impact of environmental dimensions on oil industry
TRANSCRIPT
Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil Industry
TERI Technologies
Environmental & I ndustrial Biotechnology Division
E n erg y p ro d u ctio n E n viro n m en ta l p ro tec tio n
M edica l B io tech n o log y
M E O R
B io eth an ol p ro du ction
B io h yd ro gen p rod uctio n
B io rem ed ia tio n
B io desu lph u riza tion
C o ntro l o f S R B /M IC
M etag en om icsM o lecu lar D iagn ostics
P ro b io tics
C o al B ed M eth ane p ro dn .
P ro du ctio n o f b io p lastics
Sources of Environmental Impact Exploration Underwater explosions (250 db) disturbs communication and navigation of
aquatic animals.
Drilling Muds – oil, heavy metals, chemicals (CI, BCD, O2X, detergents Land and water pollution (3826 MTs oil discharged in offshore in Britain in 1996)
Processing Rigs & Pipelines Noise, Light, Land & water pollution. Flaring of gas Global warming – Climate Change.
Refining SOx, NOx, Cox, SPM to Air, Solid waste to Land and Liquid effluent to water pollution.
Storage Tank Bottom Sludge, Crude Oily Sludge, Emulsion Oily Sludge, Oily Sludge in Pit – Air, Water & Land pollution.
Transportation Oil Spill , Leakage of pipe line Water & Land (Farmer’s agricultural land).
Accidents Oil Contaminated Site, Ship breaking at sea water & land pollution. (223 oil spill in UK in 1996, Fire in Oil India Ltd, India, 2005)
War Land, Sea water pollution Gulf War 1991, Lebanon Bombing etc.
Sources of Environmental Impacts
Sources of Environmental Impacts
Sources of Environmental Impacts
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Environmental Threats of Oil ContaminationEffect on soil quality:
•Oil contaminated soil looses its fertility for more than 20 years. •The texture and other physicochemical characteristics of the soil gets affected. •The mites and other insects can’t survive in oil contaminated land leading to major imbalance in the food chain. •Oil contamination has adverse effect on seed germination. Farmers loose its crops and are not able to grow agricultural crops for years after years. •Effect on economy of the farmers.
Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat:•A large percentage of the oil spills gets spread over the surface of the stagnant aquatic system resulting anaerobic environment in the water below the surface. This leads to death of the natural flora and fauna where oxygen is the key element for their respiration. •Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats of the fresh water ecosystem.
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination•Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat:
•Physical smothering effect and lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the aquatic life •Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.•Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals.•Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles•Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize. •Oil spill significantly reduce the density of invertebrates and taxonomic richness at least 5 km downstream.• Some fish species has been found with altered tracheal gills
impregnated with tar like substance.
Environmental Threats of Oil ContaminationEffect on Marine Eco-system and ecological habitat:
•Displacement of fish and other aquatic animals due to noise pollution by underwater explosion.•A large percentage of the oil spill gets emulsified and solidified along with sea shore, clinging to sand, rock and stone.•Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats such as when oil is incorporated into sediments •Physical smothering effect on the marine life •Lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the marine life •Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.•Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals.•Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles•Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize. •Changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from oil effects on key organisms e.g. increased abundance of intertidal algae following the death of limpets, which normally eat the algae.
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on human health: •Long term exposure to crude oil contamination leads to severe diseases to human and other animals.•Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major components found in crude oil are highly health hazard like skin erythema (reddening), skin cancer, sinonasal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and bladder cancer.•Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapours causes headache, nausea, dizziness, respiratory irritation.•Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX), the key components of crude oil causes mutations, cancers, birth defects, endocrine disruptions, nervous disorders, and liver disease, carcinogen, effect on CNS, depression, irregular heartbeats.
Environmental Threats of Oil ContaminationEffect on air quality:
•The ambient air quality gets affected because of high carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), SPM (fine and respirable suspended particulate matter), VOC (volatile organic compounds) etc. •Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health. Health effects range anywhere from minor irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory system to chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death. Air pollution has been shown to cause acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to worsen the condition of people with pre-existing heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air pollution has been shown to aggravate the frequency and severity of attacks. Both short-term and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy.•Air pollutants can also indirectly affect human health through acid rain, by polluting drinking water and entering the food chain, and through global warming and associated climate change and sea level rise.
