in search of green knowledge: a cognitive approach to sustainable development
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In Search of Green Knowledge: A Cognitive Approach to Sustainable Development. Andrew Jamison. Here’s where it started. ...and here’s where I moved. and this is what I think I have done ever since. Change oriented research , also known as advocacy, or partisan research - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
and this is what I think I have done ever since
Change oriented research, also known as, also known as
advocacy, or partisan researchadvocacy, or partisan research
technology assessment and/or cultural assessmenttechnology assessment and/or cultural assessment
action, or action-oriented research action, or action-oriented research
participatory, or dialogic researchparticipatory, or dialogic research
and, when it really has worked: collective learningand, when it really has worked: collective learning
Change-Oriented ResearchChange-Oriented Research
Problem-driven, rather then disciplinary drivenProblem-driven, rather then disciplinary driven
Intervention in ongoing processIntervention in ongoing process
Reflective, rather than explanatory ambitionReflective, rather than explanatory ambition
Narrative form of presentation, ”telling stories”Narrative form of presentation, ”telling stories”
Participatory, dialogue methods (e.g. focus groups)Participatory, dialogue methods (e.g. focus groups)
Engagement, or involvement in what is studiedEngagement, or involvement in what is studied
A Renewal of PhronesisA Renewal of Phronesis
Aristotle’s third form of knowledgeAristotle’s third form of knowledge
beyond theoretical (episteme) and practical (techne)beyond theoretical (episteme) and practical (techne)
a kind of ethical reason, or self-knowledgea kind of ethical reason, or self-knowledge
competence in making judgments, in knowing what to docompetence in making judgments, in knowing what to do
knowledge always situated or localizedknowledge always situated or localized
Roots in Pragmatism
American theory of knowledgeAmerican theory of knowledge
founded by Peirce, James, Deweyfounded by Peirce, James, Dewey
a part of the ”progressive” movement a part of the ”progressive” movement
truth based in practice (justification)truth based in practice (justification)
science as problem solving (discovery)science as problem solving (discovery)
and Action Research and Action Research
outgrowth of ”old” social movementsoutgrowth of ”old” social movements
related to urban reform and labor strugglesrelated to urban reform and labor struggles
neighborhood, or factory focus neighborhood, or factory focus
science as a form of social advocacyscience as a form of social advocacy
””making visible” and ”giving voice”making visible” and ”giving voice”
and Technology Assessmentand Technology Assessment
outgrowth of student revolts and nuclear energy debatesoutgrowth of student revolts and nuclear energy debates
focus on social and environmental consequences of focus on social and environmental consequences of technologytechnology
citizen-expert communication, or ”communicative citizen-expert communication, or ”communicative rationality” (Habermas)rationality” (Habermas)
consensus conference modelconsensus conference model
and Participatory Rural Appraisaland Participatory Rural Appraisal
a form of development researcha form of development research
focus on competence building focus on competence building
emphasis on popular participationemphasis on popular participation
””conscientization” (Friere)conscientization” (Friere)
””putting people first” (Chambers)putting people first” (Chambers)
A Cognitive Approach
Focus on knowledge in the making
Process, or practice orientation
Comparative, or contextual ambition
Dialectical method, identification of tensions
The Concept of Cognitive Praxis
connecting ideas and action, theory and practice
articulation of knowledge interests
movements as temporary collective learning sites
hybrid forms of agency: ”movement intellectuals”
Dimensions of cognitive praxis
The cosmological dimension: world-view assumptions, shared visions or values
The technological dimension: practical activities, forms of action and technical work
The organizational dimension: situational context, spaces of interaction and communication
The Cognitive Praxisof Environmental Movements
Cosmological dimension: systemic holism, ”limits to growth”
Technical dimension: appropriateness, ”small is beautiful”
Organizational dimension: collective learning sites, ”citizen science”
Phases of EnvironmentalismPhases of Environmentalism
1. awakening1. awakening primarily local protests against pollutionprimarily local protests against pollution pre-1968pre-1968
2. ”age of ecology”2. ”age of ecology” national organizational developmentnational organizational development 1969-19741969-1974
3. politicization3. politicization social movements in relation to energy policysocial movements in relation to energy policy 1975-19791975-1979
4. differentiation4. differentiation professionalization and party politicsprofessionalization and party politics 1980-19861980-1986
5. internationalization5. internationalization global orientation – network and alliance-buildingglobal orientation – network and alliance-building1987-19931987-1993
6. Integration6. Integration Agenda 21, sustainable developmentAgenda 21, sustainable development 1994-20001994-2000
Environmental Cognitive PraxisType of Environmentalism
CommunityLocal campaigns
Social ecology
ProfessionalMainstream organizations
Political ecology
