imola ravenna, italy international...

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Imola–Ravenna, Italy

23/26 June 2014

Biogeochemical Processes at Air-Soil-Water Interfaces

and Environmental Protection

http://aswep-essc.unibo.it/

EUROPEAN CONFEDERATION OF SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETIES

INTERNATIONAL

UNION OF SOIL

SCIENCE WORLD ASSOCIATION OF SOIL

AND WATER CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

SOIL CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI

STUDI DI PALERMO ALMA MATER STUDIORUM

UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA

CONSIGLIO PER LA RICERCA

E LA SPERIMENTAZIONE IN

AGRICOLTURA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA

DI PEDOLOGIA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DELLA

SCIENZA DEL SUOLO SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI

CHIMICA AGRARIA

http://aswep-essc.unibo.it/

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LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Gilmo Vianello (President), Carmelo Dazzi, Edoardo Costantini, Giuseppe Corti, Maria Speranza, Livia

Vittori Antisari, Alessandro Buscaroli, Stefania Cocco, Gloria Falsone, Giuseppe Lo Papa, Serena

Carbone, Chiara Ferronato, Marco Natale, Lucia Ferroni, Giacomo Buganè

SCIENTIFIC SECRETARIAT

[email protected]

Gloria Falsone (Email: [email protected])

Giuseppe Lo Papa (Email: [email protected])

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Giuseppe Alonzo, Italy - Winfried Blum, Austria - Cristina Branquinho, Portugal - James Bruce, USA -

Artemi Cerdà, Spain – François Courchesne, Canada – Teo Dillaha, USA - Rui Li, China - Maria Josè

Marques, Spain - Gustavo Merten, Brazil – Teodoro Miano, Italy - Stefano Mocali, Italy – Luca

Montanarella, Italy – Franco Obando, Colombia; Coen Ritsema, The Netherlands - Gudrun Schwilch,

Switzerland - Shahid Shabbir, United Arab Emirates - Sombatpanit Samran, Thailand - Donald Sparks,

USA – Fabio Terribile, Italy – Ivan Vasenev, Russia – David C. Weindorf, USA - Pandi Zdruli, Italy -

Miograd Zlatic, Serbia.

ESSC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Carmelo Dazzi, Italy (President); José Luis Rubio, Spain; Michael A. Fullen, GB; Ádám Kertész, Hungary;

Peter Strauss, Austria; Edoardo Costantini, Italy; Wim Cornelis, Belgium; Donald Gabriels, Belgium;

Thomas Scholten, Germany; Endla Reintam, Estonia; Mihail Dumitru, Romania; Ildefonso Pla Sentis,

Spain; Saulius Marcinkonis, Lithuania; Lillian Oygarden, Norway; Antonio Rodriguez, Spain.

ORGANIZING SECRETARIAT

Agenzia Viaggi Santerno Rep. Gruppi Incoming

Via Saragat, 19 – 40026 Imola (BO)

Tel. +39 0542 32372 Fax +39 0542 643339

Internet: www.viaggisanterno.com

E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.viaggisanterno.com/


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SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS INDEX

Code Biogeochemical processes at air-soil-water interfaces and environmental protection:

CONCEPTS

Page

01 OC Soil as a biological system and omics approaches to better understand soil functionality

Paolo Nannipieri 9

05 PC Enhancing biodegradation of glyphosate using biofilter system

Frieda Eivazi, Bei Chu

10

08 PC Groundwater protection and minimization of contamination

Kakha Nadiradze, Nana Phirosmanashvili 11

12 PC Impacts of salinity on co2 turnover in some gefara soils of Libya

Fathi Khalifa Elyaagubi 12

13 OC Nutrients, trace elements and water deficit in greek soils cultivated with olive trees

Theodore Karyotis, George Arampatzis, Andreas Panagopoulos, Evangelos Hatzigiannakis,

Evangelos Tziritis, Katerina Karyoti, John Vrouchakis

13

19 PC Assessing the soil physiological potential using pedo-biological diagnosis under conservative

works and mineral fertilization

Lazar Bireescu, Geanina Bireescu, Michele Vincenzo Sellitto

14

21 PC Ecological diagnosis of soil quality in the forestry plantations from NE Romania

Cristinel Constandache, Lucian Dinca, Geanina Bireescu, Lazar Bireescu 15

39 PC Humic acid properties in the oligotrophic bog of west Siberia

Maria Vladimirovna Zykova, Elena Eduardovna Veretennikova 16

46 PC The impact of olive mill wastewater on the physicochemical And biological properties of soils

in northwest Jordan

Mohammad Wahsha, Claudio Bini, Mandana Nadimi-Goki

17

50 PC Carbon distribution in tilled soils Gergely Jakab, Ádám Kertész, Judit Szabó

18

54 PC The potential of zeolites for oil spillage remediation

Obiageli Obua *, Ayodele A. Oyedeji, Craig D. Williams, Michael A. Fullen

19

55 OC An experimental and modeling approach of the relationship between nitrous oxide fluxes

from soils and the water-filled pore space Eva Rabot, Isabelle Cousin, Catherine Hénault

20

58 PC Assessment of background levels of total macro- and microelements in plants and paddy soils

in the venetian territory (NE Italy)

Mandana Nadimi-Goki, Claudio Bini, Massimo Spiandorello, Yoichiro Kato), Mohammad Wahsha

21

63 OC Column experiment for the evaluation of sodium and ammonium removal from an

agricultural sandy soil amended with natural zeolitite Giacomo Ferretti, Dario Di Giuseppe, Barbara Faccini, Massimo Coltorti

22

65 PC Modeling of trichloroethylene migration in three-dimensional saturated sandy soil

Ayad A. H. Faisal, Faris A. Kubba, Huda M. Madhloom 23

66 OC Development of protofragipanic horizon after severe degradation processes of greenhouses

soil

Feodor Filipov, Camil Stefan Lungu Constantineanu, Giuseppe Lo Papa, Carmelo Dazzi

24

71 PC Towards an inspire complaint soil data web-gis application for Italy

Giovanni L'Abate, Edoardo A.C. Costantini 25

74 PC Hydrological differences between a natural forest and an afforested forest as a consequence of

soil characteristics. Hypotheses and perspectives.

Pili Serrano-Muela, Estela Nadal-Romero, Sergio Valdivielso Pardos

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FACTORS

Page

02 OF Air-soil-water interfaces and environmental protection of mountain areas

Markus Egli

28

10 PF Bioenergetic and physico-chemical indicators of saline soils of arid ecosystems of Azerbaijan

Pirverdi Samedov, Bayli Aliyeva, Vafa Mammadova, Mahpara Sadikhova 29

14 PF Soil physical parameters rendering ammonium acetate unsuitable for available potassium

extraction and those controlling potassium availability

Seyed Amin Shafiei, Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini

30

18 OF Assessing the anthropogenic impact on environment by health soil card

Geanina Bireescu, Neculai Munteanu, Vasile Stoleru, Liliana Avasilcai, Lazar Bireescu

31

20 PF Impact of acidification on pollutants fate and soil filtration function

Jarmila Makovnikova, Radoslava Kanianska, Miriam Kizekova

32

23 OF The serpentine syndrome (H. Jenny, 1980): a proxy for soil remediation

Claudio Bini, Laura Maleci

33

26 OF Distribution of heavy metals in soils and waters of a Mediterranean wetland: Oliva-Pego

marshland

Vicente Andreu, Eugenia Gimeno-García, Juan Antonio Pascual

34

31 OF Geohazards impact for environment. The case of the North Lithuanian karst region

Vidas Mikulenas, Julius Taminskas

35

85 OF Interaction between engineered nanoparticles and soil system

Serena Carbone, Livia Vittori Antisari

36

36 OF Nitrous oxide productivity of soil fungi under decreasing oxygen level Jiří Jirout

37

42 PF Estimation of the intake of nitrate, nitrite, nitrosodietylamine and nitrosodimetylamine by the

food consumption Liliana Avasilcai, Marieta Nichifor, Geanina Bireescu, Rodica Cuciureanu

38

45 PF Relationship between vegetation indices and biological activity of different types of biological

soil crusts Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero, Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra, Isabel Miralles-Mellado, Raul Ortega,

Eva Arnaú-Rosalèn, Yolanda Canton-Castilla

39

49 OF Ecological and socio-economic issues of small hilly watersheds Miodrag Zlatic, Mirjana Todosijevic

40

53 PF Functional diversity of soil microorganisms as ecological indicator of forest ecosystems Sara Marinari, Ruxandra Papp, Roberta Micci, Rosita Marabottini, Livia Vittori Antisari, Gloria

Falsone, Gilmo Vianello

41

64 PF Effects of the GAEC Cross compliance standard “management of set-aside” on soil

biodiversity in Italy

Stefano Mocali, Silvia Landi, Arturo Fabiani, Giada d’Errico, Raimondo Piccolo, Paolo Bazzoffi

42

67 OF Biogeochemical processes at soil – snow interface Michele Freppaz, Mark Williams, Davide Viglietti, Ermanno Zanini

43

68 OF Dynamics and fluxes of carbon, nutrients and water in the intercropping and agroforestry

systems of the humid tropics Adebayo Jonathan Adeyemo, Samuel Ohikhena Agele

44

80 OF Salinization of soil in South Tunisia

Stefania Cocco, Giuseppe Corti, Valeria Cardelli, Mauro De Feudis, Alberto Agnelli 45

…….…-

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Code Biogeochemical processes at air-soil-water interfaces and environmental protection: Page

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PROCESSE$

03 OP Pedogenic processes and organic matter stabilization

Eleonora Bonifacio

47

11 PP Removal of phenol from contaminated soil by an upward electro-kinetic process

Ayad A. H. Faisal, Talib R. Abbas, Amal H. Khalil 48

17 OP Reclamation of disturbed lands in Kokdzhon phosphate mining in Zhambyl region

Toktar Murat, Kozybayeva Farida Esenkozhanovna, Carmelo Dazzi 49

24 PP Pesticides identication and presence in quaternary riverine soils of the river Turia, Spain

Juan Antonio Pascual, Vicente Andreu, Ana Masià, Yolanda Picó 50

27 PP Do non-rainfall water inputs induce biological activity in biological soil crusts?

Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra, Yolanda Cantón-Castilla, Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero, Eva Arnau-

Rosalén, Olga Uclés, Francisco Domingo

51

28 PP Changes of soil wettability due to development of lupinus albus cluster roots assessed by

different approaches of the wilhelmy plate method

Carlos Ramírez, Jörg Bachmann, Fernando Borie

52

29 PP Biological soil crusts: source or sinks of CO2 in semiarid ecosystems?

Yolanda Cantón-Castilla, Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra, Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero, Isabella.

Miralles-Mellado, Monica Ladrón de Guevara

53

32 OP Physico-chemical and microbial characterization in (near-) rhizosphere soil planted with

macrophytes to investigate PAHs and TEs phytoremediation processes at the soil-root

interface

Marie-Charlotte Leroy, Marc Legras, Franck Le Derf, Stéphane Marcotte, Vincent Moncond’huy,

Florence Portet-Koltalo

54

33 OP Methane emission from the isolated wetlands of OB’-TOM’ interfluve area: summary of years

2011-2012 studies Elena Aduardovna Veretennikova

55

34 PP The impact of afforestation on carbon storage of forest soils on several Hungarian examples in

Transdanubian region (Hungary) András Bidló, Péter Szűcs, Adrienn Horváth

56

37 OP Dissolved organic matter sorption on hydrous iron oxide-vermiculite mixed mineral phases.

Marcella Sodano, Daniel Said-Pullicino, Antonio F. Fiori, Marcella Catoni, Maria Martin, Luisella

Celi

57

38 OP Influence of organic matter and microbial activities on the mobility of arsenic and metals in

polluted soils Hugues Thouin, Tiffanie Lescure, Catherine Joulian, Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet, Pascale Gautret,

Claude Le Milbeau

58

40 OP Phytoextraction of trace elements and soil remediation

François Courchesne, Benoît Cloutier-Hurteau, Marie-Claude Turmel, Simon Constantineau

59

41 PP Coastal slope instability in contrasting geoenvironmental conditions – a comparative case

study

Slobodan B. Mickovski, Olavo Santos, Maria del Pilar Durante Ingunza

60

43 PP Intra-annual variation in soil basal respiration and water soluble carbon compounds

of afforested soils Elena García-Campo, Fernando Gil-Sotres, Mª Carmen Leirós, Carmen Trasar-Cepeda

61

44 PP Relation between the concentration of 2,4,5-trichlorophenolate and the modification of several

soil biochemical properties Diana Bello, Marta Leis, Fernado Gil-Sotres, Mª Carmen Leirós, Carmen Trasar-Cepeda

62

48 OP Impact of acidification on soil and plant carbon sequestration during the short-term pot

experiment

Radoslava Kanianska, Jarmila Makovníková, Miriam Kizeková

63

51 PP Evaluating the toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perflorooctane sulfonic acid in soil with

endogeic geophagus Aporrectodea caliginos Parva Zareitalabad, Jan Siemens, Wulf Amelung, Rainer Georg Joergensen

64

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Code Page

52 OP Measurement and modeling of nectarine tree water use for varying soil moisture

Indira Paudel, Amos Naor, Yoni Gal, Shabtai Cohen

65

57 OP CH4 and N2O emission from rice under different water management

Alessandra Lagomarsino, Alessandro Elio Agnelli, Rossana Monica Ferrara, Giacomo Gavina,

Stefano Ravaglia

66

59 PP The role of agricultural land-use vs vegetation cover on nutrient and sediment transfer from

small headwater catchments in a hummocky post-glacial landscape: a case study in South-

Eastern Latvia

Juris Soms

67

60 OP The methods for field assessment of rill and ephemeral gully erosion in Czech republic Miroslav Dumbrovský, Veronika Sobotková

68

61 PP Influence of vegetation on soil respiration in a semi-arid shrubland

Cecilio Oyonarte, Enrique Sánchez-Cañet, Jorge Curiel, Juan Manual Cintas, Penelope Serrano-

Ortiz, Oscar Pérez-Priego, Ana López-Ballesteros, Eva Arnau, Andrew Kowalski, Francisco

Domingo

69

77 PP Preliminary investigation using microalgae as bio-indicator of pesticide contamination in

surface water

Anna Chiara Rimini, Daniela Belletti, Vincenza Nardicchi

70

78 PP Short-term recovery from tillage operation: exploring the potential for organic wheat and alfa

alfa to enhance soil physical fertility and aggregate associated-C

Patrizia Guidi, Gloria Falsone, Gilmo Vianello

71

79 PP Rhizosphere effect on a soil derived from limestone in a thousand-year-old holm oak (Quercus

ilex L.) forest

Alberto Agnelli, Luisa Massaccesi, Mauro De Feudis, Valeria Cardelli, Stefania Cocco, Giuseppe

Corti

72

81 PP Hypothesis of magnetic enrichment in Apennines soils. Influence of paleopedogenesis on the

evolution of Fe-oxides

Valeria Cardelli, Stefania Cocco, Mauro De Feudis, Alberto Agnelli, Giuseppe Corti

73


TECHNIQUES

Page

04 OT Advances in isotope techniques for resolving soil water and carbon fluxes Christoph Külls

75

22 OT Nano-selenium: from in vitro to micro farm experiments Hassan R. El-Ramady, N. A. Abd Alla, T. A. Alshaal, N. Elhawat, É. Domokos-Szabolcsy, J.

Prokisch

76

25 OT Integrated model for preliminary assessment of the effect of vegetation against shallow

landslides Alejandro González Ollauri, Slobodan B.Mickovski

77

62 OT Monitoring soil organic carbon spatial variations by proximal sensing

Simone Priori, Nadia Bianconi, Maria Fantappiè, Sergio Pellegrini, Edoardo A.C. Costantini,

Giuseppe Ferrigno, Fabio Guaitoli

78

69 PT

Interaction between engineered nanoparticles and vascular plant: ocimum basilicum as plant

model

Serena Carbone, Sara Bosi, Livia Vittori Antisari, Giovanni Dinelli, Gilmo Vianello

79

70 OT Slopes protection by deep rooting grass plants prevents damages under intense meteorological

phenomena Claudio Zarotti

80

72 PT Understanding the carbon isotopic signature in complex environmental matrices

Claudio Natali, Gianluca Bianchini 81

.

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Code Page

82 PT Short-term land-use changes and hydrodynamics in the Muson river watershed (TV) in

relation to climate change

Alba Gallo, Federico Gatto, Massimo Spiandorello, Claudio Bini

82

83 PT A GIS-based methodology for land suitability evaluation in Veneto (NE Italy)

Milena Bardin, Marco Beraldo, Soraya Bresolin, Jenny De Pra, Alberto Finesso, Alba Gallo, Irene

Gozzelino, Veronica Milano, Giulia Pizzin, Luca Scapin, Massimo Spiandorello, Giulia Silan,

Andrea Staccione, Diana Zilioli, Claudio Bini

83

84 PT Sustainable management of lakes in connection with mitigation of adverse effects of climate

change, agriculture and development of green micro regions based on renewable energy

production

Sándor Némethy, Gábor Molnár

84

AUTHORS INDEX 85

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BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AT AIR-SOIL-WATER INTERFACES

AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: CONCEPTS

Abstract

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01-OC SOIL AS A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND OMICS APPROACHES

TO BETTER UNDERSTAND SOIL FUNCTIONALITY

Paolo Nannipieri

Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Firenze

Author: [email protected]

Soil as a biological system is characterized by: i) the presence of a remarkable diversity since

thousands of bacterial genomes can be present in one gram of soil. In addition microbial biomass

is huge; ii) only a minor proportion of the available space is occupied by microorganisms in soil

(microbiological space); iii) soil colloids can adsorb important biological molecules such as

proteins and nucleic acids. Nucleic acids can adsorbed and retain their biological activity; iv). soil

components show enzyme-like activities. Unfortunately there is no methods to distinguish

enzyme from enzyme-like reactions but these methods are needed to quantify both contributions;

v) virus are more abundant than in other systems such as aquatic ones.

A book “Omics in Soil Science” (Nannipieri et al 2014) has been recently published; it presents

the state-of-the-art of omics in soil science, a field that is advancing rapidly on many fronts. The

various omics (mainly metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, proteomics and proteogenomics)

approaches hold much promise but also await further refinement before they are ready for

widespread adaptation. One way to judge their readiness is to compare them to methods that have

become standards for soil microbiology research. Methods become standards because they

provide useful information quickly and inexpensively. There is no question that omics can

provide useful information, some of which cannot be obtained with traditional techniques, and

integration of omics methods may provide insights into ecosystem functioning. In particular, the

potential for omics to provide comprehensive coverage of genes and genes products make them

well-suited for the study of general soil microbiological phenomena, such as decomposition,

response to water stress, etc.


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5-PC ENHANCING BIODEGRADATION OF GLYPHOSATE USING BIOFILTER SYSTEM

Frieda Eivazi, Bei Chu

Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65102

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Pesticides and other anthropogenic pollutants once introduced into the environment are subject to

biological and nonbiological transformations processes. A variety of biological, chemical, and

physical methods have been used for degradation and detoxification of pesticides. Conventional

clean- up methods are costly and not always effective. Agrichemical storage and handling

practices have been targeted as a potential point source contamination of soil and groundwater.

Use of “biofilters” to contain and biodegrade pesticides may be a cost-effective alternative. A

biofilter is an in-ground treatment unit designed to contain spills of pesticides and degrade the

chemicals through microbial activity. Microbial activity may be enhanced by altering conditions

conducive to degradation. This objective of this study is to develop a biofilter system that adapts

to the soil and environmental conditions of Missouri to treat and dispose of selected pesticide

wastes on farm, and gain understanding of biofilter technology. Four biofilter mixtures consisting

of top soil, straw and peat with different mixing ratios were tested in a laboratory scale

experiment. Glyphosate was added into biofilter mixtures contained in glass jars. The herbicide-

degrading potential of the biofilter substrate mixtures was determined by measuring residual

herbicide concentration. Degradation kinetics over 3 months was analyzed. Preliminary results

showed that after 3 months, glyphosate concentration and degradation half-life (DT50) was

lowest in biomix containing 12.5% straw, 62.5% soil and 25% peat. Future studies include

additional degradation experiments and sorption experiments of different herbicides in biofilter

materials, identification of microbes in the biofilter, and eventually establishment of an on-farm

biofilter.

