images capturing an era
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11:Chapter 11:Between the WarsBetween the Wars
Fascism, Communism, Dictators Fascism, Communism, Dictators & the Road to WWII& the Road to WWII
IMAGESIMAGESCapturing an EraCapturing an Era MussoliniMussolini
Il DuceIl Duce Mussolini’s GoalsMussolini’s Goals Rome Berlin AxisRome Berlin AxisHitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini
HitlerHitlerMy StruggleMy Struggle Hitler’s HateHitler’s Hate DerDer FührerFührer (Leader)(Leader)
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HitlerHitler
http://www.oldhistoricnewspapers.com/hitler.jpg
Emperor Emperor HirohitoHirohito Alliance with Japan and ItalyAlliance with Japan and Italy
JapanJapan
World History Studies B.8.5-1
They almost ruled the world…They almost ruled the world… STALINSTALIN
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Stalin as Leader of all PeopleStalin as Leader of all People Stalin… killed 40 million of his own Stalin… killed 40 million of his own people…people…
Genocide in Ukraine 1932-33
19191919--1939… Between the Wars1939… Between the WarsContents of this LessonContents of this Lesson
Rise of HitlerRise of HitlerNazi Germany: The Nazi Germany: The Terror StateTerror StateNazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda
StalinStalinThe Secret PoliceThe Secret PoliceNaziNazi--Soviet PactSoviet PactHitler, Stalin… The U.S. Hitler, Stalin… The U.S.
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Hitler's Rise to PowerHitler's Rise to Power
http://hsgm.free.fr/liens/hitler.jpg
OverviewOverview
The Nazi Party was The Nazi Party was formed in 1919formed in 1919Hitler joined the party Hitler joined the party shortly after it’s shortly after it’s inceptioninceptionGermany was in a state Germany was in a state of disarray after the First of disarray after the First World WarWorld WarThere were many There were many extremist groups in extremist groups in Germany at the timeGermany at the time
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19191919--19231923Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First WoMany Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First World war. Exrld war. Ex--soldiers felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in the back’ and felt soldiers felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in the back’ and felt that they had not that they had not been defeated on the battlefield. Many of them joined Right Wingbeen defeated on the battlefield. Many of them joined Right Wing groups such groups such as the as the FreikorpsFreikorps or the Nazi party.or the Nazi party.
19191919--19231923
Economic hardship was Economic hardship was coupled with humiliation coupled with humiliation as a result of the terms of as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. the Treaty of Versailles. Right Wing groups Right Wing groups gained popularity by gained popularity by saying that they would saying that they would not adhere to it’s terms.not adhere to it’s terms.
Rosa LuxemburgRosa Luxemburg
The The SpartacistSpartacist rising, rising, amongst others, led to amongst others, led to many people fearing a many people fearing a Communist revolution in Communist revolution in Germany. People looked Germany. People looked to right Wing groups to to right Wing groups to act against this: the act against this: the FreikorpsFreikorps in particular.in particular.
Polish-born German communist. She helped found the Polish Social Democratic Party in the 1890s, the forerunner of the Polish Communist Party. She was a leader of the left wing of the German Social Democratic Party from 1898 where she collaborated with Karl Liebknecht in founding the Spartacus League in 1918 (see Spartacist). Imprisoned during World War I for opposing the continuation of the war, she was also critical of the decision to launch an uprising in November 1918. She disagreed with leading Polish left-wing ideologists on the issue of Polish nationalism. Luxemburg was also the author of a Marxist critique of capitalist imperialism, The Accumulation of Capital. She was murdered, together with Liebknecht, in January 1919 by the Frei Corps who
put down the Spartacist uprising.
How did the Nazi party gain support in this period?How did the Nazi party gain support in this period?
Military uniforms demonstrated strength at a Military uniforms demonstrated strength at a time when the government was weaktime when the government was weakUse of force against communists and Trade Use of force against communists and Trade unionists was popular with businessesunionists was popular with businessesPopulist policies and rhetoric were employed to Populist policies and rhetoric were employed to discredit opponents and develop support.discredit opponents and develop support.References to traditional values and reminders References to traditional values and reminders of ‘Who was to blame’ for the economic crisis of ‘Who was to blame’ for the economic crisis builds support.builds support.
1923: Violent uprising1923: Violent uprising
By 1923 the Nazi party had gained By 1923 the Nazi party had gained much support in Bavaria. Now much support in Bavaria. Now firmly under the control of firmly under the control of AdolfAdolfHitler the group attempts to seize Hitler the group attempts to seize control of the government through control of the government through use of force.use of force.Despite having many sympathisers Despite having many sympathisers the coup fails and Hitler is the coup fails and Hitler is imprisoned.imprisoned.The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch demonstrates that power needs to demonstrates that power needs to be taken through legal means. be taken through legal means.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm
RegroupingRegrouping
Whilst in prison Hitler analyses Whilst in prison Hitler analyses the parties strategythe parties strategyPolitical Strategies are developed Political Strategies are developed and refinedand refinedShift to winning electoral support Shift to winning electoral support Development of propaganda Development of propaganda toolstoolsAttempts to win support of big Attempts to win support of big businessbusiness
19241924--19291929
Focus on traditional Focus on traditional valuesvaluesBuilds fear of Left Wing Builds fear of Left Wing groupsgroupsContinued use of military Continued use of military imageryimageryLack of electoral support Lack of electoral support due to relative prosperity due to relative prosperity in Germany at the timein Germany at the time
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19291929--1932 A Change in Fortunes1932 A Change in FortunesWall Street Crash leads Wall Street Crash leads to end of effective to end of effective financial assistance from financial assistance from USAUSAUnemployment rises Unemployment rises rapidlyrapidlyHyperinflation recursHyperinflation recursThreat of Communism Threat of Communism increasesincreasesCoalition government Coalition government fails to address problems fails to address problems successfullysuccessfully
DEATH OFPRESIDENT
HINDENBURG
HITLERBECAMECHANCELLOR THE
REICHSTAGFIRE
THEENABLING
ACT
THE NIGHTOF THELONG
KNIVES
OATH OFLOYALTY
TOHITLER
FUHRER
January 1933
The depression after the Wall Street Crash made many more people vote for the Nazis. In 1933 Von Papen convinced Hindenburg that Hitler should become Chancellor.
