improving fumigant efficiency and reducing fumigant emissions in plastic mulch raided-bed systems...
DESCRIPTION
2014 National Sustainable Strawberry Initiative Project Leader MeetingTRANSCRIPT
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Improving Fumigant Efficiency and
Reducing Fumigant Emission in
Plastic Mulched Raised-Bed
Systems for Strawberry Production
Ruijun Qin,
Oleg Daugovish, Suduan Gao, Brad
Hanson, James Gerik and Husein Ajwa
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Raised-bed strawberry production
• California strawberries are grown mainly in raised-bed systems tarped with standard polyethylene film (PE).
• Over 55% of strawberry fields are treated with fumigants applied through drip irrigation lines buried near the bed surface prior to planting.
• Soil fumigation is an important tool in controlling soil-borne pathogens, nematodes, and weeds.
• Use of fumigants are highly regulated by governmental agencies because of fumigant emissions.
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Pest problems of strawberry production
• Increasing number of
pathogen-infested fields
and areas.
• Weed problem.
• Difficulty in controlling
pests at bed-center or
shoulder.
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Plastic film
• Traditional tarp: – Polyethylene tarp (PE)
• Low permeable tarp: – Virtually Impermeable Film (VIF)
– Totally Impermeable Film (TIF)
• Tarp permeability: – PE > VIF > TIF
VIF
TIF
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Fumigation in raised-beds
• Can totally impermeable film (TIF) covering and/or deep
application improve fumigant distribution, fumigation
efficacy, and reduce fumigant emission?
• Will the emission from the uncovered furrow be a
concern? If true, can water seal control the emissions
from furrow.
2 in
7 in
Drip lines
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Objective
Develop effective fumigation strategies that increase
fumigation efficiency, sustain strawberry production,
and reduce environmental pollution by TIF covering
and deep drip-fumigation in raised-beds of the coastal
regions.
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Field trial
Time: August 16-30, 2013
Location: Strawberry field in Camarillo (coastal area of
Southern CA)
Soil: Sandy loam
Bed dimension: 47 inch W, 14 inch H.
Bed center-center: 69 inch.
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Field set-up
Setting up beds Fertilization
Firming beds
Installing drip tape
Two drip tapes
Four drip tapes
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Treatments
1) Two shallow drip lines - non-fumigation under TIF
2) Two shallow drip lines - full rate under TIF
3) Two shallow drip lines - 1/2 rate under TIF
4) Four drip lines (2 shallow & 2 deep) - full rate under TIF
5) Four drip lines (2 shallow & 2 deep) - 1/2 rate under TIF
6) Two shallow drip lines – full rate under PE
* Deep drip lines at 7 inch deep spaced 27 inch in apart beneath shallow
drip lines installed at 2 inch deep.
** 24 tarped beds including 6 treatments and 4 replicates.
** PE plots and TIF plots are not at same location.
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Drip fumigation
• Fumigant: Pic-Clor 60 EC (a mixture
of 56.7% CP, 37.1% 1,3-D, and 6.2%
inert ingredients).
• Full rate: 25 gallon/ac (300 lbs/ac).
• Application: On August 16 over a 4-h
period.
• Flushing and water seal.
Surface two drip tape
Four drip lines
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Measurement during fumigation
• Emission (passive chamber): Full rate TIF treatments
(bed and furrow).
• Soil gas sampling.
• Fumigant concentration under tarp.
• Residual fumigant at the end of trial.
• Pathogen survival.
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Fumigant emission
• Deep- vs. shallow-application:
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Averaged fumigant concentration under film
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Fumigant distribution in soil
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Fumigant concentration time exposure index (g cm-3 h-1)
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Pest control
• Fusarium was detected
in 3 non-fumigated beds,
especially at the bed-
center.
• All the fumigation
treatments provided
100% control on
fusarium, both at bed-
center or near bed edge.
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Strawberry transplantation
• One month after fumigation.
• Early flowering strawberry variety, San Andreas (Lassen Canyon Nursery, CA).
• The planting intensity: 25,000 plants/ac.
• 4 rows of plants/bed.
• Irrigation and fertilization was applied regularly to promote plant growth.
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No difference was found on plant growth
among TIF treatment during the early
growth stage.
Plant cover on bed
Canopy size
Leaf greenness Stomatal conductance
11/27/2013
1/24/2014
5/2/2014
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Marketable berry yields
during 8 harvest from
January 30 to March 18
were slightly higher in
deep fumigation
treatments.
* The measurement was on 20 plants per beds.
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Sumarry
• Low emissions occurred from the TIF mulched raised-bed systems.
• TIF retained fumigants more effectively than PE; half-rate fumigant under TIF may achieve same pest control result as full rate fumigant under PE.
• Deep application provided better emission control and contributed to more uniform fumigant distribution than shallow application.
• Data on pest control, plant growth, and berry yield further suggest that deep fumigation and TIF covering will be the optimized fumigation technology in raised-bed production systems.
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Outreach activities • Regular communication with the cooperating growers, the principle
stakeholders (e.g., California Strawberry Commission, Trical, Inc.).
• Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide
Alternatives and Emissions Reductions on November 4-6, 2013 in San
Diego, CA.
• Organic Strawberry Workshop on January 21, 2014 in Tennessee State
University.
• California Plant & Soil Conference on February 4-5, 2014, in Fresno, CA.
• Field day entitled “Water management in strawberry” on March 26, 2014
in Ventura, CA.
• Central Coast California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA)
Chapter’s Spring CE Meeting on May 1, 2014, at Santa Maria, CA.
• Ventura CAPCA members meeting on June 11, 2014, San Paula, CA.
• American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference on July
27-August 1, in Orlando, FL.
• ASA, CSSA & SSSA International Annual Meetings on November 2-5,
2014 in Long beach, CA
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Acknowledgment
• This project is funded by a grant from the Walmart
Foundation and administered by the University of
Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Center for
Agricultural and Rural Sustainability.
• Cooperating growers, Steve Imoto, Glen Imoto, and their
field crew providing the tested field, field equipment, and
field preparation.
• Crop Production Service (CPS) provided fumigation
service.
• Technical assistance was provided by Water Management
Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA and the
Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis.
Fumigation service and equipment was provided
by Crop Production Service (CPS).
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Thank you
• Ruijun (Ray) QIN
• University of California-Davis/
USDA-ARS
• 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier,
CA 93648
• Tel: 559-596-2904
• Cell: 559-905-9286
• Email: [email protected]