immigration and ethnic and racial inequality

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Immigration and Ethnic and Racial Inequality in the UnitedStates

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Citation Waters, Mary C., and Karl Eschbach. 1995. Immigration andethnic and racial inequality in the United States. Annual Reviewof Sociology 21: 419-446.

Published Version doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002223Accessed June 26, 2013 4:03:20 PM EDT

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IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC

AND RACAL NQUALTY IN

THE NTED STATES

Ma WatersDeparment of Sioogy Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 1

Karl EschbachCentr or Demograpy and Ecoogy Uniersity of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin

ORS: strataton rae and etnt nequat eono ondtons raton

BSTRA

This review examines research about uent leves and reent hanges ineni and raia stratifiation in the United States. Researh aout ethniinequaity emphasizes that eonomi stgnation and restutuing are toubling impediments to pogress toward equaity, and it shows evidene thatempoers ma stil use raia and ethni queues in hing A number ofissues aise with respet to the inoporation of the new waves of immigrantswho have aived sine immigration law reform in 96 We disuss pattesof adaptation of new immigrants, inuding available evidene on the ethni

enlave eonomy and substitution in the labor market of immigrants fornative minorities We summarie new theories and hpotheses aout the fateof th hidrn of rnt imigrnts nd w point to topi in hi aneeding futher researh

he half entuy sine the lose of Word War II has seen numerous hangesto he fae of raia and ethni inequait in the United States whie he proemof inequality has endured When Myda puished m mm

44 the segregationism toerated b Plessy v Ferguson was the aw of theand and aste-ike baiers separated blaks fom whites Mrdal's hief taswas to omprehend the viious re that pepetuated these rgd dstntonsetween the raes By ontrast when Waer Soe 94desied the ethni

06005/95/0815190500

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4 WAERS ESCHACH

srcre of a represenave Aercan c, he descred he paeed reaonshps aong s varos Eropean naona descen grops The varae heseators se o epan he nea sanng of these grops as he reave

apse of e snce each grop had graed o he Uned aese for nadsncons aong Eropean descen popaons o e erased hrogh hoog-enaon of he soca posons of eers of dfferen grops

n the nervenng ve decades, ascrpve nea has een transfored severa nerreaed evens The econoc groh of he posar decadesoed the ackdrop for a perod of oh ega and ssanve changes nraca and ehnc nea n he Une aes The fora dsaes of JC sepas ere saned cor decsons and egsave aconfferences eeen acks and hes on edcaon and ncoe naoedThese changes, ogeher h rsng genera eves of prosper creaed fore rs e a ssana ack dde cass A e sae e, e openoppon srcre creaed he eandng econo eased he ncorpora-on of he chdren and grandchdren of eers of he aves of gransho had fooded o he Uned aes fo Erope efore and drng e eardecades of he cenr

Ye he sor of changng neqa s no a oannas ae A he coseof he eneh cenr grop dfferences have changed shape raher han

sappeared The ackgrond of ese changes s he canged econoc poson of e Uned aes The rapd pace of econoc groh n he edaeposar perod cod no e ssaned afer he 960s, sang frer progressoard raca eqa The expo of anfacrng epoen has pparcar pressre on orkers a he oer end of he edcaon dsronhere eers of raca nor grops are overrepresened. An era ofnshed epecaons has hron no reef he connng reevance of raceo econoc oppon

The ne goa order has changed e raca and ehnc ap of he Uned

aes one frher a graon has had a ver arge pac on Aercansoce snce he 960s, and os especa has ncreased he dvers ofhe nonhe popaon of he Uned aes n 990 79% of he U pop-aon as foregn o Te 98 on foregno peope n e Unedaes s e arges ner n so Te sorces of graon oshave aso shed as a conseence of changes n graon a and n heneaona pae of graon fos n 990, 25.2% of e foregnopopaon as Asan, 425% Lan Aecan, 22% Epean, and 0% fo

oher conres Te decade of e 980s prodced a arge ner of -grans 44% of e oa 990 foregno popaon aved n a decadeBrea of Censs 99)

n hs paper e reve recen erare assessng he pac of hreefacorsconoc rescrng, raca dscnaon and graonn

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MMGRATON AND ETHNC NEQUALITY 4

he crren paes of aia inqai in h Uni as Becas of heenoros ipa of iigaion on h oposiion of Aia's nonhiepopaion, e sess he ioance of coining anass of he econo

and of acia and ehnic isiinaion aong ih he ne evience e haveao iigan asopion an hang

RACAL AN HNC CAGR

choas ho s hnii a in gna agn ha acia an hnicaegoies ae socia consrcions ahe han naa eniies ha are sip"o hee in he od This consrd haae of ehni grops has seveaipicaions fo sah n is ha he cagois h anas ss ae ondo e aia Fo xa ff of Managn an Bge (MB)iecive 5 spifs his aks Hisanics Naiv Aians, Asians,and acifc sandes as aia an hnic cagois fo oses of enfoceen of ivi rghs gisaion n fa his is an aiar assiicaion scheehich a oe is high v of ogniion o ieciv 5 isf Eahaggegaion incs spoaions ha ae hesvs ivs oh in hesocia an a oganizaion of sning conis an in h avage exp-

riens of gro s in h Uni as Fo exa h "Asiancoves he experins of soa o inories ik he Japanse anKoans ho hav high soioonomic saning in h Uni as as as ohas Asian oaions ha hav xin o iffiis

Th a no as mhooogica soions o his om of cassiaion,excep fo h ecogniion of h aiainss of an s of hnic caegorisWe onenae on h MB inoi gos in his aepaing oseaenion o he isin soaions ha ak ah agggaion W ono sve h ioan ia on hi hni go inqai as

of spa iiaions (Fo a goo ovvi s Aa 0 Lison 80Lison Was 88 Hischan 8)

Foos aia an hnic oaions in he Uni as cassificaionos aso ais as of h ogss of amagamaion an assiiaionThe signican xion mains Afian Aicans Bcas of h igiiof h ona n aks an his f fniiona os aisas of inaiag en acks an ohs hav hisoica n oEvn ih n incass in 8-8 on % of Afican Aian asha aiags invoving hi soss an 2% of Afican Aican fashad hie sposs (Kain ) Fh h oon s in h Unieas of h of hposcn (h on o assif sons ofeoe ack Afian scn as Afian Aeican cs aigi aohe ondaies of his opaion (avis )