,


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08-PC GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AND MINIMIZATION OF CONTAMINATION

Kakha Nadiradze * , Nana Phirosmanashvili

Association for Farmers Rights Defense, AFRD

* Author Corresponding: [email protected]

Groundwater is an important natural resource in South Part of Georgia. Many farmers and small

towns rely on wells to provide drinking water for both domestic and livestock use. Groundwater,

however, is vulnerable to contamination from activities around wells and sometimes activities on

the land. Groundwater is water that occupies the pore spaces in soil and rocks. Minimization

subsurface pollution and optimization of remediation efficiency depend on reliable and effective

monitoring tools that provide real-time information on the chemical and hydrological state of the

groundwater. Today, most monitoring programs are based on observation wells that samples

groundwater. As such, identification of pollution in well water is clear evidence that the

contaminants already crossed the active farming zone and accumulated in groundwater.

Groundwater quality is influenced by natural conditions and human activities, and pollution can

occur through direct or indirect contamination also during farming. A well can be a direct conduit

from the land surface to an aquifer. Thus, activities around a well can directly contaminate

groundwater. Direct contamination of a well and an aquifer can result from spills beside wells,

improperly sealed well casings or abandoned wells, flooded well pits or back-siphoning from

pesticide mixing tanks. Indirect contamination can come from leaking sewage systems, fertilizer

or manure spreading and pesticide spraying. Since nitrate-nitrogen is very mobile in soil, leaking

septic systems or spreading manure or fertilizers at rates that exceed crop uptake of nitrogen can

result in groundwater contamination over time. Similarly, pesticides that are relatively persistent

and mobile as well as pesticide application on highly permeable soils can also contaminate

groundwater. Point source pollution like pesticide or fertilizer spills around a well is the greatest

risk for groundwater contamination.

.

https://mail.unibo.it/owa/[email protected]/redir.aspx?C=kIcLD8DGlU6100qSkLaxwnBXBe-6PNEIkVMrwlFf9swWgkjWmzvtqgis4wWFe4HWwErmaahQ-5c.&URL=mailto:[email protected]

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12-PC IMPACTS OF SALINITY ON CO2 TURNOVER IN SOME GEFARA SOILS OF LIBYA

Fathi Khalifa Elyaagubi

Faculty of Engineering, Tripoli University –Libya


Salinization is a major threat to the productivity of agricultural land. The Gefara Plain located in

the northwest of Libya; comprises about 80% of the total agricultural activity. The high water

requirements for the populations and agriculture are depleting the groundwater aquifer, resulting

in intrusion of seawater in the first few kilometres along the coast. Due to increasing salinity in

the groundwater used for irrigation, the soils of the Gefara Plain are becoming increasingly saline.

This research paper investigated the sensitivity of these soils to increased salinity using CO2

evolution as an integrating measure of soil function. Soil was collected from four sites located in

the Gefara Plain, Almaya, Janzur, Gargaresh and Tajura. Soil collected from Tajura had the

highest background salinity, and Janzur had the highest organic matter content. All of the soils

had relatively low organic matter content, ranging between 0.49-1.25%. The cumulative rate of

14CO2 of added 14C-labelled Lolium shoots (Lolium perenne L.) to soils was decreased under

effects of water containing different concentrations of NaCl at 20, 50, 70, 90, 150 and 200 mM

compared to the control at any time of incubation in four sites. Keywords: Soil salinity, Gefara

Plain, Organic matter, 14C-labelled Lolium shoots.

.


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13-OC NUTRIENTS, TRACE ELEMENTS AND WATER DEFICIT

IN GREEK SOILS CULTIVATED WITH OLIVE TREES

Theodore Karyotis *, George Arampatzis, Andreas Panagopoulos,

Evangelos Hatzigiannakis, Evangelos Tziritis, Katerina Karyoti, John Vrouchakis

Institute for Soil Mapping and Classification, Larissa, Greece

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

The studied soils consist from alluvial or coluvial deposits and are located in the prefecture of

Messinia, Western Peloponnese (Greece). These soils are cultivated by olive trees and most of

them have low organic matter content. Stratification of soil horizons differentiates the physical

and chemical properties. A number of 263 surface soil samples were selected and analysed for the

main properties. Minimum and maximum values as well as the distribution of soil properties

varied greatly and can be attributed mainly to different fertilization practices of crops by farmers,

inputs of nutrients by irrigation water and differences due to inherent soil conditions. Based on

average concentration, the spatial surface distribution of most properties may be affected by

micro relief and cultivation history. However, lower variability was observed for the parameters

pH, Cation Exchange Capacity, total soil nitrogen and soil organic matter, while coefficients of

variation for properties which can be affected easily by human activities such as available

phosphorus and micronutrients, are much higher. It must be stressed that variability of CaCO3

was very high and can be attributed to soil genesis processes, different degree of erosion and

human activities such as surface soil leveling. Low nitrogen content and low available P and

exchangeable potassium are serious limiting factors for high crop yield, while low content for

trace elements was recorded in the following order: Zn>Mn>B>Fe. Nitrates leaching has been

recorded in the winter rainy period which increases the water pollution risk of shallow aquifers.

Elaboration of climate data showed the negative effect of reduced rainfall during the summer

period on yield of olive trees, while the high mean monthly temperature deteriorates water

availability due to increased evapotranspiration.


14

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19-PC ASSESSING THE SOIL PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL USING PEDO-BIOLOGICAL

DIAGNOSIS UNDER CONSERVATIVE WORKS AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION

Lazar Bireescu (1)*, Geanina Bireescu (1), Michele Vincenzo Sellitto (2)

(1) Institute of Biological Research, Iasi, Romania;

(2) Sc.Agro-Verd.srl, Experimental farm for sustainable agriculture

and rural development - Iasi, Romania


Sustainable agriculture has, like the main objective, the protection of environment and natural

vegetal and soil resources. Changes in agricultural practice and the management of soil resources

affect the ecosistem functions. Soil is a significant gene reservoir for the biosphere, so, a crucial

element of biodiversity. Technological system of conservative works are increasingly used

because of the enlargement processes of soil degradation through conventional farming systems

based on the intensive practices of the soil. In a sustainable and organic integrated agriculture, the

cropping methods and technologies must be scientifically proved, on eco-pedological and pedo-

biological principles, in order to achieve high yields and sustainable management of the soil

resources. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to assess the impact of technological

systems and methods of soil conservation on soil physiological potential using Pedo-Biological

Diagnosis. Our research was conducted on haplic chernozem from Experimental Station of

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Romania, in the autumnal,

spring and summer seasons, to the autumnal wheat and soybean crops, on non-irrigated agrofond,

unfertilized and fertilized with moderate chemical doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (N80P80) in

the 2009-2010 period under conservative soil works (2x disk, paraplow, chisel, plugging at 20cm

and plugging at 30cm). Results showed that, in the case of soil works with chisel and paraplow

without return of furrow, the Pedo-Biological Diagnosis highlights an increase of soil

physiological potential, both, on unfertilized, and particularly in terms of fertilization with

moderate doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (N80P80). Method of alternating depth of plugging,

in our case, plugging at 20cm and 30 cm, is not efficient because is continued removing to surface

of the humus, at the same time contributing to the formation of hard soil in greater depth.I .

.


15

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21-PC ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF SOIL QUALITY

IN THE FORESTRY PLANTATIONS FROM NE ROMANIA

Cristinel Constandache *, Lucian Dinca, Geanina Bireescu, Lazar Bireescu

Institute of Forest Research and Management Focsani, Romania,

Transylvania University of Brasov, Romania,

Faculty of Forestry and Forestry Exploits, Institute of Biological Research Iasi, Romania

* Author corresponding: [email protected]

The complex study of the soil, as surroundings of plants within natural or cultivated terrestrial

ecosystems is an objective necessity because the soil, as open dynamic system, realizes reversible

and reciprocal changes of matter, energy and information with biocenosis. Soil quality is a

synthetic feature that allows it to function normally within the unitary ecosystem to be able to

sustain the productivity of biocenosis. The present study highlights a concrete case from NE

Romania, of analysis of soil quality in forestry plantations located, in order to phyto-remediation,

on land sloping, moderately pluvial eroded, as well as on low lands with excess of subsoil water

in the soil profile. Consequently, the analysis of the content of qualities, lacks and excesses that

the soil offers to plants is carried out in two srages: (1) quantitative analysis by ecological size

classes and qualitative analysis by ecological favorability classes of the 10 main physical,

chemical and biological indicators that constitute a Minimum Data Set (MDS); (2) diagnosis of

the soil quality under zone and local ecological context by the Effective Trophicity (ET)

indicator, as essential indicator of soil productive potential that characterizes the plant nutrient

supply. The Matrix of Ecological Specific highlights the ecological factors and determinants

limitative by excess (fine soil texture and hard consistency of dry soil in the summer season) and

minimum value (soil air porosity, soil biological activity, soil organic matter content, droughty

summer season). Cumulate value by summing the values for those 10 physical, chemical and

biological indicators, very important from the qualitative point of view, pointed out the sub-

medium and medium effective trophicity for the forestry vegetation in this analyzed case.

16

39-PC HUMIC ACID PROPERTIES IN THE OLIGOTROPHIC BOG OF WEST SIBERIA

Maria Vladimirovna Zykova *, Elena Eduardovna Veretennikova

Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia

* corresponding author: [email protected]

A comparative and complex analysis of humic acids (HAs) isolated from peat profile of ridge-

hollow complex (RHC) in southern taiga zone of West Siberia (56°58’N 82°36’E) was

carried out. Elemental analysis of the HAs was done, spectral characterization included UV-Vis,

IR. The IR spectra showed useful information about the nature, reactivity and structural

arrangement of oxygen containing functional groups, the occurrence of carbohydrate constituents,

the relative proportions of aromatic versus aliphatic moieties, and in general, the evolution of peat

nature throughout the profile. The aromatic/aliphatic ratio in the peat profile increases throughout

the profile; it becomes more evident below depth 50 cm. The general increase of

aromatic/aliphatic ratio occurs, thus resulting in a residual fraction depletion of H and O and,

consequently, showing lower H/C ratio values. The aromatic/aliphatic ratio represents of

humification degree, and have a good agreement with botanical composition of peats and

decomposition degree; it also related to phases of “wet-dry” and/or “warm-cold”. In this study,

the variability of E465/E650 ratio in the peat profile of RHC is rather high and can refer to the

transformation process. In the upper layers, the intensively of spectra signals of aromatic groups

is lower than aliphatic one. The E465/E650 ratio decreases with depth, except of central part of

profiles in which a new increase was observed. In general E465/E650 reflects the C,H,N,O

concentrations and their main ratios and IR spectroscopy data: the increase of aromatic/aliphatic

and C/H ratio observed while E465/E650 decreases. However, in some cases, E465/E650 does

not reflect such a dependence that is probably due to higher N content.

.


17

46-PC THE IMPACT OF OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL

AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN NORTHWEST JORDAN

Mohammad Wahsha (1)*, Claudio Bini (2) , Mandana Nadimi-Goki (2)

(1) Marine Science Station, The University of Jordan, Aqaba branch – Aqaba, Jordan (2) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics,

Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy


Soil contamination may influence negatively soil health, which often limits and sometimes

disqualifies soil biodiversity and decreases plant growth. Soil health is the continued capacity of

the soil to function as a vital living system, providing essential ecosystem services. Within soils,

all bio-geo-chemical processes of the different ecosystem components are combined. These

processes are able to sustain biological productivity of soil, to maintain the quality of surrounding

air and water environments, as well as to promote plant, animal, and human health . A common

criterion to evaluate long term sustainability of ecosystems is to assess the quality of soil.

However, the increased concentration and distribution of toxic substances in soils by

mismanagement of industrial activities, overuse of agrochemicals and waste disposal are causing

worldwide concern. A major environmental concern in the Mediterranean countries is the

production of the large quantities of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) produced during olive oil

extraction process. OMW inhibits several groups of bacteria and fungal species, thus affecting

soil stability. In the present study, we investigated the effect of OMW on the soil physical,

chemical characteristics and the microbial communities structure. All soil samples were collected

from an olive mill garden in Northwest Jordan. Biological soil quality index (QBS-ar) values

appeared to decrease with respect to soil pollution by OMW. All investigated parameters were

significantly different depending on the levels of OMW contamination in soil. Anthropogenic

activities influenced the microarthropod community, altering both quantity and quality of soil

chemical and physical structure of the microhabitats. Preliminary data obtained in this study

suggest that the application of QBS-ar index could be a useful tool for evaluating surface soils

health status

.

18

50-PC CARBON DISTRIBUTION IN TILLED SOILS

Gergely Jakab (1,2), Ádám Kertész (1)*, Judit Szabó (2)

(1) Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences,

Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, Hungary H-1112 (2) Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography Eötvös

Lóránd University;Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c Budapest Hungary 1117


Soils are the third largest carbon store of the Earth, following the oceanic and geologic pools.

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) content ensures higher structure and aggregate stability and

so better conditions for both flora and fauna. Soil erosion removes soil particles from the surface

and deposes them downslope. SOC is very vulnerable to physical impacts and therefore it can

easily be taken away by erosion so these small soil particles are overrepresented in runoff and soil

loss. The fate of SOC in the deposited soil is still unclear. It can be mineralized or it can be

sequestrated depending on certain soil conditions such as porosity, hydrology, biological activity,

etc. Changes in TOC content and in soil organic matter (SOM) content of tilled Cambisols were

investigated along hill slopes at Hungarian pilot sites. The results are ambiguous. At the first

study site the TOC content of the profile decreases with depth, at the second site the TOC content

of the uppermost layer is lower than that of the layers below. At the first site the E4/E6 ratio did

not change whereas at the second site different values were measured in the various soil horizons.

The differences may be explained by tillage intensity, but there is no evidence of a trend of TOC

sequestration in the deposited Cambisol under tillage at the Hungarian study areas. Further

investigations are needed to clarify the distribution of Carbon in tilled Cambisols. This study was

funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA) No. PD100929 and this support is

gratefully acknowledged here.

.


19

54-PC THE POTENTIAL OF ZEOLITES FOR OIL SPILLAGE REMEDIATION

Obiageli Obua *, Ayodele A. Oyedeji, Craig D. Williams, Michael A. Fullen

Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton,

Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom


This study reports the efficacy of clinoptilolite for the absorption of oil spills and its reusability.

Clinoptilolite is a member of the heulandites family of zeolites and was tested for its potential for

oil spill remediation. Different proportions of sand-clinoptilolite mixtures were tested in

replicated laboratory analyses for their ability to absorb oil. The most absorbent range (75 g

clinoptilolite + 25 g sand) was selected and the experiment was continued. Sand-clinoptilolite

mixtures absorbed considerable and significantly more oil than sand alone. There was an increase

in the absorption level as the clinoptilolite concentration in the sand-zeolite mix increased. There

was no significant difference in oil absorption for 75 g and >75 g clinoptilolite. The most

absorbing range was burned and reused. It was possible to burn the oil-sand-clinoptilolite mixture

seven times and the ignited mix was reused for further effective and significant oil absorption.

Physicochemical analyses (including pH, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF),

moisture content, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)

spectroscopy, and organic matter content (loss-on-ignition)) were carried out to study sample

properties. The study provided evidence of considerable potential for use and recycling of sand-

zeolite mixtures as a ‘green technology’ and thus provides evidence of the potential of zeolite

absorption and recycling as a remediation option for oil spillage problems.

.


20

55-OC AN EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING APPROACH

OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROUS OXIDE FLUXES

FROM SOILS AND THE WATER-FILLED PORE SPACE

Eva Rabot *, Isabelle Cousin, Catherine Hénault

INRA, UR0272, UR Science du Sol, F-45075 Orléans, France


N2O fluxes can increase largely due to small increase of the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS).

In models, the relationship between N2O fluxes and the WFPS is often described as a continuous

exponential curve starting at a WFPS of about 0.62. However, some laboratory and field

measurements have evidenced that this relationship could rather be described as Gaussian. To

improve our knowledge of this crucial curve for N2O flux modeling, we have developed a

laboratory experiment where the wetting and drying dynamics of undisturbed soil cylinders were

strictly controlled during N2O flux measurements. We observed that N2O flux peaks could occur

during the wetting phase, but more surprisingly we also observed brief and intense peaks during

the drying phase. We then hypothesized (1) that N2O was produced and entrapped during the

wetting phase, and was emitted from gas pockets and soil solution during the drying phase and,

(2) that the addition of a gas transport and a gas-liquid equilibrium modules to an empirical

biogeochemical model of N2O emissions could allow the description of the brief peaks observed

during soil drying. We build such a model. It was first tested with the experimental data. We also

studied its sensitivity to the WFPS parameter. We generated 200 realizations of hydric conditions

and bulk densities to estimate the soil gas diffusivity. WFPS was set to be constant during the 7

simulated days. Simulated N2O fluxes plotted against WFPS appeared to be bell-shaped whatever

the simulation time, combining the effects of the low N2O production for WFPS<0.62, and the

slow gas diffusion for WFPS>0.9. The WFPS generating the maximum simulated N2O fluxes

shifted with time, from 0.76 after 12 h, to 0.79 after 168 h, because of an increase over time of the

gas concentration gradient between the soil surface and the atmosphere. The study highlighted the

role of diffusional processes in soil N2O emissions and the importance to take them into account

in N2O modeling.

.


21

58-PC ASSESSMENT OF BACKGROUND LEVELS OF TOTAL MACRO-

AND MICROELEMENTS IN PLANTS AND PADDY SOILS

IN THE VENETIAN TERRITORY (NE ITALY)

Mandana Nadimi-Goki (1)*, Claudio Bini (1), Massimo Spiandorello (1),

Yoichiro Kato (2), Mohammad Wahsha (3)

(1) Department of Environmental Sciences, Ca’ Foscari University, 30123 Venice, Italy

(2) International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines

(3) Marine Science Station, University of Jordan, Aqaba branch, Jordan


Determination of macro- and microelements in rice has attracted great attention over the

centuries, since rice is one of the most consumed food in the world. High concentrations of toxic

elements in paddy soils would enhance the uptake of these elements by rice resulting in human

health hazard. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations in soils and plants from the rice district in

the Venetian territory (NE Italy) have been determined by ICP-MS spectrometry, with the

following aims: - to determine background levels of elements; - to assess deficiency/toxicity

levels in soils and plants; - to calculate the Translocation Factor (TF) from soil to plants. Four rice

plots with different rotation systems were sampled from seedling time to harvesting; sampling of

soils and plants was carried out 4 times during growing season. The soils present high levels of Fe

and Mg, while other elements (B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) are below the Italian guidelines. P, S and Mg

deficiency in plants were observed in all rotations, while Fe concentration was above the

phytotoxicity threshold. Slight contamination was also observed for Ni. Translocation of Cu, Ni,

Zn, P from soil to root was found to be >1 while Mg, Ca and Mn had the lowest translocation

factor. Micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Ni) are easily translocated to leaves and grains (TF ≤1).

Therefore, rice is assumed as an accumulator plant of Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, whereas it is as an

indicator plant for Fe. It could be useful in contaminated-sites restoration by phytostabilization.

Hazard for resident population is limited.

.


22

63-OC COLUMN EXPERIMENT FOR THE EVALUATION OF SODIUM

AND AMMONIUM REMOVAL FROM AN AGRICULTURAL SANDY SOIL

AMENDED WITH NATURAL ZEOLITITE

Giacomo Ferretti *, Dario Di Giuseppe, Barbara Faccini, Massimo Coltorti

Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy


A series of column experiments on a sandy agricultural soil of the Po Delta area, treated with

natural zeolitite, were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the zeolitite in reducing the

Na excess derived from local brackish waters and the high NH4 contents due to fertilization

practices. The soil, amended with 10 Kg/m2 of natural chabasite zeolitite, was introduced into a

column (V=185,89 cm3, porevolume (p.v.) = 20ml). Two replicates were saturated with brackish

water of marine origin (EC=18 mS/cm) and other two with a solution containing 10,157 ppm of

NH4 (reflecting an “after fertilization” condition, following MAS limit of 170 Kg-N/ha); after

saturation, the columns were left resting for 24 hours, in order to reach the equilibrium of the

cations exchange reaction. Each column was then fluxed for 6 p.v. with Milly-Q Water, and the

first drops of each p.v. were collected and analyzed via ICP-MS for major and trace element

determination, and via UV-VIS spectrophotometer for Ammonium concentration. Results show

that the amended soils saturated with brackish-marine water have a removal efficiency for Na of

about 52% for the first p.v., that decreases at an average of about 21% after six p.v.; the amount

of Na retained by the soil vary from 0.44 mg/g at the first p.v. to 0.18 mg/g after six p.v. The

released cations were mainly Ca, K and Mg following the order Ca>K>Mg. Regarding the

Ammonium saturated columns, the removal efficiency vary from an average of 58% at first p.v.

to 50% after six p.v. and the amount of NH4 ions retained by the soil vary from an average of 1.72

mg/g at the first p.v. to an average of 1.5 mg/g after six p.v. These results indicate that, by the

addiction of natural zeolitite in a sandy agricultural soil, the reduction of Na and NH4 loads from

soils water is possible, opening prospective for an open field experimentation.

