^^muds fdlh ifjfpr us fxj¶rkjh ls cpus ds fy;s D;k
iz;kl fd;sA vf/kdre 63% yksxksa us U;k;ky; ls tekur djkus dh ckr
dghA 21 izfr'kr O;fDr viuk ?kj NksM+dj vU;= pys x;s vkSj 16
izfr'kr O;fDr;ksa us U;k;ky; ls fxj¶rkjh ds fo:) LFkxu izkIr djus dk
iz;kl fd;kA ,d Hkh O;fDr us ;g ugha crk;k fd ,slk okafNr O;fDr
dHkh lEifRr cspdj Qjkj gksus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkA dqdhZ dh
dk;Zokgh dk vkns'k U;k;ky; ls izkIr djus esa 'kr&izfr'kr izkFkZuk i=ksa esa
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk vfHk;qDrksa ds Hkkx tkus dh vk'kadk izdV dh tkrh
gSA
280
rkfydk la[;k 6¼37½
foospuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus ds fy;s D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ & turk
ds mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- tkap vf/kdkjf;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd
izf'k{k.k nsdj
60 20
2- ekeys dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ
fof/kd ijh{k.k
204 68
3- tkap vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) foHkkxh;
dk;Zokgh }kjk
21 07
4- xyr foospuk okys ekeykas dks
[kkfjt djds
15 05
dqy 300 100
turk ds O;fDr;ksa ls ;g iwNk x;k fd foospuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus
rFkk lgh tkap ds fy;s D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rks 68% dk ekuuk gS fd
tkap dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ mldk fdlh dkuwu ds tkudkj vf/kdkjh
ls ijh{k.k djk ysuk mfpr gSA dsoy 5% O;fDr;ksa }kjk xyr foospuk
okys ekeyksa dks izkjEHk esa gh [kkfjt fd;s tkus dh ckr dgh xbZA ,slk
djus ls oknh vFkok ihfMr O;fDr dks U;k; feyus dh lEHkkouk 'kwU; gks
ldrh FkhA 20% yksxks us tkap vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k nsus dh ckr
Hkh dghA
281
rkfydk la[;k 6¼38½
foospuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus ds fy;s D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s\ &
iqfyl ds mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- tkap vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd
izf'k{k.k nsdj
18 15
2- ekeys dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ fof/kd
ijh{k.k
78 65
3- tkap vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) foHkkxh;
dk;Zokgh }kjk
12 10
4- xyr foospuk okys ekeyks dks [kkfjt
djds
12 10
dqy 120 100
tc iqfyl mÙkjnkrkvksa ls foospuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus gsrq iz'u
fd;k x;k rks 65% us ;g dgk fd ekeys dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ
mldk fof/kd ijh{k.k fdlh fof/k vf/kdkjh ls djk;k tkuk pkfg;sA dsoy
15% us blds fy;s izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk crkbZ gSA xyr foospuk ds
fy;s foospuk vf/kdkjh dks n.M nsus ds i{k esa dsoy 10% mÙkjnkrk gSa
vkSj 10% mÙkjnkrk ,sls xyr foospuk okys ekeyksa dks izkjfEHkd Lrj ij
gh [kkfjt djus ds i{k esa gSaA vf/kdre iqfyl mÙkjnkrk foospuk ds
ifj.kke dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ fof/kd ijh{k.k dh vko';drk eglwl
djrs gSaA
282
rkfydk la[;k 6¼39½
foospuk ds nkSjku i{kdkjksa esa jkthukek gksus dh fLFkfr esa D;k
dk;Zokgh gksuh pkfg;s & turk ds mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- ftl le; jkthukek gqvk rHkh
ekeyk lekIr gksuk pkfg;sA
120 48
2- iqfyl ds le{k lekIr gksuk pkfg;s 45 18
3- U;k;ky; ds le{k lekIr gksuk
pkfg;s
72 29
4- xokgh ds ckn lekIr gksuk pkfg;s 13 05
dqy 250 100
turk ds yksxksa esa 48% dk ekuuk ;g gS fd fookn ds i'pkr ftl
Lrj ij Hkh i{kdkjksa esa jkthukek gks tkrk gS mlh Lrj ij fookn lekIr
gks tkuk pkfg;sA 18% yksx dsoy iqfyl ds le{k jkthukek ds i{k/kj gS
tcfd 29% yksx dsoy U;k;ky; ds le{k jkthukek ds i{k/kj gSA 5%
yksx ,sls Hkh gS ftudk ;g ekuuk gS fd ,d ckj vfHk;ksx iathd`r gks
x;k rks mldh xokgh iwjh gksus ds ckn gh i{kdkjksa ds e/; jkthukek gksuk
pkfg;sA vf/kdre~ O;fDr;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkthukek gksrs gh ekeyk
lekIr gks tkuk pkfg;s] pkgs og fdlh Hkh Lrj ij yfEcr gksA
283
rkfydk la[;k 6¼40½
jkthukek gksus ij dh xbZ dk;Zokgh & iqfyl ds mRrjnkrk
¼foospuk ds nkSjku i{kdkjksa ds e/; jkthukek gksus ij D;k
dk;Zokgh dh x;h\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- jkthukek dh ckr ugha lquh 18 30
2- vnkyr esas jkthukek djus dks dgk 26 43
3- xokgks ds c;ku fcxkMdj dsl can
dj fn;k
09 15
4- mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl tkus dks
dgk
07 12
dqy 60 100
iqfyl ds mRrjnkrkvksa ls iz'u fd;k x;k fd ,Q-vkbZ-vkj ds rqjar
ckn ;fn i{kdkjksa esa jkthukek gks x;k rks iqfyl us D;k dk;Zokgh dhA
43% us vnkyr esa tkdj jkthukek djus dh ckr dgdj rFkk 15% us
xokgksa ds c;ku fcxkM+dj vafre fjiksVZ yxkdj ekeys dks U;k;ky; esa
Hkst fn;kA 7% us jkthukek gsrq iqfyl ds mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl tkus
dks dgkA
284
rkfydk 6¼40½ ls ;g Li"V gS fd jkthukek gks tkus ds vk/kkj ij
,d Hkh ekeys esa dk;Zokgh ugha dh xbZ gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vuko';d :i
ls turk dks Hkh U;k;ky; esa viuk le; vkSj /ku [kjkc djuk iM+rk gS
rFkk iqfyl dks Hkh u pkgrs gq;s foospuk iw.kZ dj vkjksi i= yxkuk iM+rk
gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼41½
>wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- ds fy;s D;k dk;Zokgh gksuh pkfg;s & turk o
iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- eqdn~nek iathd`r gksuk pkfg;s 217 48
2- fdlh dk;Zokgh dh t:jr ugha gS 48 11
3- tqekZuk yxk;k tkuk pkfg;s 115 26
4- fxj¶rkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s 70 15
dqy 450 100
turk vkSj iqfyl ds yksxksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k dh >wBh ,Q-
vkbZ-vkj fy[kkus okys ds fo:) D;k dk;Zokgh gksuh pkfg;sA 48%
mRrjnkrk ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r djkuk pkgrs gSA
tcfd 26% tqekZuk yxk;s tkus ,oa 15% fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus ds i{k esa
gSA bl izdkj 89% mRrjnkrk >wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- fy[kkus dks vijk/k
285
ekurs gSa rFkk ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) dkuwuh dk;Zokgh fd;s tkus ds
i{k/kj gSA dsoy 11% mRrjnkrk dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha pkgrsA
>wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- fd;s tkus ls vkjksih O;fDr dks vuko';d :i
ls ekufld ihM+k mBkuh iM+rh gS rFkk iqfyl e'khujh dks Hkh fcuk otg
le; [kjkc djuk iM+rk gSA
>wBh F.I.R. djk;s tkus ij oknh ds fo:) iqfyl }kjk dh tkus
okyh dk;Zokgh yxHkx ux.; gSA blds lEcU/k esa Li"V vkadM+s
miyC/k ugha gSaA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼42½
>wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- djus okyksa ds fo:) dk;Zokgh u gksus ds dkj.k
D;k gSa & iqfyl mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS 22 15
2- vuko';d fookn c<+rk gSa 43 29
3- vf/kdkjh vuqefr ugha nsrs 28 19
4- xokg cuuk iM+rk gSa 57 38
dqy 150 100
286
iqfyl ds mRrjnkrkvksa us >wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- djus okykas ds fo:)
dk;Zokgh u djus ds vyx&vyx dkj.k crk;s gS ftudk fo'ys"k.k
rkfydk 6¼42½ esa fd;k x;k gSaA 38% foospuk vf/kdkjh xokg vFkok
ifjoknh cuus dh ijs'kkuh ls cpus ds fy;s ,slh dk;Zokgh ugha pkgrsA
15% us dk;Zokgh fd;s tkus dh ckr dgha gSA 19% ;g pkgrs gaS fd
fookn lekIr gks tkuk pkfg;s rFkk >wBh lwpuk ij dk;Zokgh djus ls iqu%
fookn 'kq: gks tkrk gSA 19% foospuk vf/kdkjh ;g dgrs gS fd >wBs
okfn;ksa ds fo:) dk;Zokgh dh vuqefr muds mPp vf/kdkjh ugha nsrsA
tuin U;k;ky; lzksrksa ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2007&2009 dh vof/k ds ,sls
dqy 27 ekeys tuin vyhx<+ esa izpfyr Fks tks >wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- djkus
ds vkjksi esa nk;j fd;s x;s FksA ;g la[;k ux.; gSA
fp= la[;k 6¼43½
dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus gsrq dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k esa ¼xq.Mk ,DV ds ekeys½
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2007 2008 2009
145
90
120
70
42
59
75
4861
dqy nk;j lQy vlQy
287
mijksDr fp= la[;k 6¼43½ esa dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus gsrq iqfyl
}kjk xqUMk vf/kfu;e ds vUrZxr dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh dk fo'ys"k.k
fd;k x;k gSA fp= ls Li"V gS fd iz'uxr o"kksZ esa vk/ks ls vfèkd ekeysa
NksMs+ x;s gSA buesa ,sls izdj.k 'kkfey ugha gS ftudks izkjfEHkd Lrj ij gh
U;k;ky; esa Hksts tkus ;ksX; ugha le>k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh
ls turk dks vuko';d ijs'kkuh gksrh gS rFkk iqfyl dks Hkh vuko';d
:i ls dk;Zokgh djuh iM+rh gSA fuokjd dkuwuksa ds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh ds
la[;kRed vkadM+s vf/kd fn[kk;s tkus ds dkj.k ,slk gksrk gSA
mDr dk;Zokgh dk;Zikyd eftLVsªV ds U;k;ky; esa pyrh gSA
ekeyk fl) u gksus ij U;k;ky; }kjk Hkh iqfyl dh fuUnk dh tkrh gS
vkSj turk Hkh iqfyl ij vuko';d mRihM+u dk vkjksi yxkrh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼44½
lnkpkj ds fy;s izfrHkwfr ds lEcU/k esa rqyukRed vkadM+s
o"kZ 2007 2008 2009
la[;k 571 292 782
mijksDr rkfydk 6¼44½ esa mu O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k n'kkZ;h xbZ gS
ftuls lnkpkj gsrq izfrHkwfr yh xbZ gSA bruh vf/kd la[;k esa yksxksa ls
fcuk fdlh dkj.k tekur fy;k tkuk vkSj dk;Zdkjh eftLVªsV ds le{k
mifLFkfr gsrq mUgsa ck/; fd;k tkuk U;k;iw.kZ ugha gSA mijksDr O;fDr;ksa esa
,sls Hkh dqN O;fDr 'kkfey gS ftudh mez 70 o"kZ ls vf/kd gS rFkk ,sls
cPps Hkh 'kkfey gS tks fd ukckfyx gSA
288
rkfydk la[;k 6¼45½
eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e ds ekeyksa dk rqyukRed fooj.k
o"kZ 2007 2008 2009
la[;k 16470 17749 18315
mijksDr rkfydk 6¼45½ ls Li"V gS fd tuin esa izR;sd o"kZ gtkjksa
dh la[;k esa eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e ds varxZr okguksa dk pkyku fd;k
tkrk gSA bruh vf/kd la[;k esa vU; dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku turk ds yksx
iqfyl ds lEidZ esa ugha vkrsA eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e ds varxZr dk;Zokgh
dks tu lqyHk cuk;s tkus ls turk ds vf/kdre yksxksa dks jkgr eglwl
gksxhA iqfyl dks Hkh bl izdkj dh NksVh&NksVh dk;Zokfg;ksa ds dkj.k
turk dh nqHkZkouk dk f'kdkj ugha gksuk iM+sxkA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼46½
iqfyl }kjk okgu jksdus ij vuqHko & turk ds mRrjnkrk
¼iqfyl }kjk xkM+h ds pkyku dh dk;Zokgh djus ds lEcU/k esa vkidk D;k vuqHko gS\½
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- dkxt fn[kkus] larq"V djus esa cgqr
vf/kd le; yxrk gSA
102 36
2- U;k;ky; esa vR;f/kd ijs'kkuh gksrh
gSa
63 23
3- ekSds ij tqekZuk Hkjuk T;knk
lqfo/kktud gSA
78 28
4- ;krk;kr fu;eksa dk dBksjrk ls
ikyu gksuk pkfg;sA
37 13
dqy 280 100
289
turk ds O;fDr;ksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k fd iqfyl }kjk muds
okgu dks jksds tkus ij vFkok dk;Zokgh djus ij lcls vf/kd ijs'kkuh
fdl ckr ls gksrh gSA 36% mRrjnkrkvksa us vius okgu ds izi= fn[kkdj
lEcfU/kr iqfyl dehZ dks larq"V djus esa vf/kd ijs'kkuh dk vuqHko gksuk
crk;kA 23% mRrjnkrkvksa us U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh esa vf/kd ijs'kkuh
crkbZA 28% mRrjnkrk ekSds ij gh tqekZuk Hkjus ds i{k esa gSA dsoy 13%
mRrjnkrk dBksjrk iwoZd ;krk;kr fu;eksa dk ikyu djk;s tkus ds i{k/kj
gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼47½
U;k;ky; ds eqdn~nes dh tkudkjh dSls feyh &turk ds
mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- lEeu }kjk 42 26
2- okjaV }kjk 19 12
3- odhy }kjk 23 14
4- vU; ek/;e ls 76 48
dqy 160 100
290
rkfydk la[;k 6¼48½
lwpuk nsus okys deZpkjh us fdruh tkudkjh nh &turk ds
mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- iwjh tkudkjh nh 08 13
2- izfrfyfi nsdj gLrk{kj djk;sa 12 20
3- dsoy gLrk{kj djk;sa izfr ugha nh 26 44
4- v/kwjh tkudkjh nh 14 23
dqy 60 100
rkfydk la[;k 6¼47½ ls Li"V gS fd U;k;ky; esa yfEcr ekeys dh
tkudkjh 48% yksxksa dks vU; ek/;e ls gksrh gS rFkk 14% yksxksa dks vius
odhy ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh gksrh gSaA fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k lEeu vkSj okjaV
ds }kjk ek= 38 izfr'kr yksxksa dks tkudkjh gksrh gSA bl izdkj vf/kdre
O;fDr;ksa dks vU; ek/;eksa ls gh lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼48½ ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd dsoy 13% ekeyksa esa
turk ds mRrjnkrkvksa dks iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk iwjh tkudkjh nh xbZA
tcfd 67% yksxksa dks vk/kh v/kwjh tkudkjh feyhA iwjh tkudkjh u feyus
ds dkj.k yksxksa dks U;k;ky; esa vuko';d HkVduk iM+rk gS vkSj ijs'kkuh
gksrh gSA 44% mRrjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mudks U;k;ky; ds lEeu dh
291
izfrfyfi iqfyl dehZ }kjk ugha nh xbZ tcfd lEeu lnSo nks izfr;ksa esa
fuxZr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa ls ,d izfr izkIr djus okys ds fy;s gksrh gSA
izkIrdrkZ dh izfr lEeu rkehy djus okys deZpkjh ds Hkh fdlh mi;ksx
dh ugha gksrhA
U;k;ky; esa izfr o"kZ gtkjksa dh la[;k esa ekeys izpfyr gksrs gS vkSj
bu ekeyksa esa gtkjksa dh la[;k esa xokgksa ds fy;s lEeu vkSj okjaV tkjh
gksrs gSaA ,sls lEeu vkfn dh rkehy ds lEcU/k esa izfr o"kZ gtkjksa O;fDr;ksa
ls iqfyl dk lEidZ gksrk gSA
U;k;ky; ls tkjh tekurh; okjaV dh rkehy ds nkSjku tekur
Hkjokdj lwpuk U;k;ky; esa nh tkrh gSA ;fn ,slh lwpuk U;k;ky; le;
ls ugha nh tkrh rks lEcfU/kr O;fDr ds fo:) fxj¶rkjh okjaV tkjh gks
tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa funksZ"k O;fDr Hkh ijs'kkuh esa vk tkrk gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼49½
cafn;ksa dks is'k djus esa fdl izdkj dh ijs'kkuh vkrh gS\ & iqfyl ds mRrjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha vkrh 09 00
2- U;k;ky; esa le; [kjkc gksrk gS 43 33
3- eqykdkfr;ksa ds lkFk fookn gksrk gS 52 40
4- cafn;ksa ds Hkkxus dh lEHkkouk gksrh
gS
23 18
dqy 130 100
292