MilitantRadical groups
Deep ecology
PersonalNew age artists
Green consumers
Knowledge forms
Factual
Lay
Legal
Expert
Rhetorical
Ideological
Spiritual
Citizen
Knowledge interest
Empowerment
Public participation
Enlightenment
Policy deliberation
Political protest
Resistance
Authenticity
Identity
Changing Regimes of Knowledge and Power
Industrial Military Commercial “Little Science” “Big Science” “Technoscience” Before WWII 1940s-1970s 1980s-
Type of Knowledge disciplinary multidisciplinary transdisciplinary
Organiza- individuals or R&D departments ad hoc projects andtional form research groups and institutes networks
Dominantvalues academic bureaucratic entrepreneurial
The Broader Context:The Broader Context:Living in An Age of TechnoscienceLiving in An Age of Technoscience
blurring discursive boundaries blurring discursive boundaries between science (episteme) and technology (techne)between science (episteme) and technology (techne)
breaking down institutional bordersbreaking down institutional borders between public and private, economic and academicbetween public and private, economic and academic
mixing skills and knowledge mixing skills and knowledge across disciplines and societal domainsacross disciplines and societal domains
From Science to TechnoscienceFrom Science to Technoscience
change in range and scope: a plurality of scienceschange in range and scope: a plurality of sciences
market orientation, global reachmarket orientation, global reach
university-industry collaborationuniversity-industry collaboration
the strategic state: foresight orthe strategic state: foresight or “picking the winners” “picking the winners”
Trandisciplinarity, or ”Mode 2”
”Knowledge which emerges from a particular context of application with its own distinct theoretical structures, research methods and modes of practice but which may not be locatable on the prevailing disciplinary map.”
Michael Gibbons et al, The New Production of Knowledge. Sage: 1994, p168
Cognitive Differences
Mode 1 Mode 2
cumulative discontinuous
unifiedpluralist
universal specific
cooperative competitive
objective constructive
paradigmatic situated
From Science to ResearchFrom Science to Research
from doing experiments to doing businessfrom doing experiments to doing business product-oriented, or commercial researchproduct-oriented, or commercial research
from providing expertise to governingfrom providing expertise to governing project-oriented, or governance researchproject-oriented, or governance research
from enlightening to empowering from enlightening to empowering problem-oriented, or advocacy researchproblem-oriented, or advocacy research
Contending DiscoursesContending Discourses
commercial research: hubris goes to marketcommercial research: hubris goes to market- globalization, competitiveness, innovation- globalization, competitiveness, innovation
governance research: controlling hubrisgovernance research: controlling hubris
- welfare, employment, equality, construction- welfare, employment, equality, construction
advocacy research: the hybrid imaginationadvocacy research: the hybrid imagination
global justice, scientific citizenship, sustainabilityglobal justice, scientific citizenship, sustainability
Contending InstitutionsContending Institutions
commercial researchcommercial research- innovation networks, patent systems, markets- innovation networks, patent systems, markets
governance researchgovernance research- state agencies, regulations, policies, laws - state agencies, regulations, policies, laws
advocacy researchadvocacy research- civic organizations, public education, assessment- civic organizations, public education, assessment
Contending IdentitiesContending Identities
commercial researchcommercial research
- - academic entrepeneurs, market researchersacademic entrepeneurs, market researchers
governance researchgovernance research- expert consultants, policy researchers- expert consultants, policy researchers
advocacy researchadvocacy research
- activist academics, action researchers- activist academics, action researchers
Environmental Science, ala Mode 1
Disciplinary identity:Disciplinary identity:
specialized subfields of biology and engineeringspecialized subfields of biology and engineering
Academic theories:Academic theories:mostly about non-human ”nature” mostly about non-human ”nature”
Administrative applications:Administrative applications:primarily related to state and municipal authoritiesprimarily related to state and municipal authorities
Environmental Science, ala Mode 2
hybrid competencies: mixing of skills, theories, and politics
concepts of connectivity: systems, organizations, networks, participation
processes of mediation: between experts and citizens, North and South
Cultural Forms of Green Knowledge
Residual Dominant Emerging
Key sites local/national global hybrid networks
Forms of action popular commercial exemplary resistance facilitation mobilization
Form of knowledge factual/lay managerial situated
Sources traditions, professional experience,
of knowledge disciplines expertise examples
The Hybrid ImaginationThe Hybrid Imagination
At the discursive levelAt the discursive level making connnections, integrating ideas making connnections, integrating ideas
At the institutional levelAt the institutional level creating contexts of mediation, hybrid forums creating contexts of mediation, hybrid forums
At the practical/personal levelAt the practical/personal level fostering hybrid competencies and identitiesfostering hybrid competencies and identities
Inter- or transdisciplinarity?Inter- or transdisciplinarity?