.


23

65-PC MODELING OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE MIGRATION

IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SATURATED SANDY SOIL

Ayad A. H. Faisal (1), Faris A. Kubba (2), Huda M. Madhloom (3)

(1) Dept. of Envir. Eng., College of Eng., University of Baghdad, Iraq (2) Dept. of Envir. Eng., College of Eng., Univ. of Al-Mustansiriyah, Iraq (3) Dept. of Civil Eng., College of Eng., Univ. of Al-Mustansiriyah, Iraq


This study characterized the temporal and spatial distribution of trichloroethylene (TCE)

dissolved plume from continuous source in 3D bench-scale sand aquifer. COMSOL Multiphysics

3.5a (2008) software based on the finite element numerical scheme taking into account the

sorption process was used to interpreted the experimental results. A conservative tracer is

employed for the determination of the longitudinal dispersivity. The sorption characteristics of

TCE onto the aquifer sand are independently determined from batch equilibrium data. TCE

concentrations at specific downstream locations within the aquifer for different periods of time

are measured under flow rates values equal to 20, 40 and 100 ml/min. The predicted TCE

concentrations were found to be reasonably agreed with the bench-scale experimental results with

mean error (ME) less than 5%.

.


24

66-OC DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOFRAGIPANIC HORIZON AFTER SEVERE

DEGRADATION PROCESSES OF GREENHOUSES SOIL

Feodor Filipov (1), Camil Stefan Lungu Constantineanu (1)*,

Giuseppe Lo Papa (2), Carmelo Dazzi (2)

(1) University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi Romania;

(2) Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy


Plant growing in greenhouses and plastic tunnels has some advantages: obtaining early

production, plant protection against hail, hoarfrost, late spring and early autumn frosts. The main

criteria considered for setting greenhouses are the existence of heating and water sources. Due to

the compulsory location imposed by the above conditions, many greenhouses were placed on

soils having low capability. After application of ameliorative measures some satisfactory results

could be obtained on a relatively short period. Our studies on some soils in greenhouses and

plastic tunnels in Romania have shown that after 15-20 years of the intensive exploitation an

impermeable soil horizon with brittle blocky angular structure aggregates was formed at depth of

circa 25-37 cm. The formation of this horizon is due to some pedogenenetic factors excluding

compaction by soil tillage. The impermeable horizon shows some similar features to a fragipan

(dense and brittle pan) that have been identified both in acid, neutral and even slight alkaline

greenhouses soils: (i) evidence of pedogenesis within the aggregates; (ii) firm or firmer rupture-

resistance class and a brittle manner of failure when soil is moist; (iii) restrict the entry of roots

into (inactive and etiolated roots are distributed only on the structural aggregates). Nevertheless,

some properties are not similar with a typical fragipan: (i) the diameter of soil aggregates

frequently is lower than 5 cm; (ii) the structural aggregates are brittle on the moist state but are

not submerged in water. Since this impermeable horizon has only some properties of fragipan we

suggest to define it as horizon with protofragipanic characteristics. Moreover, due to the

anthropogenic origin, these soils could be classified as Protofragipanic Hortic Anthrosol.

,

.

25

71-PC TOWARDS AN INSPIRE COMPLAINT SOIL DATA

WEB-GIS APPLICATION FOR ITALY

Giovanni L'Abate *, Edoardo A.C. Costantini

Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura

Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology (CRA-ABP), Firenze, Italy


Soil and landform information is needed for a wide range of applications, but available data are

often inaccessible, incomplete, or out of date (Pourabdollah, 2012). Leaders of the G-8 agreed to

share relevant agricultural data available from G-8 countries. CRA-ABP, has for many years

developed soil survey, mapping, and informatisation methodologies. The Soil Information

System of Italy (SISI) web-based application has been developed on the Italian Soil Information

System (ISIS) managed by the Agricultural Research Council (CRA) - Research centre for

agrobiology and pedology (CRA-ABP), National Center of soil mapping (CNCP). The prototype

web-GIS was developed for online Italian soil data consultation and uses related to agriculture,

agro-industry, food, forestry, natural and geological science at the national scale. Compliancy

with the INSPIRE directive is the objective of this work. Further developments of the platform

will include building of an Onthology for Open data publication on the Semantic web.


26

74-PC HYDROLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NATURAL FOREST

AND AN AFFORESTED FOREST AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOIL

CHARACTERISTICS. HYPOTHESES AND PERSPECTIVES.

Pili Serrano-Muela (1)*, Estela Nadal-Romero (2), Sergio Valdivielso Pardos (3)

(1) Pyrenean Institute of Ecology – CSIC. Zaragoza. Spain. (2) Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics. ESS Research Group,

University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Netherlands. (3) Sociedad Aragonesa de Gestión Agroambiental – SARGA - Zaragoza. Spain.

This study analyse the hydrological response in two forested environments in the Central Spanish

Pyrenees, with different cover characteristics: a natural forest located in the San Salvador

catchment (92 ha) and an afforestation area in the Araguás-Afforestation catchment (12 ha). The

hypothesis of this work is that soil characteristics are the main cause of the contrasted

hydrological behavior observed in both catchments. Soil characteristics are the consequence of

land uses history. The results show great differences in the stormflow generation between the

natural forest and the afforestation area: frequency, seasonal distribution and magnitude of the

events. Results have demonstrated that the natural forest used to generate stormflow in the wetter

period, at the end of winter and at the beginning of spring. The hydrological response in the San

Salvador catchment depends mainly on the hydric status of soils, the rainfall succession during

several days and the proximity of the water table depth to the surface, all of these factors very

closed interrelated. Thus, in the San Salvador catchment infiltration processes and the existence

of subsurface processes would explain the long time lag in the discharge response and the

moderation in the event magnitude, both factors would be related to soil characteristics. The

afforestation environment shows a continuous response during the hydrological year but more

moderate, although during the wet periods the hydrological dynamic is similar to that observed in

the natural forest. Probably the soil characteristics in the afforestation environment (worse

structures and less soil development, and consequently less water circulation into the horizons)

could favour the hortonian overflow processes. These processes are not usual under natural forest

environment, where soils show high water infiltration processes throughout the preferential flows,

which result essential to subsurface water reserves in the catchment.

….

27


AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: FACTORS

Abstract

28

2-OF AIR-SOIL-WATER INTERFACES AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

Markus Egli

Department of Geography, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland


Soil development and erosion are strongly driven by soil-water-air interactions. This talk will

focus on high-mountain soils because they develop in particularly sensitive and highly dynamic

environments. Deciphering and predicting what drives the rates of soil production and erosion in

such environments is a major scientific challenge. With respect to environmental issues, the

protocol of the Alpine Convention puts soils under strict protection. Soil erosion, caused by

human impact, has to be limited to the inevitable minimum. Guidelines for tolerable soil erosion

rates in alpine grasslands, however, do not exist so far. When determining what tolerable erosion

rates are, the temporal (and also spatial) variation of soil production and related losses need be

considered even though the data sets are often lacking. Soil production rates can vary within a

very broad range spanning several orders of magnitudes (from a few t km-2 yr-1 up to > 1000 t km-

2 yr-1). Usually, soil production and chemical weathering rates decrease with soil or surface age.

This is, apparently, a result of kinetic limits on weathering in regions that have young surfaces

and supply limits to weathering on old surfaces. In terms of soil production from chemical

weathering, it is perceived that for high-mountain soils and cold environments the chemical

weathering ‘portion’ of soil development is temperature-inhibited, often to the point of non-

occurrence. The contrary can be the case; particularly at sites having high erosion rates. Here,

chemical weathering and soil production are kept at a high level.

This presentation explores the possibilities and limitations of how to determine soil production

and erosion rates, it gives examples of how a time-splitting approach can be achieved and finally

what sort of ranges of erosion rates might be tolerable.

.


29

10-PF BIOENERGETIC AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INDICATORS

OF SALINE SOILS OF ARID ECOSYSTEMS OF AZERBAIJAN

Pirverdi Samedov, Bayli Aliyeva, Vafa Mammadova, Mahpara Sadikhova *

Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of ANAS, Khojaly ave. 55, AGA business centre


Bioenergetic and physico-chemical researches of gray-brown, meadow-gray and gray-meadow

soils were done. The researches covered the gray-brown, gray-meadow and meadow-gray soils

developing in arid environmental conditions with a dry subtropical climate. However, despite the

identity of the environmental conditions of the development of these soils there are some

differences between them. Steppe type of soil is typical for gray-brown soils, meadow-gray soils

are transitional between prairie and semi desert soil phase, gray-meadow soils develop under the

influence of process meadow soil. These differences are also reflected on the biological and

physico-chemical indicators. Gray-brown (saline) soils develop under halophilic vegetation. They

have a small humus content 0,53-0,85% (7.6 - 12 t / ha) and high salinity indicators 1.5-1.8%

with chloride, chloride-sulfate salt composition. The soils are heavy and contain 52-90% of

physical clay. Energy accumulated in the soil biota varies considerably among themselves. So, in

the microbial mass - 1.17 g/m2 accumulated 7.13 kcal/m2 of energy that increases in cultivated

soil salinity of 0.6 % with increasing microbial biomass g/m2 to 24.55 -4.04 kcal / m2. Energy

stored in the biomass of invertebrates of saline biotypes is -463.86 kal/m2 that increases in

biomass of invertebrates of cultivated soil under vegetable up to 5008.90 kal/m2. Gray-meadow

(saline) soils develop under the fleshy, semi-dry and dry thistles. Soils have high salinity -1,7-

2,5% with sulfate-chloride composition of salts and small humus content 0,54-0,63% (7.02 - 8.19

t / ha). Soils are heavily loamy with physical clay content to 45-65%. Calculations showed that

the micro biota biomass accumulated 7.90 kcal/m2 of energy. In cultivated soil of wheat

agrocenosis with salinization of 0,22-0,24 % the energy consumption increases to 47.76 kcal/m2

microbiota. Energy accumulated in invertebrates increases in saline habitats to 3290 kal/m2 by

halophilic species.

.


30

14-PF SOIL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS RENDERING AMMONIUM ACETATE

UNSUITABLE FOR AVAILABLE POTASSIUM EXTRACTION AND THOSE

CONTROLLING POTASSIUM AVAILABILITY

Seyed Amin Shafiei (1) *, Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini (2)

(1) Institute for Soil Mapping and Classification, Larissa, Greece (2) University of Gorgan Agricultural and Natural Science, Tehran, Iran


Quantities of potassium extractable by NH4OAc in some soils of Golestan province is high. The

most limiting plant growth factor in this area is potassium however. The objective also was to

determine soil parameters controlling plant available potassium, and feasibility studies for

estimating plant available potassium from easily accessible or measurable parameters.

Application of Sodium Tetra Phenyl Boron extractor in this area is advised because it functions

similar to plant roots for potassium uptake. Sixty one soil samples from 0-30 centimeter depth

with a wide range of physicochemical properties, obtained from Golestan province. Correlations

(Spss 20) and linear regression stepwise model (SAS 9.3) established between the 23 variables

below. They were also tested by other methods using Genetic algorithm solver and neural

network system using MATLAB R2011b. MLP used for training neural networks. These

parameters were soil pH, soil EC, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, soil paste saturated

water percentage, exchangeable sodium percentage, soil potassium measured by 3 extractors

(sodium Tetra phenyl boron, Ammonium Acetate, Ammonium Nitrate, and soil saturated extract)

clay, silt, sand, specific surface area, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, status and

degree of aggregation, dispersion ratio, mass fractal dimension by two methods (Sposito,

wheatercraft) and soil swelling rate. Result that the status of aggregation, soil clay percentage,

specific surface area and surface excess potassium, were correlated with potassium extractable

with sodium tetra phenyl boron. Models produced by artificial neural network were more accurate

than the classical statistics methods. The best model for estimating plant available potassium was

obtained by soil swelling rate and potassium by ammonium acetate extractable potassium, as

input parameters, RMSE=59.36 , Rtest=0.99, R2=0.84 using artificial neural network.

-


31

18-OF ASSESSING THE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT

ON ENVIRONMENT BY HEALTH SOIL CARD

Geanina Bireescu *, Neculai Munteanu, Vasile Stoleru, Liliana Avasilcai, Lazar Bireescu

Institute of Biological Research, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine-

Faculty of Horticulture, University of Medicine and Pharmacy-

Department of Environmental and Food Chemistry


Assessing the environmental impact is a complex methodology that identifies, analyse and

provide for the negative ecological effects of anthropogenic activities on the environment, in

general, and on the soil, in particular. Deterioration of soil health due to the current intensive

practices for increasing the level of food should be a concern of general interest to the health of

plants, animals, humans and environment. Soil health is the net result of the processes of

preservation and degradation, depending on the biological component of soil ecosystem that

affects plant and environmental health, food safety and quality. The objective of this study was to

offer the relevant and comparable parameters of the soil, for a sustainable management, scientific

documented that comprise the measures, assessments and prognosis for ecological rehabilitation

of degraded anthropogenic ecosystems. Consequently, our research carried out in vegetable

ecosystems with tradition from North-Eastern Romania, in convertion to organic vegetable.

Several stages of gradual work consisted in: (1) case analysis on the ecological specificity files to

establish the general image of generating sources of risk, to highlight how the intersection with

the flow of technology of cultivation; (2) case analysis of soil vulnerability to the impact of

chemical agents (fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals); (3) analysis and interpretation of the main

quality and health indicators using the Health Soil Card (HSC), on the basis of that the farmers

can get know about the actually status of the land, in order to take measures for preventing and

limiting the negative environmental effects by scientific and sustainable management. Our resulth

highlighted that, by converting the conventional vegetable system to organic system have reduced

the effects of intensive technology of soil residual pollution. In this way it creates the premises for

an optimal biological activity and getting healthier vegetables.

.


32

20-PF IMPACT OF ACIDIFICATION ON POLLUTANTS FATE

AND SOIL FILTRATION FUNCTION

Jarmila Makovnikova *, Radslava Kanianska, Miriam Kizekova

National Agricultural and Food Centre/ Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute

Bratislava, Regional Station Banska Bystrica, Slovakia, Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural

Sciences, Department of Environment, National Agricultural and Food Centre / Grassland and

Mountain Agriculture Research Institute Banska Bystrica

* Author corresponding: j. [email protected]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simulated acid load on the fate of inorganic

pollutants (Cd, Pb), soil sorption potential, therefore soil filtration function. We made use of a

short-term pot experiment with grown plant of spring barley cultivated at 5 different soil types

(Chernozem, Fluvisol, Cambisol, Stagnosol, Podzol). Two treatments were applied (control

treatment: watering with distilled water of pH 5.4; treatment: watering with acid solution of pH

2.5). For the evaluation of soil filtration function following equation was used: [Soil filtration

function]=[Potential of soil sorbents]+ [Potential of total content of inorganic pollutants].

Potential of soil sorbents includes: pH value, content and quality of organic matter, humus layer

thickness, soil texture. The rating system with different importance of parameters was used for

evaluation of the individual sorbents as well as for the categories of filtration function. The high

pollutants content was evaluated by the high point value and present high risk. High soil sorption

potential results by low point value decreases transport risk of inorganic pollutants in ecosystem.

Acid load significant influenced soil sorption potential and thus affected increase in Cd and Pb

mobility. In comparison of treatment A and treatment B, acid load caused higher increase of

mobile Cd and Pb content in Fluvisol, Cambisol and Podzol which was reflected in increased Cd

and Pb transfer into the plants. Results of soil filtration function showed that acid load caused

significant change of filtration function in one soil type. Decrease of pH value and organic carbon

content and increase of optical parameter shift Cambisol from category of medium into low

category of soil filtration function. Acidification also affects soil sorbents in dependence of

individual soil type characteristics, and induces changes in soil quality.This work was supported

by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12).

.


33

23-OF THE SERPENTINE SYNDROME (H. JENNY, 1980):

A PROXY FOR SOIL REMEDIATION

Claudio Bini (1)*, Laura Maleci (2)

(1) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics,

(2) Ca Foscari University, Venice (Italy) (2) Departmentt of Biology, University of Florence (Italy).


Serpentine soils have relatively high concentrations of PTEs (e.g., Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni) but

generally low amounts of major nutrients. They often bear a distinctive vegetation, and a

frequently-used approach to understanding serpentine ecology and environmental hazard has been

the chemical analysis of soils and plants. Long-term studies on serpentine soils and their

vegetation provide results on metal concentrations, or on available fractions, of soil elements

which counteract ecological conditions. The serpentine vegetation differs from the conterminous

non-serpentine areas, being often endemic, and showing macroscopic physionomical characters

such as dwarfism, prostrate outcome, root shortening (what Jenny, 1980, called the serpentine

syndrome). Similarly, at microscopic level cytomorphological characteristics of the roots and

variations in biochemical parameters such as LPO and phenols have been recorded in serpentine

vegetation. Light microscopy observations showed depressed mitotic activity in the meristematic

zone, and consequent reduced root growth. The different tolerance mechanisms responsible for

plant adaption to high concentrations of PTEs in serpentine soils can be related to the capacity of

plants to limit metal uptake and translocation. The majority of serpentine species (e.g. Silene

italica, Thymus ophioliticus) tend to limit metal absorption to roots so that leaf concentration is

generally low; only a few species (e.g. Alyssum bertoloni) are able to accumulate metals in their

shoots and leaves. The hypothesis that the cell wall could constitute a barrier against the

penetration of PTEs inside plant tissues is supported by metabolic modifications that make

possible plant tolerance to very high metal concentrations, and to low levels of essential nutrients

such as P, K, Ca. This vegetation, therefore, is of great interest for the study of resistant

mechanisms to PTEs penetration, and therefore could be useful in remediation of metal-

contaminated soils.

.


34

26-OF DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS AND WATERS OF A

MEDITERRANEAN WETLAND: OLIVA-PEGO MARSHLAND

Vicente Andreu *, Eugenia Gimeno-García, Juan Antonio Pascual

Environmental Forensics and Landscape Chemistry group,

Desertification Research Center-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Spain


Wetlands are one of the most important water natural structures of the world and key spaces for

biodiversity conservation. However, during centuries this natural areas have suffered the human

interference in many different ways, such as its drainage for turning into agriculture land,

pollution, wastewaters, etc. In this work, the incidence and distribution of seven heavy metals

(Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soils and surficial waters of a typical Mediterranean wetland

has been studied. Total content of these elements in waters and soils and extractable fraction of

these last were determined. Samples were taken from soils, irrigation channels and the lagoon of

the Pego-Oliva Marsh Natural Park (Valencian Community, Spain), which is characterized by a

long history of human pressures, such as marsh transformation for agricultural uses, urbanization,

etc. In this area, 34 sampling zones were selected, covering the main land uses. In surficial

waters, Zn showed values under the detection limits in all samples, the remainder metals appeared

in concentrations surpassing the WHO and EU limits for drinking waters, and all except Pb

exceed the limits established for irrigation waters. In soils, Ni appears, mainly, in the eastern part

of the study area, with maximum values of 71.77 mg/kg. The other metals were concentrated in

the limits of the marsh with the sand bar of the study area, which includes from the marsh, with

the lake and rice fields, to the main road that limits with the coastal strip. In this zone, the highest

values of extractable fraction of metals were determined. For waters, the spatial analysis of the

data shows that the reedbed and the lake, which is strictly the marsh area, could be acting as sink

and control point for the transport of heavy metals. Acknowledgements This work was supported

by he projects CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 (CSD2009), CGL2011-29703-C02-00,

CGL2011-29703-C02-01, CGL2011-29703-C02-02.