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4 RS ESCHCH

A he oher eee, he ances gops have eperenced ereehgh raes of nerarage h one anoher, so ha an eers of heconvenona Eropean naona descen popaons are of ed ehnc e

scen choars have deaed heher he paes of nerarrage and g ao den aong he ehncs ean ha assaon heoraccrae poras he fae of e Eopean descen ences (Greee 974,ans 979 Aa 99)

nerrrage a e especa poran n he fre evoton of ehnccaegores ha are neher Eropean no Afrcan As e dscss n hs reve,cen condons of ncoporaon a ssan he srcra segegaon anhe soca sgnfcance of ehnc descen for hese oher grops ha on averagere ch greaer han for Eropean Aercans, ch ess han for Afrcan

AercansAercn nans for eape rean he os dsadvanaged of aor

Aercan ehnc caegores on censs easres of over and edcaonaaanen The perssence of he soca sgncance of a Nave Aercanenc caegor 5 ears afer Cos's voage s evdence ha encdsncons a n soe cases e drae Ye one of he echanss hahas ssaned he dsncveness of Aercan ndan cones has eenhe spnoff of an gans fo hese cones no he genera Aer-

can popaon Becase of he sseqen aagaaon and assaon ofan of hese offreservaon grans and her descendans far ore of hedescendans of he nhaans of Noh Aerca sefdenf as hes raherhan as Aercan ndans npp 1989 Eschach 995) Ths he assaonpocess aks hand n hand h he anenance of ehnc ondaes

Ne gran popaons fro Asa and Lan Aeca a e epe-rence processes of ncoporaon no he Uned aes ha creae con-serae confson ao ho s a eer of a gven ehnc popaon atfo 990 shoed ha ecase of neaage "ao one qare of he

on chdren h a eas one Asan paen, and of he 54 on h aeas one spanc paren ve n nerraca hosehods h a he parenor sep paren (Harson Benne 995: 4) hese percenages e keo ncrease n sseqen generaons o descendans Avaae evdence sg-gess ha Aercans do no conssen se he e of hpodescen o cassfpersons of paHspanc or paAsan descen h he no coponenof her descen avs 99) ehnc sefdenfcaon s nconssen n heseed descen popaons arson Benne 995)

These facs sgges he need for consderae caon n akng coparsonsof dfferen raca and ehnc popaons A an gven cross secon dfferengranehnc popaons e a dfferen sages of ncoporaon nohe Uned aes popaon and e dffeen n he degee o hch heare coposed of ehnca ed sock erences n he proess of aa

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IMMRATION AND ETHNIC NEUALT

gaaton and eent n the oaton o ethnc dentt a o ant coponent o the epanatn the ze and cecnc c-poton o derent grop ot Godten 994) The ca centcanat o patte o ethnc neqat adved to ovek the trantrqat o the ot ac ethnc categore

BASIC DATA ON INEQUALIY

Wth th caveat n nd, Tae provde noaton, aed on data rothe 99 cen, on edan a ncoe, aor orce partcpaton, andpove rate or the aor not grop and hte n the Unted tteThee data ho the contnng neqat ang Aecan nort gp,

hen coared th hte the ar racaethnc note n the Untedtate, on Aan have a hge ean a ne an he, than nce o $4,5 cpared t $76 r nonpanc hte Aer

b Selected socioeconomic indicaor fo goup in he Unied ae, 1990.

Medanamy

Ehn a op nome 989

i ipi $37,630

2230

21,750

ipi 25,064Mexn 2,9Peo Rian 21941Can 32,47

i 41583Japnee 51,550Chinee 41,316Fiino 46,698Koen 33,909Aian Indian 49,309Venmee 30,550Camodan 8,126Hmon 14327

o ,0a ro a a or ao orb ko

Percenae Lbopeon in oe pi-

pove pon (%)

10 65

29.5 63

30.9 661

253 67.5263 6.33.7 604146 65.0

14.0 6747.0 645

4 65.96.4 75.4

13.7 6339.7 723

25.7 64542.6 46.563.6 29.3

3. .0

Source: US Census of Poplaton, ocal and Ecnomic haactc P-2-1,Washngton US. Goveent Pntng Oc

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424 WAES & ESCHBACH

can nans have he oes ean ncoe h $2,750, fooe coseb backs an spancs aa on nepoen foo hs genea pae,h backs an Aecan nans he os off foloe Hspancs Asans

have nepoen aes copaae o hes ove aes aso foo sgenea pae, th acks shong a pover ae fo nvas tha s heees he ae fo hes

Measuremen Issues

These spe ankngs ask a oe copex pce The os poanvarables se o ecopose hese ovea paes ae sehnc gops, gene, an fa an hosehol coposon anehnc gopngs sch as back,Hspanc, an Asan ask ve poan ffeences aong sbgops, hch

e expoe fhe n hs eve.Thee ae aso poan gene ffeences n eave sccess of ebes

of hese gopsn genea, oen fo no gops ook beer ncopason o he oen han o no en copae h he eno oo fa sce s an poan vaae affecng he eves of sccesso pove h gp epeences o nsance, he aes of nepoenan ncoe ae ch ess favoabe fo blacks an eo cans han fohes, soe of hose ffeences essen hen on hsbanfe faes arecopae acoss he gops; b becase bacs an eo cans have oefales heae sngle feales he have oe oveall ncoe an sccessaes Asans en o have hosehols h oe okes n he han heshs hen hosehol an faml ncoes ae copae, Asans ook beeoff han hen pe capa ncoe s copae

Becase of he ffeences n ovea eogaphcs of he gops, as eas ffeences n he eves of ecaon an ohe han capa ha gopshave ecase of ffeena gaon o he legac of pas nea anscnaon, socologss an econoss neese n nesnng he

cases an conseqences of aca/ehnc neqal aso ook a he ne eso han capal fo ffeen gops Usng sascal conols, he askhehe a gven peson h he same ackgon chaacescs, sch as levelof ecaon, egon of esence, gene, aal chaacescs, has he saeeangs as a sascal eqvaen peson fo a ffeen ehnc/aca gopThe ffeences n hese es of eangs fo han capal chaacescsae vaiosl nepee as poof of se so of make neqal o, ofen,as evence of scnaon

n aon o easng ncoe ffeences, an poan ffeence acossgops nvoves abo foce pacpaon, as e as neploen eseach-es ho focs on on eangs o ncoe ffeences acoss gops ssffeences n ovea socoeconoc ocoes ha coe ao ecase a-oes ae scoage n he labo ake o ae nae o pacpae Ths

