improving canola production and production systems with ... · improving canola production and...
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Improving canola production and production systems with genetic and agronomic advances to increase canola acreage in the Pacific Northwest
Jack Brown1, Jim B. Davis1, Kate Painter1, Kurt Schroeder1, Fangming Xiao1, Aaron Esser2, Bill Pan2, Karen Sowers2, Don Wysoci3, and Chengci Chen4
1University of Idaho, 2Washington State University, 3Oregon State University, 4Montana State University.
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PNW Cropland Agroecological Classification
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Pacific Northwest Crops
W.W
hea
t
W.W
hea
t
W.W
hea
t
S.W
hea
t
S.W
hea
t
S.W
hea
t
Bar
ley Bar
ley
Bar
ley
Leg
um
e
Leg
um
e
Leg
um
e
Can
ola
Can
ola
Can
ola
Fal
low
Fal
low
Fal
low
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Low Rainfall Intermediate High Rainfall
Acr
es
48% Wheat44% Fallow
53% Wheat28% Fallow
54% Wheat3% Fallow
1,367,453 acres1,364,338 acres2,615,072 acres
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• Yield loss;
• Grass Weeds;
• Diseases;
• Soil Acidification;
• Lack of diversity.
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Increase US Canola Acreage
✓Develop genetically adapted cultivars.
✓Availability of cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
✓Good fit into existing production management systems.
✓Local knowledge of best crop production practices.
✓Increase grower profitability.
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Increase US Canola Acreage
✓Develop genetically adapted cultivars.
✓Availability of cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
✓Good fit into existing production management systems.
✓Local knowledge of best crop production practices.
✓Increase grower profitability
More money – More acres
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✓Quantify the effects of growing canola in rotations with wheat in the PNW.
Objectives
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Crop Rotation EffectsStudy Site Year 0 Year 1 Year 2
ID Spring
Rotation
Spring
wheat
Spring canola Winter
wheat
(SWWW)
Spring pea
Spring barley
Spring wheat
ID Winter
Rotation
Winter
wheat &
Fallow
Winter canola Winter
wheat
(SWWW)
Austrian winter pea
Winter wheat
WA Spring
Rotation
Spring
barley
Spring canola Winter
wheat
(HRWW)
Spring wheat
Spring Garbanzo
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4,77
6
4,15
4
4,45
8
4,26
5
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
Winter Wheat Barley Canola Pea
Winter Wheat Yield following Spring Rotation Crops
Kg
ha-1
-7% -11%-13%
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Spring Rotation 2-Year Returns Idaho 2018
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
Spring Wheat Spring Barley Spring Canola Green Pea
Gro
wer
Gro
ss R
etu
rn (
$’s) $1,800
$1,576$1,949
$1,229
$882
$780
$1,0
92
$410
$918
$796 $8
57
$819
*Based on commodity seed prices of $0.197 ($5.36 bu-1) kg-1 for soft white wheat, $0.154 kg-1 for barley ($140 ton-1), $0.484 kg-1 for canola ($0.183 lb-1), and $0.276 kg-1 ($0.125 lb-1) for pea.
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$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
Winter Wheat Winter Canola AWP Fallow
Kg
ha-1
+26%+4%
+20%
Winter Wheat Yield following Winter Rotation Crops
5,59
3
6,73
1
7,02
9
5,83
2
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$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
Winter Wheat Winter Canola AWP Fallow
Gro
wer
Gro
ss R
etu
rn (
$’s)
$2,397
$3,152
$1,589
$1,121
$1,3
22
$1,8
59
$239
$1,0
75
$1,2
93
$1,3
50
$1,1
21
Winter Rotation 2-Year Returns Idaho 2018
*Based on commodity seed prices of $0.197 ($5.36 bu-1) kg-1 for soft white wheat, $0.484 kg-1 for canola ($0.183 lb-1), and $0.276 kg-1 ($0.125 lb-1) for AWP.
