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8/8/2019 Independent Cancer Last

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Our Presentation is about:

Brain TumorTumors that grow in the brain


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Oncology Oncology: the study or science ofcancer.

Cancer is a disease that has beenknown about over 2000 years.

Names : CancerTumor

Neoplasm


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Definition of Cancer

Cancer is a general term that refers to amalignant growth of tissue in any part ofthe body. The growth is parasitic, non-

functional and invasive. (Turner, 1996)

Cancer is an abnormal mass of tissue thatresults from excessive cell division that is

uncontrolled and progressive, also called aneoplasm. (Medical Surgical Nursing, 2000)


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Epidemiology of Cancer

Cancer affects every age group withpeaks of incidence occurring in early

childhood fifth, sixth, seventh decades.

Tumors of CNS account nearly 10% of

neurological problems in generalhospitals. (Wilson, 1977).


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Epidemiology of Brain Tumor

Brain tumor of all types is the secondleading cause of cancer death in

children and forth leading cause ofdeath in middle aged adult male.

Brain tumor affects males and femalesequally.


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Etiology of cancer There is no particular cause of cancer,however some researches mentionedthose important factors: (Multifactorial)

Smoking: affects lung and throat.

Diet: low fiber, refined food can causebowel cancer. Some food additives have

been linked with cancer. (Turner, 1996)

Environmental factors: e.g. asbestos


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Etiology of cancer

Alcohol: affects mouth, throat andliver. (Turner. 852)

Trauma Radiation: radiation from mobiles

towers. The duration between exposure

and symptoms of tumor takes 5-20years.

Sunlight can cause skin cancer.


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Etiology of cancer

Chemicals

Genetic

Certain tumors type shown some

evidence of chromosomalabnormalities.


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Classification of Brain Tumor

1. Primary Brain Tumor: Brain tumors thatoriginate in the brain itself

2. Secondary Brain Tumor: tumors that originatesomewhere else in the body and move into the brain

Common brain metastases in adults come fromthe lung, breast, kidney, colon and skin(melanoma)


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1. Benign Tumor

Tumor made up of normal cells whichresemble the host tissue

Slow growing

encapsulated

Dont produce secondary deposits Not usually life threatening(Turner, 1996)


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2. Malignant tumor:

Fast growing cells

Can be spread if left untreated via lym

phaticcirculation system

The tumor have a predictable line of spread

They have internal signs and symptoms that

are difficult to be detected until theymetastases .

(Turner, 1996)


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MRI scans of a benign andmalignant brain tumor.


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Brain tumors can cause

problems in the following ways: By directly destroying brain tissue By directly putting pressure on nearby

tissue By increasing pressure within the skull(ICP) because the tumor takes space

By causing fluids to accumulate in thebrain By blocking normal circulation of CSFthrough the spaces within the brain

By causing bleeding


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Prognosis

Depends on the tumor size, location andmetastases

Patients who treated only with surgerytheir medical survival is 17 weeks

Patients who treated after surgerysurvival may be 37.5


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Course of Illness:

MetastasesLymphTumorStage

Nometastaticlesions

No spread ofthe cancer tothe lymphnodes

Tumor presentand limited tothe organ ofits

involvementlesion isoperable andprognosis good

1.Mean 5 yearsurvivalrate :70% -90%


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Localevidence ofmetastases to

the lymphatic;metastasesare limitedand have notspread to

other bodyorgans .

Lymph nodeshaveevidences of

cancer in theregion /bodyquadrantsurroundingthe tumor

Tumor hasevidences ofspread into

the localizedtissue . tumoris operableand can befully removed

2

Mean 5 yearsurvival rate

50% 5%


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Evidencethat thecancer hasspread andleft other

lesions inother organs

Lymph nodeinvolvementclose to theprimarytumor and

extending todeeperlymphatic

Extensiveevidence ofa primarytumor thathas spread

elsewhere inthe body

Tumor canbe debunked;but some ofthe cellsremainbehind

3

Mean 5 yearsurvival rat ea20% 5%


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Stage III:

This stage is marked by speedy and

aggressive growth and development ofthe cancer cells. Spreading to othertissue may also be possible


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Multiple sitedofmetastases toorgans

beyond theone in whichthe tumororiginated .

Lymph nodeinvolvementthat extendsto multiple

organs andregion of thebody

Inoperableprimary lesionsurvivaldepends on

depths ondepth andextent of thetumor spread

4

Mean 5 yearsurvival rate


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Signs and Symptoms of Cancer

Fatigue and weight loss

Pain

Constipation

Respiratory symptoms

Lymphoedema


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Neurological symptoms:mood changes, confusion, hemiparesis,

dysphasia and ataxia (symptoms ofcerebral tumor).(Turner, 1996)


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Signs and symptoms of BT

Brain Edema.

Herniation.

Changing in mental function.

Headache. is worse in the morning, isassociated with nausea or vomiting, oraccompanied by double vision,

weakness, or Seizures. Increased Intracranial Pressure.


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Specific or Localized Signsand Symptoms.

Herniation


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Parietal lobe S+S:

Hyperesthesia: impaired sensation topain, heat and cold with decreasedresponse to tactile sensitivity

Abnormal sensation involving tingling, orburning of the skin.

Agraphia.


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Acalculia.

aphasia. Loss of right- left discrimination. Seizures

Finger agnosia. Visual problems. Hemiplegia or Hemiparesis

Astereognosis Constructional apraxia Autotopagnosia


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Diagnostic methods : It begins with detailed review of clients history and

observation by family members :

CT scan

MRI PET

CSF withdrawal (lumbar puncture )

EEG

Chemical markers

Blood test


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Treatment of Brain Tumor:

Treatment of BT depends on thenature of the tumor if it's benign ormalignant, location, size and generalcondition of the patient

The treatment methods could be usedalone or in combination in some cases.


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Treatment options:1. Corticosteroids: e.g. prednisone (decreases

cerebral edema), Anti-convulsanmedications to prevent seizures or controlthem

2. Surgery: is removal of a mass, moreresection of tissue in addition to massPedritti, 2001

sometimes it can't be done if tumor locatedin vital tissue

it's usually followed by radiotherapy orchemotherapy


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3. Chemotherapy: this treatment usescytotoxic drugs which are very toxic to

cancer cells but not so toxic to normalcells.

It affects cells which grow rapidly.chemotherapy is given over a scheduled period toallow normal cells to recover between treatments

Types of drugs used in chemotherapy:

1. Alkyl-ting agent2. Cytotoxic antibiotics

3. Anti-metabolites


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Administration could be by:

1. IV2. Mouth3. Intramuscular injection

Side effects:1. Nausea2. Vomiting

3. Mouth ulcers4. Decreased production of RBC5. Alopecia (hair loss)6. Low production of WBC

7. Peripheral neuropathy


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4. Radiotherapy:

Is the use of radioactive materialsdirectly in tumors or surrounding tissueto kill caner cells. (Perditti,2001)

Its done by using gamma or x-rays

It aims to destroy tumor cells without

injure normal cells Cancer cells are more sensitive to

radiation than normal cells

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