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MMGRATON AND ETHNC NEQUALTY 45

cpang nce and eang eeen gup e he caue ack pve gven a ack en ave a a ce pacpan ae8% e han ha he and he pacpan appeca e han

ha a he gup excep Aecan ndan The a ce pacpan ae ncude n he denna ndvdua ae acve eped,h have a j u ae n cuen a k, and he h ae kng k can aeced deen cuua n and vaue egadngen kng ude he he he age cue a ppuan, he veaheah and da pevaence ac a ppuan, and he ac nnecea eaung "ngne k Heve, a a g ndca, e u ehng au aachen he a ce and he dcuageen ke

n addn, nea neua n he n eaue he ack eua uce n u ce. Tee ae e a eaue neuaang aca and ehnc gup ha e d n have he pace eve hee,ncudng ea and degaphc eaue uch a nan a ae eexpecanc, d and da Enc and aca gup a de nae he nehp edena egegan vea eah expue ce and xc puan, and n acce pe n e uppe eache uce. n h ace e cncenae n nce neua, ecgnzng ha de n e a cpee

H UAN F AK AMRAN

H ha h cuen pae neu eeged? Te eadeen e deen enc caege ecaue e vang e e gup F ack mecan e eva ma ega egegann e 960 ang h e ng ecnc ppe n a decade, ughe n eek hu eang and nceaed educan and eu

educan Heve, hee png end ave een cuped h changen a ucue ve ed e deean ued nce en and chden n ngepaen ae. Gng ae ack aejene ean ha ng eang ae dued ve a nang pn e pena a ce ecen devepen ae n pacua pha he age gan a ccued n e 970 uck eadcae gupdeence Ecnc eucung n e cnex ga cpen ep ceae cua ae pveen he uan pen hhe ea educan and ee k e epe n addn evdence

ugge a aca dcnn ean an duae pe AcanAecan egade ca nd ecnc ca

n 90 9% ack ee p e ea 90 e ack pveae ad decned % Fae 99 The eave ack/e dd eng

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426 WAS & ESHBA

n pvy ll rm mr thn 61 n 130 t l thn 41 n 1 yn Wllm 1) Smth Wlh 1) tmt tht th nnul ng nntant 17 llr r ull yar ulltm bl ml wrr nrr

rm wly ng, r rm jut unr $000 n 140 t mr t $20,0n 10, n tht bl ml wg r rm 43 t 73 wht mlwg n th m pr. Th rt r tul nnul ng, gvn rn n lbr upply, n 10, hwvr, w mwht l t 62 arly Alln 17)

nm grwth w prmry ngn r mprvng th nm tat bt l an wht rm th n t prn trugh t arly170 yn Wllm 1, Smt Wlh 1, rly 13) m-pn hng n blwht rn hw tht th ln hr

th plntn r th nrrwng th wg gp r ml ttrbutal tth nrrwng n th utn gp btwn bl n wht n t lnn th rl prty n rnng rtu t hlng Smth Wlh 1,arly Alln 17) Cnntrtn n th uth l h mllr prvt n bl ng n 10 thn n 140, bu rtrbutn thbl ppltn rm th uth ut vn mr bu lnng rgnlwg prt n rl prt wthn th uth Smth Wlh 1).Wht n bl trbutn t uptn l bm mr mlr rth pr. yn llm 18) rp tht rm 150 t 182, bu h n th Amrn uptnl trutur h prng wht mnn prnl r mngrl ptn nr rm 20 t 32, n rbl mn rm 6 t 20

Th try but trnrmtn tng wmn rnt. n 140, blwmn h hghr rt lbr r prptn n mplymnt tn wht wmn Ung nu t rly 13) tmt tht, b n 140mplymnt rt, bl wmn hv n mply r 14. thr yrbtwn g 2 n , mpr t jut 8 yr r wht wmn Inr

lbr r prtptn by bth bl n wht wmn l t nrn yar n mplymnt r bth grup thrr. y 11, uru brSttt t hw tht wht wmn yr n mplymnt urng thg wul b 244 yr mpr t 237 yr r bl wmn y 10,ng rt h l r wmn n mt utn tgr r wmnwth llg gr th ng bl wmn th r whtwmn rly 13) Hwvr prlmnry nly CPS t r h yr16 t 187 by M Crrn n S. tt unpblh ppr) un thtwhte wmn wg grw mr rply thn bl wmn wg r

177 Crrn Prrtt uggt tht th lbr r prtptn whtwmn nr, vntg bl wmn rvng rm unmurrn n lbr r tthmnt m ppr unmn rl wgp mng wmn.

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MMRATON AND ETHNC NEQUALTY ,

Th onomi g btwn bl n whit m unlily to lo oonbu Amrn onomy m to hv ll wll hor of h mrt woul llow full qulity Th imt of onomi rtruturng i pr-

tiulrly ut for ho t th boom of h ution n ill irbutionwhr bl r ovrrprnt My holr point to lin of mllvl ob rrion luton 1) th ritribution of mnufturngjob wy from th ntrl iti whr mny jobl bl liv Sn )n of ing inqulity mong wor of ll r Dnigr ohl 13) u for imim bout th rot for ri futurnrrowing of th ril g

On mnifttion of th hng my b tht gin in ing hv bnoffset by growing il ipty in joblesnes (unemplyen n non

prtiiption in th ivilin lbor for) btwn bl n whit mn Mo Tilly 11) n r thi inr obln rft th ubtitution byyoung bl mn of goo ctiviti uch militry rvic n uctionfor wor r Winhi 14 Smith Wlch 1). Yt thr i trntowr rltivly high rt of jobln n nonrticition in th lborfor for Afrn Amricn ml vn t olr g (Smith Wlh 1Jn 11) Chng in th ocil fbric of om AfricnAmricn ommuniti rtly conqun of th nrow ootunity tuctur for mnyAfrn Amrn hl to rtut tuturl bir to imrovmnt inth wllbing of Afrin Amricn Growing rt of fm hhi inAfrnAmrin fmili hv inr rcil irity in inom n myrt iulti in th oilition of th nt gnrtion

ml hhi h bn incring for both bl n whit fmii butilly for bl n 140 20 of bl fmili with hilrn unr 1wr h by womn by 10 thi figur h inr to or whitfmili ovr th m prio fmili h by womn inr from to y 3) u fm hhi i oit with high rt

of ovrty thi inr in fml hhi for blc h n omwhtth irity in ovty rt for whit n blc fmili rly timttht if th 160 itribution of fmily ty h hl in 0 blc ovtyrt woul thn hv bn 6 rthr thn th obrv n 6)timt tht in 1 iffrn in houhol comoition ccount for44 of th irnc in ovrll ovry rt btwn blc n whit.owvr n lo cution ht ch comoition coul illy brtift of lction into houhol ty n iculr cution w viin th intrrttion of trn t

On imortnt lin of rrh oit with Willim uliu Wilon 1)h fou in tiulr on th ffct of th chng on Africn Amricnwho v n r of concntrt ovrty n h cntrl city co of mtroolitn r On th moymnt i th uboution uffr fm of