35

.

31-OF GEOHAZARDS IMPACT FOR ENVIRONMENT.

THE CASE OF THE NORTH LITHUANIAN KARST REGION

Vidas Mikulenas (1) *, Julius Taminskas (2)

(1) Lithuanian Geological Survey under The Ministry of Environment (2) Nature Research Centre Laboratory of Climate and Water Research


Usual geological phenomena – landslides, sinkholes, suffosion cirques, gullies, swamped or

affected by desertification lands, layers of made ground – develop in superficial deposits due to

air-soil-water interfaces on the earth surface. Plenty of periods it was in process and still proceeds

in nova days – during the latest geological period Anthropocene. Geohazards are phenomena

caused by geological features and processes that present severe threats to humans, property and

the natural and built environment. Geohazards affect anthropogenic and natural ecosystems both.

Soil degradation has huge economical and ecological consequences. EU is in the process of

obtaining a common strategy for soil protection. In order to manage this problem, the European

community needs information on soil quality, quantity and stability in order to preserve and

manage this important resource. Geology and geochemistry both play a significant role in

defining the quality of soil. The Expert Group on Soil as a Task Force under EGS

(www.eurogeosurveys.org) concerns to this matter. The karst processes are intensively

developing in North Lithuania (and partly in South Latvia). It’s related to Upper Devonian

gypsum and dolomites that occur beneath the thin strata of Quaternary sediments. During the last

three decades of years more intense karst processes are indicated by new sinkholes that severely

damage crops, constructions and communication systems. In farmland these phenomena are

inconvenient at least, but in urban areas they constitute a geological hazard that can seriously

affect development and human safety. Systematic monitoring of gypsum karst has been carried

out since 1964 and includes multifactor analysis. In order to prevent looses, engineering

geological mapping, hotspot areas investigation and relevant management means must be

respectively more comprehensive. Definitely it’s important to evaluate the loss of land surface

due to karst as well as the velocity of the process.

.


36

85-OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND SOIL SYSTEM

Serena Carbone *, Livia Vittori Antisari

Department of Agricultural Sciences,

Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy


Nanotechnology promises huge benefits for society and capital invested in this new technology is

steadily increasing, therefore there is a growing number of nanotechnology products on the

market and inevitably engineered nanomaterials will be released in the atmosphere with potential

risks to humans and environment.

This study set out to extend the comprehension of the impact of metal (Ag, Co, Ni) and metal

oxide (CeO2, Fe3O4, SnO2, TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on one of the most important environmental

compartments potentially contaminated by NPs, the soil system, through the use of chemical and

biological tools. For this purpose experiments were carried out to simulate realistic environmental

conditions of wet and dry deposition of NPs, considering ecologically relevant endpoints. In

detail, this project involved the study of three model systems and the evaluation of related issues:

(i) NPs and bare soil, to assess the influence of NPs on the functions of soil microbial

communities; (ii) NPs and plants, to evaluate the chronic toxicity and accumulation of NPs in

edible tissues; (iii) NPs and invertebrates, to verify the effects of NPs on earthworms and the

damaging of their functionality.

The study highlighted that NP toxicity is generally influenced by NP core elements and the

impact of NPs on organisms is specie-specific; moreover experiments conducted in media closer

to real conditions showed a decrease in toxicity with respect to in vitro test or hydroponic tests.

However, only a multidisciplinary approach, involving physical, chemical and biological skills,

together with the use of advanced techniques, such as X-ray absorption fine structure

spectroscopy, could pave the way to draw the right conclusions and accomplish a deeper

comprehension of the effects of NPs on soil and soil inhabitants.

Keywords: engineered nanoparticles, soil quality indicators, plants, earthworms, bioaccessibility,

bioavailability, ICP-OES, electron microscopy.

.

37

36-OF NITROUS OXIDE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOIL FUNGI

UNDER DECREASING OXYGEN LEVEL

Jiří Jirout

Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Na Sádkách 7,

37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic

Author Corresponding: [email protected]

Cattle overwintering areas with excrements deposited onto soil surface often contain

microaerobic or even anaerobic microhabitats in the underlying soil. Soil fungi have to cope with

that by altering their metabolism. Denitrification, with nitrous oxide (N2O) as end product, is used

by soil fungi for energy acquisition or as a detoxification strategy. The aim of the work was to

study growth ability as well as denitrification potential of soil fungi under decreased oxygen

level. Soil samples were collected at the cattle overwintering area from six different sections of

various intensity of cattle impact. Soil fungi were isolated by serial dilution and plating, stored on

silica gel particles, and identified by sequencing of ITS region of rDNA. The effect of decreasing

oxygen level in fungal isolates was assessed in three treatments for each isolate: aerobic;

microaerobic; and anaerobic. After 7 days in a horizontal shaker at 28 °C, growth ability was

confirmed and N2O production capability was examined on GC-ECD. In total, 150 fungal

isolates were analysed, from which over 75% were able to grow in the liquid medium containing

glucose, NaNO2, salts, and microelements. 42.5 % of the investigated fungi can be considered

N2O producers, since their N2O production 10-times exceeds chemical evolution of N2O from

growth medium (i.e. blank measures). Decreased oxygen level altered the capability of fungi to

produce nitrous oxide; 31.7 and 27.9 % of fungi produced significant amounts (> 1.0 μg N2O-N

per day) of nitrous oxide under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The most

productive genera (Fusarium, Gibberella, Bionectria, Haematonectria, Westerdykella,

Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Metarhizium) transformed up to 29% of NaNO2 into N2O. The

results showed that production of N2O by soil fungi has to be considered a potentially significant

source of this greenhouse gas. This study was funded by Czech Science Foundation (project No.

P504/12/P752).

.


38

42-PF ESTIMATION OF THE INTAKE OF NITRATE, NITRITE, NITROSODIETYLAMINE

AND NITROSODIMETYLAMINE BY THE FOOD CONSUMPTION

Liliana Avasilcai (1)*, Marieta Nichifor (2), Geanina Bireescu (3), Rodica Cuciureanu (1)

(1) University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Faculty of Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania (2) "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iaşi, Romania

(3) Institute of Biological Research, Iaşi, Romania


Excessive use of nitrates in fertilization can cause damage on the food chains. The aim of this

study was to provide data regarding intake of nitrate, nitrite, nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and

nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by food consumption. A number of 102 samples of food products

(vegetables, fruits, meat products, cheese) purchased from a commercial network from Iasi

county were analyzed; estimation of the intake of nitrate, nitrite, NDEA and NDMA was

conducted according to three different types of diet: vegetarian, vegetalian and conventional.

Nitrites and nitrates (after their reduction) were determined by the spectrophotometric method

with Peter Griess reagents. Determination of nitrosamines has been achieved by HPLC with UV

detection. Nitrate concentration ranges were 0,91-1363,80 mg/kg and for nitrite were 0,29-32,24

mg/kg. Determination in dynamics of the concentration of nitrates, nitrites, NDEA and NDMA in

industrial(a) and homemade(b) meat products, during the 4 weeks, has led to the following

results:(a)the decrease of the concentration of nitrates and nitrites was 50,94-94,37 %,

respectively 92,99-98,51%; the increase of the concentration of NDMA and NDEA was up to 29

micrograms DMA/kg, respectively 61,9 micrograms /kg. (b) the decrease of the concentration of

nitrates and nitrites was 56,79-74,55 %, respectively 31,31-64,28 %; the increase of the

concentration of NDMA and NDEA was up to 0,56 micrograms/kg, respectively 0,20

micrograms/kg. Human exposure to nitrates and nitrites through food consumption, according to

this study, is according to WHO recommendations, for the vegetarian and conventional diets,

while for the vegetalian diet, the amount of assessed nitrate is greater. Nitrosamines were also

present in homemade products and their concentrations increased in time, reaching levels

harmless for human health. .

.


39

45-PF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEGETATION INDICES AND BIOLOGICAL

ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL SOIL CRUSTS

Emilio Rodriguez Caballero (1)*, Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra (1), Isabel Miralles Mellado (2),

Raul Ortega (1), Eva Arnaú Rosalén (2), Yolanda Cantòn-Castilla (1)

(1) Department of Agronomy (University of Almeria, Spain), (2) Experimental Station of Arid Zones (CSIC), Department of Biology and Geology

(University of Almeria, Spain), Experimental Station of Arid Zones


Information about primary production or C balance in drylands is rather scarce despite they cover

about 40% of the global land surface. Drylands usually show sparse and patchy vegetation cover

interspersed over a bare open matrix. These bare areas are often covered by biological soil crusts

(BSCs), a complex community of cyanobacteria, algae, microfungi, lichens or bryophytes that

live within or immediately on top of the uppermost millimetres of the soil surface, and may cover

up to 80 % of the surface. BSCs are able to trigger metabolic activity with limited water inputs,

and fix CO2 through photosynthesis. Thus, quantifying their effect on C fluxes constitute an

essential step to advance in the knowledge about the role of drylands in C balance. The use of

remote sensing images and vegetation index (VI) is presented as a promising tool to achieve this

objective, however their applicability need to be asses. The objective of this study is to compare

gross photosynthesis (GP) in BSCs with the most widely used VI, such as the normalized

vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the photochemical reflectance

index (PRI), to finally assess the potential of remote sensing information for quantifying the

effect of BSCs on C balance. To achieve this objective, GP was calculated after a rainfall event

on different BSCs and on bare field plots, as the sum of net primary production and soil

respiration, and were compared with the value of NDVI, EVI and PRI, measured in each plot.

Our results showed an increase in GP, NDVI, EVI and PRI, measured after a rainfall event, from

bare soil to more developed BSCs. However, only EVI and PRI indexes showed a significant

relation with the ratio GP (r2= 0.39 and 0.31 respectively). In spite of the weak relation observed,

our results demonstrate the capability of VI to quantify the biological activity of BSCs and the

possibility of using remote sensing data for a better quantification of GP at ecosystem scale.

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40

49-OF ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES OF SMALL HILLY WATERSHEDS

Miodrag Zlatic, Mirjana Todosijevic

Belgrade University, Faculty of Forestry; SLM, Belgrade, Serbia

corresponding author: [email protected]

The existing structure of agricultural production in the hilly region of Serbia indicates that erosion

processes in this region have narrowed and also decelerated the yield increase rate which would

be possible on natural and economic conditions. In this paper the establishment is discussed of the

production model, taking into account the conservation of land resources, the needs of the

population and profitability in the case of the three hilly watersheds of Belgrade surrounding. In

this sense, agricultural, fruit and forest productions are anticipated from the aspect of sustainable

soil management. A model of soil management for sustainability is presented based on the degree

of erosion hazard and the slope, as the basis for distribution production lines on conservation

principles. In this way the soil resource can be conserved. One improvement proposes bee-

keeping in the planned production lines of the offered sustainable production model. Economic

efficiency of investments in this SLM is satisfactory when assessed by Cost-Benefit Analysis, by

following methods: IRR, PBP, B/C, NPV. The sensitivity Analysis was performed for the IRR

and PBP parameter. These parameters are the most sensitive to the changes of benefit, thereafter

to the changes of regular production costs, and to investments in erosion control. The offered

improvements in bee-keeping production will increase economic efficiency, and are very

acceptable and adaptable for small farmers. It is an additional reason for people to stay in these

lands.

.


41

53-PF FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS

AS ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

Sara Marinari (1)*, Ruxandra Papp (1), Roberta Micci (1), Rosita Marabottini (1),

Livia Vittori Antisari (2), Gloria Falsone (2), Gilmo Vianello (2)

(1) Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems,

University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; (2) Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy


Four soil profiles located in the Emilian-Tuscany Apennines were analyzed for chemical and

biochemical properties. The four pedons were under two different vegetation covers (reforestation

with Douglas fir and beech natural forest, respectively) at two altitudes (1000 m and 1200 m

a.s.l.). The main objective was to verify whether functional diversity of soil microorganism can

be used as an ecological indicator in forest ecosystems. Soil microbial respiration, measure as

both induced and basal, was determined using the Microresp® method. The activity of eight

different enzymes were also analyzed using the microplate fluorimetric method. Based on the

data obtained from both analyses, MICRORESP and enzyme activities, the functional diversity of

soil microorganisms was determined by the calculation of three indices (Sympson - Yule,

Catabolic Versatility and Shannon -Weaver). The indices showed significant differences among

the soil profiles. In the upper soil layers at higher altitudes (1200 m a.s.l) the two tree covers,

showed a widely different pattern of microbial functional diversity. In particular, a negative effect

on microbial biomass under the Douglas fir cover at 1200 m a.s.l. was observed. Conversely, a

positive effect was found at 1000 m a.s.l. The different catabolic activity of microbial biomass in

soil under Douglas fir can be in part explained by the different soil temperature regime at 1000 m

(mesic regime) and 1200 m a.s.l. (transition regime from mesic to frigid). Moreover, differences

on soil organic matter input from plant growth (littering and rhizodeposition) may occur at the

two altitudes. In conclusion, the results suggested that, Douglas fir reforestation improve soil

quality in terms of microbial diversity mainly at the lower altitude of Apennines.

-


42

64-PF EFFECTS OF THE GAEC CROSS COMPLIANCE STANDARD

“MANAGEMENT OF SET-ASIDE” ON SOIL BIODIVERSITY IN ITALY

Stefano Mocali *, Silvia Landi, Arturo Fabiani, Giada d’Errico,

Raimondo Piccolo, Paolo Bazzoffi

Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura –

Centro di Ricerca per l’Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), Firenze, Italy


Landscape simplification and loss of natural and semi-natural habitats are the major causes of

biodiversity decrease in agricultural landscapes. In order to mitigate the effects of intensive

agricultural management the concepts of Cross-compliance and Good Agricultural and

Environmental Condition (GAEC) were included as agronomic measures by the Italian Ministry

of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies. This study, supported by the Italian National Project

MONACO, aims to provide preliminary indications about the ecological impact of set-aside on

biodiversity. Three different set-aside managements were compared with a conventional annual

crop in three Italian sites (Caorle, VE; Fagna, FI; Metaponto, MT) by means of Denaturing

Gradient Gel Electrophoreis (DGGE) to assess soil bacterial diversity, soil respiration and

biomass to assess microbial activity and the “Qualità Biologica del Suolo” (QBS) index, namely

biological quality of soil, to assess the different types of edaphic microarthropods. Soil bacterial

communities were poorly affected by different treatments except for the conventional where the

bacterial diversity was significantly lower in all sites, especially in Metaponto. About

microarthropods, the taxa richness was significantly higher in set-aside managements then

conventional crops in all sites. QBS index showed the same trend, but the differences were not

significant. Caorle site was characterized by a lack of balance in the relative abundance among

soil microarthropods taxa. The best results for microbial and microarthropods biodiversity were

observed in Fagna and Metaponto sites. Further analyzes will be aimed to understand the possible

correlation between the organic matter enhancement observed in these soils less degrades and

their biological quality improvement.

.


43

67-OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AT SOIL – SNOW INTERFACE

Michele Freppaz (1,2)*, Mark Williams (3), Davide Viglietti (1,2), Ermanno Zanini (1,2)

(1) Università di Torino, DISAFA, Italy (2) Università di Torino, NatRisk, Italy

(3) INSTAAR University of Colorado Boulder, USA


In seasonally snow covered areas, the combination of dormant vegetation, cold temperatures, and

extensive snow cover suggests little or no soil biological activity occurs outside of the summer

growing season. However several authors observed a surprising amount of soil biological activity

beneath deep snow packs, which was attributed primarily to relatively warm soil conditions

below the insulating snow cover. Less snow cover may lead to lower soil temperatures and an

increase in frequency and intensity of freeze/thaw cycles, which could cause an increase in fine

root mortality, a change in soil structure, an influence on microbial activity and nutrient loss.

Consistent CO2 and N2O emissions have been recorded from subnivean soils. In general,

microbial activity can continue as long as free water is available, typically down to -5 °C,

although microbial activity has been reported at temperatures as low as -6.5 °C. The overall

impact of snow cover on the soil thermal regime depends mainly on the timing, duration,

accumulation, and melting processes of seasonal snow cover In particular in the continuous

permafrost regions, the presence of seasonal snow cover can result in an increase of the mean

annual soil temperature by several degrees centigrade, whereas in discontinuous and sporadic

permafrost regions the absence of seasonal snow cover may be a key factor for permafrost

development. Moreover, the snow cover stores water in the hydrological cycle and it represents a

storage compartment for nutrients that are deposited with precipitation or by dry deposition.

When snow melts, the concentration of solutes in the melt-water is not constant but changes with

time and the initial 30% of melt-water can contain as much as 50-80% of the total solutes in the

original snow, with some ions removed sooner than others. A major factor regulating the effect of

snowmelt chemistry is the degree to which melt-water enters the soil. Forest soils have a major

effect on the snowmelt chemistry, but even poorly developed soils and talus can modify melt-

water chemistry before it enters the stream. These results demonstrate how long-term changes in

snow properties may affect alpine soil characteristics, with an important response of soil

nutrients. .


44

68-OF DYNAMICS AND FLUXES OF CARBON, NUTRIENTS AND WATER IN THE

INTERCROPPING AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF THE HUMID TROPICS

Adebayo Jonathan Adeyemo *, Samuel Ohikhena Agele

Federal University of Technology P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Global environmental change manifest as changes in the physical and biogeochemical cycles and

atmospheric composition, biodiversity, climate and extreme weather events. The dynamics and

fluxes of carbon, nutrients and water and greenhouse gas emission from cultivated fields, fallow

and forested lands may play important role in ecosystem health and quality and terrestrial carbon

cycle from the humid tropics. Fluxes of C, N and P via nitrification and denitrification

gaseous/volatilization, leaching/runoff losses, burning, decomposition of SOM from agricultural

fields and agroforestry ecosystems, and such fluxes are also important pathways of soil and air

pollution. In addition, trends of deforestation, land use and land cover change (forest area) had

affected forest area, arable production, climate and green house gas emissions (e.g.CO2, SO/SO2

emissions). Sources of carbon (SOM) in forest ecosystems are leaf litter fall, pruning and

combustion residues (charred forest litter and ash) while in agricultural field SOM enrichment are

mainly through amendment using manures (organic and inorganic). The quantity and quality of

these organic materials may promote C-and N- fluxes and the transformation and released as gas

(CO2) or water (DOC/DON). The fate of SOM pool via transformations especially into DOC and

DON the most mobile and reactive fractions of SOM pool. These pathways and nutrient fractions

have implications for nutrient losses and ecosystem health. The pathways of fluxes of C, nutrients

and water are indicators of soil and ecosystem health. This calls for concerted research efforts

focused on nutrient recycling, mobility, volatility and transport pathways in the soil-plant

atmosphere system (SPAC) and the possible role of such fluxes in the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Such studies will improve mechanistic understanding of soil processes driving the size and

quality of soil carbon and nitrogen pool from forests, fallow and cultivated fields in the tropics.


45

80-OF SALINIZATION OF SOIL IN SOUTH TUNISIA

Stefania Cocco (1), Giuseppe Corti (1), Valeria Cardelli (1),

Mauro De Feudis (2), Alberto Agnelli (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali,

Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

(2) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali,

Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy


Soil could be affected by natural or secondary salinity. While the first occurs on parent materials

rich in salts, with the high water-table, evapo-transpiration rate higher than the rainfall rate,

secondary salinity could be induced by anthropogenic factors like inappropriate irrigation

methods, poor water quality, insufficient drainage, poor land management, overexploitation of

ground-water. Salt-affected soils cover about 10% of the total dry land surface and this situation

is getting worse in many parts like Mediterranean region, wich is predicted to suffer from

increasingly severe droughts in the future due to climate changes, higher temperatures and soil

salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil cultivation and

management on salinization of soils in the Tunisian Jeffara plain, an arid environments

representative of pre-desert areas. The study considered four sites, Chenini Nahel, Metouia,

Matmata Nouvelle, and Menzel Habib, which had a similar arid climate and hosted cultivated,

uncultivated and abandoned soils. The cultivated soils of three studied areas were subjected to

different soil management: organic fertilisation and irrigation at Chenini Nahel, chemical

fertilisation and irrigation at Matmata Nouvelle, and no fertilisation and sporadic watering at

Menzel Habib. In Metouia was considered only the abandoned soil. Different soil salinization

processes were evaluated monitoring soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and SAR values in

four different sites to ameliorate soil management according to different conditions. Different

oasis soils management showed that cultivation and irrigation could favour a good situation with

lower pH, EC and SAR values. Matmata Nouvelle soils values showed a need of better water

quality while Menzel Habib shows good conditions.

