immunology -...
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References 何维 主编。《医学免疫学》第二版 ,人民卫生出版社 2010 金伯泉 主编。《医学免疫学》第五版 人民卫生出版社 2008 Abbus A K, et al. Cellular and Molecular Immunology.
7th Edition,Elsevier Saunders . 2012 Janeway C A, et al. Immunobiology. 8th ed. Garland
Science Publishing . 2012
Introduction of Immunology Concept of Immunity Immune Response Immune Cells Tissues and Organs of the Immune System Immunopathology
Immunity1.Immunity: : Meaning the state of protection from infectious disease.
In 430BC, a plaque in Athens, Those who recovered from the plaque would not contact the disease a second time.
2. Agents: microorganisms (viruses, bacteria etc) and their products, foods, chemicals, pollen, tumor cells, etc.
3.Immune system: immune tissues and organs, immune cells, immune molecules
4.Immune response: collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances.
5.Immunology: study the structure of immune system and its functions.
Immune Response Innate immune response
natural immune response
non-specific immune response
Adaptive immune response
acquired immune response
specific immune response
The innate and adaptive immune response
Characteristics Cells MoleculesInnate immunityResponds
rapidly No memoryNo or low
specificity
Physical barriersPhagocytes
(PMNs and macrophages)Natural killer
cells
Humoral factorsComplementAcute phase
ProteinsCytokines
Adaptive immunityResponds
Slowly MemoryHighly specific
T cellsB cellsDendritic cells
AntibodiesCytokinesGranzymes
Innate immunity mechanism of recognition
Pathogen associated molecules patterns(PAMPs ) :LPS,DNA,RNA,Protein
Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS):DNA,HSP
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR): Toll-like receptor(TLR) ,C-lectin recptor(CLR),RIG-I-Like recptor(RLR),NOD-like Receptor(NLR)
Lymphocytes1.Lymphocytes (except NK cells) are wholly
responsible for the specific immune recognition of pathogens, so they initiate adaptive immune responses.
2.Lymphocytes are derived from bone-marrow stem cells.
3.B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow.
T lymphocytes develop in the thymus.
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
1. Dendritic cells (DC): powerful in antigen processing and presentation.
2. Macrophage: powerful in antigen processing and destruction, but low in antigen presentation.
Introduction
Natural killer cells (NK)1. 5-10% of blood lymphocytes, LGL
2. express neither T-cell nor B-cell
antigen receptors
Introduction
Phagocytic cells Monocytes (blood)/Macrophages (tissues)
functions: 1. remove particulate antigens
2. take up, process and present
antigenic peptides to T cells
distribution: Kupffer cells in the liver
microglial cells in the brain
Introduction
Phagocytic cells Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
1.neutrophils; basophils; eosinophils
2.neutrophils are short-lived phagocytic cells
multilobed nucleus; 10-20 m
3.neutrophils have a large arsenal of antibiotic
proteins
granules: lysosomes; lactoferrin
Innate immunity mechanism of recognition
Pathogen associated molecules patterns(PAMPs ) :LPS,DNA,RNA,Protein
Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS):DNA,HSP
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR): Toll-like receptor(TLR) ,C-lectin recptor(CLR),RIG-I-Like recptor(RLR),NOD-like Receptor(NLR)
Tissues and organs of the immune system
Primary (or central) lymphoid organs
bone marrow
thymus
Secondary (or peripheral) lymphoid organs
spleen
lymph nodes Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Mucosal immune system (MIS)
1.non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria and submucosal areas of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
2. tonsil, appendix, Peyer’s patches
3. B cell IgA IEL Adaptive immune ( T cell)
4. function: local (mucosal) immunity
Immunopathology Hypersensitivity
- overactive immune response
Immunodeficiency
- ineffective immune response
Autoimmunity
- inappropriate reaction to self antigens
Brief History of Immunology 1. Empirical Immunology(AD1700-1900)
2. Scientific Immunology(1900-1950s) 3. Modern Immunology(1960s-Present)
Documents show that as early as AD 1000,the ancient Chinese custom existed of havingchildren inhale powders made from thecrusty skin lesions of patients recoveringfrom smallpox
Why Can we eradicate the smallpox?
• No animal reservoir • Lifelong immunity • Subclinical cases rare • One serotype • Effective vaccine • Major commitment by governments
Lious Pasteur (1822~1895). The genius of Pasteur
carried him to the solution of many problems: the spoilage of beers and wines, with the accompanying pasteurization process; the discovery of anaerobic bacteria, virus vaccines, and attenuation of virulence; and studies of spontaneous generation. His studies in immunology have rightly earned him the position as father of the science.
Von Behring (1854~1917) discovered the antitoxin and the principles of antiserum therapy. He established one of the first corporations to product immunologic products.
Elie Metchnikoff (1845~1916) converted his discoveries of phagocytosis into a doctrine that gained many disciples from his coterie of students. He shared the Nobel Prize with Ehrlich in 1908.
Paul Ehrlich (1854~1915).
Selective theories(Paul Ehrlich,1900 ) The binding like the fitting of a lock with key,the side-chain specificity was determined before its exposure to Ag, and the Ag selected the appropriate side-chain receptor.
He shared the Nobel Prize with Metchnikoff in 1908.
Rodney R. Porter (1917~1985) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with Edelman in 1972.
• Gerald M. Edelman (1929~) was only 43 years of age
when he shared the Nobel Prize with Porter in 1972.
Susumu Tonegawa is a Japanese Scientist who won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1987 "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
Antibody Diversity
Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel”for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity".