imaging of common diseases of hepatobiliary and gi...
TRANSCRIPT
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Natthaporn Tanpowpong, M.D.
Diagnostic radiology
Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University
Imaging of common diseases of hepatobiliary and GI system
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Normal plain radiograph
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A = Common bile
duct
B = Right hepatic
artery
C = Portal vein
D = IVC
B
A
D
C
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CBD ปกต ิ
SMA
SV
IVC
S
LL
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Fundus
Body Neck
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ภาพ transverse scan ที่ mid
upper abdomen
Splenic vein
SMA
Pancreas
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T1W in phase T1W out of phase
T2W with FS Heavy T2W with FS
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A-phase PV-phase
Equilibrium phase Delayed 3 minutes
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Symptoms
Signs
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Laboratory: blood, urine, stool
Imaging
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Common liver disease
Liver parenchymal disease
Fatty liver
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Focal liver lesions
Cyst
Hemangioma
Abscess
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Metastasis
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Fatty liver
Many causes obesity, DM, malnutrition or exposure to ethanol or other toxins
Imaging findings vary depending on amount of fat
US diffuse increased hepatic parenchymal echogenicity
CT diffuse decreased attenuation
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HEPATITIS
Most cases normal
US Diffusely decreased hepatic parenchymal
echogenicity, with accentuated brightness of the
portal triads and periportal cuffing
Hepatomegaly and thickening of gallbladder wall
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Liver cirrhosis
oCauses
• Viral hepatitis: B and C
• Alcohol
• Toxin
• NASH
• Autoimmune
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Liver cirrhosis
Morphologic change
• Hypertrophy of lateral segment of left hepatic lobe and caudate lobe
• Atrophy of medial segment of left hepatic lobe and right hepatic lobe
Nodular hepatic surface
Regenerative nodules
Fibrosis
Expanded gallbladder fossa sign
Dilatation of right inferior phrenic artery
Gastrointestinal wall thickening
Portal hypertension
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Liver cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
o Portosystemic collaterals: increased size and number
of retroperitoneal vessels in
• splenic hilum
• gastrohepatic ligament
• paraesophageal region
• splenorenal shunt
• canalization of paraumbilical vein
o Splenomegaly
o Ascites
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Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
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Cyst
o Greater prevalence in older patients
o Typically asymptomatic
o US anechoic lesion with posterior enhancement
o CT o Water density (<20 HU)
o Not enhance
o Well defined border without perceptible walls
o No mural nodularity or wall calcification
o MR non-enhanced low SI on T1W, high SI on T2W and heavy T2W
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Hemangioma
o M/C benign liver tumor, prevalence up to 20%
o Usually incidental finding
o Occur in all age groups but more common in adults,
particularly women
o Solitary or multiple lesions
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Hemangioma
Typical sonographic
appearance well
defined, homogeneous
hyperechoic
May appear
hypoechoic within
background of a fatty
infiltrated liver
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Hemangioma
CT findings
Well defined hypodensity mass
MRI findings
T1W – low SI
T2W and heavy T2W – high SI, giant hemangioma
central area of either bright, dark or mixed SI and a
network of multiple fibrous septae of low SI
Typical enhancement pattern peripheral nodular enhancement with centripetal fill-in on later phases
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Abscess
o Causes • Pyogenic hepatic abscess (M/C)
o Clostridium species
o Gram-negative bacteria: E.coli, Bacteroides species
o Coalescent, grouped appearance
• Amebic abscess: Entamoeba histolytica
• Fungal abscess: Candida albicans
o Single or multiple
o Can be small or large
o Hepatomegaly
o Pleural effusion
o Gas within abscess (esp. Klebsiella)
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Liver abscess
US findings
• Hypoechoic lesion with
well defined mildly echoic
rim
• Posterior acoustic
enhancement
• Low-level echoes/ fluid-
debris level
• Intensely echogenic
reflections with reverberations
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Liver abscess
CT findings
• Centrally hypodense lesion
• Peripheral enhancing rim
• Perilesional hyperemia
• Air bubbles may be present
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
M/C primary malignant hepatic neoplasm
Predominant causal factors cirrhosis from
alcoholism, viral hepatitis and toxin exposure
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Ultrasound
o Lower sensitivity and specificity than CT or MR in
diagnosing HCC
o Variable echogenicity: hypoechoic, hyperechoic and
mixed echogenicity
o Thin hypoechoic band of capsule
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
CT findings
Hypodensity mass ± necrosis, fat, calcification
Early enhancing mass with rapid washout on the late phase
Late enhancement of capsule
Tumor thrombus detection of early enhancement of thrombus during arterial phase
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Hepatic Metastasis
o Most common malignant focal liver lesions in
the non-cirrhotic liver
o Features of metastasis is vary, may be expansive,
infiltrative, surface spreading or miliary,
depending on origin of primary tumor