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on climate change: •Continuous gas flaring is a major source of green house gases which has great impact on climate change. This results in global warming, flooding, coastal erosion, rise in sea level, massive population migration and loss of infrastructure.
•There is chance of adverse impact on human health and loss of life due to heat waves, extreme weather events, contaminated water supply, air pollution and increased transmission of disease.
Environmental Protection Measures
•Environment Management Practices (EMP)
•Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
•Environmental Management System (ISO 14000)
•Occupational Health Safety and Society (OHSAS 18000)
•Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
•Environmental protection measures are taken to minimize pollution in water, air, land and biological environment by improving the environmental performance.
Environmental Protection Measures
“Caring for the Climate” initiative:
•Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India and Tata Steel are among the companies that have recently joined a UN climate change initiative for business leaders, according to the UN Global Compact, which partners industry.
•Some 230 companies from around the world have signed up for this “Caring for the Climate” initiative since it was launched in 2007.
•The CEOs of these companies have to pledge their commitment to caring for the environment.
•As many as 150 of the world’s top 500 corporations are its members. There are also 74 country networks and India is “very strong”. It was formed in Mumbai in 2000.
•Shri R S Sharma, CMD of ONGC and also President of the Indian
arm of United Nations Global Compact.
Environmental Protection Measures
Environmental Protection Measures
Environmental Policy and Regulations•International and national policies developed.
•The basic legislations, rules and regulations covering environmental dimensions of the petroleum sector.
•The petroleum (production) (seaward areas) regulation act 1988 provides that “ the licensees are obliged to operate in a proper and workmanlike manner in accordance with methods and practice customarily used in good oil field practice”.
•The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16th February, 2005.
•Each country has to create its own policy based on own circumstances.
•In India TERI is co-operating with the government regulatory authorities like Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), for developing various policies related to environment.
Environmental Policy and Regulations
Dr. R.K.Pachauri,
Director-General, TERI, India & Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is also the advisor to Government of India for Climate Change Policy.
Dr Pachauri accepts the Nobel Peace Prize 2007 on behalf of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change at a presentation ceremony held in Oslo on 10 December 2007.
Environmental Policy and RegulationsActs & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries:•The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974•The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1975 •The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 & Cess (Amendment ) Act, 2003 •The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 •The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended 1987 •The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1981 amended 1983 •The Environment (Protection ) Act , 1986 •The Environment (Protection ) Rules ,1986 amended 2005 •Environment (Siting for industrial projects) Rules 1999 •Declaring coastal stretches as coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 1991 •The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,1989 amended 2003, further amended 2008. •The Manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals Rules 1989 amended 2000
Environmental Policy and Regulations
Acts & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries:
•The Biomedical Waste Rules (Management and Handling) ,1998 amended 2003 •The Noise pollution ( Regulation & Control ) Rules, 2000 amended 2002 •The Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, preparedness & response ) Rules, 1996 •The Batteries ( Management & Handling ) Rules.2001 •The Ozone Depleting substances (regulation & Control) Rules 2000 •The Public Liability and Insurance Act , 1981 amended 1992 •The Public Liability and Insurance Rules, 1981 amended 1993 •The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 •The National Environment Appellate Authority (Appeal) Rules, 1997 •The National Environmental Tribunal Act. 1995
Bioremediation : An Ecofriendly Solution For Treatment Of Petroleum Waste
Conventional methods for remediation of Oil Contamination
Land filling
Incineration
Air Spurging
Natural Remediation (like evaporation of VOCs, auto oxidation, and photo oxidation, etc.)
Surfactants
Chemical dissociation, dumping in injection wells, etc.
Land farming
What is Bioremediation ?
Bioremediation : Naturally occurring microorganisms for remediation of harmful substances to nontoxic compounds.
• Used for clean up of oil spills, oily sludge, oil contaminated site, oil contaminated water , any other type of contamination like pesticide contamination etc.