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RS ESCHCH

eucaion an skills and a mismach beween heir urban locaon an elaion o employmen oppruniies ouside o ciies Kasarda Wilson 17) On the social side Wilson suggess ha neighborhood concentra-

tons o he mos disadvaaged black ppulaions have propagaed destructiveaiues and behaviors ha perpeuae he disadvanage such as high raes oeenage chilbearing emale amily headship, dg use, illegal marke aciviyand eachmen rom he labor orce

A lre research lieraure aemps mdel he impac o these "neighor-hood eecsne persnal characerisicsn desrcive behaviors andpor social an econmic oucomes. These sudies have shown inconsisenan generally relaively minr eecs (BoksGunn e al 13, Crane 11).r overview see encs Maer 99

While he emphasis in much he lieraure n he scial and economicmpacs o ecnomic resrucuring n e ms disadvanaged blacks has con-siderablejusicaion, encks 11 12) reminds us ha he ppulaion hasuers rom he u rage pbems assciaed wih he ncep he urbanunderclass is relaively narrwly circuscribed

espe he gans ha hae een made b sme mdde cass and wrnclass blacks in recen decades, here is a srng bdy o evidence ha discrm-inaion remains an iman pa he explanain blackwhie inequaliyFarley Allen 17) show ha r a black male here is sill an eingsisadvange a all levels ecnmic aainmen Frm sudies esin hereacion o emplers o b applicans o dieren races, Kirschenman eckerman 11) nd srong evidence o direc racial discriminaion a hepoin o hiing by whie emlyes. eagin Sikes 14) show ha heepeience o racial hosiliy is rouine or Arican Americas across scialclasses These sudies sugges ha he ac ha a paicularly heavy share ohe burden o curren ecnmic changes is be b pr Arican Americansis n impl an ariac he uncmpeiive labr marke psiin man

black workers; he civil righs revoluion has by no means eradicaed racialdiscriminain in Ameican scial ad ecmic lie

AMERA DAS, HSPAS AD ASAS

Quesins someimes aise abu he pevalece ad imance discrm-nain o he emplme ad eaigs Hisaics r Lains, Asians aswell as Naive Nrh Amercans eles in hese caegries are en caeg-ried ogeher wih Americans Arican descen as peles clr, or racialminories hugh his aribui is aiculay ambiguus many Lanoad Indian Americas give e lage vlume iermixig beween Euo-pean and ndigenus Aeica es a ae e aes eaingsinequaliy cmpared o he whie plain and wha css des ascrpive

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IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY 429

rmnton mpo, gvn th htori mportn o oor onounn th Unt Stt

Stu o th bor mrt prn o pn who n o hrnt ubgroup n tht wh pn r vntg n t brmrt ompr to wht, ony urto n r vry vntg b n Amrn Inn. Athough ovr, An hv hghrmn my nom thn o Amr wht ($4158 v. $3630) n 0thr grt o vrton mong th ubgroup Thy rng rom tvry tr mong poputon wth mn my nm $4,327 povrty rt o 636 n bor or prtpton rt o 2.3to th uu pn wh mn my nom o $5155 n

povrty rt o ony . Th ongr tbh Chn Jpn pnon An Inn r ong wbttr thn th wht nonpn vrg.owvr th Southt An rug rom o Cmbo n tnmr not hvng w

Wht pn th ptt o vrton Mutvrt ng mo ug-gt om vn o wg n mpoymnt rimnton gnt pntv Amrn n An, but tht t mportnt tor thn n th o b or mny An group o our thr no ptt ntvntg to pn though th rut omptb wth th nng o

rimnton n rtu to uton n othr humn pt ttrbut. ormny tno group probm n th Unt Stt rt n prt h ttrbut mgrn poo. A mgn non hhr poor hmn phrtrt ntrt wth th t o Amrn onom rtrturng toprptut vntg. or An n tno th hrtrt o mmgrnt n thr borpton nto th ountry r n ntgr prt o th tory.T rgon onntrton n rnt mo o norporton o t rnt ubgroup w thr rng tm o rrv n

bgroun o hp to pn vrton n outom ort Trv87, on n 85 n n 87. u now o nmnton o th group n t.

Ameican Indian

h poort o th group n th Unt Stt o th group tnun by mmgrton. In 19 th Cnu ount 1 mon Amnnn n An tv whh m th th mt o t our on

vnton mnorty tgor n th Unt Stt. It w o mong tpoort onton tht h bn not by rrhr htory Mrm28, rophy Abr 66, vtn tri 191 h povrty h bno wth th unrvopmnt o mny rrvton ommunt bu o thr gogrph oton o rour pot omn

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WAlERS ESCHACH

on by fedel hoes (Coe K 0 npp 6, rospe 4Whe 3)

ngs odels fo ndns confr shp ge dspes beeen veercns nd he Aecns hese e prly rbuble o lgdffeences n hn cp. chols dsgee bo hehe he d shodscrnon effecs (ney Long 7 ospe 7 ndefu co )

ne dcul heoecl nd polcy ueson bou ndn eservon counes concens he pc of esdenc on esvons on nngsdsdvnes ndd gon odels ould ncpe lbo ouoseceedn hose obseved fom hese esocepoo rl encves Fo othe

ehnc popuons concenons of dsdvnged goup ebes such shose fond on eservons gh be consdeed evdence fo he esence ofposed bes o e; fo ndn bes hese e ken s n epecedconseence of soveeny. Hoeve sn d fom he eson s o plceof esdence fve yes o on he 0 census npp nef ( ) codno nd conssen engs es o mon fom esevon es

Hipani

n 0 esons of ecn on fomed he es Hspnc op, n-

ben ney 5 mon esons. Peo Rcns ee he second lges h27 lon lvng on he mnnd hee ee sghy moe hn llonpesons of Cubn ogn. hee ee . on pesons n he coposehe Hspnc ceoy, ncudn mosly Cenl nd oh Aercns ndohe Cbben peope Domncns ee he lges op hn hs ceoy h ove 5000 eoe.

he ousndng heme chcezng he heeogeney of nos s uero cns do eceponly bdy n es of epoyen nd ncoe,

nd Cubns do eceponlly e. ueo cns e egy U cens teye concened n he ndszed nohes nd ok n ndsrl jobs.hey hve he hhes popoon of pesons lvn n povey, sho ncesnhd fo fom lbo kes, nd hve he hghes es of ny noroup of elfe dependency nd fly dsrupon (Moles Bonll 3)