46


AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: PROCESSES

Abstract

47

03-OP PEDOGENIC PROCESSES AND ORGANIC MATTER STABILIZATION

Eleonora Bonifacio

DISAFA, University of Torino, Italy Author: [email protected]

Several mechanisms concur to organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils. Many studies have

shown that intrinsic chemical recalcitrance, occlusion of organic compounds into aggregates and

chemico-physical stabilization actively protect OM from decomposition. However, although OM

stabilization has been studied in a wide range of soils, there is still a lack of agreement on which

mechanism is indeed the main responsible. The aim of this presentation is to discuss if and how

the evaluation of pedogenic processes can help in solving the dilemma. The occlusion into

aggregates is likely to be important where a mutual relationship exists between organic

compounds and soil structure as in Mollic epipedons: OM preserves aggregates from breakdown

and in turn they make organics less accessible to the decomposer community. On the other hand,

the chemical properties of fresh litter are a key factor when evaluating the resistance to

degradation in O horizons. The importance of pedogenic processes is highlighted when

considering the interactions between organic and mineral phases. The mineralogical

characteristics, as well as the amounts of binding cations, change during soil formation. Weak

interactions are expected when lithogenic low-charged minerals prevail, as in C horizons; cation

bridging become more important when soil phyllosilicates have formed, and stronger bonds

formed by ligand exchange dominate when B horizons are enriched in Fe and Al, as in Podzols.

There, the organo-mineral associations change with the intensity of podzolisation. In well-

developed Bs horizons mineral-associated organic compounds are characterized by an extremely

high small microporosity; in Bhs easily desorbable OM is superimposed on monomorphic organic

coatings and well expressed ortstein shows a homogeneous coverage of mineral surfaces which is

probably linked to the intense illuviation process. Pedogenic processes may therefore provide

important clues about the mechanisms of OM stabilization.

.


48

11-PP REMOVAL OF PHENOL FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL

BY AN UPWARD ELECTRO-KINETIC PROCESS

Ayad A. H. Faisal (1), Talib R. Abbas (2), Amal H. Khalil (3) *

(¹) Lecturer, Department of Environmental Engineering,

College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq (²) Environment and Water Research and Technology Directorate,

Ministry of Science and Technology,Al Jadria 10070, Baghdad, Iraq (³) Lecturer, Department. of Environmental Engineering,

College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq


A total of four different tests were conducted on silty loam soil spiked with phenol in

concentrations of 250 mg/kg. A constant DC voltage gradient of 1.5 V/cm was applied for all

these tests with duration of 4 days remediation process for each test.The experimental results

showed that the overall removal efficiency of phenol for tests conducted with 0.1M HNO3 or

Distilled water as the purging solution and without using acidic injection well were relatively low

equal to 5, and 6.8%, respectively. However, introducing the injection well technique into these

tests under the same conditions was significantly increasing the removal efficiency to arrive 77,

and 49%, respectively.

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49

17-OP RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED LANDS IN KOKDZHON

PHOSPHATE MINING IN ZHAMBYL REGION

Toktar Murat (1)*, Carmelo Dazzi (2), Kozybayeva Farida Esenkozhanovna (1)

(1) U.U. Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry,

Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan (2) President of ESSC, University of Palermo, Italy


Object of study. Research on land reclamation carried out on industrial dumps of phosphorite

deposits "Kokdzhon." Goal of the project: To develop the theoretical foundations of recultivation

of technogenically disturbed lands and to create sustainable soil and vegetation cover, to reduce

carbon impact and provide environmental protection. Research methods. In the study of

technologically-disturbed landscapes field and experimental field methods were used. Results of

the study. The total area of disturbed land on the field "Kokdzhon" is 277.83 hectares. On stony -

gravelly surface of the dump the layout and layering backfilling of dump by loamy breed were

carried out. Loam breed layer thickness was 30 cm. As biochar improver was used, obtained from

rice hulls by pyrolysis at 4500. The use of biochar in innovative technologies can provide carbon

sequestration in the atmosphere for thousands of years, while reducing the level of degradation of

the local soil, which is subject to 84 per cent of arable land worldwide. Restoration through

planting shrubs or herbaceous planting crops is an effective means of restoring the land of

pastures. In experiments biochar and nitrogen fertilizer were used as meliorant. 750 shrubs were

planted: Haloxylon aphyllum, Ulmus campesfris L., Tamarix Tamarix, Elaeagnus angustifolia,

Nalimodendron halodendronakzhe and planting grass: Festuca sylvatica (Poll.), Lolium perenne

L., Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca pratensis, Bromus inermis Leyss, Elymus junceus Fisch. In the

first year 30 trees and shrubs established. Should be noted that for the second year some rocks

will come up as radial and root part are unperished and are resting. Herbaceous plants sprouted

well.

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50

24-PP PESTICIDES IDENTICATION AND PRESENCE IN QUATERNARY

RIVERINE SOILS OF THE RIVER TURIA, SPAIN

Juan Antonio Pascual (1,2)* , Vicente Andreu (1), Ana Masià (3), Yolanda Picó (3)

(1) Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada, Spain (2) Centro para el Conocimiento del Paisaje, Matet, Spain

(3) Food and Environmental Safety Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain


Identification of contaminants in general and pesticides in particular in riverine lands is of

paramount importance due to the ability of soils to transport and connect dissolved substances

with surface and underground waters. The methodology developed is based on environmental

forensic criteria combining laboratory analytical soil samples and cartographic analysis using

GIS. To the detection and quantification of pesticides, 18 soil samples distributed alongside the

River Turia and two main head waters tributaries -Rivers Alfambra and Guadalaviar-, in eastern

Spain, were collected. 50 pesticides were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography

coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Geographical analysis were performed comparing

sampling points analytical results and soil cover-vegetation micro-landscape units. Out of 50

pesticides 27 were identified. Values ranged from 0.02 ng/g (Terbutryn) to 96.85 ng/g

(Propazine), 234.75 ng/g (Terbuthylazine deethyl) and 290.00 ng/g (Acethochlor). Contaminants

identified more frequently with presence in more than 50% of the samples were Diazinon,

Chlorpyriphos, Buprofezin, Imazalil and Terbutryn, found in 17, 16, 14, 12 and 10 sites

respectively. Geographical distribution of pesticides is mainly related to the quantity

(concentrations in soils) rather than the quality (type of product). Within the three major areas

that the riverine soils were divided (Upper, Central and Lower Turia) presence of pesticides do

not present a structured pattern, regardless of the type of crop and farming intensification

practice. To the contrary, soil concentrations of pesticides show relationships between river zones

and crop types, being the Lower Turia(a sector devoted to intensive citrus crops) the one with

higher concentrations with averaged maximum values of 66.70 ng/g. Acknowledgements This

work was supported by he projects CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 (CSD2009), CGL2011-

29703-C02-00, CGL2011-29703-C02-01, CGL2011-29703-C02-02.

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51

27-PP DO NON-RAINFALL WATER INPUTS INDUCE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN BIOLOGICAL SOIL CRUSTS?

Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra (¹), Yolanda Cantón-Castilla (¹), Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero (¹),

Eva Arnau-Rosalén (²), Olga Uclés (²), Francisco Domingo (²)*

(¹) Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain. (²) Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain


Non-rainfall water inputs (NRWIs), which include fog, dewfall and water vapour adsorption,

have an important role in the water budget in arid and semiarid areas. Biological soil crusts

(BSCs) are a ubiquitous component in these areas which are able to use these small water inputs

to become active. However, despite it has been widely argued that NRWIs may trigger BSC

activity few studies have actually measured it. Our main goal was to elucidate whether NRWIs

are able to stimulate photosynthetic and respiratory activity in BSCs. Six micro-lysimeters (0.05

m deep and 0.10 m diameter) containing soils covered by lichen-dominated BSCs (Diploschistes

diacapsis sp.) were collected from the field and placed outdoors. To test whether NRWIs had any

influence on BSC activity, half of the samples were excluded from NRWIs by covering them with

a thin cloth that allowed for heat and gas exchange but not for water input. After a night with an

important dewfall event (0.4 mm), net CO2 fluxes and respiration rates in the BSCs were

measured, with an IRGA Li-6400 and a respirometer EGM-4 (PPsystems), respectively. Our

results show that, in the early morning, BSCs with NRWIs showed higher respiration rates but

even so, positive net CO2 fluxes (CO2 assimilation), compared to BSCs with NRWI exclusion,

which showed net CO2 emissions, thus indicating photosynthetic activity in the former was able

to offset CO2 emissions by respiration. As BSCs dried out and insolation increased, all samples

showed net fluxes of CO2 emission, but these were lower in the BSCs with NRWIs than in those

excluded from them, despite the former still showed higher respiration rates. Our results

demonstrate that NWRIs are thus able to stimulate photosynthetic and respiratory activity in

BSCs. However, the predominance of one or another process may depend on the main source of

water from NWRI as previous experiences showed that fog events stimulate mainly respiration

activity, thus resulting in net CO2 emissions.

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52

28-PP CHANGES OF SOIL WETTABILITY DUE TO DEVELOPMENT

OF LUPINUS ALBUS CLUSTER ROOTS ASSESSED

BY DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE WILHELMY PLATE METHOD

Carlos Ramírez *, Jörg Bachmann, Fernando Borie

Universidad de La Frontera, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Universidad de La Frontera


Wettability influences soil properties like aggregation and infiltration rate. Wettability is

determined mainly by the presence of organic components. This research shows results of a

project evaluating the effect of cluster roots on soil stability at the rhizosphere zone, by using

wettability (i.e. contact angle, CA) as indicator. Literature mention that cluster roots produced by

a number of species like Lupinus albus, improve soil stability, nevertheless, this effect has not yet

been related to wettability. Three soils were evaluated: (A) silt-loam, (B) sandy-clay, (C) sand

(bulk density: 0.66, 1.27, 0.86 g/cm3, respectively). Seedlings of L. albus were established in

individual pots (N=30 per soil). After 120 days in greenhouse, cluster roots and corresponding

conglomerate soil were collected. Wettability was evaluated by three different approaches of the

Wilhelmy Plate Method (WPM): advancing contact angle (ACA), equilibrium contact angle

(ECA) and a wettability index based on wetting curves (WI). WI ranges theorically between 0

and 1 (i.e. CA >90° and CA = 0, respectively). Sessile Drop Method (SDM) was used as control

method. In all cases, a decrease of wettability (i.e. higher CA) was observed in materials

surrounding the clusters, compared to original material, especially in (C). In average, WPM-ACA

increased from 46.4° to 65.9°, 10.1° to 31.1° and 8.1 to 66.2° in (A), (B) and (C), respectively.

Similar tendencies were observed in WPM-ECA, WI and SDM. No values of CA above the

subcritical range (i.e. CA > 90°) were observed. The higher increment of CA in (C) (near 58°) is

explained by its lower specific surface compared to (A) and (B). We conclude that cluster roots

improve soil stability by releasing exudates, which reduce soil wettability. The magnitude of this

reduction seems to be related to intrinsic properties of soils, such as texture and colloids presence.

Future research will focus on relating these results to other indicators of soil erodibility.

.


53

29-PP BIOLOGICAL SOIL CRUSTS: SOURCE OR SINKS

OF CO2 IN SEMIARID ECOSYSTEMS?

Yolanda Cantón-Castilla (1)*, Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra (1),

Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero (1), Isabella Miralles-Mellado (2), Monica Ladrón de Guevara (2)

(1) Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Almería, Spain (2) Experimental Station of Arid Zones (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain


In arid and semiarid ecosystems, the interplant spaces are often covered by a thin layer of

organisms including cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens and mosses, which are known as

biological soil crusts (BSCs) that play a crucial role in regulating gas exchange into and from soil.

Although several studies have pointed to the predominant role of BSCs as sources of CO2, other

studies have emphasized their important role as sinks of CO2 during periods of biological activity.

Despite the recognized role that these organisms play in CO2 fluxes, the influence of BSCs on

CO2 exchange has been commonly ignored. The aim of this study was to verify whether BSCs act

as sinks or sources of CO2 and the key environmental factors that control CO2 dynamics in BSCs.

CO2 fluxes were measured on representative communities of different BSC types (cyanobacteria

and lichen-dominated communities) after several rainfalls and periods of soil drying in two

representative semiarid ecosystems of SE Spain. CO2 net flux was measured with a transparent

custom chamber attached to a Licor 6400, and respiration with a respirometer EGM-4. Our results

showed that moisture was the major factor controlling CO2 fluxes in BSCs. During the summer,

when soil was dry, all BSCs showed CO2 fluxes close to 0. Once it rains and BSCs become

active, a significant increase in photosynthesis and respiration rates was found. Whereas

respiration was the main CO2 flux in bare soils, in BSCs, regardless respiration was higher, these

CO2 emissions were compensated by CO2 fixation through their photosynthetic activity, thus

resulting in a net uptake of CO2. Under high soil water content, better developed BSCs such as

lichens showed higher maximum photosynthetic and respiration rates than less developed

cyanobacteria BSCs. As soil dried out, cyanobacteria BSCs were able to maintain higher

maximum photosynthetic and respiration rates than lichen BSCs. BSCs act as important C sinks

during the periods where they are active

.


54

32-OP PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL CHARACTERIZATION IN (NEAR-)

RHIZOSPHERE SOIL PLANTED WITH MACROPHYTES TO INVESTIGATE PAHS

AND TES PHYTOREMEDIATION PROCESSES AT THE SOIL-ROOT INTERFACE

Marie-Charlotte Leroy * Marc Legras, Franck Le Derf,

Stéphane Marcotte, Vincent Moncond’huy, Florence Portet-koltalo

INFRA Services, Esitpa-AGRI'TERR, University of Rouen-UMR 6014 COBRA, INSA of

Rouen-UMR 6014 COBRA, INFRA Services, University of Rouen-UMR 6014 COBRA


Rhizosphere is the key location for soil-plant transfer since it is the major interface for nutrient

and water absorption by plants. Moreover, plant roots and their associated microbes play a

specific role in phytoremediation: absorption of metals by plant roots and concentration into

harvestable plant parts, degradation and volatilization of organic contaminants, immobilization

and reduction in the mobility and bioavailability. Thereby, we compared the rhizospheres of three

macrophytes, Juncus effusus, Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacae, grown two years as

monospecies in representative large scale out-door mesocosms. Mesocosms were co-

contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs, i.e. phenanthrene, pyrene and

benzo(a)pyrene), and Trace Elements (TEs, i.e. zinc, lead, and cadmium). PAHs were extracted

from soils by microwave assisted extractions and analysed by gas chromatography (GC-MS)

while microwave-acid digestion was used to extract metals, which were then analysed by ICP-

AES. Soil and plant TEs contents and root biomass allowed us to estimate the coefficient of soil-

plant transfer. The structure and diversity of the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils were

also investigated by total, fungal and bacterial biomasses determination using Q-PCR, 16S rDNA

and 18S rDNA analysis. Metabolic activity was evaluated measuring Fluorescein DiAcetate

(FDA) and xylanase enzymatic activities. A multi-parameter approach was then used in order to

illustrate the specific influence of rhizosphere in both control and spiked mesocosms. The results

allowed us to determine the best macrophytes-soil system for TEs and PAHs remediation. It was

correlated with the microbial development in the rhizosphere. In order to compare this approach

at mesocosm scale to field performance and apply our results to a real case study, grass and

vegetated swale receiving laterally road run-off water were also investigated for PAHs and TEs

remediation.

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55

33-OP METHANE EMISSION FROM THE ISOLATED WETLANDS OF OB’-TOM’

INTERFLUVE AREA: SUMMARY OF YEARS 2011-2012 STUDIES

Elena Aduardovna Veretennikova, Egor Dyukarev

Institute of monitoring of climatic and ecological systems SB RUS, Tomsk, Russia


On the basis of route studies two small isolated oligotrophic bogs were chosen

(“Timiryazevskoe” and “Kirsanovskoe”) in the Tomsk water intake area. Specific ecosystems of

research in the Tom-Ob interfluves territory were pine-shrub-sphagnum phytocoenosis, and

sedge-sphagnum fen both at “Timioryazevskoe” and “Kirsanovskoe”bog. Wetlands are located in

the Tomsk area of the intake, but at different distances from it. From studies undertaken during

2011-2012 of CH4 emissions and its seasonal and spatial variations were examined and various

factors influencing CH4 emissions were also evaluated. Methane emissions were measured using

static chamber method during field campaigns from May to September. Air samples were

collected by syringes and analyzed at gas chromatograph Shimadzu-GC14B. The spatial

variability of CH4 fluxes are influenced by type of phytocoenosis. The high level of CH4

emissions are typical for sedge-sphagnum fens: mean values varied from 0.36±0.07 to 18.88±6.41

mgCH4/m2/hr. Lower CH4 fluxes (mean values from -0.57±0.70 to 1.41±0.83 mgCH4/m2/hr)

are observed for pine-shrub-sphagnum phytocoenosis. Sedge-sphagnum fens on “Timiryazevo”

and “Kirsanovskoe” bogs have smooth seasonal increases with peaks fluxes mid-July, 2011 and

mid-August, 2012 (mean values are 12.3 and 8.6 mgCH4/m2/h, respectively), generally

increasing with peat temperature. Pine-shrub-sphagnum bogs showed more erratic seasonal

patterns of CH4 fluxes and its are reflected by the air temperature. Water level at both fens and

ryams varied strong during the growing season. However, it does not affect the CH4 emissions of

any ryams nor fens. The annual total CH4 emission from the study area (47.5680 ha) is about

2.57 ton. Each phytocoenosis makes roughly the same proportion of the total flux (from 20.2 to

33.5%), but a slightly larger contribution belongs to fen of “Timiryazevskoe”.

.


56

34-PP THE IMPACT OF AFFORESTATION ON CARBON STORAGE OF FOREST SOILS ON

SEVERAL HUNGARIAN EXAMPLES IN TRANSDANUBIAN REGION (HUNGARY)

András Bidló *, Péter Szűcs, Adrienn Horváth

University of West Hungary, Faculty of Forestry,

Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Department of Soil Site Survey


Forest ecosystems are the most important carbon sinks, and the forest soils play an important role

in the global carbon cycle. We have little data on the carbon stock of soils and its change due to

human activities, which have similar value to carbon content of biomass. In our investigation we

measured the carbon stock of soil in six stands of Quercus petrea and six stands of Robinia

pseudoacacia after afforestations. We compared the carbon stock of forests with that of

neighbouring arable lands of the same soil conditions. We found larger quantity of carbon under

the forest stands than in the arable lands (including the forest litter). However, differences were

less clear in case of soil layers. In any event, the afforestations increase the carbon stock of soil

(including the forest litter), and contribute to the mitigation of atmospheric carbon-dioxide. These

results meet the requirements of our previously conclusions. The increase of carbon stock has got

two reasons. The organic matter is not moved, the fallen leaves or sticks mass in the litter layer,

which gradually transformed into humus material. Besides decrease of soil disturbance reduce the

degradation of humic, since there are worse conditions, e.g. less oxygen. However, this increase

of carbon content can be considered to be true, if only take account of the carbon content of leaf

litter in each case. This result shows how important is the protection of organic and nutrient litter

layer in forest.

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57

37-OP DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER SORPTION ON HYDROUS

IRON OXIDE-VERMICULITE MIXED MINERAL PHASES

Marcella Sodano *, Daniel Said-Pullicino, Antonio F. Fiori,

Marcella Catoni, Maria Martin, Luisella Celi

Soil Biogeochemistry, Dept. of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences,

University of Torino, Italy.