• End product CO2, water & cell biomass
• More Economical & Environment-friendly compared to other conventional methods, like incineration etc.
Comparison with other methods Parameters Techniques for disposal
Conventional methods Bioremediation technique
Efficiency Containment of toxic wastes to some extent, complete removal is not possible.
Complete removal of toxic waste is possible.
Applicability Application is limited. In-situ application is not possible, subject to availability of land and machinery. In some cases the process is not easy to handle.
Application is universal (can often treat water, soil, sludges etc). In-situ application is possible and land requirement is minimal. The process is easy to handle.
Liability Present Eliminated
Land requirement Separate land is required for the treatment. Treatment can be done in-situ, hence separate land requirement is not there.
Environment friendliness Not environment friendly. Directly or indirectly generates secondary pollutant.
Quite environment friendly method. The end product is CO2, water and dead biomass that helps to regain the fertility of the contaminated soil.
Water Pollution There is always a chance of water pollution.
No chance of water pollution.
Air pollution There is always a chance of air pollution. No chance of air pollution.
Cost High Minimal
MethodEnvironmental
impactCost of remediation
(USD/ton contaminated soil)
Incineration Air pollution 400-1200
SurfactantsWater/ Land
pollution200-300
BioremediationEnvironment friendly
(negligible pollution)20-200
Comparison with other methods
Development of the consortium Oil Installations in IndiaOil Installations in India
N
Barauni
Mathura
Mumbai
Visakhapatnam
Cochin
Haldiochin
Digboi
Bongaigaon
Guwahati
Southern Region
Western Region
NorthEastern Region
Eastern Region
Northern Region
Duliajan
Vadinar PipelineTerminal
Panipat
Development of the consortium
Isolation of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation
15 different oil contaminated sites identified (in India)
– Different geo-climatic regions
– Different level of contamination and types of contamination
– Age and history of contamination
324 bacterial strains were screened (from 15 sites)
Four bacterial strains were finally selected
Composition of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
Alkane Fraction
Aromatic Fraction
NSO Fraction
Asphaltene Fraction
Crude Oil
• Straight ChainCompound
• Branched Chain Compound
• Cyclic Compound
• Monocyclic Aromatics
• Polycylic Aromatic
The Microbial Consortium
A microbial consortium was developed, comprising of 4 different strains of microbes which can eat up oil contamination in soil.
Can work in different climatic conditions i.e. 150C – 600C temp, upto 6% salinity etc. Not pathogenic and not harmful to the environment.
Can degrade the oil contamination very quickly (normally 4 – 6 months time)
Easy to handle.
Mechanism of Action
Microbial Products of TERI
KT
Oilivorus-A
Oilzapper KT- Oilzapper
Oilivorous-AOilivorous-S
TERI’s experience on BioremediationName of the company where bioremediation job has been carried out
Quantity (MTs) of oil contamination
BG Exploration & Production India Limited, India 1185.00
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India 1000.00
Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India 510.00
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, India 4000.00
Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, India 20.00
Hindustan Petroleum Corpn Limited, India 1500.00
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, India 45150.00
Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, India 150.00
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, India 2000.00
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India 72173.00
Oil India Limited, India 8625.00
Reliance Petroleum Limited, India 300.00
Tata Power Company Limited, India 10.00
KOC, Kuwait 700.00
ADNOC, Abu Dhabi 200.00
Total quantity undertaken for bioremediation job 137523.00
TERI’s experience on BioremediationType of oil contamination Quantity (MTs) of oil
contamination
Synthetic oil based mud (SOBM) 1185.00
Drill cuttings 710.00
Emulsion sludge 1150.00
Thermal power station sludge 30.00
Acidic sludge 13700.00
oil contaminated soil (land) 23301.00
oil contaminated water 740.00
Crude oily sludge/ oily sludge in pit 96707.00
Total quantity of oil contamination undertaken for bioremediation job
137523.00
Application Process Steps
1. Site preparation
2. Installation of Bore wells (Optional)
3. Transfer of oil contaminated soil
4. Application of microbial consortium to the oil contaminated soil
5. Application of nutrients to the oil contaminated soil
6. Tilling and watering
7. Sampling – oil contaminated soil and ground water
8. Sample Analysis – Monitoring Bioremediation
Application Process Steps
Monitoring of Bioremediation Job
Monitoring of TPH
Monitoring of Fractions of TPH
Monitoring of Soil quality
Monitoring of Ground water quality
Monitoring of Microbial population
Composition of oily sludge undertaken for bioremediation
Constituents of oily sludge
Composition (%) in samples of
CPF Gandhar
CTF South Santhal
GGS Narimanam
Solvent extractable TPH 44.65 7.42 51.50
Water content 27.12 18.73 22.79
Sediments / inorganic 28.23 73.85 25.71
Constituents of TPH
Alkane fraction 68 65 60
Aromatic fraction 20 24 22
NSO fraction 8 3 6
Asphaltane fraction 4 8 12
Biodegradation of TPH
7.87
7.32
6.92
7.57
5.12 5.27
4.29
7.28
4.21
3.98
3.14
7.00
2.04 2.