February 1933
The Reichstag building burnt down.
A communist was found inside the building. He admitted responsibility.
Chancellor Hitler was able to convince people that the Communists were trying to take power by terrorism.
He was able to have the Communists banned from the Reichstag.
THE REICHSTAG FIRETHE REICHSTAG FIRE
March 1933
HITLER CANRULE ALONEFOR FOUR
YEARS. THEREIS NO NEED TOCONSULT THEREICHSTAG.
With the Communists banned from the Reichstag Hitler was able to pass:
THE ENABLING ACTTHE ENABLING ACT
The Night of the Long KnivesThe Night of the Long Knives
Hitler had to get rid of Hitler had to get rid of RoehmRoehm. He was too much . He was too much of a threat.of a threat.On the night of 30On the night of 30thth June June 1934 Hitler’s S.S. killed 1934 Hitler’s S.S. killed over 1000 SA members over 1000 SA members including including RoehmRoehm..The army were pleased. The army were pleased. Hitler had gained the Hitler had gained the support of the army.support of the army.
June 1934
August 1934
PRESIDENT HINDENBURG’SDEATH GAVE HITLER THEOPPORTUNITY TO COMBINETHE ROLE OF CHANCELLORAND PRESIDENT. HE CALLED
HIMSELF ‘DER FUHRER’.
HINDENBURG DIESHINDENBURG DIESOath of Loyalty: Every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to ADOLF HITLER.
August 1934
"I swear by God this sacred oath that I shall render "I swear by God this sacred oath that I shall render unconditional obedience to unconditional obedience to AdolfAdolf Hitler, the Hitler, the FührerFührer of of the German Reich, supreme commander of the armed the German Reich, supreme commander of the armed forces, and that I shall at all times be prepared, as a forces, and that I shall at all times be prepared, as a brave soldier, to give my life for this oath."brave soldier, to give my life for this oath." Nazi GermanyNazi Germany
Keeping Control:Keeping Control:Terror StateTerror State
This section adapted from Mr RJ Huggins
www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
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Key QuoteKey Quote
“Terror is the best “Terror is the best political weapon for political weapon for nothing drives people nothing drives people harder than a fear of harder than a fear of sudden death.”sudden death.”
How did Hitler keep control of Germany?How did Hitler keep control of Germany?
Keeping Control of Germany
Everyone was scared of being arrested by the
Gestapo and being put in a concentration camp. Hitler Youth & the
Young Maidens.
Propaganda
Mass Rallies, Posters and Propaganda films.
The Nazis controlled and censored the radio
& newspapers.
School children were indoctrinated with Nazi
ideas at school.
The Terror State
Secret police called the Gestapo would spy on and arrest enemies of
the state.
SS were responsible for running the
concentration camps.
Popularity
Creating Jobs
Ripping up the Treaty of Versailles.
The Terror StateThe Terror State
Both the Gestapo and Both the Gestapo and the SS were run by the SS were run by Heinrich Heinrich HimmlerHimmler..The Gestapo employed The Gestapo employed an army of spies who an army of spies who would inform on people.would inform on people.
Enemies of the StateEnemies of the State
CommunistsCommunistsSocial DemocratsSocial DemocratsJewsJewsTrade Unionists.Trade Unionists.Work ShyWork ShyHomosexualsHomosexualsGypsiesGypsies
Germans who bought Germans who bought from Jewsfrom JewsPacifistsPacifistsRadical Christian Radical Christian OrganisationOrganisationAnyone who criticised Anyone who criticised Hitler or the Nazi Party.Hitler or the Nazi Party.
Enemies of the StateEnemies of the State
A list of German A list of German women who were still women who were still purchasing goods from purchasing goods from Jewish shops.Jewish shops.Printed to scare or Printed to scare or terrorise other people terrorise other people into not buying from into not buying from the Jews.the Jews.
How did the Terror State Work?How did the Terror State Work?
Gestapo Spies inform on you
You are woken up by the Gestapo at 1 am in the morning and told
that you have 5 minutes to pack your bags.
You are arrested and thrown into a cell at the police
station
Days or maybe weeks later you are
interviewed and asked to sign form
D11
By signing this form you are giving your
consent to be put into a concentration camp.
You are handed over to the SS who
run the concentration
camps.
You are imprisoned for up to six months doing hard physical
labour.
When you are released you tell
everybody what has happened to you
Fear
How did the Terror State Work?How did the Terror State Work?
Everyone knew someone Everyone knew someone who knew someone else who who knew someone else who had been in a concentration had been in a concentration camp.camp.800,000 Germans were 800,000 Germans were imprisoned from 1933 imprisoned from 1933 ––1945 as ‘Enemies of the 1945 as ‘Enemies of the State.’ State.’ 500,000 were executed by 500,000 were executed by being shot in the neck.being shot in the neck.