rkfydk la[;k 6¼49½ ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g rF; Li"V gksrk gS fd
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks U;k;ky; vFkok vU; LFkkuksa ij cafn;ksa dks tsy vFkok
Fkkus ls ys tkdj izLrqr djus esa lokZf/kd ijs'kkuh cafn;ksa ls eqykdkr
djus vkus okys O;fDr;ksa ls gksrh gSA os yskx Hkkstu nsus vFkok ckr djus
dh ftn djrs gS rFkk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ls fookn djrs gSA 18% mRrjnkrkvksa
dk ekuuk gS fd ,slh ifjLFkfr esa cafn;ksa ds Hkkxus dh lEHkkokuk cgqr
vf/kd gksrh gSA 33% mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd U;k;ky; esa iwjk fnu
O;FkZ gks tkrk gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh us nks ekg dk U;k;ky; dh gokykr ij rSukr gksus okys
iqfyldfeZ;ksa dk vkSlr izkIr fd;kA izfrfnu vkSlru 40 iqfyl dehZ bl
izdkj ls cafn;ksa dks U;k;ky; esa izLrqr djus gsrq fu;r jgrs gSAbl izdkj
ls izR;sd dk;Z fnol esa 40 iqfyldehZ iwjs fnu cafn;ksa dks izLrqr djus esa
O;Lr jgrs gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼50½
U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fopkjk/khu cafn;ksa dk fooj.k
o"kZ fopkj.k
gsrq
vU; dk;Zokgh
gsrq
;ksx fopkj.k dk
izfr'kr
2007 744 1070 1814 41
2008 732 1133 1855 39
2009 848 1195 2043 42
293
mijksDr rkfydk 6¼50½ ls Li"V gS fd U;k;ky; esa izLrqr gksus
okys fopkjk/kkhu cafn;ksa esa o"kZ 2007 esa 41%] o"kZ 2008 esa 39%] rFkk o"kZ
2009 esa 42 izfr'kr canh ,sls Fks ftuds fo:) fopkj.k izpfyr Fkk vkSj
ftudh mifLFkfr U;k;ky; esa vko';d FkhA yxHkx 40% canh;ksa dh gh
mifLFkfr U;k;ky; esa vko';d jgha gSA 'ks"k 60% cafn;ksa ls lEcfU/kr
dk;Zokgh mudks U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;s fcuk Hkh iw.kZ dh tk ldrh gSA
bl izdkj cafn;ksa dks izLrqr djus esa de iqfyl cy yxkuk iMs+xkA
tuin vyhx<+ esa vkSlru 25 vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; dk;Z djrs gSA
ftuesa yxHkx 42 iqfyldehZ LFkkbZ :i ls rSukr jgrs gSA budks dksVZ
ekSgfjZj dgk tkrk gSA U;k;ky; esa budk dk;Z ,d lkekU; fyfid dk
gksrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy;s iqfyldehZ ds LFkku ij vU; flfoy deZpkjh
Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA U;k;ky; esa bu iqfyldfeZ;ksa }kjk tks dk;Z fd;k
tkrk gS og bl izd`fr dk ugha gS ftlds fy;s fdlh Hkh izdkj ds iqfyl
izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gks vkSj ftlds fy;s izf'kf{kr iqfyldehZ vko';d
gksaA
294
rkfydk la[;k 6¼51½
'kL= ykbZlsUl tkjh djus dh 'kfDr fdls gksuh pkfg;s & iqfyl o turk ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- ftyk eftLVªsV dks 85 28
2- iqfyl v/kh{kd dks 128 43
3- nksuks esa ls fdlh dks Hkh 48 16
4- iqfyl v/kh{kd dh laLrqfr ij ftyk
eftLVªsV dks
39 13
dqy 300 100
fp= la[;k 6¼52½
iqfyl }kjk laLrqr vkSj ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk tkjh 'kL= ykblsUl dk rqyukRed fp=.k
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Year 2007 Year 2008 Year 2009
70%
56%
85%
52%
45%
65%
iqfyl }kjk laLrqr ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk tkjh
295
iqfyl vkSj turk nksuksa oxksZ ds mRrjnkrkvksa ls ;g iz'u iwNk
x;k fd 'kL= ykbZlsUl cukus gsrq fdl vf/kdkjh dks 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;sA
43% mRrjnkrk iqfyl v/kh{kd dks ,slh 'kfDr fn;s tkus ds i{k esa gSaA 28
izfr'kr mRrjnkrk ftyk eftLVªsV dks ,slh 'kfDr fn;s tkus ds i{k/kj gSA
13% mRrjnkrk 'kL= ykbZlsUl cukus dh orZeku izpfyr i)fr ds i{k esa
gS ftlesa iqfyl v/kh{kd dh laLrqfr ij ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk ykbZlsUl
cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g fo'ys"k.k rkfydk 6¼51½ ls Li"V gSA
fp= la[;k 6¼52½ esa iqfyl v/kh{kd }kjk laLrqr fd;s x;s vkSj
ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk tkjh fd;s x;s 'kL= ykbZlsUl dk rqyukRed
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd o"kZ esa iqfyl v/kh{kd }kjk laLrqr dj Hksts
x;s leLr ykbZlsUl dks ftyk eftLVsªV }kjk tkjh ugha fd;k x;k gSA
;gh izfØ;k ,oa fLFkfr ykbZlsUl fujLr fd;s tkus ds
lEcU/k esa viukbZ tkrh gSaA turk ds lEidZ esa bl izfØ;k ds nkSjku
iqfyl vf/kd vkrh gSA ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk ykbZlsUl u fn;s tkus ds
fy;s iqfyl dks gh mRrjnk;h ekuk tkrk gSA
vf/kdre turk ds mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk iqfyl v/kh{kd dks gh 'kL=
ykblsal tkjh djus dh 'kfDr fn;s tkus dh ckr dgh gSA tgk¡ ij iqfyl
dfe'uj O;oLFkk gS ogk¡ 'kL= ykblsal iqfyl }kjk gh tkjh fd;s tkrs gSaA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼13½ ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd 'kks/k
v/;;u gsrq pqus x;s Fkkuk {ks=ksa esas miyC/k okguksa dh la[;k muds
{ks=kf/kdkj ds vuqlkj vR;f/kd ux.; gSA ,slh ifjLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ Fkkuk
296
{ks= esa iqfyl }kjk fu;fer x'r fd;k tkuk rFkk fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk
ds ?kVus ij rRdky igq¡puk yxHkx vlaHko gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g fLFkfr
vR;f/kd n;uh; gSA fofHkUu ekeyksa dh foospuk gsrq mi fujh{kdksa dks
xzkeh.k {ks= ds Fkkuksa esa ljdkjh okgu miyC/k ugha gks ikrkA os Lo;a ds
okgu dk iz;ksx djrs gSA xzkeh.k {ks= ds p;fur nks Fkkuksa esa ek= 2 thi
vkSj 3 eksVjlkbZfdy gSA 'kgjh {ks= ds p;fur nks Fkkuksa esa 2 thi vkSj 15
eksVjlkbZfdy dh miyC/krk gSA ljdkjh dk;Z gsrq okguksa ds iz;ksx ds fy;s
isVªksy@Mhty Hkh i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k ugha gks ikrkA
tuin vyhx<+ esa iqfyl cy Hkh vkn'kZ ekud ls vR;f/kd de gSA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼30½ls Li"V gS fd tuin esa Lohd`r 1580 iqfyldfeZ;ksa
ds lkis{k 1411 iqfyldehZ miyC/k gSA tuin vyhx<+ esa izfr 1 yk[k dh
vkcknh ij 53 iqfyldehZ Lohdr gS tcfd mudh miyC/krk ek= 48 gSA
bl dkj.k ls tuin esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks 24x7 M~;wVh ij jguk gksrk gSaA
bl izdkj ekud ls vR;f/kd de iqfyldehZ gksus ds dkj.k turk
ds dk;ksZ dks le; lhek ds vUrxZr fd;k tkuk vR;Ur gh eqf'dy gSA
bl deh dks turk ds yksx ugha le> ldrsA lans'k ;g tkrk gS fd
iqfyl QkslZ tkucw> dj dk;Z ugha djuk pkgrhA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼53½
izfr foospd izfr o"kZ foospukvksa dh la[;k
Fkkuk ikyh vrjkSyh xk¡/kh ikdZ cUuknsoh vkSlr
la[;k 21 23 33 34 28
297
rkfydk la[;k 6¼53½ ls Li"V gS fd p;fur pkj Fkkuksa esa ,d
foospuk vf/kdkjh }kjk ,d o"kZ esa vkSlru 28 foospuk;sa dh tkrh gaSA ,d
foospuk iw.kZ gksus esa lkekU; rkSj ij 2 ekg dk le; yxrk gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh ls ;g vis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh fd og
viuh 'kr izfr'kr {kerk dk Hkh iz;ksx djds dsoy foospuk dk dk;Z Hkh
iwjh rjg ls fu/kkZfjr le; esa dj ldrk gSA mls vU; Hkh cgqr ls dk;Z
iw.kZ djus gksrs gSA rkfydk la[;k 3¼5½ vkSj 3¼6½ ls Hkh ,slh gh fLFkfr
izdV gksrh gSA
foospuk ds vfrfjDr iqfyl dks dkuwu O;oLFkk cukus ,oa vU;
egRoiw.kZ voljksa ij M~;wVh djus esa Hkh viuk vf/kdka'k le; nsuk gksrk
gSA foHkkxh; mPp vf/kdkjh] ljdkj ,oa turk dh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i
dk;Z djus gsrq 24 ?k.Vs dk;Zjr jguk iqfyl dh etcwjh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼54½
foospuk ds dk;Z esa foyEc dk dkj.k D;k gS\ & iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- le; u feyus ds dkj.k 65 54
2- oknh@xokgksa }kjk lg;skx u djus
ds dkj.k
20 17
3- vfHk;qDrksa dh mifLFkfr u gksus ds
dkj.k
26 22
4- U;k;ky; ds dkj.k 09 07
dqy 120 100
298
rkfydk 6¼54½ ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd 54% mÙkjnkrkvksa us
le; de feyus ds dkj.k foospuk esa foyEc gksuk crkk;k gS tcfd
39% mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk i{kdkjksa ds dkj.k foospuk esa foyEc gksuk ekurs
gSA 7% iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k Hkh foospuk esa
foyEc gksuk crk;k gSA
vf/kdre iqfyl mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk le;kHkko dks gh foospuk esa
foyEc dk dkj.k crk;k gSA le;kHkko dk dkj.k vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa
o`f) vkSj foospukf/kdkfj;ksa dh deh gksuk gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼55½
izf'k{k.k gsrq fdrus fnu iwoZ x;s Fks\ & iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk
Ø-la- mÙkj la[;k izfr'kr
1- 0&06 ekg 19 12
2- 06 ekg & 1 o"kZ 30 19
3- 01&03 o"kZ 53 33
4- 03&05 o"kZ 58 36
dqy 160 100
iqfyl mÙkjnkrkvksa ls muds lsok ds nkSjku izf'k{k.k ds lEcU/k esa
iz'u iwNk x;k rks 36% mÙkjnkrkvksa us 3o"kZ ls 5o"kZ dh vof/k ds e/; iwoZ
izf'k{k.k ij tkuk crk;k tcfd 33% mÙkjnkrkvksa us 1o"kZ ls 3o"kZ dh
vof/k ds e/; iwoZ izf'k{k.k fd;k tkuk crk;kA ek= 31% mÙkjnkrkvksa us
1o"kZ dh vof/k ds varxZr izf'k{k.k ij tkuk crk;k gSA rkfydk la[;k
299
6¼55½ ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'k iqfyldehZ dkQh vf/kd le;
ds varjky ij izf'k{k.k gsrq Hksts tkrs gSA yxHkx 65% mifujh{kdksa us
mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fjyho u fd;k tkuk dkj.k crk;kA vf/kdkfj;ksa us
iqfyl cy dh deh dks bl leL;k dk eq[; dkj.k crk;k gSA
fp= la[;k 6¼56½
ifjokj dSls vkokl esa jg jgs gS & iqfyl ds mÙkjnkrk
mijksDr fp= la[;k 6¼56½ ls Li"V gS fd yxHkx 31% iqfyldehZ
ljdkjh vkokl esa vius ifjokj dks j[ks gq;s gS tcfd 23% fdjk;s ds
edku esa jg jgs gSA futh vkokl esa jgus okys iqfyl ifjokjksa dh la[;k
46% gSA ;s 46% iqfyldehZ lkekU; rkSj ij ,ssls gS tks Lo;a vdsys jg
jgs gSa rFkk ifjokj dgha vU;= jg jgk gSA
mik/kh{kd ,oa muls Åij ds lHkh vf/kdkjh ljdkjh vkokl esa jg
jgs gSaA
46%
31%
23%
futh vkokl
ljdkjh
fdjk;s dk
300
vf/kdka'k vkokl dh fLFkfr vPNh ugha gSA rkfydk la[;k 4¼13½ ls
Li"V gS fd nsgkr {ks= ds Fkkuksa esa vkokl dh vR;f/kd deh gSA nsgkr
{ks= ds iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds vkokl dh Fkkuk ifjlj esa dksbZ mfpr O;oLFkk
ugha gSA Fkkus esa fu;qDr iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds vuqikr esa Fkkuk ifjlj esa vFkok
mlds vkl&ikl vkoklksa dh vR;f/kd deh gSA
rkfydk la[;k 6¼57½
dk;Z dh fu/kkZfjr@yxus okyh vof/k dh rqyuk
dk;Z fu/kkZfjr le; yxus okyk le;
ykbZlsal dh tkap 07 fnu 1 ekg ls vf/kd
ikliksVZ lR;ku 10 fnu 1 ls 2 ekg
pfj= izek.k i= fjiksVZ 07 fnu 15 fnu ls 1 ekg
pfj= izek.k i= lR;kiu 07 fnu 15 fnu 1 ekg
fu;qfDr gsrq lR;kiu ;Fkk'kh?kz yxHkx 1 ekg
iqfyl foHkkx esa flVhtu pkVZj ykxw dj dqN fuf'pr dk;ksZ dks
fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds vUrxZr fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ysfdu
mijksDr fp= la[;k 6¼57½ ls Li"V gS fd fu/kkZfjr vof/k ls vf/kd le;
mDr dk;ksZ dks iwjk djus esa yxrk gSA
fofHkUu izdkj dh gSYiykbZu lkekU; turk ds fy;s izkjEHk dh xbZ
gS ysfdu mudh tkudkjh ;k rks turk ds yksxksa dks ugha gS vkSj ;fn
tkudkjh gS rks gSYiykbZu ij cSBs iqfyl dehZ }kjk lgh tkudkjh ugha nh
tkrh vkSj dkWy djus okys O;fDr dks larq"V ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
301
fp= la[;k 6¼58½
vius vkoklh; {ks= esa iqfyl dks fdrus varjky ij ns[krs gaS &
turk ds mÙkjnkrk
turk ds yksxksa ls ;g iz'u fd;k x;k fd mUgksaus vius ?kj ds
vkl&ikl M~;wVh vFkok x'r djrs gq;s iqfyl dks le; ds fdrus varjky
esa ns[kk gSA vf/kdre 46% yksxksa us 3 ekg esa 1 ckj iqfyl dks ns[kuk
crk;k] 5% yksxksa us dsoy lIrkg esa 1 ckj ns[kus dh ckr dgha A fp=
6¼58½esa lHkh fodYiksa dk fo'ys"k.k n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
iqfyl }kjk lkekU; fLFkfr esa {ks= esa x'r ugha dh tkrh gSA fdlh
?kVuk dh lwpuk vFkok vk'kadk gksus ij gh x'r vFkok fidsV yxkbZ tkrh
gSA
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1 lIrkg 2 lIrkg 1 ekg 3 ekg
5%
18%
31%
46%
302
fp= la[;k 6¼59½
¼iqfyl dk O;ogkj dSlk gS\ & turk ds mÙkjnkrk
mijksDr fp= la[;k 6¼59½ ds vuqlkj 21% turk ds yksx iqfyl
dk O;ogkj vPNk ekurs gS tcfd 47% yksxks us iqfyl dk O;ogkj [kjkc
crk;k gSA 32% yksxksa dh bl iz'u ds izfr vR;f/kd mnklhu izfrfØ;k
jgh gSA bu yksxksa us iqfyl dk O;ogkj lkekU; crk;k gSA lexz fo'ys"k.k
ls ;g ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd vke turk iqfyl ds O;ogkj dks vPNk ugha
ekurhA
rkfydk la[;k 4¼17½] 4¼21½] 4¼25½] 4¼29½ vkSj 4¼32½ ls Li"V gS
fd Fkkuk izHkkjh vkSj tuin izHkkjh dk dk;Zdky vius {ks= esa cgqr de
gksrk gSA 2007 ls 2009 dh vof/k ds e/; Fkkuk ikyh eqdheiqj ds Fkkuk
v/;{k dh vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 4-5 ekg] vrjkSyh dh 5 ekg] xka/khikdZ
dh 3 ekg vkSj cUuknsoh dh 8-5 ekg jgh gSA ofj"B iqfyl v/kh{kd dh
21%
32%
34%
13%
vPNk
lkekU;
[kjkc
cgqr [kjkc
303
vkSlr fu;qfDr vof/k 1 o"kZ 3 ekg jgh gS tks fd fu/kkZfjr ekud ds
vuqlkj vR;f/kd de gSA
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk mijksDr vkadM+s lk{kkRdkj] voyksdu ,oa iz'ukoyh
ds ek/;e ls ,df=r dj iqfyl turk var%lEcU/k ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dh
fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu ;FkklaEHko vkadM+ks dh ekSfydrk dks
cuk;s j[krs gq;s fd;k x;k gS] ftuds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ vkSj lq>ko vfxze
v/;k; esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA
304
v/;k;&7
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk vius 'kks/kdk;Z dh ogr~ ;kstuk dks lkr
v/;k; ds O;oLFkkØe esa foHkkftr djds lQyrk vkSj lqxerk iwoZd iw.kZ
djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
v/;k;&1 esa leL;k dh i"BHkwfe dks Li"V fd;k x;k gS rFkk
ifjp; ,oa iqfyl vkSj turk ls tqM+s fofHkUu igyqvksa dk muds vUr%
lEcU/k ds lUnHkZ esa fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/k fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr
dqN ljdkjh vkSj xSj ljdkjh Lrj ij gq, dk;ksZa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
vUr esa 'kks/k fo"k; dh mi;ksfxrk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa
dh ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA
v/;k;&2 esa 'kks/k fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk dh xbZ