41
1.95
6.78
0.58
0.59
6.48
0.71
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Site I Site II Site III Site IV
% T
PH
---
>
Zero day After 15 days After 40 days
After 75 days After 135 days
South Santhal CTF, ONGC, Mehsana Asset, India
Biodegradation of TPH
CPF,Gandhar, ONGC, Ankleshwar Asset, India
44.65 44.87
17.6
43.12
2.7
41.89
0.67
40.32
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Treatment site Control site
TP
H(%
) in
oil
y s
lud
ge
---
>
0 day 2 months 3 months 5 months
Biodegradation of Alkane &Aromatic fractions of TPH
Preparation of bioremediation site
Application of Microbial Consortium
Tilling of bioremediation site
Watering of bioremediation site
Sampling at the bioremediation site
From waste OIL To fertile SOIL
From waste OIL To fertile SOIL
Bioremediation of oily sludge at BPCL Refinery, Mumbai
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Before Bioremediation
After Bioremediation
Bioremediation of oil contaminated water at Duliajan (Assam)
Bioremediation site at Oil India Ltd. (Dikom)
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation by Oilzapper
Bioremediation site in CTF, Geleky, Nazira, ONGC, Assam
Before Bioremediation
After Bioremediation by oilzapper
Bioremediation site at Mathura refinery
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Soil Fertility Vs. Bioremediation
Fish culturing after bioremediation
Site before bioremediation Site after bioremediation Natural vegetation after bioremediation
Aquatic birds in site filled with water Fish culturing in site filled with rain water after bioremediation
Pathogenecity Test
Soil Toxicity StudyType of test : Fish toxicity study
Samples studied :
Sample – 1 : Soil sample from the bioremediation site of Barauni refinery before bioremediation
Sample – 2 : Soil sample from the bioremediation site of Barauni refinery after bioremediation
Test method : IS : 6582 ( P-II ) : 2001
Results:
Sample 1 : No survival of fish in one part sample & one part water
Sample 2 : 100% fish survival in one part sample & one part water
Heavy metal in soil before and after Bioremediation
20000 ppm
Heavy metals
Concentration of heavy metals in soil samples (mg/kg soil)
Permissible limit as per Hazardous Wastes Management and Handling Rules (Amendment 2003)
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Nearby Soil
Zn 0.001 0.001 0.001
Mn BD BD BD
Cu 0.001 0.001 BD Total concentration
Ni 0.03 0.02 0.04 5000 ppm
Pb 0.03 0.03 0.04
Co BD BD BD
As 0.05 0.04 0.03
Cd 0.01 0.001 0.01 50 ppm
Cr (Total) 0.04 0.02 0.03
Se BD BD BD
Total concentration
BD: Below detection limit (1 ppb)
Soil Characteristics before and after Bioremediation
Texture of soil Loamy Loamy Loamy
Soil pH 7.77 7.42 7.51
Soil bulk density 0.99 g/cm3 1.21 g/cm3 1.21 g/cm3
Soil water holding capacity
61 % 75 % 74 %
Electric conductivity 2.25 mS/cm 1.59 mS/cm 1.48 mS/cm
Total soil nitrogen 0.07 % 0.11 % 0.08 %
Organic carbon 1.92 % 1.66 % 1.62 %
Available phosphorous in soil
11 ppm 19 ppm 9 ppm
Parameter Test results
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Nearby soil
Potassium in soil 124 ppm 150 ppm 120 ppm
Ground water characteristics before and after Bioremediation
Zn 5 ppm 1 ppm 0.07 0.06
Mn 0.1 ppm 1.5 ppm 0.03 0.04
Cu 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.01 0.01
Ni 5 ppb 1 ppm 0.001 0.003
Pb 5 ppb 0.5 ppm 0.003 0.002
Co 5 ppb --- 0.002 0.002
As 5 ppb 0.5 ppm 0.002 0.001
Cd 1 ppb 0.01 ppm 0.001 0.001
Cr (Total) 5 ppb 1 ppm 0.002 0.002
Se 0.5 ppb 0.5 ppm BD BD
Physico-chemical properties:
pH --- 6 – 10 7.64 7.48
EC mS/cm --- --- 2.97 3.11