Key Quote: Martin Key Quote: Martin NiemollenNiemollen, 1945, 1945
When the Nazis came for the Communists I was When the Nazis came for the Communists I was silent, I was not a Communist.silent, I was not a Communist.When the Nazis came for the Social Democrats I When the Nazis came for the Social Democrats I was silent, I was not a Social Democrat.was silent, I was not a Social Democrat.When the Nazis came for the Jews I was silent, I When the Nazis came for the Jews I was silent, I was not a Jew.was not a Jew.When the Nazis came for me there was nobody left When the Nazis came for me there was nobody left to protest.to protest.
Nazi Propaganda
Adapted from Mr Moorhouse
www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
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Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda
What is propaganda?What is propaganda?Propaganda is the use Propaganda is the use of the Media to of the Media to aggressively promote aggressively promote one point of view.one point of view.Propaganda is Propaganda is ‘brainwashing’ of the ‘brainwashing’ of the public, convincing public, convincing them of an ideological them of an ideological viewpoint.viewpoint.
PropagandaPropaganda
Discussion PointDiscussion Point
-- Do governments Do governments and/or the media and/or the media use propaganda use propaganda today? How?today? How?
Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda
The Nazi’s quickly The Nazi’s quickly recognised the value of recognised the value of the media. From the early the media. From the early days of the party they days of the party they used aggressive used aggressive advertising to promote advertising to promote the the nazinazi ideologyideologyGoebbelsGoebbels was in charge of was in charge of ‘enlightening’ the German ‘enlightening’ the German publicpublic
Nazi Nazi Propaganda: Propaganda:
MethodsMethods
PostersPostersRadioRadioFilmFilmNewspapersNewspapers
"Germany's Victory is Europe's Freedom."
PostersPosters
Posters are cheap and Posters are cheap and easy to distributeeasy to distributePlaced in prominent Placed in prominent positions they act as a positions they act as a constant reminder of constant reminder of ideologyideologyCan be used for many Can be used for many purposespurposes
“Youth serves the Fuhrer. All ten-year-olds join the Hitler Youth."www.historywiz.org/ nazi-mm.htm
Examples of Nazi Posters
"All girls join us"Poster From the Nazi Anti-Semitic Hate Film, The Eternal Jew
RadioRadio
Hitler’s SpeechesHitler’s Speeches
Hitler is considered to have been one of the greatest public speakers of all time.
Film
Film was used to show Hitler in a positive light as often as possible.
The Nazi’s commissioned several films, each carefully portraying a certain image – try to think what this may have been…
http://www.third-reich-books.com/third-reich-nazi-films-movies.htm
NewspapersNewspapers
Censoring newspapers ensures that only Censoring newspapers ensures that only the news you want people to read is the news you want people to read is available to the publicavailable to the publicNazi party members wrote many articles Nazi party members wrote many articles for the press, ensuring that the message for the press, ensuring that the message was always positivewas always positiveMany publications were bannedMany publications were banned
Page from Julius Streicher'santisemitic newspaper, "DerStürmer," in which an illustration from a medieval book depicting ritual murder, a medieval antisemitic myth, is reproduced. This page was submitted as evidence at the Nuremberg trials.
http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/ARTPROP.HTM
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STALINSTALIN Stalin’s Rise to PowerStalin’s Rise to Power
Death of LeninDeath of Lenin
Potential SuccessorsPotential Successors
The Question of the The Question of the EconomyEconomy
Stalin’s ManeuversStalin’s Maneuvers
Industrializing the Soviet UnionIndustrializing the Soviet Union
The End of the NEPThe End of the NEP
DekulakizationDekulakization
55--Year PlansYear Plans
Rapid IndustrializationRapid Industrialization
The Great PurgeThe Great Purge
Assassination of Assassination of SergeiSergeiKirovKirov
Threat to the PartyThreat to the Party
Show TrialsShow Trials
Purges uncontestedPurges uncontested
Why Did Stalin Win The Why Did Stalin Win The Struggle For Power?Struggle For Power?
The Communist Party in the 1920’s, The Communist Party in the 1920’s, Stalin’s Rise to Power and the Defeat Stalin’s Rise to Power and the Defeat
of His Rivals.of His Rivals.
The Communist Party in the Early The Communist Party in the Early 1920’s 1920’s –– What Factors Influenced the What Factors Influenced the
Power Struggle?Power Struggle?When Lenin died he left no clear successor to lead the When Lenin died he left no clear successor to lead the Communist Party.Communist Party.Lenin’s Testament criticised all the leading candidates e.g. he Lenin’s Testament criticised all the leading candidates e.g. he described Stalin as ‘not being able to use power with sufficientdescribed Stalin as ‘not being able to use power with sufficientcaution’ and Trotsky for ‘excessive self assurance’.caution’ and Trotsky for ‘excessive self assurance’.A group of leaders emerged; a ‘collective leadership’.A group of leaders emerged; a ‘collective leadership’.By 1929 one of these leaders, Stalin had become a dominant By 1929 one of these leaders, Stalin had become a dominant force.force.His success was the result of a power struggle.His success was the result of a power struggle.
Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.
In 1921 a resolution was passed banning all In 1921 a resolution was passed banning all groups within the party from putting forward groups within the party from putting forward ideas that disagreed with the official party policy.ideas that disagreed with the official party policy.Those who showed a tolerance to factionalism Those who showed a tolerance to factionalism could be expelled from the party.could be expelled from the party.
Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.
Consequences:Consequences:This ban caused a lack of debate within the This ban caused a lack of debate within the party.party.It also resulted in many expulsions: during the It also resulted in many expulsions: during the power struggles of the 1920s those who power struggles of the 1920s those who succeeded in getting their ideas accepted were succeeded in getting their ideas accepted were quick to accuse their opponents of factionalism.quick to accuse their opponents of factionalism.
Factor 2: A Centralised Party Factor 2: A Centralised Party Machine.Machine.
Traditionally Communists did not believe in Traditionally Communists did not believe in bureaucracy. However, dealing with the bureaucracy. However, dealing with the complexities of government forced the party complexities of government forced the party into becoming more centralised.into becoming more centralised.The party decided to have a General Secretary to The party decided to have a General Secretary to organise matters. organise matters. Who do you think got this job???Who do you think got this job???
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Factor 2: A centralised Party Factor 2: A centralised Party machine.machine.
Consequences:Consequences:This position and the growing centralisation of This position and the growing centralisation of the party put Stalin in a unique position to the party put Stalin in a unique position to influence job appointments.influence job appointments.
Factor 3: The growth in Party Factor 3: The growth in Party membership.membership.
By 1933 there were 3 and a half million By 1933 there were 3 and a half million members. members. Many members were young, inexperienced and Many members were young, inexperienced and uneducated.uneducated.
Factor 3: The growth in Party Factor 3: The growth in Party membership.membership.
Consequences:Consequences:These were “malleable recruits”. They were These were “malleable recruits”. They were much more likely to obey instructions than much more likely to obey instructions than some older party members.some older party members.
Factor 4: No one clear Leader.Factor 4: No one clear Leader.
StalinStalinTrotskyTrotskyZinovievZinovievKamenevKamenevBukharinBukharin
Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky
Trotsky was the man most Trotsky was the man most feared by the other senior feared by the other senior members. members. BUT…..BUT…..Trotsky refused to compete for Trotsky refused to compete for leadership. He was absent at leadership. He was absent at Lenin’s funeral saying that Stalin Lenin’s funeral saying that Stalin had told him the wrong date had told him the wrong date ((hummmmhummmm). In reality he seems ). In reality he seems to have lacked the political will to have lacked the political will to fight.to fight.This left the door open for…….This left the door open for…….
Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky
Trotsky was exiled to Trotsky was exiled to Turkey. 1 down…..3 to Turkey. 1 down…..3 to go.go.Stalin played the other Stalin played the other members of the members of the politburo off against politburo off against each other until they lost each other until they lost their government posts.their government posts.
http://www.okay.com/dunc/gulag.htm
Trotsky on his Deathbed
Stalin’s Victory.Stalin’s Victory.
Stalin’s victory was not Stalin’s victory was not inevitable, nor was it a inevitable, nor was it a result of his political result of his political skills alone.skills alone.
Stalin’s VictoryStalin’s Victory
The centralised nature of the party made it relatively easy to The centralised nature of the party made it relatively easy to control. This had begun under Lenin.control. This had begun under Lenin.The opposition to factionalism established by Lenin led other The opposition to factionalism established by Lenin led other leading members to their political death as they were seen to noleading members to their political death as they were seen to not t be towing the party line.be towing the party line.Poorly educated new party members were easy to dominate.Poorly educated new party members were easy to dominate.Stalin’s own political skills aided his rise. By shifting allegiStalin’s own political skills aided his rise. By shifting allegiances, ances, using the secret police and putting his people in key jobs thereusing the secret police and putting his people in key jobs therewas no opposition for him to encounter.was no opposition for him to encounter.
The Stalinist PurgesThe Stalinist Purges
Followed the First Five Year Plan and the Followed the First Five Year Plan and the famines and social upheaval of 1931famines and social upheaval of 1931--3232Fears of renewed civil warFears of renewed civil warOpposition to Stalin increasedOpposition to Stalin increased
Trotsky called for change from abroadTrotsky called for change from abroadInternal opposition groups called for Stalin’s Internal opposition groups called for Stalin’s removal from belowremoval from belowStalin’s wife publicly criticized him and committed Stalin’s wife publicly criticized him and committed suicidesuicide
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Solzhenitsyn: "Any adult Solzhenitsyn: "Any adult inhabitant of this country, from inhabitant of this country, from a collective farmer up to a a collective farmer up to a member of the Politburo, always member of the Politburo, always knew that it would take only one knew that it would take only one careless word or gesture and he careless word or gesture and he would fly off irrevocably into would fly off irrevocably into the abyss." (the abyss." (The Gulag The Gulag ArchipelagoArchipelago, vol. 2, p. 633.) , vol. 2, p. 633.)