gSA izdkf'kr iqLrdksa] xzaFkksa] ys[k] lsehukj vkSj vk;ksxksa dh fjiksVZ ds :i esa
fo"k; ds fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa ls ekxZn'kZu izkIr dj 'kks/k dh midYiuk,sa
rS;kj dh xbZ gSaaA blh v/;k; esa 'kks/k v/;;u i)fr] vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu
ds L=ksr vkSj muds p;u dh fof/k dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSSA
v/;k;&3 esa Hkkjr esa iqfyl O;oLFkk dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] Lora=
Hkkjr dh iqfyl O;oLFkk] mΠizΠdh iqfyl O;oLFkk rFkk tuin vyhx<+
dh iqfyl O;oLFkk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr iqfyl cy
305
,oa vkijkf/kd vk¡dM+ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u bl v/;k; esa fd;k x;k
gSA
v/;k;&4 esa 'kks/k {ks= tuin vyhx<+ dh ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd]
tukafdd] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd fLFkfr ,oa vyhx<+
ftys dh iqfyl cy dh fLFkfr dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
v/;k;&5 esa 'kks/k fo"k; ^iqfyl ifCyd bUVjQsl* ds fofHkUu
Lo:iksa dk fooj.kkRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;k; esa mu leL;k
{ks=ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftuds lEcU/k esa laO;ogkj ^iqfyl turk
vUr% lEcU/kksa* dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA bl v/;k; dh fo"k; oLrq 'kks/k dh
jh<+ gSA
v/;k;&6 esa fofHkUu 'kks/k midj.kksa ,oa vk¡dM+ksa }kjk izkIr lwpuk
vkSj fu"d"kksZa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl ifCyd
bUVjQsl ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa ls lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+ksa dk lkj.kh] xzkQ ,oa vU;
xf.krh; vkSj lk¡f[;dh; fof/k;ksa ls izLrqfrdj.k fd;k x;k gSA bUgh
vk¡dM+ksa@lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kks/k ds fu"d"kZ izkIr fd,s x,s gSaA
mijksDrkuqlkj fd,s x,s v/;;u] voyksdu] fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu
ds vk/kkj ij gh 'kks/kkfFkZuh vius 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa dh ifjf/k esa jgrs gq,s
'kks/k leL;k ds lEcU/k esa fu"d"kZ dk lkj vkSj vius lq>ko fuEuor~ izLrqr
djrh gS &
1½ vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dh lkekU; f'kdk;r ;g gS fd iqfyl Fkkus ij
mudh f'kdk;r@izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ ugha fy[kh tkrhA vkSj vxj
306
fy[kh Hkh tkrh gS rks mlesa ifjorZu djk fn;k tkrk gSA iqfyl dk
ekuuk gS fd yksxksa }kjk ?kVuk dks c<+kp<+k dj fy[kk;k tkrk gS
vkSj vfHk;qDrksa ds uke c<+kp<+k dj >w¡Bs fy[kk;s tkrs gSaA >w¡Bh izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ fy[kkus dk nqjkxzg iqfyl vkSj turk ds e/; fookn
dk fo"k; jgrk gSA
Fkkus ij fyf[kr vFkok ekSf[kd f'kdk;r ysdj vkus okys
izR;sd O;fDr dh izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ iathd`r dh tkuh pkfg,sA rFkk
mls izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k ds Øekad ls iathd`r dj mldh
izfr f'kdk;rdrkZ@oknh dks rRdky miyC/k djk;k tkuk pkfg,A
laKs; vijk/k dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl izi= la[;k 341 vkSj
vlaKs; vijk/k dh lwpuk ds lEcU/k esa iqfyl izi= la[;k 347 ij
fjiksVZ iathd`r djus dh ijEijk lekIr dh tkuh pkfg,sA bl
fodYi ls turk ds eu esa lansg mRiUu gksrk gSA laKs; vkSj
vlaKs; lHkh ekeyksa esa ,d gh tSlh izFke lwpuk fjikZsV fy[kdj
foospuk izkjEHk dh tkuh pkfg,sA vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksdj foospuk
izkjEHk gksus dh izfØ;k dh n`f"V ls laKs; vkSj vlaKs; ds e/; Hksn
lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,sA blds fy, /kkjk& 154] 155] 156
nŒizŒlaŒ esa vko';d la'kks/ku dh Hkh vko';drk gSSA
2½ Fkkus ij f'kdk;r gsrq vkus okys vf/kdka'k O;fDr igys ls fyf[kr
izkFkZuk i= ysdj ugha vkrsA rRdky ?kfVr fdlh ?kVuk dh
f'kdk;r djus lh/ks Fkkus igq¡prs gSaA ogk¡ ij muls fyf[kr rgjhj
ykus dks dgk tkrk gSA
307
Fkkus ij fdlh ?kVuk dh f'kdk;r ysdj vkus okys O;fDr dk
izkFkZuk i= Fkkus ij Hkh fy[ks tkus dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gksuh pkfg;sA
vxj og Loa; fy[k ldrk gS rks mls fy[kus gsrq ys[ku
lkexzh miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg;s vFkok fdlh Hkh deZpkjh ls
mlds izkFkZuk i= dks fy[kok;k tkuk pfg;sA ekSf[kd lwpuk ij
fjiksVZs fy[ks tkus dh izFkk@fu;e dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk
pkfg;sA
3½ ;g rF; vk'p;Zpfdr djus okyk gS fd dkuwuh izko/kku gksrs gq,
Hkh iqfyl }kjk Lo;a] ,d Hkh ekeys esa foospuk iw.kZ dj oknh dks
foospuk ds ifj.kke ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha nh xbZA tks
oknh ltx gSa vFkok foospd ds lEidZ esa jgs gSa dsoy mudks Lo;a
ds iz;kl ls gh foospuk ds ifj.kke dh tkudkjh fey ldh gSA
lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dh vko';drk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ;g vfr
vko';d gS fd oknh dks mlds ekeys dh foospuk ds vfUre
ifj.kke dh tkudkjh feysA ysfdu ifj.kke dh tkudkjh rc feyrh
gS tc U;k;ky; ls lEeu] uksfVl ;k okj.V igq¡prk gSA buesa ls
vf/kdka'k oknh rks ;g Hkh ugha le>rs fd mUgsa fdl izdj.k esa
U;k;ky; esa cqyk;k tk jgk gSA ;g oks fLFkfr gksrh gS tc iw.kZ
euks;ksx ls foospuk dh dk;Zokgh iw.kZ djus ds i'pkr Hkh vko';d
:i ls ijs'kku djus dk vkjksi fcuk otg iqfyl ij yxk;k tkrk
gSA
308
vxj iqfyl }kjk iwoZ ls gh miyC/k dkuwuh izko/kku ds
vuqikyu esa ,slh lwpuk le; ls ns nh tk; rks fuf'pr :i ls
oknh ds eu esa ;g fo'okl izcy gksxk fd mldh f'kdk;r ij
iqfyl }kjk vko';d dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gS vkSj og vius ekeys dh
iSjoh ds fy,s ekufld :i ls rS;kj jgsxkA
iqfyl fofu;e esa ;g izko/kku gS fd iqfyl izk:i
la[;k&47 ij oknh dks foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk nh tkuh
pkfg,sA ,slh lwpuk oknh dks izk:i&47 ij vFkok vU; izdkj ls
fdlh vkj{kh ds ek/;e ls uksfVl dh Hkkafr rkehy djk;h tk ldrh
gS] vFkok Mkd ds ek/;e ls Hkh Hksth tk ldrh gSA vktdy
yxHkx izR;sd ifjokj esa eksckby Qksu dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gSA izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ esa oknh ds uke] irk ds lkFk dksbZ lEidZ uEcj Hkh
vko';d :i ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,sA foospuk iw.kZ gksus ds i'pkr
ml lEidZ uEcj ij lwpuk iszf"kr djds vkjksi i=@vfUre
vk[;k jftLVj esa f}rh; izfr ij mDr lwpuk Hkstus dk mYys[k
lEidZ uEcj lfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,s rFkk dsl Mk;jh esa foospuk
iw.kZ djus dk mYys[k djus ds lkFk bl rF; dk Hkh mYys[k
vko';d :i ls gksuk pkfg,s fd ^^foospuk ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk
oknh dks mlds uEcj vFkok irs ij izsf"kr dh xbZ gS**A
mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fu;fer fujh{k.k ds le; bldks ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,s vkSj vuqikyu u gksus ij dk;Zokgh djuh pkfg,sA
309
4½ vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd vf/kdre
ekeyksa esa xokg Lo;a i{kdkjksa }kjk izLrqr fd,s tkrs gSaA foospd
}kjk Hkh i{kdkjksa ls gh xokg izLrqr djus dks dgk tkrk gSA bl
izdkj i{kdkjksa }kjk tks xokg Lo;a ds iz;kl ls izLrqr fd,s tkrs gSa
os iw.kZr;k fgrc) gksrs gSa vkSj i{kdkj ds izHkko esa xokgh nsrs gSaA
xokgksa ds eu esa Hkh ;g /kkj.kk cSB tkrh gS fd mldks i{kdkj us
xokg cuk;k gSA iqfyl }kjk vius foosd ls xokgksa dk p;u ugha
fd;k x;k gSA iqfyl ds Åij ,d i{kdkj }kjk nwljs ls fey tkus
dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gSA iqfyl }kjk fu;ekuqlkj xokgksa dks
cqykus dh ijEijk yxHkx ugha gSA
vko';d ;g gS fd foospd oknh dh rgjhj ,oa vijk/k ls
ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa ds dFku ds vk/kkj ij Lo foosd ls Lora= xokgksa
dk p;u djs] vkSj mudks fu;ekuqlkj xokgh gsrq mifLFkr gksus ds
fy,s cqyk,saA xokg dks cqykus ds fy, fu;ekuqlkj tks uksfVl
¼lQhuk½ Hkstk tkrk gS] mldh Hkk"kk f'k"V vkSj Li"V gksuh pkfg,s]
ftlls fd uksfVl izkIr djus okys O;fDr ds eu esa ;g fo'okl gks
fd mls ekeys dks lqy>kus esa lg;ksx ds fy,s cqyk;k tk jgk gS u
fd lafnX/k ds :i esa cqyk;k tk jgk gSA xokgksa dks Fkkus esa cqykus
ij fu;ekuqlkj [kpkZ fn;s tkus dh dkuwuh O;oLFkk gSA ysfdu ctV
ds vHkko esa ,slk lEHko u gksus ij de ls de lkekU; f'k"Vkpkj
dk fuoZgu vko';d :i ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,sA
310
5½ vf/kdre xokgksa dk dguk gS fd iqfyl }kjk mudk c;ku cny
dj fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA iqfyl viuk v+PNk dk;Z fn[kkus ds fy,
og c;ku ugha fy[krh tks xokg }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] cfYd og
fy[krh gS tks mudh dk;Zokgh dk leFkZu djrk gSA vf/kdre yksx
bl ckr ds i{k esa gSa fd c;ku fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj&lqukdj muds
gLrk{kj djkus pkfg,s] ftlls fd izekf.kr gks lds fd c;ku
okLrfod :i ls xokg us fn;k gSA
,slh fLFkfr ls cpus ds fy,ss vko';d gS fd fdlh Hkh xokg
dk c;ku dsoy dsl Mk;jh esa gh ugha fy[kuk pkfg,s cfYd iFkd
'khV ij fy[kk tkuk pkfg,s vkSj ml c;ku dks i<+dj xokg dks
lqukdj mlds gLrk{kj djkus pkfg,sA blds fy,s /kkjk & 162
CrPC esa vkaf'kd la'kks/ku Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,sA n`';&JO; ek/;e
ls Hkh xokgksa ds c;ku fy[kus dh izfØ;k izkjEHk dh tkuh pkfg,sA
bl izdkj ls xokgksa dh i{knzksfgrk Hkh de gksxh vkSj xokg
i'pkrorhZ fdlh fLFkfr esa ;g ugha dg ldrk fd iqfyl us mldk
c;ku gh ugha fy;kA xokg vius c;ku dks fdlh ykyp ;k nokc
esa cnyrk gS rks mlds fo:) dk;Zokgh Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
6½ vkijkf/kd ?kVukvksa esa ?kk;y gq,s vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dk ;g dguk
gS fd ?kk;y voLFkk esa muds Fkkus igq¡pus ij iqfyl dh izkFkfedrk
fpfdRlk miyC/k djkus dh ugha gksrh gSA cfYd vU; vkSipkfjdrk,sa
iw.kZ djus dh gksrh gSaA
311
iqfyl dk dguk gS fd fdlh ?kVuk esa ?kk;y gq,s O;fDr
Lo;a igys vius fojks/kh ds fo:) dk;Zokgh esa :fp vf/kd ysrs gSaA
fpfdRld Hkh fdlh fookfnr ekeys esa iqfyl dh fpV~Bh ftls
^fpV~Bh et:ch* dgrs gSa] ds fcuk fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ugha djrsA
fdlh ?kVuk ds ihfM+r@?kk;y O;fDr ds Fkkus vkus ij
mldh mifLFkfr Fkkus ds vfHkys[k esa rRdky ntZ dh tkuh pkfg,s
vkSj ;fn xEHkhj pksVsa gSa rks mls rRdky izkFkfed fpfdRlk gsrq
fudVre ljdkjh vLirky esa ys tkuk pkfg,sA izkFkfed fpfdRlk
ds mijkUr iqu% Fkkus esa ykdj mldh izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ iathd`r
dh tkuh pkfg,sA le; ds bl vUrjky dk Li"Vhdj.k Fkkus ds
vfHkys[k ¼thŒMhŒ½ esa gksuk pkfg,s] ftlls izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esaa
foyEc dk ykHk vfHk;qDr dks u feysA loZizFke fpfdRlk lqfo/kk
miyC/k djkdj ekuoh; nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djds vU; dkuwuh
dk;Zokgh Hkh le; ls vxj iqfyl }kjk dh tkrh gS rks
oknh@ihfM+r i{k dks dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha jgsxh vkSj dkuwuh
vko';drk Hkh iw.kZ gks tk;sxhA
7½ dkuwu esa vfHk;qDr dh fpfdRlh; ijh{kk djkus lEcU/kh izko/kku rks
miyC/k gS] ysfdu ?kVuk ds ihfM+r O;fDr ds fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ls
lEcfU/kr dksbZ Li"V dkuwu ugha gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa o"kZ
2005 ds la'kks/ku }kjk cykRdkj ds vijk/k dh ihfM+r efgyk ds
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds lEcU/k esa rks izko/kku dj fn;k x;k gS]
ysfdu vU; dksbZ dkuwu ihfM+r@pqVSy ds fy, ugha gSA
312
'kjhj ds fo:) gksus okys lHkh vijk/kksa ds lEcU/k esa
fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k gsrq dkuwu cuk;k tkuk pkfg,s ftlls fd fdlh
?kVuk ds ihfM+r O;fDr dks ;Fkk 'kh?kz fpfdRlk lqfo/kk izkIr djus esa
vklkuh jgsA fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Li"V fu;e u
gksus ds dkj.k tks fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] mlds fy,s iqfyl dks nks"k
fn;k tkrk gSA Li"V dkuwu gksus ls ,slh fLFkfr ls cpk tk ldrk
gSA
8½ laKs; vijk/k dh fjiksVZ ij fxj¶rkj fd,s x,s O;fDr;ksa dks ;g
tkudkjh ugha gksrh fd mudks fdl dkj.k ls fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k
gSA vf/kdrj O;fDr;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd fdlh ds fo:) fjiksVZ
gksus ij fxj¶rkjh ,d lkekU; ijEijk gSA
,sls lHkh laKs; vijk/kksa ftuesa lkr o"kZ rd dh ltk dk
izko/kku gS] muesa ;fn vfHk;qDr dh fxj¶rkjh foospuk ds nkSjku dh
tkrh gS rks vko';d :i ls fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ vfHk;qDr dks uksfVl
nsdj ;g voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, fd mlds fo:) D;k vkjksi
gSa rFkk mldks fdu dkj.kksa ls fxj¶rkj fd;k tkuk vko';d gS\
9½ vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ^fxj¶rkjh* ,d ,slh iqfyl
dk;Zokgh gS] ftlls mUgsa lokZf/kd Hk; yxrk gSA reke NksVs&NksVs
vijk/kksa esa tks fd ikjLifjd fookn ds dkj.k gksrs gSa] iqfyl dk
le; Hkh [kjkc gksrk gS vkSj vfHk;qDrksa dh fxj¶rkjh ls dksbZ fo'ks"k
mn~ns'; Hkh izkIr ugha gksrkA fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k turk dh nf"V esa
313
iqfyl ij vkjksi izR;kjksi yxrs gSa vkSj iqfyl fookfnr Hkh gks tkrh
gSA
bl izdkj ds NksVs&NksVs ikjLifjd fookn ds ekeyksa esa iqfyl
dks pkfg,s fd ekSds ij tkdj vkjksfir O;fDr;ksa dh tekur
fu;ekuqlkj ys vkSj foospuk dh dk;Zokgh iw.kZ djsA ?kVuk LFky ij
gh tkdj tekur ysus dh dk;Zokgh djus ls tekurnkjksa ij
lkekftd ncko Hkh jgsxk vkSj vfHk;qDr Hkh iqu% ,sls vijk/k dh
iqujkofRr ugha djsaxsA vxj foospuk ds nkSjku muds }kjk iqu% ,slk
dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS rks mudh fxj¶rkjh ij
U;k;ky; vFkok turk }kjk dksbZ iz'ufpUg ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA
10½ fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr tc fdlh O;fDr dks Fkkus ij yk;k tkrk gS rks
mlls cjken ,slh lHkh oLrq,sa tks mlds ekeys ls lEcfU/kr ugha
gksrha tSls & ilZ] :i,s] vkHkw"k.k] eksckby vkfn Fkkus esa tek djk
yh tkrh gSaA vkSj mudk mYys[k Fkkus ds vfHkys[k esa dj fy;k
tkrk gSA dqN O;fDr;ksa dh ;g f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd mudk iwjk