Mecns hve hgh lbo foce prcpon s, bu prly bcus ofhe loe ovel edconl tnmen, hey ok fo very lo es oeof hem e egl mmns, hoh o be doce nd pbe ok foce,nd so peferred by empoyes

ny of he Cubns e polc efees, nd lge nube of he econcened n he cy of m hee hey hve ceed n enclve econoyh povdes employen oppounes fo ohe Cubns, even hose hospek ltle Enlsh o ho e ne vs (Poes Bch )

DeFes (5 ) shos h empoymen nd ens dffeens

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IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY 1

between ispnis nd nonispnis depend mostly on dierenes n worerhrteristis. Both Reimers (1985) nd Abowd Kilingswoh (1985) on-

lude tht unequl edutionl ttinment is the mor determinnt o theobserved wge gp. The evidene on edutionl ttinment shows Ltinosdoing poorly reltive to other groups Comprng ollege ompleton rtesorles Bonill (199312) note tht between 1980 nd 1990 the whtepultio iresed ollege erollmet rom 3 to 39 r merisrom 28 to 33 while Lnos remined level t 29 owever rrson Bennett (995) rgue tht the populr press reports o risis in eductionor spnis re overblown. They rgue tht "ntive bo ispnis re lmosts likely to omplete high shool s blks nd Amern Indins the very

low perentge of ispni immigrnts with high shool diploms redues theompletion rtes of the group s whole.

Stndrd multivrte studies o eonomi ttinment o ispni men ndwomen do show evidene o dismintion Stolzenberg (1990) ound usingthe 1976 Suvey of Inome nd dution (SI) tht ispnis who speknglish well nd who hve ompleted high shool hve retus to shoolingbout equl to white nonispnis owever he did fnd tht less edutedispnics do hve less retu to their edution thn do sttistilly omprblenispni men. eriets (1991) used 1980 ensus dt on inome in 199nd ound gp o 10% or more between ispnis nd nonispnis terontrolling or ge edution nglish lnguge bility ntivity nd Ste!etro residene. The Urbn Institute found dditionl evidene o disrimintion ginst ispni ob pplints in n udit study o employers inChigo nd Sn iego (Kenney issoker 199).

Aording to orles Bonill (1993) hnges in the Amein eonomyin the lst ew dedes hve hit Ltinos prtiulrly hrd beuse o their lowedutionl ttinment nd their lbor mrket positions ings or Ltino

men ontrolled or inltion tully dropped in the peod between 1978 nd1987 in onstnt dollrs they eed n verge $49 per yer less in 1987thn in 978 orles Bonill ttibute pr o this deline to the erosion othe minimum wge nd the t tht 23.8 o Ltino men were minimumwge workers.

Coy et l (1993) using 1980 ensus nd Cuent opultion Suvey drom 1982 1985 nd 1987 ound deline in Ltino reltive inomes or bothmles nd emles in the 1980s. They rgue tht the reltively vorble trendsin onvergene between Ltino nd white eings in the 1960s nd 1970s weredue to edutionl inreses nd shit in employment rom griulture tomnucturing. They ttrbute the reent delines to inresed umbers oimmigrnts with low edution nd ngish biity nd the onentrtion otinos in lowpi sevie obs nd to the deline of higherpid mnufturingobs. rison Bennett (1995) used 1990 ensus dt to nd tht some

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43 WATERS ESCHACH

Hispani men oninue o ea ess hn omparay euae whie menHispani men wih ess ha an assoiae egree eae ony 6% of wha whie

maes wih equivaen euaion eaeThe reen rens for women Hispanis as wih oher women minoriies areeer han he rens for men. Harrison Benne (1 foun ha amonga euaion eves, exep among seee ohos eiher wihou high shooipomas or wih assoiae egrees Hispani a nonHispani whie woehave ahieve pariy in eaings More eaie anayses shou e one wih10 ensus aa for speifi Hispani groups eause suies one wih earieraa show srong ifferenes y naioa origin Reimers (18), using 16SIE aa foun ha Cenra an Souh Amerian men reeive wage offers

6% eow hose for whie nonHispai men he ierenia was 18% forueo Rian men 2% for her Hispais, a 6% for Mexians Cuans,y oras, showe a 6% avaage oer whie oHispanis wih a simarakgroun

Shoars have pai pariuar aeio o he pue of high povery raesan eining aor fore pariipaion among ueo Rians espie he a-vanage of US iieship he onenraio of ueo Rians in einingmanufaurig jos an he possiiiy of more viruen isriminaion againsuero Rians of arker ompexions are possie expaaions, aong wih heavaiaiiy of means ese rasfer paymens he growh of househosheae y women, a he growh of iruar migraion (Bean iena 18,iena e a 12)

Beause in 10 38% of Hispanis were foreign o, he quesio o howhe new immigrans are affeing he overa saning of Hispanis as a whoean of he ifferen sugroups is an exremey impoan one Faors suh ashanging migraion sreams he popoion o workers who are unouenean paiuar eonomi sraegies of he foreigno ae he overa poe

o he ieren groupsIn he 180s he group her Hispani grew a a fas pae hrough immigraio his growh aso oriu greay o he heerogeeiy of heHispani popuaion. Many Cera Amerians from ouries ike E SavaorGuaemaa an Niaragua as we as Cariean immigrans from he Domin-ian Repui en o have imie euaions, high povery raes, an owmeian famiy iomes Souh merian immigras from ouries ike Coomia, eru, an Boivia have muh higher euaiona aainmen, owerpovery raes an higher inomes

Unoumene workers, who are ispropoioaey Lain Amerian, iferfrom ega immigras in ways ha aso reifore he ow iome profie of hegroup Borjas iena :7 examine he empoymen experienes anwages of unoumene workers who appie for an reeive egaizaionuner the 186 IRCA amnesy program. hey foun ha he egaize im

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MMGRATON AND ETHNC NEQUALTY

migans had highe aes f ab fce aiiain han did he feignbuain as a whe, exceeding hse aes b 5% f men and 17% f wmen

Undumened wkes eaed we wages han ega immigansheeaed 30% ess han hei ega cuneas fm he same egina igins