STALIN’S TERRORSTALIN’S TERROR Factors That Created the PurgesFactors That Created the Purges
StalinStalinRole and functionRole and functionLeadership and powerLeadership and power
PartyPartyDevelopment and structureDevelopment and structure
IdeologyIdeologyValues and languageValues and language
OppositionsOppositionsLeftist Opposition of 1927Leftist Opposition of 1927Rightist Opposition of 1930Rightist Opposition of 1930
Stalin’s RiseStalin’s RiseWhy had Stalin risen to the top?Why had Stalin risen to the top?Distinct and invaluableDistinct and invaluable
Practitioner, not a theoristPractitioner, not a theoristCommon man, not an elitistCommon man, not an elitistPlain spoken, not an intellectualPlain spoken, not an intellectual
CounterweightCounterweight
Lenin leaned on him to do the Lenin leaned on him to do the work others would notwork others would not
Stalin balanced the competing Stalin balanced the competing egos and interests in the egos and interests in the PolitburoPolitburoPerceived as man of Perceived as man of moderation, compromise, and moderation, compromise, and levellevel--headednessheadednessDedicated, ruthless, brutal if Dedicated, ruthless, brutal if necessarynecessary
Stalin’s PositionStalin’s Position
Organizer and workhorseOrganizer and workhorseCommissar for NationalitiesCommissar for NationalitiesMember of Politburo, Member of Politburo, OrgburoOrgburo, Secretariat (all , Secretariat (all subsets of the Central Committee) and the party subsets of the Central Committee) and the party Control CommissionControl CommissionControlled party membership and local electionsControlled party membership and local electionsMinimized criticisms of Central Committee by Minimized criticisms of Central Committee by closely structuring attendance at party congressesclosely structuring attendance at party congresses
Lenin’s Last YearsLenin’s Last Years
Given more “unwanted” jobsGiven more “unwanted” jobsEnforced political isolation on Lenin after his stroke Enforced political isolation on Lenin after his stroke on doctor’s (and the Politburo’s) orderson doctor’s (and the Politburo’s) ordersPositions opened opportunities, but also carried Positions opened opportunities, but also carried dangersdangersThe others in the leadership thought he would trip The others in the leadership thought he would trip up and they could dispose of himup and they could dispose of him
Stalin’s selfStalin’s self--imageimageIndispensableIndispensableBeset by opponentsBeset by opponents
Stalin in the 1930sStalin in the 1930s
The leader, but not absoluteThe leader, but not absoluteHad to exist in a system of conflicting groups and Had to exist in a system of conflicting groups and interestsinterestsDependent upon, but also powerful over, the Dependent upon, but also powerful over, the personnel of the partypersonnel of the party
The The nomenklaturanomenklatura (party political elites)(party political elites)Moscow had accumulated much centralized powerMoscow had accumulated much centralized powerStalin had not really created the system but he was Stalin had not really created the system but he was its chief representative and patronits chief representative and patron
Party and SocietyParty and Society
Party’s control insecure in countrysideParty’s control insecure in countrysideHad been ‘lesser of two evils’ in 1921Had been ‘lesser of two evils’ in 1921Intense rural opposition to collectivizationIntense rural opposition to collectivization
Party’s responses had been massive recruitment Party’s responses had been massive recruitment drivesdrives
‘Lenin Levy’ of 1924 brought in 200,000 members, ‘Lenin Levy’ of 1924 brought in 200,000 members, mainly illmainly ill--educated, Russianeducated, Russian--ethnic, industrial ethnic, industrial workersworkersMembership reached about 2 million, mostly Membership reached about 2 million, mostly recruited between 1929recruited between 1929--19321932
Fissures in the PartyFissures in the Party
The results of growth and centralization led to The results of growth and centralization led to major divisionsmajor divisionsFour distinct levelsFour distinct levels
Stalin and PolitburoStalin and PolitburoCentral Moscow leadershipCentral Moscow leadershipRegional and local leadersRegional and local leadersRank and file party membersRank and file party members
The following is drawn mainly from J. Arch Getty and The following is drawn mainly from J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Oleg V. NaumovNaumov, , The Road to Terror: Stalin and the The Road to Terror: Stalin and the SelfSelf--Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932--19391939, Yale , Yale University Press, 1999.University Press, 1999.
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AntecedentsAntecedents
Civil War valuesCivil War valuesImplacable and pitiless character rewardedImplacable and pitiless character rewardedCivil rights and legality as bourgeois liberal nostrumsCivil rights and legality as bourgeois liberal nostrumsThe peasants as the enemy of the revolutionThe peasants as the enemy of the revolutionMass terror as legitimate, if not respectableMass terror as legitimate, if not respectableSecret police (Secret police (ChekaCheka, later OGPU) first employed, later OGPU) first employed
Language and PoliticsLanguage and Politics
The use of flexible and looselyThe use of flexible and loosely--defined defined metaphors in official discourse to identify metaphors in official discourse to identify enemiesenemies
KulakKulakTrotskyistTrotskyistSaboteurSaboteurCounterCounter--revolutionaryrevolutionaryTraitorTraitor
The Party and PurgesThe Party and Purges
Purges of enemies were accepted, if not Purges of enemies were accepted, if not promoted, by many in the partypromoted, by many in the party
Fearful for their positions if the regime collapsedFearful for their positions if the regime collapsedTrue believers in communism and the chosen role of True believers in communism and the chosen role of the Bolshevik partythe Bolshevik party
Ideology and TruthIdeology and Truth
The historical destiny and The historical destiny and inevitability of Communisminevitability of Communism