lkeku Fkkus ls tekur ds i'pkr okil ugha fd;k tkrkA
bl izdkj dh tkek ryk'kh vfHk;qDr ds fdlh ifjokjhtu
dh mifLFkfr esa vFkok turk ds fdlh O;fDr dh mifLFkfr esa yh
tkuh pkfg,s vkSj cjken fd,s lkeku dh ,d jlhn rRdky
gLrk{kfjr djds ml O;fDr dks nh tkuh pkfg,s ftlls ,slk lkeku
cjken gqvk gSA pw¡fd ,slk lkeku U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls dCts esa
ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj u gh eqdnes ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA vr% ek¡xs
314
tkus ij iqfyl }kjk okfil dj nsuk pkfg;sA U;k;ky; ds vkns'k
dh vis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,sA
11½ iqfyl ds fo:) ;g vkjksi Hkh gS fd mlds +}kjk voS/k :i ls
fxj¶rkj djds vfHkj{kk esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj dkuwu }kjk fu/kkZfjr
fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr 24 ?k.Vs ds vUrxZr U;k;ky; esa izLrqr ugha
fd;k tkrkA turk ds yksxksa dks bl rF; dh tkudkjh ugha gS fd
izR;sd tuin esa ^^ftyk fu;U=.k d{k** ds ckgj uksfVl cksMZ ij
izR;sd fnu tuin esa fxj¶rkj gksus okys O;fDr;ksa dk fooj.k vafdr
gksrk gSA ftyk fu;U=.k d{k esa Hkh ;g lwpuk xEHkhjrk ls iznf'kZr
ugh adh tkrhA
izR;sd fnu fxj¶rkj fd;s x,s O;fDr;ksa dh lwpuk
fu;ekuqlkj ftyk fu;U=.k d{k ds uksfVl cksMZ ij pLik dh tkuh
pkfg,A vkSj fof/kd lk{kjrk dk;ZØe }kjk vFkok vU; izpkj ek/;e
}kjk turk dks voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, fd fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk
izkIr u gksus ij ftyk fu;U=.k d{k ij lEidZ djsaA vkSj vxj
ftyk fu;U+=.k d{k ij Hkh ,slh fdlh fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk ugha gS
rks ,sls O;fDr ls fooj.k ysdj ^fu;U=.k d{k* ds vfHkys[k esa
mldk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,sA vkSj ,slh fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk
dks izlkfjr Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,sA ,slh dk;Zokgh ls voS/k
fxj¶rkjh djus okys iqfyldehZ grksRlkfgr gksaxs vkSj fxj¶rkjh dh
>wBh lwpuk nsus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) Hkh dk;Zokgh dh tk
ldsxhA
315
12½ pksjh] ywV] voS/k gfFk;kj vkSj eknd inkFkZ dks dCts esa j[kus ds
vkjksi esa fxj¶rkj vusd ,sls vijk/kh] vFkok vkfFkZd :i ls foiUu
,ssls vijk/kh gksrs gSa] ftudh iSjoh@izfrj{kk djus gsrq dksbZ miyC/k
ugha gksrkA ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk ftys ds ^fof/kd
lgk;rk laxBu* dks ugha nh tkrhA fof/kd lgk;rk gsrq ,sls
vfHk;qDrksa dks le; ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha fey ikrhA vkSj vfHk;qDr
viuh izfrj{kk ds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj ls oafpr gks tkrk gSA ,ssls
vusd canh gS tks fopkj.k ds nkSjku tsy esa vius }kjk fd;s x;s
vijk/k dh vf/kdre~ ltk dh vk/kh vof/k ls Hkh vf/kd le;
dkjkxkj esa O;rhr dj pqds gSaA
fxj¶rkjh ds le; gh iqfyl }kjk ftl izdkj vfHk;qDr ds
ifjtuksa dks lwpuk nh tkrh gSS] mlh izdkj ftys ds fof/kd lgk;rk
laxBu dks lwpuk nsuh pkfg,sA vfHk;qDr dks ;g crkuk pkfg, fd
mldks fu%'kqYd vf/koDrk dh lqfo/kk izkIr gksxhA bl dk;Zokgh ls
vfHk;qDr ds eu esa ;g fo'okl izcy gksxk fd vijk/k fd,s tkus ds
dkj.k iqfyl }kjk viuk drZO; iwjk djrs gq,s dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gS
rFkk izfrj{kk dk volj nsdj ekuoh;rk dk Hkh O;ogkj fd;k gSA
13½ vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foospuk ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr i{k dks viuk i{k
tk¡p vf/kdkjh ds le{k izLrqr djus dk dksbZ volj izkIr ugha gksrk
gSA bl izdkj foospuk ,d i{kh; gksrh gSA vfHk;qDr viuh ckr
j[kus foospuk vf/kdkjh ds le{k izLrqr gksrk gS rks mls fxj¶rkjh
dk [krjk jgrk gSA foospuk djus okyk iqfyl vf/kdkjh Hkh dkuwuh
316
vLi"Vrk ds dkj.k vko';d gksrs gq,s Hkh vkjksih i{k dh ckr ugha
lqu ikrk vkSj ,d i{kh; foospuk djus dks ck/; gksrk gSA vxj og
vkjksih dks Hkh viuk i{k j[kus dk volj nsrk gS rks ml ij
vijk/kh ls fey tkus dk vkjksi yxrk gSA
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vko';d gS fd dkuwu esa la'kks/ku djds
,sls ekeyksa dks fpfUgr djds tuin Lrj ds U;k;ky;ksa ls gh
vUrfje tekur dk izko/kku fd;k tk;sA vkSj vUrfje tekur IkzkIr
dj vfHk;ksxh i{k Hkh viuh izfrj{kk dk lk{; tk¡p vf/kdkjh ds
le{k izLrqr dj ldsA vUrfje tekur nsus dh 'kfDr
Fkkuk/;{k@foospd dks Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA foospuk ds nkSjku ;fn
foospd vko';d le>s rks U;k;ky; ls vuqefr ysdj vUrfje
tekur ik;s ,sls O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus ds fy,s vf/kdr gks
ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh ls lUrqfyr foospuk gksxh vkSj
nksuksa i{kksa dks viuh ckr j[kus dk volj feysxkA
14½ vfHk;qDr tc Qjkj gks tkrk gS vFkok vius dks fNikrk gS rks mlds
fo:) dqdhZ dh mn~?kks"k.kk tk¡p vf/kdkjh }kjk U;k;ky; ls tkjh
djkbZ tkrh gSA lkekU; rkSj ij ;g dk;Zokgh xEHkhj vijk/kksa esa
djkbZ tkrh gSA vfHk;qDr mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls dqN dk dFku gS fd os
fxj¶rkjh ls cpus gsrq Lo;a dks fNik rks jgs Fks] ysfdu Qjkj ugha
gq,s FksA iqfyl }kjk u rks mifLFkfr gsrq dksbZ mn~?kks"k.kk djkbZ vkSj
u gh dqdhZ dh ?kks"k.kk muds fuokl ds fdlh n`';eku LFkku ij
317
pLik dhA vfHk;qDrksa }kjk viuh lEifRr ds O;;u fd,s tkus ls Hkh
euk fd;k x;k gSA
foospd }kjk ,slh dk;Zokgh vkSipkfjdrk iw.kZ djus gsrq fd,s
tkus ls ,d egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'~; foQy gksrk gSA dk;Zokgh u djus ls
;g lans'k tkrk gS fd pqipki vfHk;qDr dh lEifRr >wBs vk/kkjksa ij
dqdZ djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS] tks fd iqfyl dh vksj ls dh
tkus okyh nqHkkZoukiw.kZ dk;Zokgh gSA vkSj ;fn okLrfodrk esaa
vfHk;qDr ds fuokl LFkku ds ikl ;g mn~?kks"k.kk djkbZ tkrh fd
og mifLFkr gks vU;Fkk mldh py vpy lEifRr dqdZ dj yh
tk;sxh] rks lekt esa ,d lUns'k tkrk fd vijk/k dk ifj.kke cqjk
gksrk gSA dqdhZ dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh dk;Zokgh ds leFkZu esa xzke iz/kku
vFkok nks lEekfur O;fDr vFkok xzke Lrj ds yksd lsod] ;Fkk&
ys[kiky] xzke fodkl vf/kdjh] fo|ky; ds v/;kid vkfn dks
xokg cukuk pkfg,A blls dk;Zokgh dh fo'oluh;rk cuh jgsxhA
15½ vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa] cq)thfo;ksa ,oa fof/k
fo'ks"kKksa dh ;g jk; gS fd iqfyl foHkkx esa foospuk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
deh] dk;Z dh vf/kdrk] fof/kd Kku ds vHkko ds dkj.k] vkijkf/kd
ekeyksa dh foospuk dh xq.koRrk esa vR;f/kd deh vkbZ gSA ftlds
dkj.k vfHk;qDr vkSj vijk/kh NwV tkrs gSa] vkSj ihfM+r O;fDr dks
U;k; ugha fey ikrkA lk/ku lEiUu vijk/kh gj Lrj ij fof/kd
jk; ysdj pyrk gS] tcfd ihfM+r i{k vkSj iqfyl dks foospuk ds
318
Lrj ij dksbZ fo'ks"kK lgk;rk izkIr ugha gksrhA foospuk dh ,slh
detksjh ls iqfyl dh Nfo [kjkc gksrh gSA
blds fy,s vko';d gS fd foospuk iw.kZ gksus ij ladfyr
lk{; dk fof/kd ijh{k.k vfHk;kstu vf/kdkjh ls djkus dh iqjkuh
O;oLFkk iqu% ykxw dh tk;A foospuk esa tks deh gks mls foospd ls
iw.kZ djkdj vkjksi i= U;k;ky; esa IkzLrqr fd;k tk; vkSj ;fn
lk{; dk vHkko gS rks foospuk iw.kZ dj vfUre vk[;k U;k;ky; esa
izsf"kr dh tk;A blls turk esa ;g lans'k tk;xk fd U;k;ky; esa
pyus yk;d ekeys gh iqfyl }kjk fopkj.k esa Hksts tkrs gSaA detksj
ekeys vius gh Lrj ij lekIr dj U;k;iw.kZ dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA
16½ i{kdkjksa ds e/; ikjLifjd fookn ds ,sls ekeys ftuesa vfHk;ksx
iathd`r gks pqdk gS vkSj foospuk djds lk{; ladyu dk dk;Z iw.kZ
fd;k tk pqdk gS] blh voLFkk ij i{kdkjksa ds e/; lqyg le>kSrk
gks tkrk gSA ;g rF; foospukf/kdkjh ds laKku esa Hkh vk tkrk gS]
vkSj nksuksa i{kdkj vkxs ekeys dks pykuk ugha pkgrsA fQj Hkh
dkuwuh izko/kku ds vHkko esa foospd }kjk vkjksi i= rS;kj dj
fopkj.k gsrq Hkstuk iM+rk gSA lkekU; O;fDr dks ;g Kku ugha gksrk
fd lqyg ds vk/kkj ij ekeys dks lekIr djus dk vf/kdkj foospd
dks ugha gSA og O;fDr iqfyl dh bl dk;Zokgh dks ijs'kku djus
okyk ekurk gSA U;k;ky; esa izkjEHk gksrs gh og ekeyk le>kSrs ds
vk/kkj ij lekIr gks tkrk gSA
319
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa ;Fkksfpr la'kks/ku djds 'keuh;
vijk/kksa dks foospuk ds Lrj ij Hkh 'keu fd,s tkus dh O;oLFkk dh
tkuh pkfg,sA 'keuh; ekeyksa esa lqyg ds vk/kkj ij vafre
vk[;k (F.R.) izLrqr djus dh 'kfDr iqfyl dks nh tkuh pkfg,sA
bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd le>kSrk ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl dks >xM+s
lekIr dj turk dk fo'okl thrus dk volj feysxkA
17½ fdlh vijk/k dh lwpuk >w¡Bh ik;s tkus ij iqfyl }kjk foospuk iw.kZ
djds viuh fjiksVZ ^vafre vk[;k* ds :i esa U;k;ky; esa nsuh gksrh
gSA fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) tc laKs; vijk/k dh >w¡Bh fjiksVZ djkbZ
tkrh gS rks ml O;fDr dks ekufld ihM+k Hkh gksrh gS vkSj lkekftd
izfr"Bk Hkh /kwfey gksrh gSA lkFk gh iqfyl dks Hkh >wBs ekeys dh
foospuk esa viuk le; O;; djuk iM+rk gSA
bl izo`fRr dks grksRlkfgr djus ds fy,s vko';d gS fd ,slh
>w¡Bh lwpuk nsus okys O;fDr ds fo:) iqfyl }kjk yksd lsod dks
>w¡Bh lwpuk nsus ds vkjksi esa ifjokn] U;k;ky; esa nk;j dj nf.Mr
djkuk pkfg,sA fl)kUr ;g gksuk pkfg,s fd ftrus Hkh ekeys
iathd`r gq,s gSa lHkh esa dksbZ u dksbZ nf.Mr gksuk pkfg,sA lwpuk
lgh gS rks vfHk;qDr vkSj ;fn xyr gS rks oknhA ,slh dk;Zokgh
ls iqfyl ds izfr turk esa fo'okl mRiUu gksxk vkSj iqfyl O;oLFkk
dks Lo;a ds LokFkZ ds fy, nq:i;ksx djus dh izo`fRr ij vadq'k
yxsxkA
320
18½ iqfyl }kjk fuokjd vf/kfu;eksa dk iz;ksx euekus rjhds ls turk
ds fo:) fd;k tkrk gSA dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds uke ij
fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa ds vUrxZr dh xbZ dk;Zokfg;k¡ vk/ks ls vf/kd
fujk/kkj vkSj ek= la[;k of) ds vk¡dM+s izLrqr djus gsrq dh tkrh
gSaA bl izdkj dh dk;Zokfg;ksa ls iqfyl dh Nfo neudkjh ny dh
curh gSA
iqfyl }kjk dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk,s j[kus gsrq fuokjd
dk;Zokfg;k¡ dsoy fo'ks"k vfHk;ku ds le; gh ugha cfYd fu;fer
:i ls dkuwuh vk/kkjksa ij dh tkrh jguh pkfg,sA blls xq.Ms vkSj
vijkf/k;ksa ds eu esa lrr Hk; jgsxk vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk fu;U=.k esa
jgsxhA tu lkekU; iqfyl dh ,slh dk;Zokgh ls Hk;kØkUr gksus dh
txg jkgr eglwl djsxkA
19½ eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku
lokZf/kd O;fDr iqfyl ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ds
NksVs&NksVs ekeys iqfyl }kjk pkyku djds NksM+s tkrs gSa] tcfd
vU; ekeyksa dks U;k;ky; Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA iqfyl cy dh deh
ds dkj.k ;krk;kr fu;eksa dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu lqfuf'pr ugha gks
ikrkA iqfyl }kjk okgu dk pkyku dj U;k;ky; Hkstus ij
lEcfU/kr O;fDr U;k;ky; esa HkVdrk gS] vFkok U;k;ky; dh
ijs'kkuh ls cpus ds fy, iqfyl ds lkFk voS/k lkSnsckth djrk gSA
,slh ifjfLFkfr ls cpus ds fy,s vko';d gS fd izR;sd
tuin eq[;ky; ij i`Fkd ^;krk;kr U;k;ky;* dh LFkkiuk gksuh
321
pkfg,s rFkk Mkd }kjk pkyku Hkstus vkSj mudh jkf'k iksLV vkWfQl
;k cSad esa tek dj mldh jlhn iqfyl foHkkx esa Hkstus dh O;oLFkk
gksuh pkfg,sA bl dk;Zokgh ls turk vkSj iqfyl nkSuksa ds le; dh
cpr gksxh rFkk ;krk;kr fu;eksa ds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku
turk vkSj iqfyl ds e/; vuko';d fookn ds volj Hkh de
gksaxsA
20½ U;k;ky;ksa ds leu] okj.V ,oa uksfVl dh rkehy dh izfØ;k esa
izfrfnu lSdM+ksa O;fDr;ksa ,oa muds ifjokjksa dk lh/kk lEidZ iqfyl
ls gksrk gSA vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dh f'kdk;r gS fd mudks izfØ;k dh
v/kwjh lwpuk nh tkrh gSA iwoZ esa lEeu dHkh izkIr ugha gksrk vkSj
lh/kk fxj¶rkjh okj.V izkIr gksrk gSA v/kwjh lwpuk gksus ij fu;r
frfFk ij ,d U;k;ky; ls nwljs U;k;ky; esa HkVduk iM+rk gS]
iqfyldEkhZ mUgsa Hk; fn[kkdj voS/k /ku olwy djrs gSaA rkehy djus
okys iqfyldfeZ;ksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa le; ls lEeu] okj.V
rkehy gsrq izkIr ugha gksrs vkSj vU; dk;ksZa esa yxk,s tkus ds dkj.k
rkehy dk le; ugha feyrkA
iqfyldehZ }kjk ,slk leu ;k okj.V lEiw.kZ fooj.k ds lkFk
nks izfr;ksa esa rS;kj djuk pkfg,sA ml ij Li"V vafdr gksuk pkfg,
fd lEcfU/kr O;fDRk xokg gS vFkok vfHk;qDrA lEeu ;k okj.V
fu/kkZfjr izk:i ij gh rS;kj gksuk pkfg,sA rkehy djus okys
deZpkjh }kjk ,slh izfØ;k dh rkehy ewy izfr lEcfU/kr O;fDr dks
izkIr djkdj rFkk f}rh; izfr ij izkfIr ds gLrk{kj djkdj djuh
322
pkfg,sA gLrk{kj ;qDr f}rh; izfr dks fu;r frfFk ls iwoZ U;k;ky;
esa tek djkuk pkfg,sA ,slh izfØ;kvksa dh rkehy ds fy,s izR;sd
U;k;ky; esa ,d rkehy izdks"B dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,s] ftlesa
vko';drkuqlkj i;kZIr la[;k esa iqfyl dehZ rSukr jgus pkfg,sA
rehy lEcU/kh dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa mu iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ij tuin
U;k;k/kh'k vFkok muds }kjk ukfer fdlh U;kf;d vf/kdkjh dk
fu;U=.k gksuk pkfg,sA U;k;ky; dh leLr izfØ;kvksa dh rkehy dk
nkf;Ro blh izdks"B dk gksuk pkfg,sA
21½ ftyk djkxkj ls vkSj Fkkuksa ls izfrfnu lSdM+ksa vfHk;qDr is'kh gsrq
iqfyldfeZ;ksa }kjk U;k;ky;ksa esa izLrqr fd,s tkrs gSaA vfHk;qDr ls
feyus ds fy, muds ifjtu mlls Hkh vf/kd la[;k esa U;k;ky; esa
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA tcfd bl izdkj dh eqykdkr dk dksbZ dkuwuh
izko/kku ugha gSA vf/kdka'k vfHk;qDr dsoy fofHkUu dkuwuh
vkSipkfjdrk dh iwfrZ gsrq yk,s tkrs gSaA iqfyl vkSj vfHk;qDr rFkk
muds ifjtuksa ds e/; fofHkUu dj.kksa ls fookn gksrk gSA
fpfUgr djds dsoy ,sls vfHk;qDr gh U;k;ky; esa yk,s tkus
pkfg,s ftudh mifLFkfr fdlh vkjksi dk mRrj nsus vFkok lk{;
vfHkfyf[kr fd,s tkus gsrq vko';d gksA 'ks"k vfHk;qDrksa ls lEcfU/kr
dk;Zokgh dkjkxkj esa gh fjek.M eftLVsªV }kjk vFkok iz'uxr
le; ij tsy esa vfHk;qDr dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djus okyh tsy
izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh vk[;k ds vk/kkj ij dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj
fu;fer :i ls ifjogu fd,s tkus okys vfHk;qDrksa dh la[;k esa 60