Interdisciplinarity TransdisciplinarityInterdisciplinarity Transdisciplinarity
integration of disciplines transcendence of disciplinesintegration of disciplines transcendence of disciplines
(internal) problem-driven (external) project-driven(internal) problem-driven (external) project-driven
””bottom-up”, self-organized ”top-down”, formalized bottom-up”, self-organized ”top-down”, formalized
a dialogical rationality an instrumental rationalitya dialogical rationality an instrumental rationality
Types of InterdisciplinarityTypes of Interdisciplinarity
CollaborationCollaboration synthetic integrationsynthetic integration a sharing of experience and identitya sharing of experience and identity
CooperationCooperation multidisciplinary teamworkmultidisciplinary teamwork a process of collective learninga process of collective learning
Types of TransdisciplinarityTypes of Transdisciplinarity
Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seekingNondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking a conceptual competence a conceptual competence theory, or technique-based identitytheory, or technique-based identity
Subdisciplinarity, or specializationSubdisciplinarity, or specialization a methodological competence a methodological competence topic, or area-based identitytopic, or area-based identity
For example: STSFor example: STS
Science, Technology and SocietyScience, Technology and Society interdisciplinary education and research interdisciplinary education and research bridging the ”two cultures” gapbridging the ”two cultures” gap
Science and Technology StudiesScience and Technology Studies transdisciplinary and heterogeneous field transdisciplinary and heterogeneous field related to growth of EU research programsrelated to growth of EU research programs
Science, Technology and Science, Technology and SocietySociety
CollaborationCollaboration finalization, science dynamics, SCOT finalization, science dynamics, SCOT technology assessment, science shopstechnology assessment, science shops
CooperationCooperation European Association for the Study of European Association for the Study of
Science and Technology (EASST)Science and Technology (EASST) educational exchanges and PhD networkseducational exchanges and PhD networks
Science and Technology StudiesScience and Technology Studies
Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seekingNondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK)sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) actor-network theory, technology foresightactor-network theory, technology foresight
Subdisciplinarity, or sectorial specializationSubdisciplinarity, or sectorial specialization science and technology policyscience and technology policy innovation studies, knowledge managementinnovation studies, knowledge management
For example: Environmental StudiesFor example: Environmental Studies
Environmental Science(s)Environmental Science(s) interdisciplinary centers and departmentsinterdisciplinary centers and departments internally-driven and often academic-orientedinternally-driven and often academic-oriented
Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management
””add-on” masters and doctoral programsadd-on” masters and doctoral programs externally-driven and often market-orientedexternally-driven and often market-oriented
Interdisciplinary Environmental Interdisciplinary Environmental SciencesSciences
CollaborationCollaboration human ecology, social ecologyhuman ecology, social ecology sustainability science, ecological economicssustainability science, ecological economics
CooperationCooperation IBP, IPCC and other international programsIBP, IPCC and other international programs environmental science departmentsenvironmental science departments
Transdisciplinary Transdisciplinary Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management
NondisciplinarityNondisciplinarity Urban sustainable developmentUrban sustainable development Eco-efficiency, life cycle analysisEco-efficiency, life cycle analysis
SubdisciplinaritySubdisciplinarity Environmental chemistry, historyEnvironmental chemistry, history Energy planning, sociology of riskEnergy planning, sociology of risk