Deaths, setbacks and Deaths, setbacks and complications could not be the complications could not be the result of erroneous policiesresult of erroneous policiesHad to be the consequence of Had to be the consequence of sabotage, class enemies and sabotage, class enemies and internal party traitorsinternal party traitors
Two OppositionsTwo Oppositions
The United Opposition of 1927The United Opposition of 1927Trotsky, Trotsky, ZinovievZinoviev and and Kamenev’sKamenev’s threat to take threat to take matters to the street after losing out to Stalinmatters to the street after losing out to Stalin--BukharinBukharinBroke cardinal rule of keeping disputes within the Broke cardinal rule of keeping disputes within the party, behind closed doorsparty, behind closed doorsRefused to publicly recant, admit errors, and accept Refused to publicly recant, admit errors, and accept judgmentjudgmentKamenevKamenev was severely demoted; was severely demoted; ZinovievZinoviev and and Trotsky were expelled; Trotsky deported in 1929Trotsky were expelled; Trotsky deported in 1929
Two OppositionsTwo Oppositions
Rightist Opposition of 1930Rightist Opposition of 1930BukharinBukharin, , RykovRykov, and , and TomskyTomsky recanted their errors recanted their errors in private speeches to the partyin private speeches to the partyPerformed what was to become a basic apology Performed what was to become a basic apology ritualritualLost their Politburo seats, but stayed in the party and Lost their Politburo seats, but stayed in the party and Central CommitteeCentral Committee
The Secret PoliceThe Secret Police
HistoryHistoryFunctionsFunctionsStructureStructure
HistoryHistory
Tsarist Secret Police: Tsarist Secret Police: OkhranaOkhranaUnder Lenin: Under Lenin: ChekaCheka (1917(1917--1922)1922)
Head: Felix DzerzhinskyHead: Felix DzerzhinskyPurpose: Prevent Purpose: Prevent counterrevolutionary activitiescounterrevolutionary activitiesFirst camp for political prisoners: First camp for political prisoners: SolovkiSolovki MonasteryMonastery1922: made part of NKVD 1922: made part of NKVD (Commissariat of Internal Affairs)(Commissariat of Internal Affairs)
The Great TerrorThe Great Terror
19341934----assasination of assasination of KirovKirovPurge of the Leningrad PartyPurge of the Leningrad PartyYezhovYezhov 19361936--3838Enemies of the PeopleEnemies of the PeoplePublic trials of important Public trials of important figuresfiguresBeriaBeria 19381938--19531953
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KGBKGB
Committee for State SecurityCommittee for State Security1954 to end of Soviet period1954 to end of Soviet periodFunctionsFunctions
Foreign intelligenceForeign intelligenceActivities of foreigners on Soviet territoryActivities of foreigners on Soviet territoryIdeological control of Soviet populationIdeological control of Soviet population
Secret informersSecret informersdissidentsdissidents
GULAGGULAG
State Directorate of (Labor) CampsState Directorate of (Labor) CampsCorrective Labor: White Sea Canal project 1930Corrective Labor: White Sea Canal project 1930--3131
Work Work reforgesreforges antianti--social peoplesocial peopleCheap laborCheap labor
Solzhenitsyn: Gulag ArchipelagoSolzhenitsyn: Gulag ArchipelagoDeath campsDeath campsKolymaKolymaPolitical prisoners: Article 58Political prisoners: Article 58
Death TollDeath Toll
Solzhenitsyn: 66 millionSolzhenitsyn: 66 million19271927--29: 1 mil., political 29: 1 mil., political oppositionopposition19301930--33: Collectivization 33: Collectivization
12 mil. Peasants deported 12 mil. Peasants deported to Siberia to Siberia
19321932--33: Famine33: Famine66--7 mil. Die of starvation7 mil. Die of starvation
1.51.5--2 mil. Arrested for 2 mil. Arrested for “crimes against state “crimes against state property”property”
http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/sjk/kolyma3.htm
Death Toll (cont.)Death Toll (cont.)
Great Terror 1937Great Terror 1937--38: 538: 5--7 mil. Arrested, shot, 7 mil. Arrested, shot, sent to labor campssent to labor camps50% of Party, 70% of 50% of Party, 70% of Central Committee, 66% Central Committee, 66% of military, including of military, including nearly all generalsnearly all generals19391939--41: Mass 41: Mass repressions in the Baltic repressions in the Baltic states and western states and western Ukraine, Ukraine, BelorussiaBelorussia
http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/rummel/dbg.tab1.4.gif
Death Toll (cont.)Death Toll (cont.)During World War IIDuring World War II
2 mil. Ethnic Germans deported2 mil. Ethnic Germans deported3 mil. Moslems3 mil. Moslems22--3 mil. Arrested for reporting late for work3 mil. Arrested for reporting late for work
War casualties: 20 mil.War casualties: 20 mil.PostPost--war: 10war: 10--12 mil. Deprived of rights or sent 12 mil. Deprived of rights or sent to labor camps for living in areas occupied by to labor camps for living in areas occupied by Nazis during warNazis during war
ReasonsReasons
Eliminate rivals and potential rivalsEliminate rivals and potential rivalsIntensify the mood of terrorIntensify the mood of terrorBlame government failures on “enemies”Blame government failures on “enemies”Cheap labor for government projectsCheap labor for government projects
Adapted from Sean ConnollyAdapted from Sean Connolly
AndAnd
Nick Nick WildeyWildey
The NaziThe Nazi--Soviet PactSoviet Pact
““I must confess to the most profound I must confess to the most profound distrust of Russia. And I distrust her distrust of Russia. And I distrust her motives, which seem to me to have little motives, which seem to me to have little connection with our ideas of liberty, and to connection with our ideas of liberty, and to be concerned only with getting everyone be concerned only with getting everyone else by the ears….”else by the ears….”
““Moreover, she is both Moreover, she is both hatedhated and and suspectedsuspected by many of the smaller States, by many of the smaller States, notably by notably by PolandPoland, , RomaniaRomania and and FinlandFinland.”.”
Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain
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Summary of ArticlesSummary of ArticlesCommunication between both governments was key so as to Communication between both governments was key so as to address problems reflecting on their country’s common address problems reflecting on their country’s common interests. interests.