The sorption of organic matter (OM) onto soil mineral phases is known to affect the turnover,

stabilization and losses of SOM, and the growth and crystallisation of mineral phases. Sorption

processes depend on soil solution composition and is primarily controlled by variable surface

charge minerals, mainly Fe and Al (hydr)oxides. Recent studies on the sorption and stabilization

of OM consider these (hydr)oxides and soil phyllosilicates as distinct pools. However, mineral

soil particles are usually coated by the products of pedogenesis, resulting in complex systems

with different reactivities for dissolved OM (DOM), which depend on the degree of (hydr)oxide-

phyllosilicate interaction and coverage. These interactions are particularly dynamic in soils

subjected to alternating redox conditions, and may thus play an important but still not well

understood role in SOM turnover. Our aim was to understand the implications of mineral surface

modification after precipitation of Fe (hydr)oxides on DOM sorption. We carried out paddy soil-

derived DOM sorption isotherms on mixed mineral phases composed of vermiculite covered with

different amounts of precipitated Fe (hydr)oxides. The results showed that vermiculite surface

properties strongly drive Fe (hydr)oxide coverage and consequently DOM adsorption

mechanisms. The change in surface ζ potential with increasing Fe coverage resulted in an

increase in the amount of DOC retained. FT-IR carboxyl vibrational shifts and DON adsorption

isotherms confirmed the presence of two adsorption mechanisms, one driven by electrostatic

attraction to the negative vermiculite surface, and another involving ligand exchange with the

positive oxides precipitated in localized nucleation sites. Moreover, selective adsorption of

aromatic compounds was an important process for all (hydr)oxide-covered substrates. In

particular, cooperative hydrophobic partitioning of these compounds represented an important

process at high C loadings.

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58

38-OP INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER AND MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

ON THE MOBILITY OF ARSENIC AND METALS IN POLLUTED SOILS

Hugues Thouin (1) *, Tiffanie Lescure (2), Pascale Gautret (3),

Catherine Joulian (2), Claude Le Milbeau (3), Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet (2)

(1) BRGM - ISTO - UMR 7327 - BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans - France (2) BRGM - Water - Environment and Ecotechnology Division –

Environmental Biogeochemistry and Water Quality Unit –

3 avenue Claude Guillemin – UMR 7327 - BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans - France, (3) ISTO - UMR 7327- Campus Géosciences- 1A rue de la Férolerie - 45071 Orléans Cedex 2

* Author affiliation: [email protected]

Processes of remediation on anthropogenic polluted sites often involve the addition of organic

amendments to restore soils biological functions and physico-chemical properties. However,

interactions between organic matter and bacterial activities with inorganic pollutants drive many

biogeochemical reactions influencing metal(loids) mobility. Incubation experiments were

performed with four polluted soils sampled on industrial and mining sites all, containing high

concentration of arsenic, iron, together with lead and antimony on one site. Soils were incubated

in aerobic slurries, with or without addition of a complex mixture of organic substances. Abiotic

controls were prepared with autoclaved soils. Arsenic speciation and concentrations of total

arsenic and metals were determined at the beginning and at the end of incubation together with

bacterial biomass and diversity. Results showed that without organic matter addition, micro-

organisms contribute to reduce As and metal concentrations in the aqueous phase. In contrast,

when organic matter was added, micro-organisms enhanced As(III), total arsenic and lead

concentrations in the liquid phase. Only iron concentration was not increased by microbial

activity when organic matter was added, suggesting that As and lead mobilization were not linked

to bioreduction of iron oxides, but involved other biogeochemical mechanisms. The addition of

organic matter may (i) enhance the solubilization by chelation of metal(loids), and/or (ii)

influence bacterial activities directly influencing metal(loids) speciation and mobility. These

processes need to be better understood in order to avoid mobilization of toxic elements from soils

that may be enriched in organic matter, through amendment or growth of vegetal cover. This

work was performed in the frame of Labex VOLTAIRE ANR-10-LABX-100-01.

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59

40-OP PHYTOEXTRACTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND SOIL REMEDIATION

François Courchesne *, Benoît Cloutier-Hurteau,

Marie-Claude Turmel, Simon Constantineau

Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, H3C 3J7


The GenoRem project develops an innovative bioremediation approach to decontaminate soils.

Willow (Salix sp.) is the model plant because it produces abundant biomass, tolerates harsh

conditions and accumulates trace elements (TE). The effectiveness of decontamination depends

on rhizosphere processes impacting on the bioavailability of TE in soils and their phytoextraction.

Field plantations are established at contaminated sites where soils (bulk and rhizosphere) and

plants (roots, shoots and leaves) are collected annually. Acid-extractable As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and

Zn in soils and plants and water-soluble TE in soils are measured using ICP-MS. The speciation

of TE in the rhizosphere is calculated with MINTEQ. The plants take up TE following the order

Zn > Cd ≈ As, Cu, Ni > Pb and TE are distributed in willows according to two patterns:

accumulation of Cd and Zn in the aerial biomass and the sequestration of As, Cu, Ni and Pb in

roots. Among willow parts, the shoots accumulate more TE because of their higher biomass.

Moreover, in many instances leaves are treated as contaminated materials. Soil properties

correlate with TE uptake by willows. Positive correlations between bioavailable soil TE and TE

in willows exist for As and Cu in leaves and roots. Moreover, Zn in leaves vary by a factor of 15

to 40 among sites despite similar total Zn in soils. This suggests that Zn uptake depends on soil

properties linked to the solubility of solid phases. TE content in plants is also positively

associated to site fertility, in particular to exchangeable cations and to soil organic matter. Finally,

modelling reveals that organic complexes dominate the speciation of dissolved TE. Yet, when

comparing bulk and rhizosphere materials with similar total dissolved Cd of about 1.5 nM, the

free ion concentration reaches 11.6% of total TE in the rhizosphere but it remains low at 1.5 % in

the bulk component. The discussion will focus on the benefits and limits of bioremediation.

.


60

41-PP COASTAL SLOPE INSTABILITY IN CONTRASTING GEOENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS – A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY

Slobodan B. Mickovski *, Olavo Santos, Maria del Pilar Durante Ingunza

Glasgow Caledonian University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte,

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte


With changing climate and increasing soil erosion rates the stability of coastal slopes worldwide

gains importance every day. We investigated the mechanisms of instability on two coastal slopes

in two different bio-geo-climatic regions with a view of comparing the potential de-stabilising

factors, hazards and consequences from a multi-disciplinary aspect. The slopes in north-east

Scotland comprise thin silts and sands over sandstone bedrock. Both shallow slips and erosion

processes have shaped the slope which is also further destabilised by the wave action from the

sea. Grasses, shrubs and planted trees are partially covering the slope face. The slopes in Brazil

comprise thick sand deposits over weak sandstone bedrock. Shallow translational slips as well as

water and wind erosion effects dominate on the mainly fallow slope. In the vegetated areas of the

slope, climbers and grasses are recorded with an occasional presence of a tree. We conclude that

the mechanisms of failure in different regions can be similar and so can be the destabilising

factors. Through numerical modelling and eco-technological specification We propose hazard

mitigation measures and remediation techniques that are of value across the climatic regions

which would provide resilience for the coastal slopes liable to instability. We also propose an

engineering approach to the solution of this type of problems involving knowledge from a

number of disciplines related to geotechnics from the perspective of preservation of natural

resources. .


61

43-PP INTRA-ANNUAL VARIATION IN SOIL BASAL RESPIRATION AND WATER

SOLUBLE CARBON COMPOUNDS OF AFFORESTED SOILS

Elena García-Campos (1), Fernando Gil-Sotres (2),

Mª Carmen Leirós (2), Carmen Trasar-Cepeda (1)*

(1) Dpto. Bioquímica del Suelo, IIAG-CSIC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (2) Dpto. Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia,

USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.


The reduction of CO2 emissions is one of the measures for mitigation of climate change and the

compliance of the Kyoto’s Protocol. There is a general agreement in considering cropland soils as

a source, and forest soils as a sink of atmospheric CO2. Hence, in the last two decades the EU has

promoted the transformation of marginal to forest land. This has led to widespread abandonment

of agricultural land across Europe. Although the change in vegetation and the abandonment of

agricultural activities should have strong impacts on the processes involved in soil organic matter

mineralization, and despite the time elapsed, the effects of afforestation on these processes has

not been extensively studied. In the present study, we compared the seasonal variation in soil

respiration and in water-soluble carbon compounds in afforested and in cropped soils. For this

purpose, four soils were collected from two sampling sites, two of which were cropped with

maize and two were afforested with Populus x euroamericana (Dode) Guinier. Periodically

during one year, samples of the upper 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers were collected for

determination of the soil basal respiration and the carbon compounds soluble in hot-water (80 ºC,

24 h). All the soil samples were also characterized for the main properties. The results show that

in cultivated soils the basal respiration is not correlated with the C compounds soluble in hot

water. Furthermore, and as a consequence of the mixture of the superficial soil layers caused by

ploughing, both the values of soil basal respiration and the contents of water soluble compounds

show a uniform distribution throughout the three soil layers. By contrast, afforested soils show a

good positive correlation between soil respiration and the extractable carbon compounds. Besides,

in afforested soils there is a clear stratification of these parameters, generated by the formation of

a horizon enriched in organic matter at the surface of the soil profile.


62

44-PP RELATION BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOLATE

AND THE MODIFICATION OF SEVERAL SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Diana Bello (1), Marta Leis (1), Fernando Gil-Sotres (2),

Mª Carmen Leirós (2), Carmen Trasar-Cepeda (1)*

(1) Dpto. Bioquímica del Suelo, IIAG-CSIC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (2) Dpto. Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia,

USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.


Previous studies, carried out by our research group, have demonstrated that the negative effects of

2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) on soil microbiological and biochemical properties are greater

in calcareous and low organic matter content soils, than in acidic and high organic matter content

soils. These results suggested that the toxic form to soil microorganisms would be the phenolate,

because due to its negative charge, solubility and small size, it would be able to pass through cell

membranes and once inside the cytoplasm, cause cell death. Therefore, it would be necessary to

obtain the ionization to the phenolate forms of the 2,4,5-TCP fraction that has not been adsorbed

onto the soil organic matter, and therefore present in the soil solution. This ionization would be

favored in soils with pH values higher than the pKa of 2,4,5-TCP (6.9) and in soils with low

organic matter content. In this study we investigated the relationship between the negative effects

of 2,4,5-TCP on soil biochemical properties sensitive to contamination with chlorophenols and

the concentration of neutral and ionic forms of the chlorophenol molecules in two soils of

contrasting pH and artificially contaminated with this compound. For this purpose, 2,4,5-TCP

was applied to soils and after 72 hours of incubation, the microbial biomass carbon,

dehydrogenase and urease activities were analysed. Moreover, the forms of 2,4,5-TCP were

quantified in soil extracts using a GC gas chromatograph coupled to an ion trap mass

spectrometer. As expected, the anionic molecules of 2,4,5-TCP were more abundant in the soil

with a pH value higher than the pKa of 2,4,5-TCP, than in the soil with lower pH. Furthermore, it

was shown that the decrease of urease, dehydrogenase and microbial biomass carbon were clearly

related with the proportion of phenolate forms in soil. Therefore, these results support the

assumption that the soil pH is a decisive factor in the toxicity of 2,4,5-TCP to soil

microorganisms. .


63

.

48-OP IMPACT OF ACIDIFICATION ON SOIL AND PLANT CARBON

SEQUESTRATION DURING THE SHORT-TERM POT EXPERIMENT

Radoslava Kanianska (1)*, Jarmila Makovníková (2), Miriam Kizeková (3)

(1) Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural Sciences,

Department of Environment, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (2) National Agricultural and Food Centre/ Soil Science and Conservation

Research Institute Bratislava, Regional Station Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (3) National Agricultural and Food Centre / Grassland and Mountain

Agriculture Research Institute Banská Bystrica, Slovakia


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simulated acid load on soil and plant carbon

sequestration. A short-term pot experiment with spring barley was conducted on 6 different soil

types (Chernozem, Fluvisol, Eutric Cambisol, Stagnosol, Dystric Cambisol, Podzol). Two

treatments were applied (control treatment A: watering with distilled water of pH 5.4; treatment

B: watering with acid solution of pH 2.5). Acid load significantly influenced soil parameters and

thus affected soil and plant carbon sequestration. Due to the acid watering, a pH decreased in all

six soil types, the biggest pH decrease was observed in Podzol, the smallest one in Chernozem. In

the control treatment A, a pH increased in three soil types and decreased in three soil types. Acid

load enhanced aboveground dry matter biomass production at all six soil types. Thus the

aboveground biomass production was higher at all soil types in treatment B comparing to control

treatment A. SOC stock increased in both treatments in all soil types with the exception of Eutric

Cambisol. In comparison with treatment A, acid load caused higher increase of SOC in treatment

B in Chernozem, Dystric Cambisol and Podzol. On the contrary, distilled water watering in

treatment A caused higher increase of SOC in Fluvisol and Stagnosol. Simultaneously with SOC

changes, acid load induced changes in organic matter quality. Results of humic-fulvic acid ratio

showed that acid load caused deterioration of organic matter quality in four soil types and

improvement in two soil types (Stagnosol and Podzol). We have concluded that acidification has

generally positive effect on plant carbon sequestration wherein plant biomass quantity depends on

genetic soil type. Acidification also affected soil carbon sequestration in dependence of individual

soil type characteristics, and induced changes in organic matter quality. This work was supported

by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12).


64

.

51-PP EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID

AND PERFLOROOCTANE SULFONIC ACID IN SOIL

WITH ENDOGEIC GEOPHAGUS APORRECTODEA CALIGINOSA

Parva Zareitalabad (1)*, Jan Siemens (1), Wulf Amelung (1), Rainer Georg Joergensen (2)

(1) Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Division Soil Science (INRES),

University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, D-53115, Germany

(2) Department of Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, University of Kassel,

Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany


To evaluate the ecotoxicity of PFCs on soil organisms, a microcosm experiment was set up with

PFOA and PFOS at three concentration levels (1, 100, and 500 mg/kg). The soils were subjected

to the activity of endogeic geophagous earthworms of the species Aporrectodea caliginosa for 40

days, using labeled with oats straw (Avena sativa L.) as carbon source. Microbial biomass C

increased in the presence of the PFOA, PFOS in all of the treatments, irrespective of the applied

PFOA and PFOS concentrations. In contrast, the basal respiration followed the inverse trend and

produced scattered data. Also the fate of the labeled oat carbon source was not significantly

influenced by the presence of PFCs, whereas soil δ15N values clearly differed among the

treatments. We conclude that PFCs affect the fate of soil N more sensitively than the fate of soil

C. Besides, they displayed a significant toxicity on the earthworms itself. The earthworms lost

between 29 and 78% of their weight in the soils contaminated with lower PFC concentrations, but

in the treatments with the highest concentration of 500mg/kg PFOA or PFOS, no earthworms

survived. We conclude that faunal activity may be strongly hampered by PFC contamination,

whereas overall microbial activity may even be enhanced, possibly because some organisms

benefited from the death of other community members.

.


65

52-OP MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF NECTARINE TREE

WATER USE FOR VARYING SOIL MOISTURE

Indira Paudel (1,2)*, Amos Naor (3), Yoni Gal (4), Shabtai Cohen (1)

(1) Department of Environmental Physics and Irrigation, Institute of Soil, Water and

Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (2) Department of Soil and Water Sciences The R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and

Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (3) Golan Research Institute, P.O. Box 97, Kazrin 12900, Israel

(4) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 10200 Kiryat Shmona, Israel

Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

For isohydric trees mid-day water uptake depends on soil water status and, for a given value of

mid-day stem water potential (Ψmd), on tree hydraulic conductance and a more-or-less constant

leaf water potential maintained by the stomata. This stabilization leads to a linear relationship

between canopy resistance and vapor pressure deficit (D), where the slope is proportional to the

steady state water uptake. By analyzing sap flow (SF), climate, and Ψmd measurements during a

series of wetting and drying cycles in the orchard, we found that the slope is a linear function of

Ψmd. Canopy resistance was modeled using the above relationships, and the reductions and

increases in resistance in morning and evening were modeled using a rectangular hyperbolic

relationship between leaf conductance and photosynthetic irradiance, fitted to experimental leaf

level measurements. The resulting model was integrated with a canopy radiation model and used

to calculate tree transpiration and, when compared with SF measurements, yielded the daily

course of water content of the trees. The model was validated by comparing with a separate data

set not used for model construction. The model gave accurate estimates of tree transpiration for

the range of Ψmd’s used in regular and deficit irrigation. Water content of the trees was found to

cause a time lag of 90 to 120 minutes, depending on climate and Ψmd (-0.8 to -1.55 MPa). Store

water used reached 3 L h-1 before noon and re-filling was early in the evening at up to 2 L h-1.

Only 9% of tree water content was in the leaves.


66

57-OP CH4 AND N2O EMISSION FROM RICE

UNDER DIFFERENT WATER MANAGEMENT

Alessandra Lagomarsino (1)*, Alessandro Elio Agnelli (1), Rossana Monica Ferrara (1),

Giacomo Gavina (2), Stefano Ravaglia (2)

(1) Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Firenze, Italy;

(2) Società Italiana Sementi Spa, Bologna, Italy


During 2012 and 2013 vegetative seasons, two rice fields have been selected in Italy (Cantaglia

farm, SIS, Bologna) and subjected to different water management: one under continuous flooding

(PF) and the other under alternate wetting and drying (AWD). CH4 and N2O emissions have been

measured throughout the two years, together with several soil and water parameters. On average,

in 2013 CH4 emissions were higher than 2012. The effect of water management was significantly

different in the two years: under AWD, in 2012 a 97% reduction of CH4 emissions with respect to

PF was observed, whereas in 2013 the reduction dropped to 11%, without significant differences

between the two water managements. As expected, CH4 emissions were inversely correlated to

soil redox potential, showing the maximum peaks when values were below -200 mV. A positive

relationship was observed between CH4 emissions and the water level under PF, with a sharp

increase of emission rates above 10 cm of water level. Both fields showed a positive relationship

with the days of flooding, linear for AWD and of 2nd order for PF, which showed the maximum

rates after 40 days and a following decrease. N2O emissions showed few important peaks during

the two years, more relevant under AWD. In particular, in 2012 the two peaks under AWD

accounted for 92 % of seasonal emissions, leading to five-fold greater emissions in AWD with

respect to PF. The main peak occurred 14 days after fertilization when AWD soil has been

drained. In 2013 fertilizer application was followed by 15 days of flooding and AWD field never

went to harsh dry conditions, thus reducing N2O emissions under AWD by 48 % with respect to

2012.


67

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59-PP THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND-USE VS VEGETATION COVER

ON NUTRIENT AND SEDIMENT TRANSFER FROM SMALL HEADWATER

CATCHMENTS IN A HUMMOCKY POST-GLACIAL LANDSCAPE:

A CASE STUDY IN SOUTH-EASTERN LATVIA

Juris Soms

Department of Geography, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia


During the past decade attention has understandably focused on matters of soil erosion in terms of

environmental protection and reduction of water pollution. In such a context temporal streams

which drain small headwater catchments are functioning as direct links for transferring runoff

water, and simultaneously carrying suspended sediments and chemicals into lakes and rivers.

Hence studies focused on flux of matter influencing the quality of water, e.g. quantifying

sediment and nutrient transfer from small headwater catchments are important for water resources

management. Such catchments constitute the upper part of drainage network in hummocky post-

glacial landscape in SE Latvia. Although the data on sediment flux associated with soil erosion in

this territory was already obtained, the role of land-use on nutrient and sediment transfer from

small catchments during the different runoff events still has remained poorly documented,

particularly comparing agricultural catchments to ones with forest vegetation cover. Therefore

suspended sediment (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS) and nutrient (N-tot and P-tot) area-specific

daily load from small agricultural and vegetated catchments located in the river Daugava valley

were examined under different runoff formation scenarios. The results indicate that SS and TDS

load during ordinary runoff events can reach 5.39 and 36.94 kg ha-1 day-1 respectively. Nutrient

load yields the delivery of up to 0.072 kg ha-1day-1 of N-tot and up to 0.011 kg ha-1 day-1 of P-

tot. Higher values of loads are obtained for catchments with agricultural land-use. However, from

catchments under forest the significant amount of nutrients and sediments are delivered too,

particularly as response to extreme runoff events. These findings indicate that canopy vegetation

does not necessarily prevent the decreasing of water quality due to sediment supply from

channels and nutrient wash out from decomposed forest litter as part of natural nutrient cycle.

