in boston, 1821, a high school was established for boys that provided what kind of curriculum? ...
TRANSCRIPT
Secondary Education of the
late 1800’sED358
Part 2 : TEST information
In Boston, 1821, a high school was established for boys that provided what
kind of curriculum?
Practical and useful studies
Traditional and classical subjects
Why?
Boston boys’ high school
It was a follower of the Common Schools (which had a practical, useful curriculum)
AND IT WAS
An alternative to the Latin Grammar school (which was traditional and classical)
Soon after, in 1828, a girls’ high school opened and it
was very successful. WHY did it close after 3
years? Girls couldn’t do the physical skills as well as the boys.
Girls were needed at home for domestic reasons.
Girls stayed in school and rarely got employment
Boston girls’ high school
Because girls tended to stay in school longer, and didn’t get employment, the public viewed that as a “waste of taxpayers’ money.”
By 1860, high schools were
slowly growing, and not being
demanded by the masses. Which
of these statements are TRUE
about high schools then?Practical and useful studies
Traditional and classical subjects
Mostly scattered in the country
Mostly located in urban(city) areas
By 1860, high schools were
slowly growing, and not being
demanded by the masses. Which
of these statements are TRUE
about high schools then?Promoted economic progress
Promoted values of democracy
Insufficient number of students
Privately supported institutions
Boston boys’ high school
At that time, there was a sufficient number of students, thus less demand.
The schools were tax-supported by the public, and not privately supported.
Secondary schools
…”a reformer’s response to urbanization and industrialization.”
(p.136)
Explain what this quote means about high schools of the late 1800’s.
After the Civil War, there was a greater demand for Secondary education for
what reasons? There was a call for more trained
ministers and return to religious values.
There was a growth in population due to immigration.
There was rapid growth in industry and technological change.
Secondary schools
Because of the growth in industry and technology there was a demand for skilled workers: (practical studies)
The need for secondary schools was similar to the reasons for the earlier Common School movement.
“Kalamazoo” case of 1874, Michigan Supreme Court
What happened in the legislature about elementary and
secondary education because of this case?
Kalamazoo case
Both elementary and secondary schools would be tax-supported by the public.
By the end of the 19th century, high schools were publicly supported and established; they had replaced the Academy.
What was the main reason that Compulsory Attendance
came about?
It was driven by child-labor laws
To raise the literacy rate of African Americans
To bring girls back into education
Compulsory Attendance
By 1918, school attendance became required until a child reached a certain age or certain grade.
There was an increase in literacy; except for the African Americans
Compulsory Attendance
By 1900, children attended school for @99 days per year. (p.137-138)
Today, in Kansas, children attend school for @186 days per year.
http://kansasstatutes.lesterama.org/Chapter_72/Article_11/#72-1101
In 1892, THE COMMITTEE OF TEN was established for this
reason:
A need to re-examine policies on which social classes could attend high school;
Some educators were not in agreement with the “practical curriculum” in place;
For purposes of selecting a trained group of female teachers for high schools.
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN
The committee was appointed by the National Education Association.
It was mostly made up of presidents from leading
colleges, who were going to look at the purpose of and ‘bring order’ to the high school curriculum.
Which of these changes in the
high school curriculum were
recommended by THE
COMMITTEE OF TEN?
Practical and useful studies
Classical and basic subjects
Latin and scientific subjects
Modern language and English
Which of these were also
recommended by THE
COMMITTEE OF TEN?
8 years of elementary school
2-3 years of junior high
4 years of secondary/high schools
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high
school:The entire curriculum was to be
made up of college preparatory courses.
The instruction should be the same for both college bound
and non-college bound ‘terminal’ students.
CHARLES ELIOT, President of Harvard University and head of The Committee of Ten insisted that:
“All students should take the same types of rigorous academic courses.”
"...every subject which is taught at all in
a secondary school should be taught in
the same way and to the
same extent to every pupil so
long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what
point his education is to
cease."
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high
school was:English, mathematics, and history or civics/government for every student every year in
high school Was this true of your high school required
classes?
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high
school:Formed the basis of the practice of taking natural science, biology,
chemistry, and physics, respectively, in ascending high school years
Was this true of your high school required
classes?
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high
school :was still classical and Latin-
scientific
offered an alternative to Latin and Greek with
modern (foreign) languages, and English
THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high
school was: to establish some
standardization for students whether or not they intended to
go to college.
‘dominated’ by these college recommendations for the next
25 years.
Goal of this curriculum:
to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to
their own well-being and society's good, and to
prepare some students for college.
Rationale or purpose for this
curriculum:MENTAL DISCIPLINE
Good for both college bound and non-college bound
students.
Trains the power of observation, memory,
expression and reasoning.
= ACADEMIC RIGOR
= CRITICAL THINKING AND ANALYSIS
High school core classes needed for college
admission (in general):4 years of English
3 years of Math
2-3 years of Foreign Language
2-3 years of Science
2-3 years of Social Studies / History
collegeapps.about.com
Bethany College history
Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881
Held in the sacristy of Bethany Lutheran church; 10 students and later increased to 27.
Bethany Academy
Entrance requirements:
Had to be able to read, and do the four basic operations of arithmetic.
Had to be twelve years old.
Bethany Academy, 1881
Basic curriculum:
Reading the Bible and religious history
Arithmetic, Geography, Penmanship
Reading both English and Swedish
Orthography (spelling)
2nd year, 1882Bethany Academy
Basic curriculum expanded:
United States history and sacred history
English grammar; Swedish orthography
Civil government and Natural Philosophy
Algebra and Latin
Bethany Academy, 1883
After Handel’s Messiah and Oratorio first performance in 1882:
Music Department and studies added;
College policy stated, “In our school the Swedish and English languages shall be considered equally important.”
Bethany Academy, 1883
The motto was “Christo et Ecclessiae” For Christ and the
Church
The Academy catalogue stated: “Religious instruction not only forms a part of the daily routine of the school, but every endeavor is made to surround the student with a healthy religious atmosphere…”
Bethany College
Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881
Bethany Normal Institute: 1885-1887
Bethany College: 1889
IDENTIFYING THE EMPHASIS ON TEACHER EDUCATION
Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first
address in 1889
“A good education is the greatest of all riches and a
condition of liberty. The ignorant man is a slave in
proportion to his ignorance. The development of the intellect… will furnish knowledge but it must also build character…”
Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first
address in 1889
“Let us build from the fine marble of the classics, and
founded on the granite of ancient wisdom…but allow it to be
cemented together by nothing except the unadulterated and
divine truth of Christ’s religion…”
Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first
address in 1889
“No man is complete, no
government is safe, no civilization will be
perpetuated without religion.”
Bethany College, 1891
Bachelor of Arts degrees with classical or scientific emphasis
Certificates in these departments: Commercial, Normal, Music and Art
(readings from Lindquist, p.18-19)