323
izfr'kr ls Hkh vf/kd deh vk,sxhA bl dk;Z dks ohfM;ks dkWUÝsal ds
}kjk 'krizfr'kr de fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl dk;Z esa fuR; yxus
okys iqfyl cy dks vU; dk;ksZa esa rSukr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
22½ dksbZ Hkh 'kL= j[kuk vkSj mldk ykblsal izkIr djuk iwjh rjg ls
dkuwu O;oLFkk ls tqM+k ekeyk gSA 'kL= dk ykblsal iqfyl }kjk
dh xbZ tk¡p ls lUrq"V gksdj ftyk eftLVªsV }kjk iznku fd;k
tkrk gSA nks fHkUu iz'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa dh dk;Zokgh esa fdlh Hkh
izdkj ds lkeUtL; ds vHkko dk lkjk nks"k iqfyl dks gh fn;k
tkrk gSA
'kL= vf/kfu;e vkSj 'kL= fu;ekoyh esa la'kks/ku djds] 'kL=
vuqKfIr iznku djus vkSj fujLr djus dk vf/kdkj iqfyl v/kh{kd
dks gksuk pkfg,A
23½ vf/kdka'k iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd mudks vius dk;Z ds
fu"iknu ds fy, i;kZIr lk/ku ,oa iqfyl cy miyC/k ugha gkssrs]
blfy, turk dh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i le; ls dk;Z ugha gks ikrkA
turk vkSj iqfyl nksuksa gh oxZ ds vf/kdre lnL; ;g ekurs gSa
fd fdlh Hkh ekeys esa le; ls dk;Zokgh lnSo lekt ds fgr esa
gksrh gSA
bl leL;k ds funku ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa esa iqfyl vkmV iksLV dh la[;k c<+kbZ tk; vkSj ,sls vkmV
iksLV ij de ls de 4 vkj{kh vkSj ,d iz/kku vkj{kh rSukr jgsaA
324
,slh lsok,a fpfUgr djds tgk¡ ls iqfyl cy dks gVkdj flfoy
deZpkfj;ksa ls dk;Z pyk;k tk ldrk gS] ogk¡ ls iqfyl deZpkjh
gVkdj vko';d lsokvksa esa yxk,s tk,saA buesa U;k;ky;] lnj
eky[kkuk] vaxq"B Nki] vfHk;kstu dk;kZy; vkfn mYYks[kuh; gSaA
ifjogu ds lalk/ku vkSj vf/kd miyC/k djk,s tkus pkfg,sA
24½ foospuk dk dk;Z ftu iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk gS muesa ls
vf/kdka'k dk dguk gS fd ^foospuk iqfyl* vkSj ^dkuwu O;oLFkk
iqfyl* tSlh fLFkfr O;kogkfjd :i esa vHkh ugha gSA lHkh ls lHkh
rjg dk dk;Z fy;k tk jgk gSA blls izHkkoh <ax ls foospuk ugha
gks ik jghA foospuk ds fy, le; u feyus ds dkj.k turk vkSj
U;k;ky; esa ;g lans'k tkrk gS fd tkucw> dj foospdksa }kjk
ykijokgh dh tkrh gSA
foospuk djus gsrq ftu iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks rSukr fd;k
tk; mudks fdlh Hkh vU; dk;Z esa u yxk;k tk;A mi fujh{kd]
fujh{kd vkSj iqfyl mik/kh{kd Lrj ds iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
lEcU/k esa bl O;oLFkk dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,sA foospuk gsrq vkj{kh ,oa vU; lk/ku vko'drkuqlkj iqfyl
ykbu ls miyC/k gksus pkfg,sA rFkk vius ekeys dh foospuk ds
nkSjku U;k;ky; esa fdlh Hkh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku foospd dks Lo;a
mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,sA Fkkuk izHkkjh vkSj iqfyl v/kh{kd ds dk;Zdky
dks Hkh fu;r djus dh O;oLFkk dks rRdky izkjEHk fd;k tkuk
pkfg,sA
325
25½ turk ds vf/kdka'k yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds O;ogkj
vkSj vkpj.k esa i;kZIr lq/kkj dh vko';drk gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dk
O;ogkj lkekU; turk ds izfr vPNk ugha gSA fdlh dk;Z ls Fkkus
tkus ij turk ds lkFk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa }kjk vPNk O;ogkj ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA
izR;sd Fkkus esa fnol vf/kdkjh dh rjg ,d lqf'kf{kr vkSj
e`nqHkk"kh vkj{kh dks Lokxr vf/kdkjh ds :i esa rSukr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,s] tks fd Fkkus esa vkus okys izR;sd O;fDr dk fooj.k j[ks vkSj
mls okafZNr tkudkjh miyC/k djk,sA ftys esa vko'drkuqlkj ^turk
iqfyl lalk/ku dsUnz* cuk,s tkus pkfg,s] tgk¡ ls fdlh Hkh vijk/k
ds ihfM+r dks Rofjr lgk;rk fey ldsA ,sls lalk/ku dsUæ ij
fo'ks"k :i ls izf'kf{kr iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dh rSukrh gksuh pkfg,A
26½ mŒ izŒ ds 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bku gkmflax lkslkbVh]
ekSgYYkk lfefr vkfn }kjk izkbosV lqj{kk ,stsfUl;ksa dk lg;ksx
fy;k tk jgk gSA vijk/k dks jksdus ds fy,s ,slh ,stsfUl;ksa ij
turk dk fo'okl vf/kd gSA
bl izdkj dh lqj{kk ,stsfUl;ksa ls isVªksfyax] x'r ,oa dkuwu
O;oLFkk dks cuk,s j[kus ds dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx fy;k tkuk pkfg,sA bl
dk;Z ds fy, ^izkbosV flD;ksfjVh ,stsUlh ¼jsX;wys'ku½ ,DV&2005* esa
lalks/ku djds vko';d O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA
326
27½ flfoy iqfyl esa deZpkfj;ksa dh deh ds dkj.k mifujh{kd Lrj rd
ds iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks u,s izf'k{k.k vkSj dkslZ gsrq ugha Hkstk tkrk gSA
blls ,sls dehZ ubZ rduhd vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ls ifjfpr ugha gks ikrs
rFkk mnklhu Hkko ls ijEijkxr rjhds ls dk;Z djrs gSa] ftlds
ifj.kke vPNs ugha gksrsA
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks o"kZ esa U;wure 15 fnu ds fy,s vko';d
:Ik ls ns'k ds fofHkUUk izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa izf'k{k.k gsrq Hkstk tkuk
pkfg,sA ,sls izf'k{k.kksa esa foospuk vkSj iqfyflax dh vk/kqfud
rduhfd;ksa ds vfrfjDr ekuokf/kdkj iqfyl turk lEcU/k] lekt
ds detksj oxZ] ckyd] ,oa efgykvksa dh lqj{kk@lgk;rk ls
lEcfU/kr dkslZ Hkh lfEefyr fd,s tkus pkfg,sA
28½ mŒ izŒ esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds vkokl dh vR;f/kd deh gSA
vf/kdka'k iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks vius ifjokj dks rSukrh ls nwj ewy
fuokl LFkku ij vFkok vU;= fdjk,s ds edku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA
tks ljdkjh vkokl gSa] os mi;qDr ugha gSaA
iqjkus ljdkjh vkoklksa ds LFkku ij u,s cgqeaftys vkokl
cuk,s tkus pkfg,s] ftlls fd vkokl dh leL;k nwj gks lds rFkk
^iqfyl xzqi gkmflax lkslkbVh* dh O;oLFkk dks ykxw djds iqfyl
dfeZ;ksa dh vkokl leL;k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
29½ O;olk; ,oa ukSdjh ds fy, yksxksa dk foLFkkiu] ifjokjksa dk fo?kVu]
,dy ifjokjksa dk izpyu ,oa lekt esa de gksrs esy tksy ds Hkko
327
ds dkj.k lekt ds izR;sd oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa dks iqfyl ds lg;ksx
dh vko';drk vf/kd eglwl gks jgh gSA
lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa tSls efgyk] o`)] ckydksa gsrq
gsYiykbu O;oLFkk izHkkoh :i ls ykxw gksuh pkfg,sA flVhtUl pkVZj
tSlh O;oLFkk izHkkoh :i ls ykxw gksuh pkfg,sA izR;sd {ks= ds izeq[k
vkSj vklkuh ls fn[kkbZ nsus okys LFkkuksa ij nhokjksa ij ml% {ks= dh
O;oLFkk ds fy,s ftEesnkj iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Qksu ua-@eksckby
ua- fy[ks tkus pkfg,sA
30½ iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds vodk'k dh dksbZ fu/kkZfjr ;kstuk u gksus ds
dkj.k mudks vko';drk ds le; Hkh vodk'k ugha fey ikrkA
mudh M~;wVh dk Hkh dksbZ le; fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrkA 24 ?k.Vs dh
fu;fer M~;wVh djus ls muds O;ogkj vkSj dk;Z {kerk ij izfrdwy
izHkko iM+rk gSA
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa ds vodk'k dh ,d fuf'pr ;kstuk gksuh
pkfg,s rFkk fu;fer M~;wVh bl izdkj fu;r dh tkuh pkfg,s fd
izR;sd deZpkjh dks i;kZIr vkjke vkSj vius ikfjokfjd dk;ksZa ds
fy, le; fey ldsA bl n`f"V ls x'r dh iqjkuh ^N% Qsjksa dh
izFkk* ;k vU; ,slh gh O;oLFkk cuk;k tkuk t:jh gSA
31½ vYi vof/k esa gh LFkkukUrj.k gksus ds dkj.k iqfyl dfEkZ;ksa dh dk;Z
{kerk ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA ftlds dkj.k turk ds lkFk
328
rknkRE; LFkkfir ugha gks ikrkA rFkk ifjokfjd O;oLFkk ij Hkh
izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA
blds fy,s vko';d gS fd iwoZ ls miyC/k fu;e] fofHkUu
vk;ksx ,oa lfefr;ksa dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuq:i fu;qfDr dk le;
fu;r gksuk pkfg,s rFkk ,d fuf'pr ^VªkUlQj ekWM;wy* cukdj
LFkkukUrj.k ds lEcU/k esa uhfr rS;kj djuh pkfg,sA
32½ yksxksa dks tkudkjh ds vHkko esa iqfyl dk;Zokgh dks lnSo lansg dh
n`f"V ls ns[kus dh izo`fÙk c<+h gSA iqfyl }kjk tks dk;Z dkuwu ds
vuqlkj fd;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa Hkh turk iqfyl dk euekuk dk;Z
le>rh gSA turk dks iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k esa lkekU;
tkudkjh nsus ls bl izdkj ds Hkze dh fLFkfr ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
ftl izdkj ls U;kf;d dk;Zokgh dh tkudkjh lkekU; turk
dks miyC/k djkus gsrq fof/kd lk{kjrk f'kfoj yxk;s tkrs gSa mlh
izdkj iqfyl dk;Zokgh dh tkudkjh nsus gsrq Hkh ,sls gh f'kfoj
yxk;s tkus pkfg,A Ldwy vkSj dkWystksa ds ikB~;Øe esa Hkh ^iqfyl
foKku* fo"k; dks lfEefyr djds iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k esa
lkekU; tkudkjh fn;s tkus dh ;kstuk cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A
'kks/kkfFkZuh }kjk izLrqr fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl cy
dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dks lekfgr djds rFkk miyC/k
fu;e ,oa dkuwuksa dks muds ekSfyd Hkko esa ykxw djds iqfyl turk vUr%
lEcU/kksa dks lqn`<+ ,oa fo'oluh; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA iqfyl dk dk;Z
329
dkuwu dk ikyu djkuk rFkk dkuwu ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk esa lg;ksx
djuk gSA iqfyl vkSj turk nksuksa dkuwu dk ikyu ftruh xEHkhjrk ls
djsaxs] lEcU/k mrus gh e/kqj gksaxsA
'kks/k dk vFkZ dsoy iqu% [kkst djuk gh ugha] vfirq fdlh ?kVuk ;k
leL;k ds ckjs esa uohu tkudkjh izkIr djuk ;k miyC/k Kku esa fdlh
izdkj dk la'kks/ku djuk Hkh gSA ^^'kks/k** 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkh ,d izdkj ls
'kqf)] laLdkj ;k la'kks/ku ds vFkZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh
}kjk Hkh iqfyl dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa ,slh gh 'kqf)] laLdkj vkSj la'kks/kuksa dks
[kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kkfFkZuh dks fo'okl gS fd mldk ;g
iz;kl ;fn dk;kZfUor gksrk gS rks iqfyl turk vUr%lEcU/k fo'oluh;
cusaxs] ftlls Hk;eqDr vkSj vijk/keqDr lekt cukus dk jkT;@iqfyl dk
iz;kl lQy gksxkA
i
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph
1) A hand bood of Police forms
Dr. B R Ambedkar Police Academy Publication
2) American Heritage dictionany of English Language IV Edition.
3) Administration of East India Company By John William Kaye
London Rechard Bentaley, New Burlington
4) Atharva vede
By P. Shandar, Bombey, 1898
5) Administrative role & Social Change By Frank Andrew G, Human
Organisation No. 4, Winter, 1964.
6) Agents of change : A study in Police reforms By Hons Toch &
James Dougalas Grant (1975)
7) Challanges ot Police, Human Right & National Security.
By Dr. K.M. Mathur
8) Citizen’s Guide to Criminal Law
By Monika Sakhrani, HRLN
9) Community Policing
By Evelyn B. shaffer (1980)
10) Citizen Involvement in crime prevention
By George J. Washnis (1976)
11) Controversial perspectives on policing (Vol-1)
By K. Ram Chandran, IPS (1999)
12) Crime & Punishment in Indian Society
By Cecil Walsh (1999)
ii
13) Crime & Social Justice - Society & Law enforcement -
By Engene D’ Souza (2002)
14) Crime in India
By Shashi Shekhar Singh, IPS (2006)
15) Crime, Law & Police Science
By James Vadackumchery (2003)
16) Criminal Investigation
By Dr. Hons Gross (1962)
17) Criminal Investigation- Clues & tectics
By YashPal Singh, IPS (1999)
18) Criminal Justice Administration in India
By Dr. Shiv Kumar Dagra (2009)
19) Criminal Justice India Series - Vol-1 (West Bengal, 2001)
By National University of Juridical Science Calcutta.
20) Criminal Procedure & Police.
By Prof. Hasan Askari (2006)
21) Criminal Trial & Investigation
By Ejaj Ahamad (2000)
22) Criminology & Criminal Administration.
By- Dr. SS Srivastav (2007)
23) Crisis in Indian Judiciary
By- Bathula Venkateshwara Rao (2001)
24) Criminal Trials with Powers & Duties of Court & Functioning of
Police & Prosecuting Agencies.
By- B. Mallik (2003)
25) CHRI’s Study on Police Public interface
By- CHRI (2001)
iii
26) Community Oriented Policing : A Systematic Approach.
By- Oliver Williard M. (2001)
27) Changing the Guard : Developing democratic Police abroad
(2006)
By- David Bayley, Oxford University.
28) Compendium on good practices in community Policing.
By- SVPNPA Hyderabad.
29) Crime, community and Police.
By- Gyan Publishing House, Delhi.
By- VK Mohanan.
30) Community Policing : A Contemporary Perspectives
By- Victor E. Kappeter & Levi’s K. Gaines (2009)
31) Demoeratic Policing in Transitional and Developing Countries.
By- Nathan Pino & Michel D. Wiatrowski (2006)
32) Developing Society and Police.
By- Osmania University (1972)
33) Ethics in Policing : Misconduct & Integrity.
By- Raines Julie B. (2010)
34) Ethical Issues in Policing in India.
By- Miller Seumas, Shankar Sen, Prakash kv Mishra (2009)
35) Encyclopedia Britanica
36) Ethical Issues in Policing in India.
By- SVPNPA, Hyderabad.
37) Forces of Order.
By- D. H. Bayley, California (1976)
38) Good Governance in India.
By- C.P. Barthwal, Deep & Deep Publication, New Delhi.
iv
39) Human Rights and Policing
By- R.C. Mishra, Author’s Press, Delhi.
40) Human Rights and Inhuman wrongs.
By- Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer,
B R Publishing corp, Delhi.
41) Human behaviour and Law enforcement.
By- Kaltakayam & Vadackumchery
Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
42) Introduction to the constitution of India.
By- D.D. Basu,
Wadhwa & Co. New Delhi.
43) Indian Police : Issues and Perspectives.
By- Shankar Sarolia,
Gaurav Publication, Jaipur.
44) Indian Penal Code
By- SN Mishra.
45) Indian Evidence Act : Commentary
By- Dr. Avatar Singh.
46) Introduction to the study of Law of Constitution.
By- A.V. Dicey (1885)
47) Indian Police
By- T. Nath,
Sterling, 1978 (New Delhi)
48) Kautilya on crime and Punishment.
By- K.M. Agrawal,
Kanak Publication, Gaya.
v
49) Khaki & the Ethnic violence in India.
By- Omar Khalidi.
50) Kautilya Arth Sharthra
By- Udai Veer Shashtree, Mehar Chand Press, Lahor (1945)
51) Life in Indian Police.