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Shallow fibrous root systems of small grain cereal crops do not
penetrate deep into the soil profile or reach deep profile
nutrients
Shallow fibrous root systems of small grain cereal crops do not
penetrate deep into the soil profile or reach deep profile
nutrients
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Shallow fibrous root systems of small grain cereal crops do not
penetrate deep into the soil profile or reach deep profile
nutrients
Shallow fibrous root systems of small grain cereal crops do not
penetrate deep into the soil profile or reach deep profile
nutrients
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10” Cylinder + 1 liter water
Time until no more standing water
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Spring Soil Infiltration
Very large variation between samples within crops
Crop
Water
Infiltration
Water
Seepage
- liters h-1 - -- cm-2 --
Spring Wheat 15.62 23.50
Spring Barley 40.19 14.84
Spring Canola 42.90 9.79
Green Pea 17.38 5.52
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Crop
Water
Infiltration
Water
Seepage
- liters h-1 - -- cm-2 --
Winter Wheat 5.6 b 60.6 ab
Winter Canola 27.0 a 44.9 b
AWP 7.5 b 49.7 b
Summer Fallow 3.9 b 93.8 a
Winter Crop Soil Infiltration
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Treatment crops → Recrop winter wheat → Spring wheat
Washington Rotation Trials
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
TRT WW SW TRT WW SW
TRT WW SW TRT WW SW
TRT WW SW TRT WW SW
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3,39
6
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
Winter Wheat Spring canola Chickpea
Winter Wheat Yield following Spring Rotation Crop - WA
Kg
ha-1
+10% +17%
3,69
7
3,98
5
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2,64
1
2,41
6
2,47
6
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
Winter Wheat Spring canola Chickpea
Spring Wheat Yield following Winter Wheat Crop - WA
Kg
ha-1
-9% -6%
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Spring Rotation 3-Year Returns Washington
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
Spring Wheat Spring Canola Chickpea
Gro
wer
Gro
ss R
etu
rn (
$’s) $1,651
$461 $780
$1,0
92$670
*Based on commodity seed prices of $0.197 ($5.36 bu-1) kg-1 for soft white wheat, $0.484 kg-1 for canola ($0.183 lb-1), and $0.276 kg-1 ($0.19 lb-1) for chickpea.
$430 $420$7
35
$786
$521 $476 $488
$1,641 $1,694
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✓Develop and identify canola cultivars that afford the highest productivity and greatest profitability for different agronomic zones in the PNW.
Objectives
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Indian Mustard‘Bruin’
Winter Rape‘Impress’
Spring Rape‘Industrious’
‘Cataldo’
New Cultivar Releases
Winter Canola‘Chinook’
Spring Canola‘Monarch’‘Syringa’
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Wild OatCheat grass
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• Wheat yield loss;
• Grass Weeds.
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Winter Canola & Rapeseed• ‘Chinook’ winter canola (05.WC.15.7.5.IMI), has
high yield, exceeding that of ‘Amanda’, and with
good agronomic adaptability, high oil content and oil
quality, and tolerance to IMI and other Group 2
herbicides.
• ‘Impress’ winter rapeseed (05.WI.45.2.2.IMI), with
higher yield than ‘Durola’, excellent winter hardiness,
very high seed oil content, and excellent industrial oil
quality, and tolerance to IMI and other Group 2
herbicides.
• Chinook and Impress can be planted in rotations
where IMI herbicides are used on wheat or legumes.
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Spring Canola
• ‘Monarch’ (07.SC.27.19.B3), has specialty oil
characteristics and produces High Oleic Low
Linolenic (HOLL) quality canola oil suitable for
use as non-hydrogenated (zero trans fat) oil in fry
processing, while having long shelf-life.
• ‘Syringa’ (07.SI.7.8.8.7.Gly-IMI) has dual
(IMI/Group 2 & Glyphosate) herbicide tolerance,
allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI
herbicides are used on wheat or legumes with
Glyphosate applied in-crop for weed control.
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Spring Rapeseed
• ‘Industrious’ (07.SI.8.A10) has higher seed yield
potential than ‘Gem’, excellent adaptability to a
range of PNW environments, with very high oil
content and excellent industrial oil quality.