Heavy metals Permissible limits Concentration in ground water (ppm)
BSI/WHO EPA (LIE) Before After
Oil/grease ---10 ppm
Nil Nil
Publications• S Krishnan, P M Sarma and Lal B. 2006. Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of two
desulphurizing bacterial strains, Mycobacterium phlei SM120-1 and Mycobacterium phlei GTIS10. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 42 : 483-489
• Prasad G S, Mayilraj S, Sood N, Singh V, Biswas K, and Lal B. 2005. Candida digboiensis sp.nov. a novel anamorphic yeast species from an acidic tar sludge-contaminated oil field. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 633–638.
• Mishra S, Sarma P M, and Lal B. 2004. Crude oil degradation efficiency of a recombinant lux tagged Acinetobacter baumannii strain and its survival in crude oil contaminated soil microcosm. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 235: 323-331.
• Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B. 2004. Assessment of intraspecies diversity among strains of
Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Canadian journal of Microbiology. 50: 405-414.
• Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B. 2004. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by a newly
discovered enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70: 3163-3166. • Bhattacharya D, Sarma P M, Krishnan S, Mishra S, and Lal B. 2003. Evaluation of the Genetic Diversity among the
Strains of Pseudomonas citronellolis isolated from oily Sludge Contaminated Sites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60: 1435-1441.
• Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., 2001. Evaluation of inoculum addition to stimulate in situ bioremediation of
oily sludge contaminated soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67:1675-1682. • Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., 2001. In situ bioremediation potential of an oily sludge degrading bacterial
consortium. Current Microbiology 43: 328-335
Patents on OILZAPPER
• A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from oil wells using novel microbial consortium. Patent No. PCT/IN 2004/000206. (International Patent)
• Bioremediation of acidic sludge. Patent No. 385. MUM/2004.
• A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from oil wells using novel multi-microbial strain. Patent No 892/DEL/2003.
• Microbial nutrients for biodegradation of oil refinery waste and process
for bioremediation of oily sludge and crude oil spill sites. Patent No 168/DL/2000.
Awards won by Oilzapper (Total 10 Awards : International & National)
Users of OILZAPPERIndian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL), India
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), India
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), India
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), India
Oil India Ltd (OIL), Assam, India
Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India
BG Exploration & Production India Ltd., India
Reliance Energy Ltd., India
Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), India
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Abu Dhabi.
AcknowledgementsDr. R. K. Pachauri, DG, TERI, India
Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India
IOCL R&D Centre, India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India
MOEF, CPCB & SPCB, Govt. of India
Sheba Center for Strategic Studies (SCSS), Yemen
My Team Members
For further clarifications, contact: Ajoy Kumar Mandal,
Fellow & Area Convenor
Environment and Industrial Biotechnology Division
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, India.