Aian

Asian Ameians ae he fases gwing mini gu in he cun heAsian Ameian uain dubed in sie in he 1980s and nw as 9miin, an incease fm 15% 29% f he a US uain his gwhwas due in gea a immigain f Asian Amecans % wee feignb in 1990 and 28% f a Asian Ameicans eneed he Unied Saes

beween 1980 and 1990. Suheas Asians Vienam as and ambdiahad he highes eenages f feignb aund 79% aanese had hewes a 324% (Bueau f Census 1993)

hse ee assied as Asian in he census and he suces me fma numbe f diffeen cunies wih diffeen uues anguages, and hisiesWihin naina igin gus hee ae as difeences in scia cass bak-gund, iming f aiva and ab make uniies (Yamanaka M-Ceand 1994:82)

a he exanan Asan secnm achevemen es n hegeaehanaveage educaina aainmen he we incmes and higheve f Suheas Asians ae age aibuabe he much we aveageeducaina aainmen f membes f hese gus Whe 233% f he aS mae uain had a cege degee highe 487% f Asian Indianmen, 16% f in men, and 35% f Chnese men wee ege gaduaes;amng Cambdians, Hmng and Laians, n 3% f men had a egedegee highe Haisn Benne (1995) e ha Asians wee abuwhids me ke have cmeed cege han whies

his high educaina aainmen is a a esu f Asian immigainseecivi Man Asians ene unde high seecive immigain ieiaHaisn Benne e ha naiveb Asians ae si subsania melike cmee ege (32%) han ae whies and he gus bu hediffeenia is sae han f feignb Asans

hugh he eaive high eduain and eaings f man Asian gusmean ha hese gus d n suffe he same magniude f disadvanages asman he gus, hee is sme evidene ha eus educain ae wef Asian Ameicans han f whie hugh his ae ma be hanging(Hischman Wng 1984, Wng 1986) Asian men and wmen needed meeduain eeive he same incme as whies his can be aibued dsciminain in he highe end f he ccuaina sucue (he gass ceiingeffe) he unbsevabe human aia diffeenes in hings ike quaif sching Engish anguage sis

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434 WARS & ESCHBACH

rsma Wo 1984584 aayed 1960 ad 1970 esus data ad976 SE data o Japaese Cese, ad pos, as e as or ote

oAsa roups Tey oud a maked dee te dret eatve eeto etty o es (exept amo Cese). Tey speuate tat perapsCese Ameas do ose ta oters beause te eave o Catoseves as a ue tat dets ese Ameas to o pay jobs (Tsypotess s evsted e e eve te moe eet debate about te eetso et eaves o retus to eduato.) oeve, rsma Wooud tat tee st ee osts assoated t Asa ette adjusted or bakoud vaabes a oups exept te apaese ad omessomeat ess ta ompaae tes apaese me atua eaed moe

ta ompaabe te me 1976 a sma study, Wo sma1983 oud tat Asa ome ad er omes ovea ta tes be-ause tey ad e amouts o eduato, ved e ome aeas, adere youer overa ta tes.

a mutvaate stud o ome b eduato ad oupato, aeet a 19965 oud tat e ote atos ee otroed, tes eedmoe ta Asa Ameas amost a oupatoa ateoes exept teproessos, ee Asa Ameas ad mu e omes, but eve teretey bsted tes o amo te se empoyed Tey oude tat AsaAmeas ae y eduated ad ovet tat eduato to statusoupatos, but eveteess tey are pad ess ta tes or te same oromparabe postos (Barrer et a 1993266

eet evdee om te 1990 esus sos tat Asa retus to eduatoae appoa tose o oHspa tes at upper eves o eduatoompaed to ote motes, Asas ae appoa paty ter abty toovert te eduatoa status to ome ad oupatoa stad at 92ad 97 o ompaab ts o t aua ad oury as o Asas

t aduate deees (Haso Beett 1995 Hoeve, tese aaysesee ot boke do y spe atoa oi oups.

u o te teatue o Asa Ameias oes te questo o eterAsas' suess makes tem a mode morty ose eduato adome are due to utua ators ad ad ok, ao tem to rseaove advest (Ktao 1976 Te aadem aevemet o Asa Ameade, ad te moe stabe am sttue o Asa Ameas, ompaedto ote oups Amea, are ted as exampes o te ays ter overautua vaues ead to suess eseaers rta o te suess mode ouderstad Asa Ameas stress

1 Te eteoeet o te Asa puato, te eoom dstress o Souteast Asa euees, ad te exstee o usked okes empoyed te o ed o te spt abo maket (osto 1988 1994 e 199 ee

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IMMGRATION AND ETHNIC NEQUALITY 435

18) Th uthr r h hr r ngr in viwing Ain uu bu h xtrm pvrty Sutht Ain n th pvrty w i mmbr hr grup wi thn nt rv th pub

piy ntrvnn tht r n2 Th xtr rt n huh rgi Ain Amn r r t

u t vrm ntinuing irimintin n th t tht rtCpn t a1 18 ibri 14 umbut 18 mn MCn14 urh wng 18 pnh 14) Th rrtr t t tt mny An v xtrm pvrty r wr pn-n through r wr n ng hur tht t phy n pyt n nivu n mii. A mii urviv by ptng mny

wrr n h nmy n by mbining wg br gvmnttrr d thr riv rg t gt by3 Th p prbm d by An nrprnur in 10) Th

inu ng hur n mbining mny miy wrr in n huh w ing h phyi ngr im in hp in nnr itynighbrh n th r tnin byt n vn rit uh th by rn hp wnr in b nighbrh.

Whi th riiim h bin quin An Amrin wth

nmi u r vi th t rmin h mny Ain Amrnr ing w r br hn whi Suh Ain r n ing wvrhwvr h rug m wih it rm utin n ttprprtin r thir mv h Uni S Th qutin wht whppn t thr hirnh n gnrini vry imprtnt n rth bt. Cpn t (18, 1) i th utin u thhirn th bt pp hp ign tht hr wi b grt nmi mbiity In hy i th uin u hirn btpp "truy ring n xrrinry thugh thir tuy i nt

nu h vry itr Cmbn n mng) th hrn tSutht Ain bt pp hw nrmu inmi mbiity ng utin ttinmnt n th uur thi wi in rth th mmnty rptn n wi b up t nyt t rvt t bt

NEW IMMIGRANS AND NAIVE MINORIIES

Prhp th m prpxing quin bu th urrnt p ri n

n nquy n h Unt S i hwgivn th nmi rtutungn mnuturing b tht hv urrm nw mmgrntmng t w in th br r mpr t niv minriti Prt Zhu (148) rib thi h "puir Amrin prx rngbr mrt mrginizn nivb b n Purt in ng

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436 WAR CHBACH

wi growig mers ad emome of ird word immigras (see asoSasse 88) Tis is reaed o e imora oic esio of weer eforeigo ake os rom aie mioriies. Aoer esio a moiaes

researc i is area is w some immgras seem o do eer a oersow o exai e reaie sccess of Cas or Eas dias comared oeo Ricas or Vieamese?