• ‘Cataldo’ (07.IR.1.5.4.5.Gly-IMI) has excellent
oil quality and content and has dual (IMI/Group 2
& Glyphosate) herbicide tolerance, allowing it to be
planted in rotations where IMI herbicides are used
on wheat or legumes with Glyphosate applied in-
crop for weed control.
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Spring Brown Mustard
• ‘Bruin’ is a new brown Indian condiment mustard,
with brown seed (Dijon type).
• Bruin is tolerant to IMI- and other Group 2
herbicides allowing it to be planted in rotations
where IMI-herbicides are used on wheat or
legumes.
• Bruin has higher seed yield than ‘Kodiak’, with
very high glucosinolates (spice) and can be utilized
as a condiment seed crop or as a cover crop or a
green manure for soil fumigation.
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Cultivar Licensing
• All new cultivars are available for licensing.
• The University of Idaho Office of Technology
Transfer manages all cultivar licensing.
• Contact Karen Stevenson at 208-885 4550 or
[email protected] for more information.
• Companies can elect to license new cultivars
on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.
• Licensees pay the University of Idaho a
royalty based on the amount of Certified Seed
sold.
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Pacific Northwest Cultivar Variety Trials
• Spring and winter cultivar evaluation trials in four PNW States.
• Identify regions specifically suited to spring or winter canola.
• Provide growers information of ‘best’ cultivars.
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http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/
http://css.wsu.edu/oilseeds/
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Field tours:• Winter Canola Variety Trials: 8 locations, 3-4
speakers, 249 contacts;• Spring Canola Variety Trials: 8 locations, 2-4
speakers, 322 contacts.
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✓ WSU Davenport Field Day: 138 attending
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Winter Kill
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Cold & Drought Tolerance
✓Developing cold- and drought-tolerant canola varieties that efficiently utilize water and express extreme winter hardiness is major goal.
✓The RC12A gene is known to play a significant role in abiotic stress.
✓The RC12A gene encodes for a plasma membrane-related protein that is specifically related to cold stress tolerance.
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✓We generated the necessary cDNA’s from both Arabidopsis and canola plants.✓We generated plant expression constructs
overexpressing RC12A genes (Canola RC12Agene (BnRC12A) and Arabidopsis RC12A (AtRC12A)) under the control of the strong CaMV 35S promoter.
promoter
35S Pro BnRC12A-HA NOS-ter
Constructs used for generation of transgenic canola
RC12A gene terminator
35S Pro AtRC12A-HA NOS-ter
Cold & Drought Tolerance
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Progress✓ Generated transgenic
canola plants over-expressing BnRC12A and AtRC12A genes by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation and tissue culture.
✓ Two transgenic canola lines overexpressing AtRC12A gene have been generated. Vernalized 35S::AtRC12 transgenic
canola plants in green house
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Freeze Treatment
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
°C
Hours
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35S::AtRC12 Amanda
Freeze Treatment
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35S::AtRC12 Amanda
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✓ Survey the PNW’s potential for development of blackleg.
Objectives
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Blackleg in idaho✓Most important disease of canola in
Canadian Prairies and Midwest.
✓Was not observed in rainfed areas of PNW until 2011 discovery in Boundary County.
✓In 2014, discovered in seed production fields in Nezperce County.
✓Widespread during the spring of 2015 in Idaho, Lewis, Nezperce and Latah Counties.
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Survey Sites
Latah
Nezperce
Lewis
Clearwater
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Summary of survey✓ 50 Locations surveyed
Blackleg confirmed at 39 locations (78%)
✓ 128 isolates of L. maculans 10 isolates of L. biglobosa.
✓ Confirmed by pathogenicity tests and PCR.