Tel: +91 – 11 – 2468 2100, 2111
Fax: + 91 – 11 – 2468 2144, 2145
E_mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.teriin.org/
Development of the consortiumDifferent oil contaminated sites in India:
Isolation sites (Regional location in India)
Geographical location (Latitude & Longitude)
Temp. range (0C)
Total number of culturable bacterial strains isolated
Total number of species among the bacterial strains
Latitude Longitude
IOCL, Mathura refinery ( N ) 27026 N 77043 E 10 – 40 30 14
IOCL, Barauni refinery ( E ) 25028 N 85059 E 19 – 35 16 8
IOCL, Haldia refinery ( E ) 22000 N 88005 E 15 – 35 26 6
IOCL, Gujarat refinery ( W ) 22016 N 73014 E 20 – 38 30 9
IOCL, Panipat refinery ( N ) 29023 N 76058 E 15 – 40 20 5
ONGC, Jorhat ( NE ) 26040 N 95035 E 10 – 35 11 4
Oil India Ltd., Duliajan, ( NE ) 27015 N 95015 E 10 – 35 26 12
IOCL, Digboi refinery ( NE ) 27015 N 95015 E 12 – 35 33 11
IOCL, Guwahati refinery ( NE ) 26009 N 91046 E 15 – 35 22 10
BPCL, Mumbai refinery, ( W ) 18056 N 72051 E 24 – 35 18 7
HPCL, Visakhapatnam ( S ) 17041 N 83017 E 21 – 42 19 6
CRL, Cochin refinery ( S ) 9055 N 76014 E 19 – 37 12 6
BRPL, Bongaigoan refinery ( N ) 22016 N 73014E 18 – 32 13 6
Vadinar refinery ( W ) 23044 N 72039 E 15 – 45 16 3
Reliance refinery, Jamnagar ( W ) 22026 N 70026 E 15 – 45 32 3
Total 324 110
Development of the consortium
Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat Refinery, IOCL, India):
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TE
RI
70
01
TE
RI
70
02
TE
RI
70
03
TE
RI
70
04
TE
RI
70
05
TE
RI
70
06
TE
RI
70
07
TE
RI
70
08
TE
RI
70
09
TE
RI
70
10
TE
RI
70
11
TE
RI
70
12
TE
RI
70
13
TE
RI
70
14
TE
RI
70
15
TE
RI
70
16
TE
RI
70
17
TE
RI
70
18
TE
RI
70
19
TE
RI
70
20
TE
RI
70
21
TE
RI
70
22
TE
RI
70
23
TE
RI
70
24
TE
RI
70
25
TE
RI
70
26
TE
RI
70
27
TE
RI
70
28
TE
RI
70
29
TE
RI
70
30
Bacterial strains
De
gra
da
tio
n (
%)
Development of the consortium
Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat Refinery, IOCL, India):
Degradation of oily sludge by selected bacterial strains
Without Bacterial Strain With Bacterial Strain
Biodegradation of alkane fraction
of crude oil
Biodegradation of alkane compound by A.baumannii
Mineralization of alkane compound by A.baumannii
Biodegradation of aromatic fraction of crude oil by A.odarans
Biodegradation of PAH compound by A.odorans
Flu
oran
then
e
Mineralization of aromatic hydrocarbon compound by A.odorans
Biodegradation of sulphur containing compound of crude oil
Microbial count in oil contaminated soil during bioremediation processTime of treatment by microbial consortium
TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at
Site I (Well no. 1)
Site II (Well no. 205)
Site III (Well no. 206)
Site IV (Control site)
Zero day before application
1.2 X 104 3.1 X 104 2.6 X 104 1.8 X 104
Zero day after application
3.7 X 109 2.6 X 109 3.2 X 109 2.1 X 104
After 15 days 5.9 X 108 7.1 X 108 6.2 X 108 3.8 X 104
After 40 days 3.9 X 108 4.2 X 108 4.6 X 108 6.4 X 104
After 75 days 1.9 X 108 2.1 X 108 2.6 X 108 8.3 X 104
After 135 days 5.3 X 107 6.1 X 107 5.8 X 107 1.1 X 105
Lysimeter: to demonstrate that leachate is clean and free from oil for analysis of oily sludge