.

https://mail.unibo.it/owa/[email protected]/redir.aspx?C=H4GMo83NAkuVGU_vmj7mE-ZVK8JZK9EICnAATL3XrtjP1JRK1idfRur9_p_X-nge3rLbwh1vT5Y.&URL=mailto%3ajuris.soms%40du.lv

68

60-OP THE METHODS FOR FIELD ASSESSMENT OF RILL

AND EPHEMERAL GULLY EROSION IN CZECH REPUBLIC

Miroslav Dumbrovský *, Veronika Sobotková

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic


Rill and ephemeral gully erosion is a serious problem in many cultivated fields in Czech

republic.The main purpose of this paper is to provide information about a suitable method for

assessment of rill and ephemeral gully erosion with such special kind of direct measurement

procedures.Erosion on the agricultural soils threats seriously their production and nonproduction

functions. Erosion deprives the agricultural soils of the most fertile part (humus horizon), makes

degradation of physical, chemical and biological soil properties and reduces the thickness of the

soil and humus content in the soil. Universal Soil Loss Equation often under-estimates erosion on

agricultural fields because it does not account for the loss of soil from rills and ephemeral

gullies.To properly assess soil erosion in agricultural areas, it is necessary to determine precisely

the volume of rills and ephemeral gullies in the field by using direct methods. For analysis when

calculating rill and especially ephemeral channel volumes we developed a unique cross section

method with a digital automatic evaluation of the scanned profiles. This data provides

considerable potential for studying rill and ephemeral gully erosion and developing predictive

andassessment methodology. At the Institute of Landscape Water Management, Brno University

of Technology was designed and realized facility "the soil erosion bridge", which allows the soil

surface profile measurement and automatic quantifies the volume of erosion rills, which can

occur on the sloping plots during intensive rains. Hundreds of cross sections of erosive rills were

measured using the special kind of the soil erosion bridge directly in the field. The temporal

development of erosion rills is also evaluated in this paper.


69

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61-PP INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON SOIL RESPIRATION

IN A SEMI-ARID SHRUBLAND

Cecilio Oyonarte (1)*, Enrique Sánchez-Cañete (2), Jorge Curiel (3),

Juan Manual Cintas (1), Penelope Serrano-Ortiz (4), Oscar Pérez-Priego (4),

Ana López-Ballesteros (2), Eva Arnau (1), Andrew Kowalski (4), Francisco Domingo (2)

(1) Universidad de Almería, Spain

(2) Estación Experimental Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Spain

(3) Museo Ciencias Naturales (CSIC),Spain

(4) Universidad de Granada, Spain


Soil respiration is a process that is fundamental to the ecosystem carbon balance, and vegetation

is a critical factor in controlling its dynamics. Such control can be exerted by a double

mechanism: the timing of the autotrophic component determined by its phenology, and via the

substrate source for the microbial population, whose quantity and quality direct heterotrophic

component. Here we assessed how different species with different phenological patterns affect the

seasonality of soil CO2 exchange in a semi-arid shrubland. To this end, a field experiment was set

up to measure dynamic soil CO2 exchange in the surrounding area of three species (Stipa

tenacissima, Genista retamoides and Chamaerops humilis) of a semi-arid shrubland in the SE

Iberian Peninsula (Cabo de Gata N.P., Almeria, Spain). Soil CO2 exchange was calculated using

diffusivity-based models from CO2 profiles measured by GMM222 Vaisala sensors measuring in

the surface soil horizon at 5 cm depth. Three such profiles were installed for each of the species,

along with temperature and humidity sensors. Dataloggers recorded data every 30 min and the

experiment was continued for six months (autumn to early summer). Soil was sampled to

determine its basic properties (BD, texture, CO3Ca, pH, C, N, CN), and organic matter was

partitioned to characterize its labile and recalcitrant fractions. Radiometric measurements of

selected plants were taken about every 15 days to calculate the NDVI and PRI indices and to

monitor vegetation activity. Results show marked seasonal variability as a result of water

availability, whereas the influence of vegetation is limited. Differences in soil CO2 exchange

among the species, mainly Chamaerops humilis, were only observed for brief periods.

.


70

77-PP PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION USING MICROALGAE AS BIO-INDICATOR

OF PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION IN SURFACE WATER

Anna Chiara Rimini *, Daniela Belletti, Vincenza Nardicchi

Ambios Srl, Cordiano, Perugia, Italy


In the recent past, many problems of pesticide contamination in surface waters have been detected

by Ambios Srl activity. It’s important to underline that the most important sector of Umbria

Region’s economy it’s the Agriculture and nowadays are present high concentration of pesticides

in Umbria’s water sources (i.e. lakes and rivers). Ambios Srl laboratory, as partnership of Umbria

Region Institution and University of Perugia in a master’s degree in “Expert in technological

applications of biosensors and micro- and nanosystems”, is started a preliminary research using

different microalgae strains as bio-indicator of pesticide contamination in surface waters. In a first

phase of the study we tested the effect on the growth of microalgae by the pesticide 2,4D, a

member of the phenoxy-family of herbicides which is widely used in Umbria. We used four

strains of microalgae: i) two strains of fresh water: Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) and

Scenedesmus obliquus; ii) two strains of marine water: Phaeodactylum tricornutum and

Nannochloropsis oceanica. Early results have focused on cell development vs pesticide

concentrations using microalgae strains as bio-indicators. Research applications glimpse exciting

possibilities in the use of microalgae as a biomass able to a selective capturing of contaminants in

surface water.


71

78-PP SHORT-TERM RECOVERY FROM TILLAGE OPERATION:

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FOR ORGANIC WHEAT AND ALFA ALFA TO

ENHANCE SOIL PHYSICAL FERTILITY AND AGGREGATE ASSOCIATED-C

Patrizia Guidi, Gloria Falsone *, Gilmo Vianello

Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy


Tillage disrupts soil aggregates, lowers soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nutrients and

microbial activity that contribute to aggregation. Thus, important losses of soil physical fertility are

expected as a result of tillage operation, especially in mountain agriculture lands where the nutrient pools

are concreted in the topsoil. Because important potential contribution of organically managed systems is

identified in the careful management of nutrients, organic farming is an alternative to conventional

farming. However, its relevance on soil restoration should be assessed, especially on short-term soil

response to reduce the losses of soil mass and nutrients. Aggregate stability represents a resistance

physical factor thus, in order to evaluate the short-term effect of organic crops (wheat or alfa alfa) on soil

physical restoration, we evaluated the wet aggregate stability and the C associated to water stable

aggregates in some poorly developed soils (Leptic or Colluvic Regosols) in northern Italian Appennine.

After tillage, the amount of aggregates and associated-C were similar among soils, but the most degraded

and thinnest soil (Leptic Regosol) had greater proportion of aggregates breakdown.

An increase in the amount of aggregates was detectable after only one season under alfa alfa, but the

aggregate stability improved only in thin soil, as well as the C associated to water stable aggregates. The

different effects of the crops appeared to be related to their different abilities in promoting soil aggregate

formation and soil aggregate stabilisation in different soil conditions. Evidence is also presented

suggesting the crops’ different abilities in modifying a range of soil biological and chemical properties,

namely microbial biomass and exchangeable cation concentration.

.


72

79-PP RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT ON A SOIL DERIVED FROM LIMESTONE IN A

THOUSAND-YEAR-OLD HOLM OAK (QUERCUS ILEX L.) FOREST

AlbertoAgnelli (1)*, Luisa Massaccesi (1), Mauro De Feudis (1),

Valeria Cardelli (2), Stefania Cocco (2), Giuseppe Corti (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali,

Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy (2) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali,

Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy


The rhizosphere is a driving component of soil formation thanks to high microbial activity and

processes such as root nutrient uptake, organic acid release, redox reactions, and CO2 production

that affect soil acidification and mineral weathering. The extent of soil development is however

controlled by the type of bedrock, and relevant changes in the rhizosphere may occur even in

soils derived from limestone when soil-forming forces are particularly intense or long-lasting. To

assess the rhizosphere effect on a soil derived from a calcareous rock, we investigated the

changes occurred in the rhizosphere of a multi-centennial Holm oak forest soil derived from

limestone by chemical and biological analyses

The rhizosphere had lower pH values, and higher organic C, water extractable organic C and

organic P contents than the bulk. Conversely, no differences were found for the content of total N,

exchangeable cations, and different forms of Fe. The basal respiration data suggested that the

rhizospheric microbial community was stimulated by the consumption of easily degradable

compounds that should also caused, through a priming effect, a greater cycling of stabilized

organic matter. Other than the metabolic activity, the structure of the microbial community (as

revealed by PLFAs analysis) of the rhizosphere was different from that of the bulk. In particular,

in the Bw horizons a larger proportion of fungi and a higher fungal-to-bacteria biomass ratio

occurred in the rhizosphere than in the bulk. Our findings support the fact that over a pedogenic

time under the same vegetation, some differences between bulk and rhizosphere disappeared.

However, in the sub-superficial horizon, where the creation of a suitable root environment

appeared still in progress, the rhizosphere effect was evident for the soil properties mostly related

to the activity of roots and root-associated microorganisms.

.


73

.

81-PP HYPOTHESIS OF MAGNETIC ENRICHMENT IN APENNINES SOILS.

INFLUENCE OF PALEOPEDOGENESIS ON THE EVOLUTION OF FE-OXIDES

Valeria Cardelli (1), Stefania Cocco (1), Mauro De Feudis (2),

Alberto Agnelli (2), Giuseppe Corti (1)

(1) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali,

Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy (2) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali,

Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy


The presence of magnetic and non-magnetic minerals in soil of central Apennines was studied in

soils from Mount Zuccarello (1005 m a.s.l., Fabriano). The aim of this research was to improve

the knowledge of the role of pedogenesis in the enrichment of soil of magnetic and non-magnetic

Fe-oxides. The magnetic behaviour of the soil is a still debated fascinating phenomena. In fact,

there are many theories explaining soil magnetic susceptibility: chemical weathering, magnetite

deposition in sedimentary process, natural fires, magnetotactic bacteria mineralization. With this

work we wanted to investigate the role of the soil forming force “time” on the presence of

magnetic and non-magnetic Fe-oxides.

Both magnetic and non-magnetic granules were investigated by microscopy and X-Ray

diffractometry. The two types of granules showed various dimensions, from few micrometer to 2-

3 cm. Results indicated that magnetic granules were made of maghemite, while the non-magnetic

granules comprised hematite with a few goethite.

Maghemite may derive from many processes, but one of the most possible is the transformation

of pre-existing Fe-oxides (magnetic or not) during fires of a certain intensity, in presence of high

contents of organic matter. As in our soil we found abundant charcoal, we attributed the

formation of maghemite to this process. As a support of this hypothesis, there was a linear

relationship between the concentrations of hematite and maghemite. The formation of discrete

granules of hematite is hard to explain under the actual climatic conditions, considered the parent

material and the steep slope. Because of this, we attributed the presence of the big nodules of

hematite to the presence into the parent limestone of a vein paleosol (terra rossa, Oxisol), coeval

with the rock formation. The presence of hematite of Jurassic age has been responsible for the

formation of maghemite during the fires occurred in the last decades.

74


AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: TECHNIQUES

Abstract

75

04-OT ADVANCES IN ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES FOR RESOLVING

SOIL WATER AND CARBON FLUXES

Christoph Külls

University of Applied Sciences, Dep. Civ. Engin.

Laboratory for Hydrology and Water Management, University of Lübeck, Germany


Recent advances in laser spectrometry provide further information on ratios in CO2 or 18O/16O

and 2H/H ratios in vapor. Velocity and flux of water and carbon dioxide in the unsaturated zone

are key processes for resources assessment, sustainable management and restoration. The use of

isotope techniques for monitoring transport processes offers some advantages and poses some

risks. The theoretical background of applying isotope techniques, recent improvements of

analytical techniques and further perspectives of their application are presented and discussed for

water and for carbon isotopes. The principles of applying water phase equilibrium fractionation in

soils and of using kinetic fractionation for carbon isotope systems are presented jointly with new

data and uncertainty limits for the application of these methods. A field protocol for measuring

water and carbon isotopes in soils is outlined using data of a joint field campaign in Portugal and

first trials for 13C-CO2 measurements in Southern Germany. In general, further processing

involving soil moisture data and transport modeling is needed to derive flux rates and flow

velocity. Different models and approaches are introduced and current uncertainty is discussed.

Finally, a critical outlook on opportunities provided by combining isotope profiles from several

light isotope systems is given.


76

.

22-OT NANO-SELENIUM: FROM IN VITRO TO MICRO FARM EXPERIMENTS

Hassan R. El-Ramady (1) (3) (4) *, N. A. Abd Alla (2) (3), T. A. Alshaal (1) (3),

N. Elhawat (3) (5), É. Domokos-Szabolcsy (3), J. Prokisch (4)

(1) Soil and Water Sciences Dept., Faculty of Agriculture,

Kafrelsheikh Uni., Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt (2) Plant Biotechnology Dept., Genetic Engineering Division,

National Research Center, Giza, Egypt


It is well documented that, selenium (Se) has a long history of being misunderstood and has

repeatedly been mistakenly implicated as a toxicant, usually because of inadequate analytical

data. Nowadays, although analytical capabilities are much better, Se continues to be accorded less

respect and appreciation than it deserves; even its name is usually mispronounced. Elemental Se

has a large stability region and is thus thermodynamically favored in many natural environments.

Different experiments were used to study the behavior of the red elemental selenium

nanoparticles (nano-Se) in in vitro and micro farms. The results clearly indicated that, it could be

used these previous experiments in plant nutrition and soil fertility field. It is found that, nano-Se

as inorganic selenium forms are able to influence the rooting and growth of some crops (wheat,

radish, alfalfa, and pineapple) using 100 mg L-1. It is also clear that, the nano-Se is better

tolerated selenium form than the selenate. No toxic symptoms were shown in case of nano-Se in

the applied concentration range (1-100 mg L-1) regardless of rooting media composition.

Therefore, it could be concluded that, plant tissue culture and micro farm experiments are

promising fields for plant nutrition research. It could be also used them to understand

nutrient/elementally deficiency/toxicity symptoms, adequate and toxic concentrations and

produce biofortified crops. Further research should be focused on the interactions of nanoparticles

with environmental pollutants and on their impact on the movement, fate, and bioavailability of

contaminants. Key words: Nano-selenium, in vitro, micro farms, biofortification, plant nutrition-

.


77

25-OT INTEGRATED MODEL FOR PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT

OF VEGETATION AGAINST SHALLOW LANDSLIDES

González Ollauri, Alejandro & Mickovski, Slobodan B.

Glasgow Caledonian University; School of Engineering & the Built Environment

Author corresponding : [email protected]

Shallow landslides are instability events that lead to dramatic soil mass wasting in sloping areas

and expose the disturbed sites to further erosion. A large number of them are triggered by intense

rainfall episodes when the rise in pore water pressures in the soil destabilizes the soil and results

in slope failure. Thus, the control of soil hydrological processes that could potentially trigger

landslides is of the utmost importance. Vegetation has been considered as an effective

remediation measure from the mechanical point of view. However, the hydrological contribution

of vegetation has rarely been quantified in the context of landslides. Furthermore, adequate

vegetation selection attending to ecological, hydrological and mechanical factors is crucial for

soil protection and avoidance of shallow landslides in a sustainable manner. The aim of the

present study is to propose, implement and evaluate a methodology framework for the

preliminary assessment of the effect of vegetation on slopes liable to instability events such as

shallow landslides. The methodology framework consists on the selection, modification and

combination of different numerical models with the use of readily available input parameters. It

attempts to simulate, in a robust manner, the processes on the soil-water-air interface affected by

two vegetation species in a homogenous soil slope profile under an intensive precipitation event

scenario. The suggested methodology framework appears to realistically simulate the mechanical

and hydrological effects of vegetation on slope stability, despite using many assumptions. In fact,

the model output showed that vegetation has a positive hydrological and mechanical effect, which

in part depends on the vegetation´s biomass. The present methodology can be now applied to any

species and environmental conditions, requires of a small and readily available number of

parameters and sets the basis for its interpolation into larger spatial and temporal scales.


78

62-OT MONITORING SOIL ORGANIC CARBON

SPATIAL VARIATIONS BY PROXIMAL SENSING

Simone Priori (1), Nadia Bianconi (1), Maria Fantappiè (1), Sergio Pellegrini (1),

Edoardo A.C. Costantini (1), Giuseppe Ferrigno (2), Fabio Guaitoli (3)

(1) Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA-ABP), Italy (2) Università di Palermo - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Italy

(3) Regione Sicilia - Assessorato regionale delle risorse agricole e alimentari, Italy

corresponding author: [email protected]

The costs of soil carbon stock monitoring and mapping at field, or watershed, scale are often

substantial and the reliability of the results often questionable. Generally, the carbon stock at field

scale is calculated as a mean of few (3-5) soil samples collected and analysed by traditional

laboratory methods. Aim of this work is testing proximal sensing methods, namely gamma-

radiometric and Visible-Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIR DRS), to

obtain high-detailed and reliable maps of SOC content of the ploughed layer (0-30 cm). The

research work was carried out in several arable fields in western Sicily (Italy). The gamma-

radiometric survey was performed by “The Mole” sensor, made by “Medusa Systems” and

supplied by GPS, while the Vis-NIR spectroscopy used Fieldspec 3Hi-res with the ASD Contact

probe for Vis-NIR region (0.350-2.5 µm). About 10 soil samples per hectare were collected,

sieved (< 2 mm) and analysed by Vis-NIR DRS. 50% of soil samples were analysed by

traditional laboratory methods and used to calibrate a prediction model for Vis-NIR DRS, using

the Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). The gamma-ray data (Total counts and the main

radionuclides K, U, Th) were elaborated and interpolated within the fields by ordinary kriging.

The SOC prediction using Vis-NIR DRS spectra and PLSR provided good accuracy (R2 = 0.87

and 0.76, in calibration and validation, respectively). The relationships between SOC and gamma-

ray data were strongly site-specific, and, in addition, parent material and soil texture dependent,

therefore, non-stationary and multivariate predictive models were needed. Both machine learning

methods, namely Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines, provided accurate

SOC spatial predictions. The results of the work demonstrate the potentiality of Vis-NIR DRS

coupled with gamma-ray spectrometry to obtain high-detailed map of SOC spatial variability

-


79

69-PT INTERACTION BETWEEN ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND VASCULAR

PLANT: OCIMUM BASILICUM AS PLANT MODEL

Serena Carbone *, Sara Bosi, Livia Vittori Antisari, Giovanni Dinelli, Gilmo Vianello

Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Italy


Nanotechnology is the new frontier of research and nowadays many nanoproducts are utilized in

common goods, in medical supplies and in agricultural products. However, little is known about

the impact of these new materials on humans and environment. Several studies assert that the soil

could be the environmental compartment designed to be the major recipient of engineered

nanoparticles (NPs). To investigate the impact of commercially relevant NPs on soil-plant

continuum we compared the effect of Ag, CeO2, Co, Fe3O4, Ni, SnO2, TiO2 NPs on Ocimum

basilicum. Basil is a culinary herb normally used fresh in Mediterranean cuisine and could

constitute one of the means to accumulate NPs through the food chain. The seedlings were spiked

once per week with 50mL of NP solutions at 100mg metal L-1 concentration, to simulate a

chronic dose. For the control test only water was supplied. At the end of the experiment (28 days)

the following analysis were performed in plant and soil: biomass production, total elements

concentrations, plant pigments concentrations, lipid peroxidation, pH, metals availability, total

metals concentrations. Results showed that Ag NPs treatment reduced significantly root and leaf

dry matter of basil plant with respect to the control. The larger amount of metal-NPs was

accumulated in basil roots and the concentration in leaves was significantly higher compared to

the control for Ag, CeO2, Co and Ni. Notably, also in the relative short exposure there was an

accumulation of Ca in roots, suggesting that the metabolic alteration in plants could be aimed at

counteracting the membrane damage generated directly or indirectly by NPs. The physiological

parameters did not show significant differences; probably tissues involved in the photosynthesis

are not damaged by NPs. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate the impact of these

NPs over several generation and their fate in food chain

.


80

70-OT SLOPES PROTECTION BY DEEP ROOTING GRASS PLANTS PREVENTS

DAMAGES UNDER INTENSE METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

Claudio Zarotti

Prati Armati srl, Opera, Milano, Italy


Water erosion, besides removing large quantities of soil, may impair the functionality of

traditional civil works, for example by bridging channels and ditches, displacing the foot of

reinforced concrete works and retaining walls, uncovering the top of poles and micropiles,

causing the silting of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Among the techniques that have recently

demonstrated a particular validity in fighting these phenomena, the deep rooting perennial

herbaceous plants represent an excellent solution in terms of technical results and environmental

impact, besides requiring very low amount of energy for installation and zero maintenance.