Te cassic ecoomic aroac o dersadig e icororaio of immigras as ee o measre idiida ee daa o ma caia edowmes sc as edcaio, agage aii, ad e ike, ad e assess eres of wages ad eaigs o ose ma caia caracerisics Tesadard mode (sc as i iswick 7) fids a e oger immigrasare rese i e Uied Saes aor orce, e more eir iiia eaigsdisadaage is oercome Cis wick fod a e crossoer oi we eforeigo ea or srass e aieo is 5 ears

Te crre deae ao immigras ad eir ma caia skis reoesaod e argme of oas ( ) a e aerage ski ees oai of immigras as decied oer ime. is is imora for der-sadig e assimiaio ocess of immigras ecase of e free sedassmio a coergece ewee oreigo ad aieo wages adeaigs ea aimiaio I i i aimiaio rece immigras wo e

execed o cac o or cossoer e earier immigras ad aies oweer, if rece immigras are of ower oera ai a earier immigras,e e rogress see i crosssecioa daa is isor, ad more receimmigras wod e execed o ae ower eaigs a aies ermae

Boas' cocsios ae ee criicied o a mer of ois, icdiga faire o ake io acco emigraio e ess sccessf foreigo,(Jasso Roseweig ) ad e cofsio of immigra ai wiaioa origi difereces ad diereces i coexs o receio ad modesof icororaio. As Tieda (8) ois o, e sadard ma caiaaroac, wi is emasis o idiida differeces, does o exai w,afer exesie coros for aris deermias of eaigs, ere ersisdiffereces i e rae a wic foreig workers of dierig aioa origisreac icome ari wi e aieor oaio or isace Poso(4) i a aasis of ecoomic aaime amog foreigo me, sa me from Eroea origis do mc eer a ose from oer regiosof e word. e aso ds a refgeesedimmigras from aces sc

as E Saador Gaemaa Haii, Hodras Laos icaraga, Paama, adVieam are o doig as we as ecoomic immigras from oer coriesi erms of eir ecoomic aaime

ieda (8) ad Pores Rma (99) arge or a aasis ased ookig a e mode of icooraio or coex o receio a differe

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IMMIGRATIN AND ETHNI NEUAITY

nn gn gup Th vy vutn w htt bympy n n n n n nvu b bu by hng h g hn nnn pu gup, n h g u w h gu n n An uu Th nn gn B n n u t humn my b u t munbvb nvu ht tht mu "quty t myb u m gup v h, uh h hnnw n n npn mnn n h m hngquu py qu w h nt t th t Amn y b mthng h th uaht bn (9 hw h gt nnt tu hn g n u b m n th h

mn n nn gn h gu ( T & W99 t h by nn gt nnn h gu thy n mgnt m h thn gup

An ph h mph h h nm n h n mmgn nu n ny mmuny v vbht nn h n hvmnt nvu pn (Pt & Zhu99 An mp h ph th un th hn v thwy mbty mmgn

The Elve DebeWhn mmgn n n y hy n b t u un h nm v h h y B thugh ught -mnn h u, xmp bu h bn nw ny gn n n n v, bu b ny n nn b m h hv h ung th wh gn n bu th mmgt un n bu h my

w mh h n h mpy n h h tyAn mmgn gup nm nng pn n n th wy whh t vm h b bm n n h myOtn npnum h bn n vnu A nnt nng n th mnn mmgn nng n pymnt h vpt mmgn n npnu v n v nhp bwnmpymn n n (P Zhu 99495) Th nvvmn mmgn n m bun h bn nvg by numb hnung gh (97) Bnh (97) gh Bnh (988, Wng

(986, 989) n Wng (99 Th thn nv (t n byWn Pt 9 n P Bh 98 tuy mpantvnu mby Cubn Amn Th nv n nnn hn fm n phy pgn mtpn th

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8 WARS ESCHBACH

emloy a snan rooron of workers from e same mnory ores ensen 1992418)

ores an s assoaes ave arue a e elave allows mmras o

n emloyme a rns eer reus o er uman aal an woule foun n e seondary laor marke osde of e enlave, an a serefore eneal for worers as well as emloyers. Tey e he Cuanenlave n am as an eamle o e use of an enlave as an unooomoly a a n ar elans e relave sess o Cans omare ooer Hsans. Ts vew of e en enlave as re mlaons forlonel assumons aou assmlaon Te arumen s a eole wosay wn e en enlave do eer an ose wo leave for emloymenw s of orse n dre onraon o an assmlaon moel a woul

os reaer suess or ose leavn e en onenraon.Te enlave yoess as enendeed a rea deal of deae Wle ores

ensen 1987 1989) see e enlave as ofern oorunes for eonommoly, Saners Nee 1987 1992) see as an en moly ra Teseaors onded an anayss o enss daa on ans n am and nesen Calfoa an onluded a wle emloyers may e eer off n eenlave eonomy, workers were no eer off and may e exloed y eroen emloyes

One duly w e deae aou e ma of enlaves s a lmaonsof e ensus daa a ave ormed ass of many of e sues make fful o oeraonalze eoreal ones drely. Dferen researersave also sed dffeen denons o e enlave denn y lae o woores ensen 1989, 1992) or lae of resdene Sanders Nee 19871992) Zou Loan 1991) oeraonalzed e enlave n ree dfferenways as lae of resdene, lae of work and lae of ndsry Usn laeof resene as e efon o e Cnese enlave n New ork, ey ounosve res or man aa o worers o nsde and osde e

enlave. Zou Loa also rase e ossly a some enlave eonomesrovde eer oornes an oers and a ere may e ender derenes n e oeraon o enae ees

Loan e al 1994) on ou a e en enlave s a relavely rareenomenon, araezn e Cans n am, Los Aneles, and erseyCy, exans n Los Anees and Hoson, Cnese n New Yok SanFranso and Los Aneles Koreans n Los Aneles, and aanese n LosAneles, San Franso, San ose, Anaem, and Honolulu. any oer esave lare numers of mnores wou a saal overreresenaon of anehn ro oesondn o an en enlave. Ths uneven ae o en-lave evelomen aross feren es an fferen en rous s annrun one wory of frer resear nvesan e meansms yw enlaves eome esalse.