By- C.E. Gouldsbury, Manu Publication.
52) Law and Order
By- S.K. Ghosh (1978)
53) Law & Order : The unofficial companion (IInd Edition)
By- Courrier Kevin & Green Susan
Lons Angels Renaissance Books.
54) Law & Order : Crime Scenes
By- Dick Wolf.
55) Law enforcement, Communication & Community
By- Howard Giles (2002)
56) Law & Order : Police encounters.
By- Michael Lipsky (1970)
57) Leadership & Governance .................. as I See.
By- Kiran Bedi (2008)
58) Mughal Administration
By- J. Sarkar,
M.C. Sarkar & Sons, Calcutta.
59) Meathods in Social Research.
By- William J. Goode & Paulhatt,
Mc Graw Hill, Singapore.
60) Methods of Sociological Enquiry.
By- Peter H. Mann, Oxford University Press, London.
vi
61) Managing the Police.
By- Bradley, D. Walker & Wike, Great Britain.
62) Metropolitan Police Administration in India.
By- S K Chaturvedi, B R Publishing Corp. New Delhi.
63) National Police Commission : Issuess.
By- James Vadackumchery (1998)
64) On line Etymology Dictionary - 2010
By- Duglas Harper.
65) Oxford Dictionary - (1990) Edition.
66) Organisational Aspect of Police Behaviour.
By- I. Merviyam Jahons., Crower Publishing, England, 1980
67) Policing is twenty first century (Ed.)
By- Jai Tilak Guha Roy, IIPM, New Delhi.
68) Police and People - Role and Responsibilities.
By- Dalveer Bharti, APH Publishing corp.
69) Policing a District.
By- Jai Tilak Guha Roy, IIPM, New Delhi
70) Police behaviour - A Sociological perspective.
By- Richard J. Lundman, Oxford University Press.
71) Police training in community relations perspective in the U.S. and
India
By- R.P. Joshi, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
72) Police & the Public ; Govt of Orrissa.
By- S K Ghosh, Dept. of Home.
73) Police, Polity & the people
By- P.D. Sharma, Uppal Publidations, New Delhi
vii
74) Police, Society & Law.
By- P.D. Sharma, Research Publication, New Delhi.
75) Police and Political order in India.
By- P.D. Sharma, Research Publication, New Delhi.
76) Police Organisation in India ; A Historical and contemporary
Assesment.
By- K. S. Subrahmanyam, New Delhi.
77) Patterns of Work culture ; cases & strategies for culture building.
By- JBP Sinha, New Delhi.
78) Police and Emerging challenges.
By- SK Chaturvedi, BR Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
79) Police & Policing in India.
By- Asharaf Nehal, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.
80) Police perception of Police Public Interface.
By- U.N. Biswas, BPR & D, New Delhi.
81) Police & Development.
By- Kalyani Saha, Bombey Popular Prakashan.
82) Police & Law enforcement
By- S.C. Sarkar, SC Sarkar & Sons Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.
83) Police & Social Change in India.
By- Rashmi Mishra, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
84) Police Management Hand book.
By- RS Banyard, Mc Grill Hill Books co. Ltd. UK.
85) Prasecuting System in India.
By- Deewan Vijay Kumar, Capital Law House, New Delhi.
86) Police Today
By- S. Sen.
viii
87) Police Community relations & the administration of India.
By- Mayhall Barker Hunter.
88) Police & Community
By- K. M. Mathur.
89) Police reforms in India : A Sisphean Saga, functional review of
India.
By- Jayant V Umranikar.
90) Police & Community Relations
By- Brandstaller A.F.
91) Police Community relations : Images, roles & realities.
By- Alvin W. Cohn, Emilio Viano (1975)
92) Police and Society.
By- D.H. Bayley (1977)
93) Police & Politics in India - colonial concept, Democretic
Compulson - Indian Police - 1947 to 2002
By- Kirpal Dhillon (2005)
94) Public Institution in India - Performance & Design
By- Devesh Kapoor & Pratap Bhanu Mehta (2005)
95) Research Methods in Social Science.
By- R. D. Sharma, NBO, New Delhi.
96) Rural Policing in India,
By- S. K. Chaturvedi, BR Publishing Corp. New Delhi.
97) Reminiscences of on Indian Police official.
By- A. Crawford, London Roxburghe Press. 1973.
98) State Policing in India.
By- G R Shah, Cosmo Publications. New Delhi.
ix
99) Scientific Social Surveys & Research.
By- P. V. Young, Prentine Hall of India, New Delhi.
100) Survey in Social Research.
By- De, Vaus, D.A., Rawat Publication.
101) ‘Society’
By- Maciver, Mc Millan Press, London.
102) Society and the Policeman’s role.
By- Maureen Elizageth Cain, 1973.
103) Securing the Nation : Indian Police Service.
By- Sri Ram Arun, IPS (Rtch)
104) The Police in British India (1861-1947)
By- A. S. Gupta, Concept Publishing House, New Delhi.
105) The History of Indian Police.
By, Pereival Griffiths, Ernest Benn, London.
106) The Police Problems
By- Trilok Nath, Vision Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
107) The Principals of Policing.
By- Pike Micheal, Mc Grill Press Ltd, London.
108) The First Charge
By- Trinath Mishra, IPS.
109) The Police Manager
By- Lynch Ronald G., Allen & Becon, London.
110) The Prosecutor
By- Stewart James B., Simon & Scbuster, New York.
111) The Future of Policing
By- Rod Morgen & Tin Moren, CLERENDON PRESS,
OXFORD.
x
112) The Police : An Introduction.
By- Michael D. Lyman, Columbia College, Press.
113) The Police & the Community
By- Radelet Louis A. & Carter David (1994)
114) The Police in War : Fighting Insurgency, terrorism & Voilent
crime.
By- David Bayley & Robert Perito.
115) The People & the Police.
By- Algernon David Black (1968).
116) The Police, the People, the politics : Police accountability in
uganda.
By- Commonwealth Human Right Initiative (2006)
117) The Police man in the Community.
By- Michel Benton (1964).
118) The Politics of Law enforcement : Conflicts & power in urban.
By- Alen Edward Bent (1974)
119) Police Public Interface : a research Study.
By- G. P. Joshi & Sanjay Joshi.
120) What Went Wrong.
By- Kiran Bedi,
USB Publishers, New Delhi.
121) Work Study in Administration.
By- Nalini Kant Panda, Allied Publishers, Bombey.
122) Working the Street : Police discretion & the Dilemmas of
Reform.
By- Michael K. Broun, 1998.
xi
123) Webster’s new World College Dictionary.
124) The Aligarh Movement
By- M. S. Jain.
125) Descriptive and Historical Account of the Aligarh District.
By- Atkinson, Nabu Press.
¼126½ vijk/k “kkL= ,oa vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu
ys[kd & n;k'kadj nqcs
¼127½ vyhx<+ dk Hkwxksy vkSj bfrgkl
ys[kd & MkWΠj?kqjkt ^jkt*] jktdh; d`f"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd izn'kZuh
¼128½ vijk/k & dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k
ys[kd & MkŒ fxfjjkt 'kkg ¼1985½
¼129½ ^vijkf/kdh*
ys[kd & cnzhukjk;.k fLkUgk ¼1974½
¼130½ vk/kqfud izk;ksfxd euksfoKku
ys[kd & ,yΠohΠf=ikBh ,oa vU; HkkxZo cqd gkml] vkxjk
¼131½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl funsZf'kdk
ys[kd & chΠ,uΠfeJk] ,fy;k ykW ,tsUlh
¼132½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl vkWfQl eSuqvy
ys[kd & ,pΠpkS/kjh] ,fy;k ykW ,tsUlh
¼133½ vkS|ksfxd ,oa laxBukRed euksfoKku
ys[kd & ,ΠdsΠflag] Hkkjrh Hkou ifCy'klZ] iVuk
¼134½ Fkkuk izcU/ku
ys[kd & gkfde jk;] chΠihΠvkjΠ,.M MhΠizdk'ku
¼135½ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj vijk/k
ys[kd & MkΠvpZuk f=ikBh
xii
¼136½ iqfyl vkSj ekuokf/kdkj
ys[kd & lqczºeU;e~ ,lŒ ¼2012½
¼137½ iqfyl ukxfjd ekxZn'kZd
ys[kd & foJke dne ¼1957½
¼138½ iqfyl Fkkuksa ds ys[k vfHkys[k o vU; mi;ksxh tkudkjh
ys[kd & ohŒ ,uŒ 'kkfUnY; ¼1980½
¼139½ iqfyl laxBu vkSj iz'kklu
ys[kd & 'kjrpUnz feJk ¼chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ MhŒ½] 1986
¼140½ iqfyl vkSj lekt
ys[kd & MkΠihΠ,lΠHkw"k.k euh"kk ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh
¼141½ iqfyl vkSj lekt
ys[kd & MkΠ,lΠvf[kys'k
¼142½ iqfyl nkf;Ro ,oa ukxfjd tkx:drk
ys[kd & MkŒ lhŒ v'kksdo/kZu ¼chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ ,.M MhŒ] ubZ fnYyh½
¼143½ iqfyl dk;ksZa dk futhdj.k
ys[kd & MkŒ 'kadj ljksfy;k ¼chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ ,.M MhŒ] ubZ fnYyh½
¼144½ iqfyl dfeZ;ksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ºkl & fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
ys[kd& MkŒ Jherh vuqiek 'kekZ ¼chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ ,.M MhŒ] ubZ fnYyh½
¼145½ iqfyl eqfDr fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj
¼aMkŒ Hkhejko vEcsMdj iqfyl vdkneh½
¼146½ iqfyl vkSj lekt
ys[kd & lrh'k pUnz HkVukxj ¼2005½
¼147½ QkStnkjh dh odkyr
ys[kd & ,lΠihΠR;kxh] fo'okl ykW gkml, esjB
¼148½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl & lanHkZ ,oa ifjisz{;
ys[kd & 'kadj ljksfy;k] xkSjo ifCy'klZ] vEckokM+h] t;iqj
xiii
¼149½ Hkkjrh; iztkrU= vkSj iqfyl
ys[kd & iq"iyrk rustk lkef;d izdk'ku] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh
¼150½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl vkSj turk
ys[kd & f'kf'kj dqekj flag >kjhlu izsl] nfj;k xat] ubZ fnYyh
¼151½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl O;oLFkk & vkpj.k] leL;k,sa ,oa vf/kdkj
ys[kd & lat; xkSM+ cqd ,UDyso] 'kkfUruxj] t;iqj
¼152½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
ys[kd & t;ukjk;.k ik.Ms; lsUVªy ykW ,tsUlh] bykgckn
¼153½ Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk
ys[kd & jruyky /khjtyky ok/kok ,.M dEiuh] ukxiqj
¼154½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl deh'ku fjiksVZ & 1902
¼155½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl
ys[kd & ifjiw.kkZuUn oekZ
¼156½ Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr
ys[kd & iq[kjkt tSu
¼157½ Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj v/;;u & 2005
VªkUlisjsalh bUVjus'kuy bf.M;k fjiksVZ
¼158½ Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr
ys[kd & chΠ,yΠQkfM+;k ^lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk*
¼159½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl dk bfrgkl
ys[kd & MkΠ'kSysUnz prqosZnh chΠihΠvkjΠ,.M MhΠubZ fnYyh
¼160½ Hkkjrh; iqfyl & tSlk eSaus ns[kk
ys[kd & MkŒ fdj.k csnh ¼2008½
¼161½ ekuokf/kdkj vkSj iqfyl
ys[kd & MkΠthΠ,lΠoktis;h
xiv
¼162½ fodkl'khy lekt esa lelkef;d iqfyl dh Hkwfedk
ys[kd & vkjΠ,lΠJhokLro
¼163½ fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e
ys[kd & vkjΠihΠfeJk] ,fy;k ykW ,tsUlh
¼164½ foHkkxh; tk¡p ,oa fuyEcu
ys[kd & vksΠihΠjk;] ykW dkWVst] bykgckn
¼165½ o`gn vijk/k fof/k;k¡
ys[kd & ihΠdsΠeq[kthZ] ekWMuZ cqd gkml
¼166½ foospuk ,oa dsl Mk;jh dk O;kogkfjd Kku
ys[kd & ekSΠjQh [kku] fgUn ifCyf'kax gkml] bykgckn
¼167½ Lokra=;ksRrj Hkkjr esa iqfyl dh Hkwfedk ,oa turk dk nkf;Ro
ys[kd & MkŒ Ñ".k eksgu ekFkqj
¼168½ lkekftd psruk ds ifjisz{; esa iqfyl dh Hkwfedk dk mn~HkoA
ys[kd & izksΠehuk{kh Lokeh
¼169½ lexz U;k; O;oLFkk esa iqfyl dk LFkku ,oa HkwfedkA
ys[kd & Jh yfyrs'oj
¼170½ ^lkeqnkf;d iqfyl O;oLFkk*
ys[kd & MkŒ riu pØorhZ] MkŒ jfo vEc"V
¼171½ lkEiznkf;d naxs vkSj Hkkjrh; iqfyl
ys[kd & foHkwfr ukjk;.k jk;
¼172½ Lok/khurk la?k"kZ vkSj iqfyl
ys[kd & vt; 'kadj ik.Ms; ¼2001½
¼173½ gekjh iqfyl & n'kk vkSj fn'kk ¼,sfrgkfld v/;;u½
ys[kd & Jhjke v:.k
¼174½ gekjk ladYi
ys[kd & Jh chŒ ihŒ fla?ky ¼1982½
xv
vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;ekoyh
1½ Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860
2½ n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973
3½ Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872
4½ n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kŒ] 2001
5½ n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kŒ] 2005
6½ n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kŒ] 2008
7½ Hkkjrh; lk{; ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kŒ] 2002
8½ lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vf/kŒ] 2000
9½ lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kŒ] 2008
10½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
11½ vk;q/k vf/kfu;e ] 1959
12½ U;k;ky; voekuuk vf/kŒ] 1971
13½ mŒ izŒ xq.Mk fu;U=.k vf/kŒ] 1970
14½ mŒ izŒ xq.Mk fu;U=.k fu;ekoyh] 1970
15½ mŒ izŒ MdSrh izHkkfor {ks= vf/kŒ] 1983
16½ ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kŒ] 1961
17½ mŒ izŒ fxjksgcUn vkSj lekt fojks/kh fØ;kdYi ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kŒ] 1986
18½ mŒ izŒ ljdkjh lsod ¼vuq'kklu ,oa vihy½ fu;ekoyh] 1999
19½ mŒ izŒ vH;Lr vijk/kh izfrjks/k vf/kŒ] 1952
20½ ekuokf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kŒ] 1993
21½ cfUn;ksa dh igpku vf/kŒ] 1920
22½ fd'kksj U;k; ¼ckydk sa dh ns[kjs[k ,oa laj{k.k½ vf/kŒ] 2000
23½ eksVj ;ku vf/kŒ] 1988
24½ eknd nzO; ,oa euksRrstd inkFkZ vf/kŒ] 1985
xvi
25½ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kŒ] 1980
26½ iqfyl ¼nzksg&mn~nhiu½ vf/kŒ] 1922
27½ Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/kŒ] 1988
28½ yksd lEifRr dks uqdlkuh dk fuokj.k vf/kŒ] 1984
29½ dSfn;ksa dh U;k;ky; esa gkftjh vf/kŒ 1955
30½ vijk/kh ifjoh{kk vf/kŒ] 1958
31½ lkoZtfud tqvk vf/kŒ] 1867
32½ vuqŒ tkfr vkSj vuqŒ tu tkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kŒ] 1989
33½ mŒ izŒ v/khuLFk Js.kh ds iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ¼n.M vkSj vihy½
fu;ekoyh] 1991
34½ fof/kfo:) fØ;kdYkki ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kŒ] 1967
35½ lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kŒ] 2005
36½ mŒ izŒ cfUn;ksa dks ifjoh{kk ij NksM+uk vf/kŒ] 1938
37½ mŒ iazŒ vkcdkjh vf/kŒ 1910
38½ fof/kd lsok izkf/kdj.k vf/kŒ] 1987
39½ iqfyl cy ¼vf/kdkjksa ij fucZU/ku½ vf/kŒ] 1966
40½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl vkj{kh ,oa iz/kku vkj{kh lsok ¼izFke la'kks/ku½ fu;ekoyh
41½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl mifujh{kd ,oa fujh{kd ¼ukxfjd iqfyl½ lsok fu;ekoyh]
2009
42½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl fofu;e~
43½ iqfyl vf/kŒ] 1861
44½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl lsok fu;ekoyh] 1942
45½ jktdh; jsyos iqfyl eSuqvy
46½ ihŒ ,Œ lhŒ vf/kfu;e] 1948
47½ fpfdRlk fu;e laxzg
xvii
vk;ksx ,oa lfefr;ksa dh fjiksV Z
1½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ¼1902½
2½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh izFke fjiksVZ ¼Qjojh] 1979½
3½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh f}rh; fjiksVZ ¼vxLr] 1979½
4½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh r`rh; fjiksVZ ¼tuojh] 1980½
5½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh prqFkZ fjiksVZ ¼twu] 1980½
6½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh ik¡poh fjiksVZ ¼uoEcj] 1980½
7½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh NVoha fjiksVZ ¼ekpZ] 1981½
8½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh lkroha fjiksVZ ¼ebZ] 1981½
9½ jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx dh vkBoha fjiksVZ ¼ebZ] 1981½
10½ dsjy iquxZBu lfefr dh fjiksVZ] 1959
11½ egkjk"Vªk iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] 1964
12½ eŒ izŒ iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ¼1965&66½
13½ rfeyukMw iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ¼1971½
14½ if'peh caxky iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] 1961
15½ fcgkj iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] 1961
16½ fnYyh iqfyl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] 1966&68
17½ iqfyl izf'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr lfefr] 1971
18½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl vk;ksx & 1960&61 dk izfrosnu
19½ la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk izLrko & 04@12@86-
20½ CHRI Study of Police Public Interface - Edition - 2001
21) The United Nations Draft code of Conduct for Law Enforcement
officials, 1979
22) Afghanistan Civil Society Forum - March, 2010
23) U.P. Civil Society Work shop, Lucknow, 18/10/08
xviii
24) Civil Society Workshop, Dehradun - 4/11/08
25) A people's compaign for better policing - India's National
Workshop (Delhi) (Apr. 2007)
26) Round Table on policing & public order in India (Delhi, June,
2006)
27) Workshop Report on " Police Public Interface" - Making it happen
(2004) Mumgai.