Thesis and research work carried out in recent years have made it possible, for the first time, the

quantification of these results. The use of these plants has been mainly focusing their capability to

improve some geomechanical parameters like the soil cohesion factor, thus increasing the shear

strength and therefore the factor of slope stability.Properly selected herbaceous plants are instead

also capable to behave as an effective mantle protection from heavy rainpours, besides reducing

water infiltration through to evapo-transpiration, thus contributing to the prevention of deep soil

instability.These plants are also capable to germinate and rapidly develop deep roots allowing

them to survive even in climatic and phytotoxic conditions unthinkable for most traditional

vegetation. .


81

72-PT UNDERSTANDING THE CARBON ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE

IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES

Claudio Natali *, Gianluca Bianchini

Department of Physic and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara


Elemental and isotopic analyses of carbon in environmental matrices usually integrate multiple

sources having distinct concentration (wt%) and 13C/12C isotopic ratio, which is notionally

expressed as 13C‰ respect to the PDB international standard. Interpretation necessarily needs

the characterization of the diverse end-members that usually are constituted by carbonate, organic

and elemental components. In this view, we developed a routine protocol which is based on the

analytical coupling of a VARIO-MICROCUBE elementary analyzer and an ISOPRIME100 mass

spectrometer. The proposed procedure consists in the repeated analysis of each sample in

different analytical conditions: 1) analysis of total CO2 stripped out from the sample burning at

950 °C; analysis of organic CO2 stripped out from the sample burning at 450 °C; analysis of

carbonate-CO2 stripped out from the a pre-treated sample (at 950 C°) in which the organic matter

is removed. The resulting wt% and 13C of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and the Total

Inorganic Carbon (TIC) are elaborated by mass balance, calculating a theoretical Total Carbon

(TC) fingerprint which is compared with that directly measured. We often observe a misfit with

the theoretical value, which is significantly lower than that measured. The misfit, expressed as

C%, plausibly represents a fraction of elemental carbon. The approach has been developed

studying agricultural soils and stratigraphic sections located in the Padanian Plain, as well as

investigating black crusts deposited on monuments and historical buildings located in urban

centres. Applicative examples and analytical details will be explained and clarified at the

forthcoming “Biogeochemical Processes at Air-Soil-Water interfaces” conference, in order to

standardize a tool for a proper understanding of the carbon budget and the related fluxes in the

environmental processes.



82

82 PT SHORT-TERM LAND-USE CHANGES AND HYDRODYNAMICS IN THE MUSON

RIVER WATERSHED (TV) IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE.

Alba Gallo *, Federico Gatto, Massimo Spiandorello, Claudio Bini

Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics

Ca’ Foscari University, Venice (Italy)


.

Introduction. Land development is the result of the economic and social organization of a

community, and is connected to the adaption of resident population to changing environment. The

assessment of land use changes can help controlling and understanding these transformations.

This study illustrates the land use modifications of the Muson river basin (Treviso province,

Northern Italy) occurred in the last twenty years, in relation to climate change. The Muson river

watershed is extended approx 15.00ha from the pre-alpine area (Mount Grappa,1775 m) to the

alluvial plain (Castelfranco V.,42 m).

Materials and Methods. Interpretation of aerial photographs - GIS elaboration of territorial data

Results. Aerial photographs taken in 1990-92 and 2009 show that in the last decades urbanization

has increased up to 13% in the alluvial plain, and significant land use modification has affected

also the mountain and hilly areas, with serious consequences on river hydrodynamics.

Land use change. Increased urban areas 13,25 % - Increased forest stands 27,8 % - Decreased

meadows and permanent pasture 22,8 % - Stable arable land 35,8 %.

Climate change in Veneto. Amount, quality and distribution of rainfall: trend to decrease winter

rains - Intensity and duration of extreme meteoric events - Decreased persistence of snow cover

dramatic reduction of small glaciers and snow line elevation.

Precipitation and Hydrology. Data from pluviometers at Pove del Grappa and Castelfranco

Veneto (ARPAV) - Data from hydrometers on the river Muson at Castelfranco Veneto

Conclusions. Increased urban areas → negative effects on hydrodynamics; decrease of soil

absorption capacity and an increase of superficial flow. Increased risk of flooding. Increased

forest areas; afforestation of land previously used as grassland and grazing.→ positive effects on

hydrodynamics; counteracting the effect of rainfall and regulating overland flow. Comparison of

rainfall data with hydrometric levels → significant correlation; rainfall directly responsible for

overland flow.

83

.

83 PT A GIS-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR LAND SUITABILITY

EVALUATION IN VENETO (NE ITALY)

Milena Bardin, Marco Beraldo, Soraya Bresolin, Jenny De Pra, Alberto Finesso,

Alba Gallo *, Irene Gozzelino , Veronica Milano, Giulia Pizzin, Luca Scapin,

Massimo Spiandorello, Giulia Silan, Andrea Staccione, Diana Zilioli, Claudio Bini

Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics,

Ca’ Foscari University, Venice (Italy)


.

Since almost ten years the Soil Science Research Group in Venice is carrying out studies on the

characterization of soils in the Veneto region and their suitability for specific uses. Several areas

have been investigated with the aim to select the best land use for a sustainable environment.The

scenarios taken into consideration range from the alpine and pre-alpine region to the alluvial

plain. Attention has been focused especially to land suitability for forestry and pasture in

mountain areas, for typical crops (e.g. potato and barley) in the pre-alpine region, for vineyard in

the hills (prosecco in the Conegliano district, moscato in the Euganean hills and tocai in the Lison

area), and for different crops in the alluvial plain (e.g. rice in the Verona district, maize and sugar

beet in the lowland). Moreover, a suitability for niche crops (spelt, Prussian apple, truffle) has

been evaluated at some sites, together with suitability for tourism in the Cortina valley. The land

evaluation procedure has been applied by a GIS-based methodology. The GIS techniques are

today essential for the success of a correct and fast work concerning the interpretation and

processing of soil data and its display in form of map. All pedological data are stored in a

database that can be relied to the geographic information (e.g. morphology, geology, climate,

vegetation). This has allowed the interpolation of geo-referenced information and, consequently,

a more easy and rapid interpretation and areal distribution of soil delineations in stratified layers.

Integrating information with crop and soil requirements by means of matching tables, it was

possible to edit land suitability maps for specific purposes. Moreover, a comparison among the

suggested land uses allowed to produce a comprehensive map of the best land uses for each area

investigated. The applied methodology proved an useful and effective tool for sustainable land

management.

.

84

84 PT SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF LAKES IN CONNECTION

WITH MITIGATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE,

AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN MICRO REGIONS

BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

Sándor Némethy (1)*, Gábor Molnár (2)

(1) University of Gothenburg, Sweden and Kaposvár University, Hungary (2) Lake Balaton Development Coordination Agency (LBDCA), Siófok, Hungary

* Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

.

Lake management is extremely complex and requires a coordinated effort of research institutions,

community groups, individuals, landowners, and government. Lakes constitute an important

group of natural resources due to their ecosystem services and often unique cultural

environments. Climate change is a growing concern, which particularly strongly affects shallow

lakes. The adverse impact of climate change is enhanced by extreme water level fluctuations and

human factors such as environmental pollution from waste water discharge, large scale

agriculture and shoreline constructions reducing or eliminating valuable wetlands. Since

eutrophication is a leading cause of impairment of freshwater ecosystems, specific strategies to

address a lake's nutrient enrichment must focus on activities in the watershed and, if needed, in-

lake restoration techniques. Analyzing the key factors of sustainable local and regional

development in the vicinity of lakes, assessing the environmental risks of pollution, large scale

agriculture, waste management and energy production, we propose a complex, stakeholder based

management system and holistic regional development in lake areas, which will preserve natural

ecosystems without compromising the sustainable use of ecosystem services. There are available

technologies to develop ecologically acceptable water level regulations, promote organic

agriculture applying grey water irrigation, stop leachate from landfills and control invasive

species. Regional and local production and use of renewable energy is essential both for

environmental and economical sustainability. Renewable energy production should be well

coordinated with agriculture, forestry, waste management and management of water resources of

lakes and their watershed areas in a sustainable, holistic way through a participatory approach.

This is particularly pronounced in connection with tourism as one of the main uses of lake-

ecosystem services, but also an environmental risk for natural ecosystems when mass tourism and

short-sighted profit are the driving forces.



85

AUTHORS INDEX

Author Code Page

ABBAS Talib R. 11 PP 48

ABD ALLA N.A 22 OT 76

ADEYEMO Adebayo Jonathan 68 OFO 44

AGELE Samuele Ohikhena 68 OF 44

AGNELLI Alessandro Elio 57 OP 66

AGNELLI Alberto 80 OF,79 PP, 81 PP 45,72,73

ALIYEVA Bayli 10 PF 29

ALSHAAL T.A 22 OT 76

AMELUNG Wulf 51 PP 64

ANDREAU Vicente 26 OF, 24 PP 34,50

ANTISARI Livia Vittori 53 PF,69 PT 41,79

ARAMPATZIS George 13 OC 13

ARNAÚ-ROSALÉN Eva 45 PF, 27 PP, 44 PP 39, 50, 61

AVASILCAI Liliana 18 OF,42 PF 31,38

BACHMANN Jorg 28 PP 52

BAFFOZZI Paolo 64 PF 42

BARDIN Milena 83 PT 83

BATTAGLIA-BRUNET Fabienne 38 OP 58

BELLETTI Daniela 77 PP 70

BELLO Diana 44 PP 62

BERALDO Marco 83 PT 83

BIANCHINI Gianluca 72 PT 81

BIANCONI Nadia 62 OT 78

BIDLO Andras 34 PP 56

BINI Claudio 46 PC, 58 PC, 23 OF, 82 PT, 83 PT 17, 21, 33, 82, 83

BIREESCU Geanina 19 PC,21 PC,18 OF,42 PF 14, 15, 31, 38

BIREESCU Lazar 19 PC,21 PC,18 OF 14, 15, 31

BONIFACIO Eleonora 03 OP 47

BORIE Fernando 28 PP 52

BOSI Sara 69 PT 79

BRESOLIN Soraya 83 PT 83

CANTÓN-CASTILLO Yolanda 45 PF, 27 PP, 29 PP, 44 PP 39, 50, 52, 61

CARBONE Serena 85 OF, 69 PT 36, 79

CARDELLI Valeria 80 OF, 79 PP, 81 PP 45, 72,73

CATONI Marcella 37 OP 57

CELI Luisella 37 OP 57

CHAMIZO DE LA PIEDRA Sonia 45 PF, 27 PP, 44 PP 39, 50, 61

CHU Bei 05 PC 10

CINTAS Juan Manual 61 PP 69

CLOUTIER-HURTEAU Benoit 40 OP 59

COCCO Stefania 80 OF, 79 PP, 81 PP 45, 72,73

COHEN Shaptai 52 OP 65

COLTORTI Massimo 63 OC 22

CONSTANTINEAU Simon 4O OP 59

CORTI Giuseppe 80 OF,79 PP, 81 PP 45, 72,73

COSTANDACHE Cristinel 21 PC 15

86

COSTANTINI Edoardo A.C 71 PC, 62 OT 25,78

COURCHESNE Francois 40 OP 59

COUSIN Isabelle 55 OC 20

CUCIUREANU Rodica 42 PF 38

CURIEL Jorge 61 PP 69

D'ERRICO Giada 64 PF 42

DAZZI Carmelo 66 OC,17 OP 24,49

DE FEUDIS Mauro 80 OF, 79 PP, 81 PP 45, 72,73

DE PRA Jenny 83 PT 83

DURANTE-INGUNZA Maria del Pilar 41 PP 60

DI GIUSEPPE Dario 63 OC 22

DINCA Lucian 21 PC 15

DINELLI Giovanni 69 PT 79

DOMINGO Francisco 27 PP, 61 PP 50,69

DOMOKOS-SZABOLCSY E. 22 OT 76

DUMBROVSKY Miroslav 60 OP 68

EGLI Markus 02 OF 28

EIVAZI Frieda 05 PC 10

EL-RAMADY Hassan R. 22 OT 76

ELHAWAT N. 22 OT 76

ELYAAGUBI Fathi Khalifa 12 PC 12

ESENKOZHANOVNA Kozybayeva Farida 17 OP 49

FABIANI Arturo 64 PF 42

FACCINI Barbara 63 OC 22

FAISAL Ayad A.H 65 PC,11 PP 23,48

FALSONE Gloria 53 PF, 78 PP 41,71

FANTAPPIE Maria 62 OT 78

FERRARA Rossana Monica 57 OP 66

FERRETTI Giacomo 63 OC 22

FERRIGNO Giuseppe 62 OT 78

FILIPOV Feodor 66 OC 24

FINESSO Alberto 83 PT 83

FIORI Antonio F. 37 OP 57

FREPPAZ Michele 67 OF 43

FULLEN Michael A. 54 PC 19

GAL Yoni 52 OP 65

GALLO Alba 82 PT, 83 PT 82, 83

GARCIA-CAMPO Elena 43 PP 61

GATTO Federico 82 PT 82

GAUTRET Pascale 38 OP 58

GAVINA Giacomo 57 OP 66

GIL-SOTRES Fernando 43 PP,44 PP 61, 62

GIMENO-GARCIA Eugenia 26 OF 34

GONZALES-OLLAURI Aleandro 25 OT 77

GOZZELINO Irene 83 PT 83

GUAITOLI Fabio 62 OT 78

GUIDI Patrizia 78 PP 71

HATZIGIANNAKIS Evangelos 13 OC 13

HENAULT Catherine 55 OC 20

87

HONGMING Zhang 47 OT 76

HORVATH Adrienn 34 PP 56

JAKAB Gergely 50 PC 18

JIROUT Jiri 36 OF 37

JOERGENSEN Rainer Georg 51 PP 64

JOULIAN Catherine 38 OP 58

KANIANSKA Radslava 20 PF, 48 OP 32,63

KARYOTI Katerina 13 0C 13

KARYOTIS Theodore 13 0C 13

KATO Yoichiro 58 PC 21

KERTESZ Adam 50 PC 18

KHALIL Amal H. 11 PP 47

KIZEKOVA Miriam 20 PF, 48 OP 31,63

KOWALSKI Andrew 61 PP 69

KUBBA Faris A. 65 PC 23

KŪLLS Christoph 04 OT 75

L'ABATE Giovanni 71 PC 25

LACATUSU Anca-Rovena 56 PP 65

LACATUSU Radu 56 PP 65

LADRÓN de GUEVARA Monica 29 PP 52

LAGOMARSINO Alessandra 57 OP 66

LANDI Silvia 64 PF 42

LE DERF Franck 32 OP 54

LE MILBEAU Claude 38 OP 58

LEGRAS Marc 32 OP 54

LEIROS M.Carmen 43 PP, 44 PP 61, 62

LEIS Marta 44 PP 62

LEROY Marie-Charlotte 32 OP 54

LESCURE Tiffanie 38 OP 58

LO PAPA Giuseppe 66 OC 24

LOPEZ-BELLESTEROS Ana 61 PP 69

LUNGU CONSTANTINEANU Camil Stefan 66 OC 24

MADHLOOM Huda M. 65 PC 23

MAKOVNIKOVA Jarmila 20 PF, 48 OP 32,63

MALECI Laura 23 OF 33

MAMMADOVA Vafa 10 PF 29

MARABOTTINI Rosita 53 PF 41

MARCOTTE Stephane 32 OP 54

MARINARI Sara 53 PF 41

MARTIN Maria 37 OP 57

MASIA Ana 24 PP 50

MASSACCESI Luisa 79 PP 72

MELLADO Isabel 44 PP 61

MICCI Roberta 53 PF 41

MICKOVSKI Slobodan B. 41 PP, 25 OT 60,77

MIKULENAS Vidas 31 OF 35

MILANO Veronica 83 PT 83

MIRALLES-MELLADO Isabel 45 PF,29 PP,44 PP 39,52,61

MOCALI Stefano 64 PF 42

88

MOLNAR Gabor 84 PT 84

MONCOND'HUY Vincent 32 OP 54

MUNTEANU Neculai 18 OF 31

MURAT Toktar 17 OP 49

NADAL-ROMERO Estela 74 PC 26

NEMETHY Sandor 84 PT 84

NEINI Seyed Alireza Movahedi 14 PF 30

NADIMI-GOKI Mandana 46 PC,58 PC 17, 21

NADIRADZE Kakha 08 PC 11

NANNIPIERI Paolo 01 OC 9

NAORD Amos 52 OP 65

NARDICCHI Vincenza 77 PP 70

NATALI Claudio 72 PT 81

NICHIFOR Marieta 42 PF 38

OBUA Obiageli 54 PC 19

ORTEGA Raul 45 PF,44 PP 39, 61

OYEDEJI Ayodele A. 54 PC 19

OYONARTE Cecilio 61 PP 69

PANAGOPOULOS Andreas 13 OC 13

PAPP Ruxandra 53 PF 41

PARDOS -VALDIVIELSO Sergio 74 PC 26

PASCUAL Juan Antonio 26 OF, 24 PP 34,50

PAUDEL Indira 52 OP 65

PELLEGRINI Sergio 62 OT 78

PEREZ-PRIEGO Oscar 61 PP 69

PHIROSMANASHVILI Nana 08 PC 11

PICCOLO Raimondo 64 PF 42

PICO Yolanda 24 PP 50

PIZZIN Giulia 83 PT 83

PORTET-KOLTALO Florence 32 OP 54

PRIORI Simone 62 OT 78

PROKISCH J. 22 OT 76

QINKE Yang 47 OT 76

QUINGRUI Liu 47 OT 76

RABOT Eva 55 OC 20

RAMIREZ Carlos 28 PP 52

RAVAGLIA Stefano 57 OP 66

RIMINI Anna Chiara 77 PP 70

RODRIGUEZ-CABALLERO Emilio 45 PF, 27 PP, 29 PP 39, 51, 53

ROMAN J.Raul 30 OF 34

SADIKHOVA Mahpara 10 PF 29

SAID-PULLICINO Daniel 37 OP 57

SAMEDOV Pirvedi 10 PF 29

SANCHEZ-CANET Enrique 61 PP 69

SANTOS Olavo 41 PP 60

SCAPIN Luca 83 PT 83

SELLITTO Michele Vincenzo 19 PC 14

SERRANO-MUELA Pili 74 PC 26

SERRANO-ORTIZ Penelope 61 PP 69

89

SHAFIEI Seyed Amin 14 PF 30

SIEMENS Jan 51 PP 64

SILAN Giulia 83 PT 83

SOBOTKOVA Veronika 60 OP 68

SODANO Marcella 37 OP 57

SOMS Juris 59 PP 67

SPIANDORELLO Massimo 58 PC, 82 PT,83 PT 21,82,83

STACCIONE Andrea 83 PT 83

STOLERU Vasile 18 OF 31

SZABÓ Judit 50 PC 18

SZUCS Peter 34 PP 56

TAMINSKAS Julius 31 OF 35

THOUIN Hugues 38 OP 58

TODOSIJEVIC Mirjana 49 OF 40

TRASAR-CEPEDA Carmen 43 PP,44 PP 61,62

TURMEL Marie-Claude 40 OP 59

TZIRITIS Evangelos 13 OC 13

UCLES Olga 27 PP 50

VERETENNIKOVA Elena Eduardovna 39 PC, 33 OP 16, 55

VIANELLO Gilmo 53 PF, 78 PP, 69 PT 41, 71, 79

VIGLIETTI Davide 67 OF 43

VITTORI ANTISARI Livia 85 OF, 53 PF, 69PT 36, 41, 79

VROUCHAKIS John 13 OC 13

WAHSHA Mohammad 46 PC,58 PC 17, 21

WILLIAMS Craig D. 54 PC 19

WILLIAMS Mark 67 OF 43

ZANINI Ermanno 67 OF 43

ZAROTTI Claudio 70 OT 80

ZATEITALABAD Parva 51 PP 64

ZILIOLI Diana 83 PT 83

ZLATIC Miodrag 49 OF 40

ZYKOVA Maria Vladimirovna 39 PC 16

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