65 62
L. maculansmating types
Type 1 Type 2
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Frequency of avirulence genes in Northern Idaho (125 isolates)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
AvrLm1
AvrLm2
AvrLm3
AvrLm4
AvrLm5
AvrLm6
AvrLm7
AvrLm9
AvrLm11
AvrLepR1
AvrLepR2
AvrLepR3
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0% 10% 20% 30%
5-6-7-11-LepR1-LepR2
5-6-7-11-LepR1-LepR2-LepR3
5-6-7-11-LepR1
3-5-6-7-11-LepR1-LepR2
5-6-7-11
5-6-7-11-LepR1-LepR3
Most common genetic races of L. maculans in Northern Idaho
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Genetic Resistance
✓Canola has 14 identified resistance genes (Rlm)
✓Corresponding 14 avirulence genes, 9 are cloned and mapped.
✓Collected genetic differentials tocharacterize pathotypes and to better characterize isolates.
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Host DifferentialsCultivars Type Rlm genesWestar S. Canola NoneColumbus W. Canola 1, 3Glacier W. Canola 2, 3Bristol W. Canola 2, 902.22.2.1 W. Canola 3Jet Neuf W. Canola 4Cutlass S. Mustard 5,601.23.2.1 W. Canola 7Goeland W. Canola 9Topas
LepR1S. Canola LepR1
Topas
LepR2S. Canola LepR2
Topas
LepR3S. Canola LepR3
• 12 varieties;
• 11 Rlm genes;
• New isogenic lines;
• INRA, AAFC, USDA.
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✓ Compile and make available a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual to growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems.
Objectives
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EducationStudents
3 MS Students, 2 graduated last December:• Breeding;• Molecular Genetics;• Pathology.
8 Undergraduate Students:• Full-time over
summer; • Part-time during
semester.
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Oral Presentations at Field Days and Grower Meetings
✓Oregon• Pendleton Field Day June 12, 2018 Blackleg Fungicide Trial,
150 attendees.
• Blackleg in Oregon, presented at US Canola November 6, 2018,
Baltimore. 45 attendees.
• 100+ additional grower/industry contacts.
✓Idaho• Prairie Area Crop Tour, June 26, 2018, 53 attendees, Craigmont ID,
‘PNW Canola Variety Trial’.
• Boundary County Field Day, June 28, 2018, 12 attendees, Bonners
Ferry, ID. ‘PNW Canola Variety Trial’ and ‘Flea Beetle Control in
Spring Canola’.
• Northern Idaho Cereal School, Jan 24, 2019, 21 attendees, Bonners
Ferry, ID. ‘Challenges in Canola Production (Weed, Insect and
Disease Control in Canola)’.
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Oral Presentations at Field Days and Grower Meetings
✓Washington• Wilke Farm Field Day, June 26, 2018 Davenport WA, ‘PNW Canola
Variety Trial’. 138 attendees.
• Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Assoc. Cropping Systems Conference,
Fundamentals, Fertility and Food. Kennewick, WA, Jan 8-9, 2019.
441 attendees.
• Prairie Area Cereal School, ‘Challenges in Canola Production (Weed,
Insect and Disease Control in Canola)’. Greencreek, ID, Jan 22, 2019,
61 attendees.
• Lewiston Cereal School, ‘Challenges in Canola Production (Weed,
Insect and Disease Control in Canola)’. Lewiston, ID, Jan 23, 2019,
58 attendees.
• Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Wilbur, WA,
125 attendees.
• Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Clarkston,
WA, 150 attendees.
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PublicationsThesis:
✓Pickard, J., 2018. ‘Investigating the Distribution and Diversity of Leptosphaeria maculans in Northern Idaho’ MS Thesis, University of Idaho, December 2018.✓Ireton, E., 2018. ‘Optimized production practices for winter canola (Brassica
napus L.), and rotation effects of winter and spring canola in Northern Idaho’, MS Thesis, University of Idaho, December 2018.