28) Report of Royal commission on Police powers and proce dure,
1929 (3297)
29) Criminal Justice India Series : UP-2001
30) J.F. Ribeiro Committee on Police Regorms (1998)
31) Padmnabhaiya Committee on Police Reforms (2000)
32) Report of the Kerala Police Performance & Accountability
Commission (March, 2005)
33) Law Commission Reports.
ys[k ,oa lekpkj
1) Police will police the police
By- Maza Daruwala, Out look - Aug, 2010.
2) Resistence to reform : Key to better policing.
By- Maza Daruwala, The Tribune, 21/01/10.
3) Half hearted Move for police reforms.
By- Maza Daruwala & Parantap Das
The Statesman, 07/07/10.
4) Threat to personal liberty
By- Pushkar Roy, The Tribune, 02/08/09.
xix
5) Un Democratic Policing.
By- Sanjay Patil, Maza Daruwala, Ashad Zamal, The News -
27/3/09.
6) Democrate Policing : Change will make the police respect
public liberty.
By- Swati Mehta, The Tribune, 12/2/09.
7) Khaki Celebration
By- G. P. Joshi, Indian express, 02/1/09.
8) Why every one love CBI
By- Pushkar Roy & Shobha Sharma, Hindustan, 30/11/08.
9) No One cares for constabulary
By- Pushkar Roy & Shobha Sharma, Hindustan, 23/11/08.
10) People's police is dream without political will
By- Maza daruwala, Dainik Bhaskar, 19/11/08
11) Police Must transform from force to service.
By- Maza Daruwala, Hindusthan, 09/11/08
12) When will police complaint authority be established
By- Pushkar Roy & Shobha Sharma, Hindustan, 09/11/08
13) Politicians Thindk, the police force belongs to them
By- Maza Daruwala. The Deccan Herald 20/10/08
14) It's Mayawati's chance to reform Police.
By- Maza Daruwala & Nawaj Kotwal.
The Time's of India, Lucknow, 03/08/08
15) What Statistics wont tell - All that is wrong with Indian Police.
By- Maza Daruwala & Nawaj Korwal, Garhwal post, 10/07/08.
xx
16) One Year of Mayawati in office.
By- Shobha Sharma & Pushkar Roy.
"TOI, Lucknow", May, 2008.
17) People's policing
By- Monika Saroha. 'Sahara Times, 04/02/86'
18) Shaping a professional force.
By- Madeep Tiwana, The Tribune, 11/12/05
19) A Secure tenure for district officer needed
By- G. P. Joshi, The Hindu, 16/10/05
20) Encouraging Law enforcers to be Law breakers
By- Swati Mehta, 31/08/04
21) ^^lkaf[;dh dk izcU/ku**
ys[kd & osnekjokg] fgUnqLrku VkbEl] 25@10@93
22½ iqfyl ,oa vke vkneh] ikSfyfVdy Mk;jh ¼09@01@10½
23) Policing in 21st century - Areas of concera. The Indian Police
Journal, BPR & D, Jan-March, 06
24) Community Policing Scheme - Punjab Police
Front Line, 22/04/05.
25) British Police v/s Indian Police.
By- C. Anjanaiyalr reddy, AP Police Journal, Vol-06
26) vej mtkyk & 01@04@10
27) Police in India - Economic & Political weakly.
(06/11/07, page 87, 90)
28) Emerging challenges in Policing
By- SP Mathur, Indian Police Journal, " Oct- Dec, 2010"
xxi
29) People friendly Police
By- Dr. Rawindra Singh,
"Indian Police Journal - Jan-March, 2009"
30) Policing Without using force
By- Tripurari, IPJ- " July - Sept, 2009"
31) ekufld LokLF; ,oa iqfyl & ,d fo'ys"k.k
ys[kd & vftr ;kno] iqfyl foKku & ^^tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2010**
32) ^^lsok esa jkgqy** & vej mtkyk& 27@12@2010
33) The Hindustan Times, 16/03/89
34) The Hindu - 18/11/76
35) Times of India - 07/09/2002
36) The Hindu - 25/12/07
37) Times of India - 18/08/10
38) The Tribune - 04/03/90
39) " Code of conduct for Police - Public Relationship "
By- V. Venkataswaran, "The Hindu " - 24/01/79
40) Need for re-orientation of Police
By- K.B. Vohra, CBI, Bulletin, February, 1973.
41) The Police and the people
By- P D Sharma, IPJ - Oct-Dec, 1981.
42) Police and the community
By- Ray Nandi, Hindustan times. 02/03/80
43) Police, Public and Press.
IPJ - " July - Sept, 1981 "
44) Police and Social Service
By- GBK Hooja, CBI Bulletin, April, 81.
xxii
45) The Police in India
By- D. H. Baley, " Economic & Political weekly, 6/11/71
46) ' Life of a Policeman '
By- SK Ghosh, " Statesman, New Delhi - 28/10/81 "
47) Decline of the Police
By- KD Khanna, " TOI, New Delhi - 20/12/81.
if=dk@ izdk'ku
1½ Hkkjr esa iqfyl laxBuksa ds vk¡dM+s
chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ MhŒ ¼2005 ls 2011½
2½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl if=dk ¼iqfyl eq[;ky;, y[kuŽ
3½ yksd iqfyl & =Sekfld if=dk
lhŒ ,pŒ vkjŒ vkbZŒ] ebZ fnYyh
4½ bf.M;u iqfyl tuZy ¼ chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ MhŒ ½
5½ iqfyl foKku ¼chŒ ihŒ vkjŒ MhŒ½
6½ Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2001 ¼lwpuk ,oa izdk'ku ea=ky;½
7½ Økbe bu bafM;k & 2004 ls 2010 ¼,uŒ lhŒ vkjŒ chŒ½
8½ lhŒ chŒ vkbZŒ cqysfVu ¼lhŒ chŒ vkbZŒ eq[;ky;] ubZ fnYyh½
9½ jktLFkku if=dk
10½ ^Hkkjr* & 2005 ls 2010
¼lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj½
11½ mŒ izŒ iqfyl & okf"kZd iz'kklfud fjiksVZ
12½ The Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics
LNJN, NICFS, New Delhi
13) NPA Journal
By- SVPNPA Hyderabad.
xxiii
14) Allahabad Criminal Cases
15) SCC (Criminal)
16) All India Reporter
17) Criminal Law Journal
18) Police Professionals
(A.P. Police Academy Journal)
19) Lucknow Law Journal
20) mΠizΠljdkj@iqfyl ds 'kklukns'k
21) mΠizΠlkaf[;dh; if=dk
U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; (Judgements)
1) D. K. Basu v/s. State of west Bengal
JT, 1997 (1). (S.C.) 1
2) State of M.P. v/s. Shyam Sundar Trivedi & oth.
1995 SCC (Cr.), 715, SC
3) Rajendra Singh v/s. State of U.P.
1982, AWC Journal, 15
4) Neelwati Bohra v/s. State of Orrissa
(1993) Cr LJ., 2899 (S.C.)
5) Udai Mohan Lal Acharya v/s. State of Maharashtra
(2001) SCC (Cr.), 760, SC
6) Nandini Satpathi v/s. P.L. Dani
1978, Cr LJ, 968 (S.C.)
7) Khatri v/s. State of Bihar
AIR, 1981, SC, 928
xxiv
8) Jogendra Kumar v/s. State of U.P.
AIR, 1994, SC, 1349
9) Lal Kamalendra Pratap v/s. State of U.P.
2009 (4), Scale-77, (SC.)
10) Shaukeen v/s. State of U.P.
Criminal Misc. Writ No. 17410/11 (Alld. H.C.)
11) Hussain Ara Khatoon v/s. State of Bihar
AIR, 1979, SC., 1369
12) Mehaka Gandhi v/s. Union of India
AIR, 1978, SC., 597
13) NHRC v/s. State of Gujrat
2009 (3), SCC (Cr.) 44
14) State of U.P. v/s. Vinod Kumar
1992, Cr LJ, 1115 (Alld. H.C.)
15) Tilkeshwar v/s. State of Bihar
AIR, 1956, SC. , 238
16) Mulla v//s. State of U.P.
2010, Cr LJ 1440 (S.C.)
17) Deepak v/s. State of Maharashtra
AIR, 2009, SC., 628
18) Karan v/s. State of Rajsthan
2010 Cr LJ, NOC, 370 (Raj. H.C.)
19) Gopalan v/s. State of Madras
(1950) SCR, 88
20) Union of India v/s. W.A. Chaddha
1993 Cr LJ, 859 (S.C.)
xxv
21) Sheela Barsey v/s. State of Maharashtra
AIR, 1983, SC., 378
22) Madhu Linye v/s. Union of India
AIR, 1969, SC., 1014
23) Simaran Jeet Singh Mann v/s. Union of India
1993, Cr. LJ, 37 (S.C.)
24) Hazara Singh v/s. State
AIR, 1969, SC, 951
25) Amrik Singh v/s. State
1983, CrLJ, 1405
26) Prakash Singh & Others v/s. Union of India & oth.
Writ Petition (Civil) 310/1996 (S.C.)
27) Sunil Kumar Singh v/s. S.P. Ballia & oth.
Civil (Misc.) Writ No. 31159/1994. (Alld. H.C.)
28) State of U.P. v/s. Venu Gopal
AIR, 1964, SC, 33
29) CMDA v/s. S K Bose
1983, CrLJ, 1661 (Cal. H.C.)
30) Local Self Govt. v/s. Smt. Goozi
AIR, 1935, Nagpur, 69
xxvi
osclkbV
1) www.aligarh.nic.in
2) www.ncrb.nic.in
3) www.bprd.nic.in
4) www.communitypolicing.org
5) www.uppolice.up.nic.in
6) www.svphpa.gov.in
7) www.upgove.nic.in
8) www.districtcourtaligarh.up.nic.in
9) www.allahabadhighcourt.in
10) www.lokayukta.up.nic.in
11) www.updes.up.nic.in
12) www.fop.net
13) www.ijm.org
14) www.ncjrs.gov
15) www.theiacp.org
16) www.kiranbedi.com
17) www.supremcourtofindia.nic.in
18) www.centralscotland.police.uk
19) www.cbi.nic.in
20) www.nhrc.nic.in
21) www.lawcommissionofindia.nic.in
22) www.uppoliceacademy.up.nic.in
23) www.ijtr.nic.in
24) www.icc.cpt.int
25) www.icj-cij.org
26) www.nicfs.nic.in
27) www.amu.ac.in
28) www.ccsuniversity.ac.in
iz'ukoyh ¼turk ds fy;s½
uke %&
irk %&
lEidZ uEcj @ eksck- uEcj %&
O;fDrxr rF;
1- fyax L=h iq#"k
2- vk;q
3- f'k{kk
4- O;olk;
5- tkfr
6- fuokl 'kgjh @ xzkeh.k
funsZ'k
izLrqr iz'ukoyh eas ^iqfyl ifCyd bUVj Qsl* fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k
dk;Z ds lanHkZ eas dqy 40 iz'u fn;s gSaA izR;sd iz'u ds lkeus fodYi fn;s gq;s
gSaA O;kogkfjd :i ls vki ftl fodYi dks mfpr le>rs gSa] ml ij fpUg
¼½ vafdr dhft,A iz'ukoyh dk iz'u la[;k 40 Lora= vfHkO;fDr ls
lEcfU/kr gSA muds lanHkZ eas vius fopkjkas dk mYys[k dhft,A vkids }kjk nh
xbZ lwpukvkas dks xksiuh; j[kk tk;sxkA
'kks/kkfFkZuh ß'kks/k funsZf'kdkÞ
Jherh vuhrk MkWñ ¼Jherh½ ohuk R;kxh 'kks/kkfFkZuh] jkt0 'kkL= foHkkx jhMj] jktñ 'kkL= foHkkx
,e0,0,p0 dkWyst] xkft;kckn ¼m0iz0½ ,eñ ,eñ ,pñ dkWyst]
eksck- 07895706967] 09213160493 xkft;kckn ¼mñizñ½
ii
iz'ukoyh ¼turk½
iz'u&1 iqfyl foHkkx eas vkidk dksbZ ifjfpr@ifjokjh tu dk;Z djrk
gS\
¼1½ ifjokj dk lnL; ¼2½ ifjfpr
¼3½ dksbZ ugha
iz'u&2 vkids fopkj ls iqfyl ds vko';d dk;Z D;k gksrs gSa\
¼1½ vijk/kkas dh tk¡p djuk ¼2½ dkuwu O;oLFkk cukuk
¼3½ lkekftd dk;kasZ eas
Hkkxhnkjh
¼4½ ljdkj dks lg;ksx djuk
iz'u&3 D;k vki fdlh dk;Z ls dHkh Fkkus x;s gSa\
¼1½ vdsys x, gSa ¼2½ ifjfpr ds lkFk x, gSa
¼3½ ugha x, gSaa
iz'u&4 ;fn vki dHkh Fkkus x, gSa rks Fkkus ij tkus dk vkidk D;k
mn~ns'; Fkk\
¼1½ f'kdk;r@fjiksVZ fy[kkus ¼2½ xokgh ds fy,
¼3½ vfHk;qDr ds :i eas ¼4½ vU; dk;Z ls
iz'u&5 ;fn vki Fkkus ij fjiksVZ fy[kkus x;s rks vkidk vuqHko dSlk
jgk\
¼1½ fjiksVZ ugha fy[kh xbZ ¼2½ foyEc ls fy[kh xbZ
¼3½ fjiksVZ eas Qsj cny fd;k
x;k
¼4½ fjiksVZ lgh vkSj le; ls
y[kh xbZA
iz'u&6 D;k vki lgtrk ls Fkkus tkuk Lohdkj djrs gSa\
¼1½ gk¡ ¼2½ ugha
¼3½ etcwjh esa
iii
iz'u&7 ,Q0 vkbZ0 vkj0 fy[kkus ds fy;s vkius izkFkZuk i= dgk¡ ij
cSBdj fy[kk\
¼1½ ?kj ij ¼2½ Fkkus ij
¼3½ Fkkus ds ckgj ¼4½ dgha ugha
iz'u&8 vkidh jk; eas mijksDr izkFkZuk i= dgk¡ ij fy[kk tkuk mfpr
vkSj vko';d gS\
¼1½ Fkkus ij mfpr ¼2½ Fkkus ij vuqfpr
¼3½ dgha ij fy[kk tk ldrk gS
iz'u&9 vxj vkius dksbZ ,Q0 vkbZ0 vkj0 Fkkus ij djkbZ rks ml ekeys
dh tk¡p ds ifj.kke dh lwpuk vkidks dSls izkIr gqbZ\
¼1½ Lo;a ds iz;kl ls ¼2½ U;k;ky; }kjk
¼3½ tk¡p vf/kdkjh }kjk ¼4½ lwpuk ugha feyh
iz'u&10 ,slh lwpuk dks vki fdruk vko';d ekurs gSa\
¼1½ cgqr vko';d ¼2½ vko';d ugha
¼3½ fey tk; rks vPNk gS
iz'u&11 vkids ikl fdl izdkj dk Qksu@eksckby miyC/k gS\
¼1½ Lo;a dk ¼2½ ifjokj eas
¼3½ ugha gS
iz'u&12 D;k vkids ikl vius {ks= ds fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh dk
lEidZ uEcj miyC/k gS\
¼1½ tkudkjh gS ¼2½ tkudkjh ugha gS
iz'u&13 vius {ks= ds iqfyl vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh dk lEidZ uEcj vius
ikl gksuk vki fdruk vko';d le>rs gSa\
¼1½ cgqr t:jh gS ¼2½ t:jh ugha gS
¼3½ gks rks Bhd gS ¼4½ fudV ds izeq[k O;fDr ds
ikl t:jh gS
iv
iz'u&14 ;fn vkius fdlh ekeys eas iqfyl ds lkeus dHkh xokgh nh gS rks
vkidh xokgh fdl izdkj fy[kh xbZ gS\
¼1½ gekjs ikl vkdj ¼2½ ekSf[kd lwpuk ij Fkkus
cqyk;k]
¼3½ fyf[kr lwpuk ij Fkkus
cqyk;k
¼4½ i{kdkj ds lkFk Fkkus x,
iz'u&15 xokgh ds fy, Fkkus eas cqyk;s tkus ij D;k vkidks vkus tkus dk
[kpkZ fn;k x;k\
¼1½ fn;k x;k ¼2½ ugha fn;k x;k
¼3½ tkudkjh ugha Fkh ¼4½ tkudkjh Fkh
iz'u&16 xokgh ds fy, Fkkus eas cqyk;s tkus ij iqfyl dk O;ogkj dSlk
jgk\
¼1½ vPNk ¼2½ [kjkc
¼3½ lkekU; ¼4½ dksbZ fVIi.kh ugha
iz'u&17 fdlh ekeys eas iqfyl }kjk vkidk c;ku fy[ks tkus eas vkidk
vuqHko dSlk jgk\
¼1½ tks cksyk ogh fy[kk ¼2½ vk/kk lgh] vk/kk xyr