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23/29

440 WTER ECHBACH

ne impan line f eseah sdies he effe f nsied immians ne emplyme f siled naives Ma eas a ileal immiasep le aes ad se i diis ease f ei eed

ad avid deein y immiain ahiies and ease ndiinsf emplyme sideed ssandad in he Unied aes eeed hseville e mi in may ies f ii

e emis liee sadad appa he sdy f e effef immias nive wes is ea diffeen analyses f iies wihinhe Uied aes as disi la maes and mpae la maemes ass iies wih hihe and lwe immian densiies Usin hispp Be& Cd 991) emie ee he delies i e 198sf te el es f te es sed es he U emy ee eted immii Tey fnd ha whie he ise in wae inealiy in he 198sas ie in iies wih elaiely ie immian inws immiain wasme assiaed wih wh in waes a he hih end f wes han ideline f es a he l ed

le 99) inds a neaie eain eween as inme and hepeenae f immians and eween la yh nemplymen and im-miain He ndes ha eihe immians eae enmi wh whihi impes pspes f as ha eians and Asians as wel

s las ae l aaed an aeas hee emplymen ppniies aeinne pssiiliy is ha nsiled naie wes miae f iies whee

immia wes ae aiin File 199) analyed pplain memenseee 1975 and 198 and fnd ha ineiy miain deisins f naivese sesiive immia and a immian aivals ae almsmpleely ffse y naive ws Hweve, Bhe Cad 1991) nde ppsie in hei analysis f naie miain and immians in he 198sse ahs nlde ha hee is a siie lin eween immian inwsd ne aive inmiain

lh ese aeae mpaisns ass iies d n s effes nsled ve mes f a se n mman hs des t me hahee ae n ssiin effes in paila pains indsies wsies Many la Ameians eieve ha hey ae lsin s immianes Wtes 1994) vey f in paies m Chi eemplyes Kishenman eema 1991) fnd s emplye pefeees in hiin deisins f immians ve ine iy as see als lle

1993179) siin f immians f las in nsied w sies mihae plae in ways ha ae di mease diely F insane laenmes f immians aaiae d na w win in smalenepises mih affe he aily f iies and indsies hie nnnins d w pevisly dne y ninied es Bas h had

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MMGRATON AND ETHN NEQUAT

bn mploy n unonz pub wo o oul u a a ul Mull13)

Th aa u ba on oaon bwn pn o m-

man an ba mpoymn an an n p o no maa whh bla mh hav on b ha mman no bn pnan ha h bn onom owh. mploy may hav bn o oa wag o low job whh mh hav ma hm mo attatvo nav wo

Gvn h anaon o movmn owa on h wa ap bwnbla an wh, h a ha many mman oup o b han navpopuaon an h hoa nny o nav abo o loo wary onmman ompon quons abou h o o mman on avana nav mno m y o na onnun n On mpoan aa o ah n h uu onln h ppon by manyun mnoy wo a mman a job om hm wh honom nng ha ubuon no oun

The Secon Geneion

au nw mman a pomnanly nonwh, h u o omnw mman lav o nav mno l o an nrun quon

abou h uu o h hln an anhln o h mman Wll thyolow om o h mo hopul pa o u an mobly tha mo haaz h pan O w hy pn ownwa oal moblya hy jon Ama nav nonwh mnoy n popoona povylow l wo an unmploymn Whl h hav bn no walu o h on naon o po16 mman, n yahav pou a numb o a u an a w houhul an mpotanhypoh abou h pn o h on naon

Gan 10) u ha n ona o h hn o uopan mman

aly n h nuy h on naon o po16 mman may wllpn ooonom n lav o h pan bau o h muhhan oppouny uu n h Aman onomy. oun valnao o pobl ooonom an oal naon o h nw onnaon H hypohz ha om o h hn o h mman mhAman by aopn h ngav au o many Aman youhowa h owvl, lowpay job o whh hy, l h parn, appar ob onn. On h oh han om may man o h pan hn

ommuny an vau by jn h nav au owa hooloppouny, ha wo, an h Aman am ha om amon h natvpoo hav aop h hn may n up on bt h tu hon ul may wl n h pop who hav u an onoallyvab hn nh auuan han h uopan 2n an

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25/29

WATRS & SCHBACH

nratn Gan 199:188, and th wtt a n a Aran t xprn dwnward a iit and raiatin a"ndrvn r f t ad ndra (Gan 199183

rt Z (199 ma a imiar armnt ar tat t df nrpratn f t rt nratn rat diffrnta pprtnt andtra and a apta n t fr f tni , ntwrk, and va tatrat dffrnta n t aian f t nd nratn

Fr irant rp w fa xtrm diriinatin n t Unitd Statand w ar n primt t Aman nrt w av fad a ratda f drnatn, "rativ tnit r n t rt nratn Frrp w wt trn tn ntwrk, a t apta, and wt

fwr t t nriti in t Untd Stat inar tnit dvp.Grp wt inar tniit ma rit atratin in t Unitd Stat andnd p prvdn ttr pprtnti fr t nd nratn tr th"a apta ratd tr tn ti nd nratn f wit ratv tnt, ntat, ar ik t dvp t "advraraan tward t dminant wit it tat Arian minrti apor ak and Hiani d nd "Cidrn f nnwit mrant a nt vn av t prtnt f anin a t dd awit t, n mar w atratd t m inin t natv

r t wi t d av a ma rv a tkt t rmannt rdinatn and diadvanta ( 9996) t rtn ntn f ntwrk ti mmnt rr, and ia apta at rqirndpt td an t natv nrt rop and t nd nratnBa n n nr ak a qtn at rtpa f parnt (atakd in t 197 n t nd nratin diappar tatta ntt natv nrit patin i i a i pr n an vratrnd f aiiatn an fr t pt 1965 mmirant rt a wa n arn natv r ptv impat f rant n natvnrti Dtrmnn w f t nar tnd t anatata wi r wi dndnt n arf tnrapi rar in tnt, n atrin dtaid and xpniv rv data, and n rntittin t n qtin n parnta tpa

CONCLUSON

rar tratr n tni inqait rvwd r w tat prr

n narrwn t ap twn minriti and wt and an wht tnwa ad wn t n wa xpandn thr t d197. Aftrhat fr man rp th pror wd tppd r rvrd. h rtr-trn f t Amrian nm n t at fw dad a t man nkdnrt wrkr ard n additin, t vidn ndat tat dirt dr

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26/29

IMMIGRAION AND EHNIC INEQUALI

iati is still a itat at all iit sugus exet vey highledaed Asias e lae ues iiats eteig the Uited tatesi et deades have had ied suess ut hee ae se itiguig was

i whih iigas seem hae ahieed mii i sie had emiimes ad whie saus

additi t the uestis ad daa eeds desied i the ae disussis the sed geeai ad he ehi elave we see se additialimat aveues uhe eseah ese ilude he uavelig theseaae ad ieaie effes f ged ad aeehii a aalsis f heivlveet iigas i amaive ai gas ad he ees asuh ivlveet ma hae ative miities additi a sustaied lis eeded a he uesi what iues t ause diet la aetdisiiai eles i av whites ad iias ve las ihiig deisis

ACKOWEMENS

We ae gateul t Saah Sg eseah assistae ad t e uad Vitia et seeaial assistae

Any u Rvw chapter, as we as an artce cted n an u Rvw chaptema b puasd fom e ual Rvis Ppis ad Rpit evie.

1-800-3478007; 45259-507 emai: ap@cassg

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