Conference Abstracts:✓Esser, A.D., J. Brown, and J.B. Davis. 2018. Spring canola and chickpea value in a
cereal grain rotation. In: Abstracts ASA and CSSA Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 4-7, 2018. ✓Brown, J., J.B. Davis, M. Wingerson, and A. Job. 2018. Early generation selection
efficiency: 1001 ways how not to breed canola. In: Abstracts ASA and CSSA Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 4-7, 2018. ✓Job, A., J.B. Davis, M. Wingerson, and J. Brown. 2018. Breeding for improved
blackleg resistance in the PNW region. In: Abstracts ASA and CSSA Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 4-7, 2018. ✓Schroeder, K.L., J. Brown, J.B. Davis, and J., Pickard. 2018. Investigating the
distribution and diversity of Leptosphaeria maculans on canola in northern Idaho. In: Abstracts ASA and CSSA Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 4-7, 2018.
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Poster Presentations• Ireton E., J.B. Davis, A. Job, and J. Brown. 2018. Effect of Spring and Winter Rotation Crops on
Subsequent Winter Wheat Productivity and Profitability in a Two-Year Crop Rotation in Northern Idaho. PNW Direct Seed Conference, Pasco Washington January 2018.
• Job A., J.B. Davis, J. Brown, A. Wernsing and D. Wysocki. 2018. Results of the 2018 Pacific Northwest Canola Trials. PNW Direct Seed Conference, Pasco Washington January 2018.
• Davis J.B., E. Ireton, M. Wingerson, A. Job and J. Brown. 2019. Effect of Row Spacing on Winter Canola Yield in Northern Idaho PNW Direct Seed Conference, Pasco Washington January 2019.
• Sowers K., J. Brown, J.B. Davis and A. Job. 2019. New Cultivar Releases from the University of Idaho. • Ireton E., J.B. Davis, A. Job, and J. Brown. 2019. Effect of Spring and Winter Rotation Crops on
Subsequent Winter Wheat Productivity and Profitability in a Two-Year Crop Rotation in Northern Idaho. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Wilbur, WA.
• Job A., J.B. Davis, J. Brown, A. Wernsing and D. Wysocki. 2019. Results of the 2018 Pacific Northwest Canola Trials. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop , Wilbur, WA.
• Effect of Row Spacing on Winter Canola Yield in Northern Idaho. Jim B. Davis, Eric Ireton, Megan Wingerson, Ashley Job and Jack Brown. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop , Wilbur, WA.
• Brown J., J.B. Davis and A. Job. New Cultivar Releases from the University of Idaho. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Clarkston, WA
• Ireton E., J.B. Davis, A. Job, and J. Brown. 2019. Effect of Spring and Winter Rotation Crops on Subsequent Winter Wheat Productivity and Profitability in a Two-Year Crop Rotation in Northern Idaho. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Clarkston, WA
• Job A., J.B. Davis, J. Brown, A. Wernsing and D. Wysocki. 2019. Results of the 2018 Pacific Northwest Canola Trials. Washington State Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshop, Clarkston, WA
• Davis J.B., E. Ireton, M. Wingerson, A. Job and J. Brown. 2019. Effect of Row Spacing on Winter Canola Yield in Northern Idaho.
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Extension and Outreach Activities in PNW
✓ WSU-WOCS Oilseed Workshops• 2018: 3 locations, 318 attendees• 2019: 3 locations, 306 attendees
• UI Cereal/Grain School• 2018: 6 locations, 425 attendees• 2019: 2 locations 241 attendees
✓ Field tours:• Variety Trials: 13 locations, ~300 attendees;• Other with canola component: ~250 attendees.
✓ Presentations: 400+ contacts.
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PNW Canola Acres
62,000
155,000 145,00033,000
55,000 65,000
21,000
23,00045,000
4,000
8,000
6,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2016 2017 2018Montana Washington Idaho Oregon
Acr
es
120,000 acres
241,000 acres
261,000 acres
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Washington State Dept. of Agriculture January 2018
60
Source: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service
106,26084,180 93,940 100,200
119,190
79,550
61,200 37,80043,050
34,565
19,360
15,000
3,240
8,88011,160
61,200
56,400
37,400
58,900
86,400
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Montana Idaho Oregon Washington
PNW CanolaProduction, 2013-2017
1,00
0 lb
s
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Questionshttp://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/
http://css.wsu.edu/oilseeds/