1

Inthe1600’s,alltheprimefarmlandintheSoutherncoloniesnearthecoastwasclaimedbywealthyEnglishfamilies.InthecaseoftheCarolinas,thekinggavethisgoodlanddirectlytonoblefamiliesthathadsupportedhim.Inthe1700’s,immigrantstoAmericahadtogofurtherwesttofindland.Thefurtherwesttheywent,thewilderandmoreruggedthingsgot.TheAppalachianMountainsrepresentedthefronGeroftheEnglishcolonies–theborderbetweenEnglishcivilizaGonandavastwilderness(orsomeGmesavastNaGvekingdom).

2

ThismapshowstheextentoftheAppalachians,whichextendfromnorthGeorgiaallthewayintoMaine.InNorthCarolina,youbegintoencountertheAppalachiansonceyoumovewestofMorganton,towardsAsheville.InNorthCarolina,thesecGonoftheAppalachianmountainsinourstateisusuallyreferredtoastheBlueRidgeMountains.OntheNorthCarolina-Tennesseeline,theyarecalledtheGreatSmokiesbecauseofthefrequentmorningfog.

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AsEnglandbeginstoindustrialize,manypeoplearedisplaced.AmongthesearetheScots-Irish–peoplethatlivedontheborderofEnglandandScotlandandinnorthernIreland.Theareatheycomefromishillyandmountainousandrugged–sowhentheygottoAmericaandfoundallthegoolandtaken,theyhadnoproblemmovingwesttowardsthefronGer,towardsthemountains.TheseScots-IrisharetheoriginalEnglishinhabitantsoftheAppalachianMountainsandtheirtradiGons(music,clothingetc.)areconsidered“hillbilly”today.Example:bluegrassmusic.

4

TheScots-Irishcomefroman“honorculture”.TheywereprimarilysheepherdersintheirnaGveBorderlandsandthere,theshepherdwasoZenaloneinthewildernesswithhisflock.Therebeingnopolice,ashepherdcountedonhisreputaGonasafiercewarriortokeepthievesandoutlawsfromtryingtostealhisflock.BecausehisreputaGonwashisonlydefense,aScots-IrishshepherdwouldfightanyGmehefeltlikehishonorwasbeinginsultedorhisreputaGondamaged.Theworsethingyoucandotoamaninanhonorculture?Spitonhim.Callhimacoward.Soundfamiliar?

5

OntheAmericanfronGer,likeintheEnglishborderlands,se^lerswereontheirown.Theycouldcountonli^leornohelpfromthemiliGasonthecoastagainstfierceNaGvesinthemountains.ManyScots-IrishresentedthattheirgovernorswouldnotsendoutthearmytohelpdefendthemfromNaGvea^ack.Forthewealthyaristocratsonthecoast,sendingthearmyouttothefronGerwouldhavebenveryexpensive–andwhyshouldacoastalaristocratspendmoneytohelpdefendanunculturedhillbilly?ThefronGerse^lerskeptweaponswiththematallGmesbecauseoftheNaGvethreat–andgunswereahighlyprizedpartoftheirculture.Soundfamiliar?

6

NaGvecultureslackedatradiGonofprivatepropertysooZen,fronGerdisputeswerestartedwhenNaGvesusedsomethingortooksomethingthatthese^lersfeltwastheirproperty.AddinthenaturallycombaGvenatureoftheScots-Irishandtheirhonorculture,anddisputeswerefrequentandoZenescalatedintomajorconflicts.

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Intheearly1700’s,mostGermanimmigrantsse^ledinPennsylvania,althoughalargenumberalsose^ledinLouisiana(thenpartofNewFrance).ThelargestinfluxofGermansinNorthCarolinaoccurredwhenMoravianse^lersinPennsylvaniabought100,000acresoflandinwhatisnowWinston-SalemandmovedenmassetoNorthCarolina.Likemostimmigrants,theGermanskeptspeakingtheirnaGvelanguageandkeptupmanyoftheirdisGnctculturaltradiGons.OverGme,GermanAmericanshavefullyassimilatedand,exceptfortheirlastnames,areindisGnguishablefromthedescendantsoftheEnglishse^lers.

8

Inthelate1600’s,tensionsranhighbetweenScots-Irishse^lersinthewesternpartsofVirginiaandthegovernmentofVirginia,basedinJamestown.Atissuewasuseofthearmytoprotectthewesternse^lersfromNaGvea^acks.ForthearistocratsinJamestown,thearmywastooexpensiveandthewesternse^lersnotimportantenoughtojusGfythearmybeingsentout.AnotherfearinvolvedtouchingoffamassiveretaliaGonbytheNaGvesifthearmyintervened.Forthewesternse^lers–itwasliterallyama^eroflifeanddeath.Itshouldbenotedthatthewesternse^lersweremadeupofbothrecentScots-Irishimmigrantsandformerindenturedservabtswhohadearnedtheirfreedomandheadedwesttryingtobuildalifeforthemselves.

