impact of transport on the enviroment global economy

7/29/2019 Impact of Transport on the Enviroment Global Economy

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Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Short Course

Programme

Impact of Transport on the

Environment & Global Economy



Contents

Is there a problem? (Is the climate changing)

Is man’s activity in general influencing the climate?

Is man’s use of road transport affecting the climate?

What needs to be done, what can be done?

Next Lecture – What are our options?



Firstly.. What is the

Greenhouse Gas Effect?



Is there a problem?(is the climate actually changing?)

Is man’s activity in general

influencing the climate?



Report findings every 5 years(last report AR4, 2007)

“Agree” global change polices every

year(?). Major success Kyoto,

http://unfccc.int/



Observations and drivers of climate change - MrMartin Manning, WG I TSU Head during the AR4



Presentation by the IPCC Chairman - The IPCC FourthAssessment Working Groups Reports: Key Findings - UN

Headquarters, New York, USA, 24 September 2007



The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,

Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered

into force on 16 February 2005.

The detailed rules for the implementation

of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in

Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the

“Marrakesh Accords.”

http://unfccc.int/



The Kyoto mechanisms

Under the Treaty, countries must meet their

targets primarily through national measures.

However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them anadditional means of meeting their targets by

way of three market-based mechanisms.

The Kyoto mechanisms are:Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"

Clean development mechanism (CDM)

Joint implementation (JI).

http://unfccc.int/



The Kyoto Targets; The targets cover emissions of the six main

greenhouse gases, namely:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

http://unfccc.int/



The Kyoto Targets;

http://unfccc.int/



Is man’s use of road transport

affecting the climate?



How much does transport

contribute to CO2 ?



Freight Trucks

Buses

Motor Cycles

Cars & Vans

45 %

Rail

International Air

Domestic Air

Water


contribute to CO2 ?



At 22% the road transport contribution to CO2 pollution in the UK is

significantly higher than the global average (14%)

Energy

Aviation

Other Domestic

Other Road

Transport 9%

Passenger Cars

13%

Industry, Agriculture and other


contribute to CO2 ?



The Eddington Transport Study (2006): road transport in the

UK is predicted to rise by 28% between 2003 and 2025

extrapolating this trend, road transport could double by 2050

To achieve an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions from cars in the UK by

2050 implies a 90% reduction in emissions per km

Growth of Transport

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://europa.eu/scadplus/images/dossiers_cles/carusing.jpg&imgrefurl=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15012.htm&h=1736&w=2646&sz=517&hl=en&start=7&usg=__PCxQU_38qP24pndiEMH55VM25fg=&tbnid=hyZcd4Gio2L4kM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droad%2Btraffic%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG



Source: GM Global Market & Industry Analysis

Growth of Transport

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://europa.eu/scadplus/images/dossiers_cles/carusing.jpg&imgrefurl=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15012.htm&h=1736&w=2646&sz=517&hl=en&start=7&usg=__PCxQU_38qP24pndiEMH55VM25fg=&tbnid=hyZcd4Gio2L4kM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droad%2Btraffic%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG



What needs to be done, what

can be done?



The Kyoto Targets;

http://unfccc.int/



Overall Target reduction - 5.2% compared to the year 1990.

8% EU 7% USA 6% Japan 0% Russia, China, India 8% Increase – Australia 10% Increase – Iceland

The Kyoto Targets;



The UK Contribution;



How should the target be met?

Renewable Power Generation

Wind – 30% of UK power generation by 2020

Solar – economics?

Tidal – not cost effective

Biomass – possible, but limited

Nuclear Power Generation

Shortage of time to buildWaste concern

Shortage of skilled engineers

Carbon Storage with current fossil fuelled power generation

Transportation 30% to 40% improvement in current technology

Electric – provided battery storage and recharge infrastructure in

place

Hydrogen?

Biofuel?



How should the target be met?



(Photo credit: Stefan Vandermeulen/FoE Europe)

EU – CO2 (fuel economy legislation ) phasing in from 2012 to 2015

Ambition to take a leading role in the global pollution debate

Corporate fuel economy targets (average130 g/km) – 19% reductionPhased introduction – 2012; 65% of new cars, 2015; 100%

Specific manufacturers will have own target based on fleet mix (so called

Limit Value Curve) e.g Fiat = 122 g/km, BMW = 137 g/km

Target for 2020 – 95 g/km

EU – Fuel Economy Legislation



Average CO2 emissions of the European new car fleet

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

C O 2 g / k m

Gasoline

Diesel

All Types

-1.37% p.a.

Target

Source: European Commission

EU – Fuel Economy Legislation



Most Countries adopting low carbon targets for road

transport, Emphasis on either energy security or climate

change

R e l a t i v e P r o g r e s s t o 1 4 0 g / k m

i n E u r o p e

Vehicle Brand 1997 average(g/km)

2005 average(g/km)

Improvement

Fiat 169 139 18%

Citroen 172 144 16%

Renault 173 149 14%

SEAT 158 150 5%

Peugeot 177 151 15%

Ford 180 151 16%

Skoda 165 152 8%

Opel/Vauxhall 180 156 13%

Volkswagen 170 159 6%

Toyota 189 163 14%

Honda 184 166 10%

Hyundai 189 170 10%Kia 202 170 16%

Audi 190 177 7%

Mercedes-Benz 223 185 17%

BMW 216 192 11%

Volvo 219 195 11%



Industry View (ACEA)

ACEA’s “wave effect” of CO2 categories towards reduced CO2 emissions

(source SEC(2006)1078)

Fuel Economy – Industry Trends



Global - Economics

> The Power of Oil

Concerns over security of supply

(post 9-11)

Growth of Russian energy leverage,

role of OPEC

Global economics – interdependencies

of national economies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_Prices_Medium_Term.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Top_Oil_Producing_Counties.png



Petrol Prices

Almost the highest

pump prices in a

generation

Fuel Prices



Taxation onVehicle Ownership

General direct is

towards fuel based

taxation within the

passenger car market

in particular

Country Passenger Cars Commercial Vehicles

Austria Kilowatt weightBelgium Cylinder capacity weight, axlesCyprus Cylinder capacity, CO2 emissions NACzech Rep. None Weight, axlesGermany Cylinder capacity, exhaust emissions Weight, pollution, noiseDenmark Fuel consumption, weight WeightEstonia None Weight, axles suspensionSpain Horsepower PayloadFinland Time, weight Weight, axlesFrance None Weight, axles, suspensionGreece Cylinder capacity, horsepower PayloadHungary Weight WeightIreland Cylinder capacity WeightItaly Kilowatt Kilowatt, pollutionLithuania None NALuxembourg CO2 emissions Weight, axlesLatvia Weight WeightMalta Cylinder capacity NANetherlands Weight, province Weight

Poland None NAPortugal Cylinder capacity Weight, axles, suspensionSweden CO2 emissions, weight Weight, axlesSlovenia None NASlovakia None Weight, axlesUnitedKingdom

CO2 emissions Weight, axles

Bulgaria Kilowatt Weight, axlesRomania Cylinder capacity Weight, axlesSource ACEA Tax Guide 2007

Vehicle Ownership Taxation



Thank you for listening

impact of transport on the enviroment global economy

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