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Hepatic Metastasis
Ultrasound
Diagnostic sensitivity over 90% in
detection of metastasis
Sonographic patterns
Hyperechoic
Bull’s eye or target pattern
Hypoechoic
Cystic
Calcified
Infiltrative
Multiple lesions
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METASTASES
Hypervascular
metastasis
Hypovascular
metastasis Cystic
metastasis
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Common diseases of biliary system
Gallstone
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Cholangiocarcinoma
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Gallstone
Ultrasound
Imaging tool of choice, accuracy 96%
Highly reflective echo, mobile and associated with posterior
acoustic shadowing
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Acute cholecystitis
o Ultrasound
• First imaging modality of choice
• Most specific findings
• Gallstone, esp. impacted stone in cystic duct or gallbladder
neck
• Positive sonographic Murphy sign
• Thickening of gallbladder wall (>3 mm)
• Distention of gallbladder lumen (diameter > 4 cm)
• Pericholecystic fluid collection
• Hyperemic gallbladder wall on Doppler US
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Acute Cholecystitis
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Cholangitis
Sonography is advocated as the first imaging
modality to determine the cause and level of
obstruction and to exclude other diseases
Sonographic findings
• Dilatation of the biliary tree
• Choledocholithiasis and possibly sludge
• Bile duct wall thickening
• Hepatic abscess
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Cholangitis with CBD stone
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Cholangiocarcinoma
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Common diseases of pancreas
Pancreatitis
Adenocarcinoma
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Acute pancreatitis
Acute inflammatory process of pancreas with
variable involvement of other regional tissue or
remote organ systems
Etiology
Alcohol, stone, metabolic, infection, trauma, drug
Clinical
severe mid epigastric pain radiating to back
Increased serum amylase and lipase
Diagnosis based on clinical and laboratory
findings
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Acute pancreatitis
Role of ultrasound Detection of gallstone or bile duct stone
Survey complication as peripancreatic fluid
Follow up complication
Guide intervention
CT is primary modality of choice to identified
necrotic parenchyma and extraparenchymal
involvement
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Acute pancreatitis
Sonographic findings o Negative in mild form
o Focal pancreatitis focal isoechoic or hypoechoic enlargement of pancreas
o Diffuse pancreatitis increasingly hypoechogenic relative to normal liver and increased size
o Focal hemorrhage – focal echogenic mass
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Acute pancreatitis
CT findings
Focal or diffuse pancreatic enlargement
Heterogeneous enhancement with non-enhancing necrotic areas
Rim enhancement of fluid collection, abscess and pseudocyst
Infiltration of peripancreatic fat
Gallstone
Pseudoaneurysm
Pleural effusion and atelectasis of basal lungs
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Day 4
Day 25 1 y
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Chronic pancreatitis
An inflammatory disease process that leads to progressive and irreversible structural damage of pancreas permanent dysfunction of both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function
Etiology
Alcohol abuse
Genetic factors
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypercalcemia
Autoimmunity
Pancreatic duct obstruction
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Chronic pancreatitis
Radiography
• Calcifications projecting
over epigastrium can be
seen in 30-70%
• Specific but poorly sensitive
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Chronic pancreatitis
Ultrasound findings
Pancreatic calcifications (40%), may be focal or diffuse
Pancreatic enlargement or atrophy
Ductal dilatation
Pseudocyst
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Malignancy arises from ductal epithelium of exocrine pancreas
Presentation varies with location
Head obstructive jaundice, pain and weight loss
Body & tail weight loss and massive hepatic metastasis
Mean age at onset 55 years
Location
Head 60%
Body 20%
CT scan is recommended for staging, pre- and post therapeutic evaluation, evaluating complication
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Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
CT findings
Heterogeneous poorly
enhancing mass
Parenchymal atrophy and
ductal dilatation upstream from
tumor
Lesion in head may cause CBD
obstruction
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Common diseases of GI system
Bowel obstruction
Bowel perforation
Infection/inflammation
Cancer
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Small bowel obstruction
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Large bowel obstruction
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Large bowel obstruction from colonic cancer
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Colitis
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Esophageal carcinoma
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Gastric cancer malignancy arising from gastric mucosa
Polypoid or circumferential mass with no peristalsis through lesion
Morphology polypoid, ulcerated, infiltrative lesions
CT
Negative contrast agent
Polypoid mass ± ulceration
Focal wall thickening with mucosal irregularity or focal infiltration of wall
Gas filled ulcer crater within mass
Wall thickening with loss of normal rugal fold pattern
Enhancing thickened wall
CA cardia irregular soft tissue thickening; lobulated mass
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CA colon
BE
Sessile/ pedunculated
lesion
Semiannular lesion
Annular (apple core)
lesion
CT
Asymmetric mural
thickening ± irregular
surface