fy[kk
¼3½ iwjk xyr fy[kk ¼4½ c;ku ugha fy[kk
iz'u&18 ;fn vkidks fdlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk eas pksV vkbZ vkSj ,Q0 vkbZ0
vkj0 fy[kkus Fkkus x;s rks iqfyl us D;k dk;Zokgh dh\
¼1½ igys bykt djk;k fQj
,Q0vkbZ0vkj fy[kh
¼2½ igys ,Q0vkbZ0vkj fy[kh]
fQj bykt djk;k
¼3½ Lo;a gh bykt djkdj
vkus dks dgk
¼4½ bykt ugha djk;k
v
iz'u&19 ;fn fdlh ekeys eas vkidks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k rks vkidk
MkDVjh eqvk;uk fdl izdkj gqvk\
¼1½ iqfyl us djk;k ¼2½ ugha djk;k x;k
¼3½ Lo;a djk;k ¼4½ ;kn ugha
iz'u&20 ;fn vkidks dHkh fdlh ekeys eas fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k rks D;k
vkidks fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k crk;s x;s\
¼1½ fyf[kr ukssfVl }kjk
crk;k x;k
¼2½ ekSf[kd :i ls crk;k x;k
¼3½ ugha crk;k x;k ¼4½ fdlh vkSj cgkus cqykdj
fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k
iz'u&21 ;fn vkids fo:) Fkkus ij dksbZ f'kdk;r@,Q0 vkbZ0 vkj0 gks
tkrh gS rks lcls vf/kd Hk; fdl ckr ls yxrk gS\
¼1½ fxj¶rkjh ls ¼2½ iqfyl dh ekjihV ls
¼3½ tsy tkus ls ¼4½ lkekftd izfr"Bk /kwfey
gksus ls
iz'u&22 ;fn vki fdlh ekeys eas fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s rks vkidks tekur
dgk¡ ls feyh\
¼1½ vnkyr ls ¼2½ Fkkus ls
¼3½ tekur ugha gqbZ ¼4½ ?kVuk LFky ij tekur
iqfyl us yh
iz'u&1 ;fn fxj¶rkjh ds le; vkidk O;fDrxr lkeku iqfyl us dCts eas
fy;k rks og vkidks dSls okfil feyk\
¼1½ vklkuh ls iqfyl us ns
fn;k
¼2½ iwjk ugha feyk
¼3½ vnkyr ds vkns'k ls
feyk
¼4½ ugha feyk
vi
iz'u&24 fxj¶rkjh gksus ds fdrus le; ckn iqfyl us vkidks U;k;ky; ds
le{k izLrqr fd;k\
¼1½ 24 ?k.Vs ds vUnj ¼2½ 2 fnu ckn
¼3½ 3 fnu ckn ¼4½ ,d lIrkg ckn
iz'u&25 ;fn vkidk dksbZ ifjtu ;k ifjfpr iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k
tkrk gS rks mlds lEcU/k eas tkudkjh vki dgk¡ ls djasxs\
¼1½ fudV ds Fkkus ls ¼2½ iqfyl v/kh{kd dk;kZy; ls
¼3½ ftyk fu;U=.k d{k ls ¼4½ vnkyr ls
iz'u&26 ;fn vki iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd, x;s rks vkidks dkuwuh
lgk;rk@odhy dh lqfo/kk dSlh feyh\
¼1½ iqfyl }kjk ¼2½ vnkyr }kjk
¼3½ ifjokjh tukas }kjk ¼4½ feyh ugha
iz'u&27 ;fn dHkh vkids fo:) dksbZ vfHk;ksx iathd`r gqvk rks vkidks
viuk i{k iqfyl ds le{k j[kus dk volj dc izkIr gqvk\
¼1½ vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksus ds
rqjar ckn
¼2½ tekur ds ckn
¼3½ fxj¶rkjh ds ckn ¼4½ volj ugha feyk
iz'u&28 dksbZ vfHk;ksx iathd`r gksus ds ckn vUrfje @ vLFkkbZ tekur
nsus dh 'kfDr fdls gksuh pkfg,\
¼1½ U;k;ky; vkSj iqfyl
nksukas dks
¼2½ dsoy U;k;ky; dks
¼3½ dsoy iqfyl dks ¼4½ fdlh dks ugha
vii
iz'u&29 vxj dHkh vkids fo:) vfHk;ksx iathd`r gqvk rks izFke dk;Zokgh
fuEu eas ls D;k gqbZ\
¼1½ iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj gq;s ¼2½ vnkyr eas leiZ.k fd;k
¼3½ fxj¶rkjh ds fo:)
LFkxu fy;k
¼4½ iqfyl ds lkeus leiZ.k
fd;k
iz'u&30 vkius viuh fxj¶rkjh ls cpus gsrq D;k iz;kl fd;k\
¼1½ U;k;ky; ls LFkxu dk
iz;kl
¼2½ tekur djkbZ
¼3½ ?kj NksM+dj pys x, ¼4½ lEifÙk cspdj Qjkj gksus
dh dksf'k'k dh
iz'u&31 fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foopsuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus ds lEcU/k
eas vkidh D;k jk; gS
¼1½ tk¡p vf/kdkfj;kas dks vkSj vf/kd izf'k{k.k nsdj
¼2½ ekeys dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ fof/kd ijh{k.k djkdj
¼3½ tk¡p vf/kdkjh ds fo:) foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh }kjk
¼4½ xyr foopsuk okys ekeykas dks [kkfjt djds
iz'u&32 ;fn fdlh ekeys eas iqfyl }kjk foopsuk ds nkSjku gh i{kdkjkas eas
jkthuke gks tkrk gS rks D;k dk;Zokgh gksuh pkfg,\
¼1½ ftl le; jkthukek gks rHkh ekeyk lekIr gksuk pkfg,
¼2½ iqfyl ds le{k lekIr gksuk pkfg,
¼3½ U;k;ky; ds le{k lekIr gksuk pkfg,
¼4½ xokgh ds ckn lekIr gksuk pkfg;s
iz'u&33 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr >w¡Bh ,Q0vkbZ0vkj0 djkrk gS rks D;k dk;Zokgh
gksuh pkfg,\
viii
¼1½ mlds fo:) eqdnek iathd`r gksuk pkfg,
¼2½ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksuh pkfg,
¼3½ tqekZuk yxk;k tkuk pkfg,
¼4½ fxj¶rkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s
iz'u&34 iqfyl }kjk xkM+h dk pkyku djus dh dk;Zokgh ds lEcU/k eas
vkidh fuEu eas ls D;k jk; gS\
¼1½ dkxt fn[kkus] lUrq"V djus eas vf/kd le; yxrk gS
¼2½ U;k;ky; eas vR;f/kd ijs'kkuh gksrh gS
¼3½ ekSds ij tqekZuk Hkjuk T;knk lqfo/kktud gS
¼4½ ;krk;kr fu;ekas dk dBksjrk ls ikyu gksuk pkfg,
iz'u&35 U;k;ky; eas ;fn dksbZ vkijkf/kd eqdn~nek py jgk gS rks mldh
tkudkjh vkidks dSls feyh\
¼1½ lEeu }kjk ¼2½ okj.V }kjk
¼3½ odhy }kjk ¼4½ vU; ek/;e ls
iz'u&36 ;fn vnkyr ds eqdn~nes dh lwpuk vkidks iqfyl dehZ }kjk
feyh rks mlus fdl izdkj lwpuk nh\
¼1½ iwjh tkudkjh nh ¼2½ izfrfyi nsdj gLrk{kj
djk;s
¼3½ dsoy gLrk{kj djk;s] izfr
ugha nh
¼4½ v/kwjh tkudkjh nh
iz'u&37 gfFk;kj dk ykblasl nsus dh 'kfDr fdldks gksuh pkfg,\
¼1½ Mh0,e0 dks ¼2½ ,l0 ih0 dks
¼3½ nksukas eas ls fdlh dks Hkh ¼4½ ,l0ih0 dh laLrqfr ij
Mh0,e0 dks
ix
iz'u&38 vkius vius ?kj ds vkl&ikl {ks= dh iqfyl dks x'r djrs ;k
lqj{kk O;oLFkk djrs gq, vDlj fdrus vUrjky ij ns[krs gSa\
¼1½ 1 lIrkg eas ¼2½ 2 lIrkg eas
¼3½ 1 ekg eas ¼4½ 3 ekg eas
iz'u&39 tc Hkh vki iqfyl ds lEidZ eas vk;s] iqfyl dk O;ogkj vkids
izfr dSlk jgk\
¼1½ vPNk ¼2½ [kjkc
¼3½ cgqr [kjkc ¼4½ lkekU;
iz'u&40 iqfyl ds lEcU/k eas vki dqN dguk pkgasxs\ ¼vf/kdre 50 'kCn½
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x
iz'ukoyh ¼iqfyl ds fy;s½
uke %&
irk %&
lsok eas vkus dh frfFk %& lEidZ uEcj @ eksck- uEcj %&
O;fDrxr rF;
1- fyax L=h iq#"k
2- vk;q
3- f'k{kk
4- in
5- tkfr
6- oSokfgd fLFkfr fookfgr @ vfookfgr
7- vkoklh; fLFkfr ljdkjh @ futh @ fdjk;s dk
8- fuokl vdsys @ ifjokj lfgr
funsZ'k
izLrqr iz'ukoyh eas ^iqfyl ifCyd bUVj Qsl* fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k
dk;Z ds lanHkZ eas 25 iz'u fn;s gSaA izR;sd iz'u ds lkeus fodYi fn;s gq;s gSaA
O;kogkfjd :i ls vki ftl fodYi dks mfpr le>rs gSa] ml ij fpUg ¼½
vafdr dhft,A iz'ukoyh dk iz'u la[;k 25 Lora= vfHkO;fDr ls lEcfU/kr gSA
muds lanHkZ eas vius fopkjkas dk mYys[k dhft,A vkids }kjk nh xbZ lwpukvkas
dks xksiuh; j[kk tk;sxkA
'kks/kfFkZuh ß'kks/k funsZf'kdkÞ
Jherh vuhrk MkWñ ¼Jherh½ ohuk R;kxh 'kks/kkfFkZuh] jkt0 'kkL= foHkkx jhMj] jktñ 'kkL= foHkkx
,e0,0,p0 dkWyst] xkft;kckn ¼m0iz0½ ,eñ ,eñ ,pñ dkWyst]
eksck- 07895706967] 09213160493 xkft;kckn ¼mñizñ½
xi
iz'ukoyh ¼iqfyl½
iz'u&1 vkidh fu;qfDr iqfyl dh fdl 'kk[kk eas vf/kdre~ le; jgh gS\
¼1½ flfoy iqfyl ¼2½ l'kL= iqfyl
¼3½ vU; 'kk[kk;as
iz'u&2 ,Q0 vkbZ0 vkj0 fy[kus eas foyEc fdl dkj.k ls gksrk gS\
¼1½ cknh dh rjQ ls
¼2½ Fkkuk izHkkjh dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k
¼3½ izkjfEHkd tk¡p ds dkj.k ¼4½ vU; dkj.kkas ls
iz'u&3 iathd`r gksus ds fdrus le; ckn ,Q0vkbZ0vkj0 U;k;ky; Hkst nh
tkrh gS\
¼1½ nwljs fnu ¼2½ 3 fnu ckn
¼3½ 1 lIrkg ckn ¼4½ 15 fnu ckn
iz'u&4 Fkkus ij iathd`r fdlh ekeys dh foopsuk iw.kZ gksus ij ifj.kke dh
lwpuk oknh dks fdl izdkj nh xbZ\
¼1½ ekSf[kd ¼2½ fyf[kr
¼3½ vkj{kh }kjk ¼4½ tkudkjh ugha
iz'u&5 fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys ds xokgkas dks fdl izdkj crk;k fd mudks
xokgh nsus U;k;ky; Hkh tkuk gksxk\
¼1½ ekSf[kd :i ls ¼2½ ca/k i= Hkjok;k
¼3½ xokg Lo;a tkurs Fks ¼4½ dqN ugha crk;k
iz'u&6 fdlh fxj¶rkj vfHk;qDr dks Fkkus ls tekur nsus eas D;k leL;k
vkrh gS\
¼1½ vfHk;qDr tekur nsus dks rS;kj ugha gksrs
¼2½ U;k;ky; ,slh tekur dks ekU;rk ugha nsrs
¼3½ mPp vf/kdkjh vuqefr ugha nsrs
xii
iz'u&7 fxj¶rkj fd, x;s vfHk;qDr dks U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr djus eas
foyEc fdl dkj.k gksrk gS\
¼1½ iwNrkN eas le; yxus ds dkj.k
¼2½ cjkenxh ds dkj.k
¼3½ foopsuk vf/kdkfj;kas dh deh ds dkj.k
¼4½ dk;Z dh vf/kdrk ls
iz'u&8 vfHk;qDr dks vUrfje tekur @ vLFkkbZ tekur nsus dh 'kfDr
fdls gksuh pkfg,\
¼1½ U;k;ky; vkSj iqfyl nksukas dks ¼2½ dsoy U;k;ky; dks
¼3½ dsoy iqfyl dks ¼4½ fdlh dks ugha
iz'u&9 vfHk;qDr ds fo:) dqdhZ dh dk;Zokgh dk izeq[k mn~ns'; D;k gS\
¼1½ vfHk;qDrkas dk vkReleiZ.k ¼2½ fxj¶rkjh gsrq ncko cukuk
¼3½ oknh ds ncko ds dkj.k ¼4½ foopsuk ds fuLrkj.k ds
mn~nns'; ls
iz'u&10 xokg dh xokgh ds fy;s vki mi;qDr LFkku dkSu lk le>rs gSa\
¼1½ Fkkus ij ¼2½ xokg ds LFkku ij
¼3½ fdlh Hkh LFkku ij ¼4½ xokg dh LosPNk ij
iz'u&11 fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys dh foopsuk dh xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus ds lEcU/k
eas vkidh D;k jk; gS\
¼1½ tk¡p vf/kdkfj;kas dks vkSj vf/kd izf'k{k.k nsdj]
¼2½ ekeys dks U;k;ky; Hkstus ls iwoZ fof/kd ijh{k.k djkdj]
¼3½ tk¡p vf/kdkfj;kas ds fo:) foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh }kjk
¼4½ xyr foopsuk okys ekeykas dks [kkfjt djds
xiii
iz'u&12 foopsuk ds nkSjku i{kdkjkas ds e/; jkthukek gksus ij dk;Zokgh ds
lEcU/k eas vkidh D;k jk; gS\
¼1½ jkthukek dh ckr tkudkjh eas ugha vkbZ
¼2½ vnkyr eas tkdj jkthukek djus dks dgk
¼3½ xokgkas ds c;ku fcxkM+dj dsl cUn fd;k
¼4½ mPp vf/kdkfj;kas ds ikl tkus dks dgk
iz'u&13 >w¡Bh ,Q0 vkbZ0 vkj0 fy[kkus okys ds fo:) D;k dk;Zokgh gksuh
pkfg,\
¼1½ eqdn~ek iathd`r gksuk pkfg, ¼2½ fdlh dk;Zokgh dh t:jr
ugha
¼3½ tqekZuk yxkuk pkfg, ¼4½ fxj¶rkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,
iz'u&14 >w¡Bh ,Q0vkbZ0vkj0 djkus okykas ds fo:) dk;Zokgh u gksus dk D;k
dkj.k gS\
¼1½ dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS ¼2½ vuko';d fookn c<+rk gS
¼3½ vf/kdkjh vuqefr ugha nsrs ¼4½ xokg cuuk iM+rk gS
iz'u&15 dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus gsrq dk;Zokgh fdl izdkj dh tkrh gS\
¼1½ fu;fer rkSj ij ¼2½ ljdkj ds vkns'k ij
¼3½ fo'ks"k volj ij ¼4½ dqN ugha dguk
iz'u&16 U;k;ky; eas cfUn;kas dks izLrqr djus eas eq[; leL;k D;k vkrh gS\
¼1½ dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha vkrh ¼2½ U;k;ky; eas le; [kjkc
gksrk gS
¼3½ eqykdkfr;kas ds lkFk fookn ¼4½ cafn;kas ds Hkkxus dh
gksrk gS] lEHkkouk jgrh gSA
iz'u&17 U;k;ky; ds dk;Z gsrq D;k iqfyl izf'k{k.k dh vko;drk gksrh gS\
¼1½ gksrh gS ¼2½ ugha gksrh
¼3½ dHkh dHkh gksrh gS ¼4½ dqN ugha dguk
xiv
iz'u&18 'kL= ykblsUl tkjh djus dh 'kfDr fdls gksuh pkfg,\
¼1½ ftyk eftLVªsV dks ¼2½ iqfyl v/kh{kd dks
¼3½ nksukas eas ls fdlh dks Hkh ¼4½ iqfyl v/kh{kd dh laLrqfr
ij ftyk eftLVªsV dks
iz'u&19 fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kVus ij {ks= eas le; ls igq¡pus eas lcls vf/kd
ijs'kkuh fdl dkj.k vkrh gS\
¼1½ lwpuk fcyEc ls feyus ds dkj.k
¼2½ okgu dh deh ds dkj.k
¼3½ mPpkf/kdkfj;kas dk vkns'k nsjh ls feyus ds dkj.k
¼4½ vU; dkj.kkas ls
iz'u&20 dk;Z ds vuqikr eas iqfyl cy dh la[;k ds lEcU/k eas vkidh D;k
jk; gS\
¼1½ i;kZIr gS ¼2½ cgqr de gS
¼3½ vf/kd gS ¼4½ dqN ugha dguk
iz'u&21 vkijkf/kd ekeykas dh foopsuk eas yxus okys le; ds lEcU/k eas
vkidh D;k jk; gS\
¼1½ le; ls iw.kZ gksrh gSa ¼2½ le; ls iw.kZ ugha gksrh
¼3½ ekeys ds rF;kas ij fuHkZj djrk gS
¼4½ tkudkjh ugha gS
iz'u&22 foopsuk ds dk;Z eas foyEc dk izeq[k dkj.k D;k gS\
¼1½ le; u feyus ds dkj.k ¼2½ oknh@xokgkas }kjk lg;ksx
u feyus ds dkj.k
¼3½ vfHk;qDrkas dh mifLFkfr u ¼4½ U;k;ky; ds dkj.k
gksus ds dkj.k
xv
iz'u&23 vki fdlh Hkh izdkj ds izf'k{k.k gsrq fdrus fnu iwoZ x, Fks\
¼1½ 0&06 ekg ¼2½ 6 ekg & 1 o"kZ
¼3½ 1&3 o"kZ ¼4½ 3&5 o"kZ
iz'u&24 vki vius fy, dkSu lh lqfo/kk lcls vf/kd pkgrs gSa\
¼1½ vkokl ¼2½ dk;Z dh fuf'pr vof/k
¼3½ vodk'k ¼4½ vU; HkÙks
iz'u&25 vki iqfyl vkSj turk ds lEcU/k ds ckjs eas dqN vkSj dguk pkgrs
gSa\ ¼vf/kdre 50 'kCn½
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