NonNon--aggression was the main component, assuring that neither aggression was the main component, assuring that neither side would attack the other and any violence was strictly side would attack the other and any violence was strictly forbidden.forbidden.
Summary of Articles Cont’dSummary of Articles Cont’dThe treaty would last for The treaty would last for ten years, after that it ten years, after that it would continue for five would continue for five more years if neither more years if neither party expressed party expressed disinterest in the disinterest in the relationship.relationship.
Any conflicts between Any conflicts between parties would not be parties would not be settled through violence, settled through violence, but rather through but rather through exchanging opinions or exchanging opinions or arbitration commissions.arbitration commissions.
Not an AllianceNot an Alliance
The treaty or pact was The treaty or pact was definitely not an definitely not an alliance. The two alliance. The two powers did not agree to powers did not agree to international efforts.international efforts.The economic The economic agreement of August agreement of August 13, 1939 named USSR 13, 1939 named USSR to provide Germany to provide Germany with food and raw with food and raw materials. materials. Germany would supply Germany would supply the U.S.S.R. with the U.S.S.R. with finished products.finished products.
A Shock to the WorldA Shock to the WorldThe Nazi's were The Nazi's were known for hating known for hating CommunistsCommunists. With . With the the USSRUSSR a a Communist body, the Communist body, the world was shocked world was shocked that these two that these two governments would governments would sign any sort of sign any sort of agreement, much less agreement, much less a nona non--aggression aggression one.one.
Two Terms that Two Terms that Don’tDon’tMixMix
Ideological DifferencesIdeological Differences
FascismFascism –– embraces private propertyembraces private property
CommunismCommunism –– nationalizes (takes away) nationalizes (takes away) private propertyprivate property
HitlerHitler andand StalinStalin
Hitler and Stalin were seeking power by Hitler and Stalin were seeking power by abusing the citizens of their countries, abusing the citizens of their countries, aspiring to world domination. aspiring to world domination.
In both Hitler’s Germany and In both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Stalin’s U.S.S.R.,U.S.S.R., the populations were split down the populations were split down the midthe middledle..
HitlerHitler//StalinStalin Population Population EffectsEffects
In the In the U.S.S.R. “Stalinism”U.S.S.R. “Stalinism” made the people made the people paranoid about paranoid about not not helping the Soviet cause. helping the Soviet cause. The The “Great Purge”“Great Purge” led to the deaths of led to the deaths of millions of Soviets.millions of Soviets.
In Germany, Hitler created massive rifts In Germany, Hitler created massive rifts between races leading to the deaths of between races leading to the deaths of millions of Jews.millions of Jews.
Secret Perks of the AgreementSecret Perks of the Agreement
The secret protocol of the agreement gave the The secret protocol of the agreement gave the SovietsSoviets control of the Baltic States, blocked the control of the Baltic States, blocked the SovietsSoviets from entering a war against Germany, from entering a war against Germany, and split Poland between the two countries. and split Poland between the two countries.
Poland Poland –– Result of Pact on Result of Pact on Target NationsTarget Nations
About a week after the About a week after the signing of the pact, signing of the pact, German forces entered German forces entered Poland. Poland. Throughout September of Throughout September of 1939, Poland was subject 1939, Poland was subject to occupation in the west to occupation in the west from German forces and from German forces and from the east by Soviet from the east by Soviet forces. forces. The British and French The British and French honored their ally system honored their ally system by declaring war on by declaring war on Germany.Germany.
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““Bloodthirsty”Bloodthirsty”
The Polish were forced into The Polish were forced into labourlabour camps and their camps and their military officers were brutally murdered.military officers were brutally murdered.The goal of German/Soviet occupation was to The goal of German/Soviet occupation was to enslave the Polish and erase their sense of enslave the Polish and erase their sense of nationalism and identity.nationalism and identity.
““A great myth developed that only the fascist A great myth developed that only the fascist enemy was capable of genocide, of mass crime. enemy was capable of genocide, of mass crime. If the crimes of the If the crimes of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union were to be were to be put into the same category as those of the Nazis, put into the same category as those of the Nazis, the whole moral story the whole moral story of why we fought the Second World War would of why we fought the Second World War would have been ruined. have been ruined. We now know that during the war, We now know that during the war, StalinStalinactually killed more of actually killed more of his own people than Hitler killed during the his own people than Hitler killed during the Holocaust.”Holocaust.”
Norman Davies Norman Davies
At the At the KatynKatyn forests in 1043, nearly 4,000 forests in 1043, nearly 4,000 Polish military officers were discovered in a Polish military officers were discovered in a mass grave; a massacre which was recently mass grave; a massacre which was recently claimed in responsibility in 1991 by the Soviets.claimed in responsibility in 1991 by the Soviets.
The Big Picture of The Big Picture of PolandPoland
The concentration camps killed Jews on The concentration camps killed Jews on Polish soil at infamous camps such as Polish soil at infamous camps such as Auschwitz, Auschwitz, MajdanekMajdanek, and Treblinka., and Treblinka.
Almost all of the 3 million Jews living in Almost all of the 3 million Jews living in Poland were annihilated by the ruthless Poland were annihilated by the ruthless Germans and Soviets. Germans and Soviets.
An Attack on Finland, Gone An Attack on Finland, Gone BadBad
On November 30th, 1939 the USSR On November 30th, 1939 the USSR attacked Finland, expecting an easy attacked Finland, expecting an easy victory. However Finland was able to hold victory. However Finland was able to hold them off and retain its independence. This them off and retain its independence. This scuttle was known as the Winter War. scuttle was known as the Winter War.