9

NathanielBaconwasaleaderofthewesternse^lersinVirginia.HewantedthegovernortosendtroopstothewesterncounGestoa^acktheNaGves.ThegovernorwantedpeacewiththeNaGvesandsoBaconorganizedanarmywhichthenmarchedonJamestown,droveoffthegovernorandtookcontroloftheVirginiagovernment.BacondiessoonthereaZerofafeverandwithouthisleadership,therevoltstartstounravel.BaonurgedcompleteeliminaGonofallNaGveslivinginVirginiawhilehewasincontrol.HeevenpassedalawthatmadesellinggunstotheNaGvesacrimewiththepunishmentofdeath.

10

Bacon’sRebellionfeaturedslavesandservantsfighGngtogetheragainstthewealthyaristocratswhocontrolledmostofthewealth(andallofthegovernment)intheVirginiacolony.WhentheRebellionwasover,thewealthyplantaGonownersmovedawayfromindenturedservitudeandfocusedonimporGngmoreslaves,asslaveswereeasiertocontrolinthelongtermanddidn’tcomewithan“expiraGondate”intheformofafixedindenture.Morelawswerepassedtomakecontactbetweenblacksandwhites(called“miscegenaGon”)evenmoredifficult.

11

Bythe1700’s,NaGveshadacquiredparGalresistancetomostEuropeandiseases.Toputthisanotherway,alltheNaGvesthatweresuscepGbletoEuropeandiseaseshadalreadydiedby1700.TheNaGveculturesthewesternse^lerswerecomingintocontactwithwerepowerfulandcomplex.ButtheEnglishwerepowerfultoo.KingPhillip’sWarprovedthatneithersidewaspowerfulenoughtocompletelyeliminatetheother.SothequesGonbecame–howcanNaGveandEnglishcolonistcoexistalongsideeachother?

12

TheIroquoismadetheirdecisiontoallythemselveswiththeBriGshagainsttheFrench.BecausetheIroquoisoccupiedlandsthatservedasabufferbetweenNewFranceandthecoloniesofNewYorkandPennsylvania,theIroquoiswerevaluablealliesagainsttheFrenchandtheyweretreatedasasovereignnaGonbytheBriGsh.TheIroquoishaveaconsGtuGonofsortsthatexplainstherulesoftheirgovernment.SomehistoriansbelievethisIroquoisConsGtuGonhadsomeinfluenceoverthecreaGonofourownConsGtuGon.

13

TheHuronwerebi^erenemiesoftheIroquoisandthus,naturalalliesoftheFrench.TheyreceivedthesamepreferenGaltreatmentfromFrancethattheIroquoisreceivedfromBritainandforthesamereason–theywereausefultool,againstBriGshexpansionintoterritoriesclaimedbyNewFrance.TheuseofIndianalliesagainsteachotherbytheBriGshandtheFrenchisillustratedverywellbythe1992film“LastoftheMohicans”.

14

TheCherokeecontrolledwesternNorthCarolina,theupstateofSouthCarolinaandnorthGeorgia.TheytriedanassimilaGonstrategy–adoptasmanyoftheEnglishwaysaspossible.Whitese^lersoZenmarriedCherokeewomenandthe“half-breed”childrenoZenheldposiGonsofauthorityintheCherokeegovernment.TheCherokeeemphasisoneducaGonwouldresultinthecreaGonoftheirownuniquealphabetsothatbookscouldbeprintedintheCherokeelanguage.InNorthCarolina,theCherokeearethelargesttribeandthereissGllanEasternBandoftheCherokeePeoplebasedinSwainCountyinwesternNorthCarolina.

15

Thesefivetribeswereprominent,populousandpowerfulinthesoutheasternpartoftheNorthAmericanconGnent.AlltriedvaryingstrategiesincludingassimilaGonintheira^empttocoexistwithEnglishse^lers.ThesefivetribeshadstableandcomplexgovernmentsandoZenenteredintotreaGesorcontractswiththeEnglishse^lers.InteresGngnote:someanthropologistsconsidertheFiveCivilizednaGonstobearemnantofthegreatMoundBuilderculturethatdominatedthesoutheastunGlthearrivalofEuropeanexplorers(andtheirEuropeandiseases)intheearly1500’s.

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