The End of the PactThe End of the Pact
The pact between the two countries was severed as The pact between the two countries was severed as a result of Hitler invading the U.S.S.R. on June a result of Hitler invading the U.S.S.R. on June 2222ndnd, 1941., 1941.
Failure of the pactFailure of the pact
The Germans were The Germans were avoiding fighting avoiding fighting a two front war.a two front war.
The attack on the Soviets may have The attack on the Soviets may have helped to win the war for the allies, as helped to win the war for the allies, as the Germans then had the Germans then had two frontstwo fronts to to supply, occupy, and fightsupply, occupy, and fight..
““They should have known They should have known …”…”
The attack on the The attack on the USSRUSSR shocked few people. shocked few people. It was assumed that this pact would last only It was assumed that this pact would last only long enough to give Germany the advantage long enough to give Germany the advantage of not having to fight on two fronts.of not having to fight on two fronts.
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USSR USSR Enters Enters WWIIWWII
Following the German invasion of the Following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets were involved in WWII, USSR, the Soviets were involved in WWII, as well as defeating the German powers.as well as defeating the German powers.
UU..S.S. InvolvementInvolvement
The U.S. soon became The U.S. soon became involved in the war. If the involved in the war. If the U.S. was involved in the war U.S. was involved in the war prior to June 22prior to June 22ndnd, 1941, , 1941, many people believe that many people believe that Germany would not have Germany would not have attacked Russia.attacked Russia.
http://www.hfcsd.org/ww2
UU..S.S. and and U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.The combination of the The combination of the United States and the United States and the USSR joining allied USSR joining allied efforts in a matter of efforts in a matter of months apart, morale months apart, morale among British and among British and French troops French troops skyrocketed, and the skyrocketed, and the Soviets fought as if there Soviets fought as if there had been no had been no negotiations between negotiations between their government and their government and Germany at all.Germany at all.
“Ours is a righteous cause. The enemy shall “Ours is a righteous cause. The enemy shall be defeated. Victory will be ours.”be defeated. Victory will be ours.”
VyacheslavVyacheslav Molotov Molotov -- June 22, 1941 June 22, 1941 (Foreign minister of the USSR during time of signing of (Foreign minister of the USSR during time of signing of pact as well as time of attack.)pact as well as time of attack.)
EvaluationEvaluationWhat were the provisions of the NaziWhat were the provisions of the Nazi--Soviet Pact?Soviet Pact?
Was it a treaty of alliance? If not, what was Was it a treaty of alliance? If not, what was its purpose?its purpose?
Why was the world shocked when it was Why was the world shocked when it was announced? What were the ideological announced? What were the ideological differences between Hitler and Stalin?differences between Hitler and Stalin?
What effect would the pact have on the What effect would the pact have on the nations who were targeted?nations who were targeted?
When and how would the Pact be broken?When and how would the Pact be broken?
Works CitedWorks CitedGermanGerman--Soviet NonSoviet Non--Aggression Treaty, 1939Aggression Treaty, 1939
http://http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/German_Soviet_Pact.htmwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/German_Soviet_Pact.htmAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303Site contained articles of provisions of the pact.Site contained articles of provisions of the pact.
PicturePicturehttp://http://www.jacdepczyk.com/images/depczyk_play.jpwww.jacdepczyk.com/images/depczyk_play.jpggAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303
Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia http://http://go.grolier.comgo.grolier.comAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303Good general background information, combined with great graphicGood general background information, combined with great graphics of Hitler and Stalin.s of Hitler and Stalin.
Poland’s HolocaustPoland’s Holocaustwww.polandsholocaust.orgwww.polandsholocaust.org//Accessed 6/06/03Accessed 6/06/03Excellent source for information regarding a country whose “holoExcellent source for information regarding a country whose “holocaust” was not quite as caust” was not quite as known about as was Germany’s.known about as was Germany’s.
NaziNazi--Soviet PactSoviet Pacthttp://http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnazipact.htmwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnazipact.htmAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303Site contained information on both Hitler and Stalin, as well asSite contained information on both Hitler and Stalin, as well as several primary source several primary source documents.documents.
Works Cited Cont’dWorks Cited Cont’dThe Avalon ProjectThe Avalon Project
http://http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/nonagres.htmwww.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/nonagres.htmAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303Contained articles of the pact.Contained articles of the pact.Excellent web site for information on a wide array of topics.Excellent web site for information on a wide array of topics.
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonGermany and the Soviet Union sign a non--aggression pactaggression pacthttp://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/World/HitlerStalin.http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/World/HitlerStalin.htmlhtmlAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--0303Site talked slightly about the signing of the pact, but focused Site talked slightly about the signing of the pact, but focused mainly on the mainly on the invasion of Poland.invasion of Poland.
German and Soviet RuleGerman and Soviet Rulehttp://www.1upinfo.comhttp://www.1upinfo.comAccessed 6/6/03Accessed 6/6/03Detailed outline of the pact, definitely a source to use again fDetailed outline of the pact, definitely a source to use again for many other or many other topics.topics.
NaziNazi--Soviet PactSoviet Pacthttp://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII8.htmhttp://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII8.htmAccessed 5Accessed 5--3030--03 03 Site contained information on the shock that this pact caused toSite contained information on the shock that this pact caused to the rest of the the rest of the world. Also contained some pictures.world. Also contained some pictures.