INDEXSr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 The Balanced Scorecard: As A Performance Measurement System

Dr. Vinod K. Ramani Accountancy 1-2

2 Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal, Accounting and Strategic Issues

Mira J. Bhanderi Accountancy 3-4

3 Morphometric analysis of the Sisi river basin, North-East India and some geo-environmental implications

Dr. Uttam Goswami Applied Geology

5-6

4 Careful Evaluation of CARE’s Performance Dr. Bheemanagouda Commerce 7-8

5 Advertisements on Passenger Cars - An Innovative Idea for Outdoor Advertising

Dr. Sangapa Rampure Commerce 9-10

6 Knowledge Management And Knowledge Process Outsourcing

Dr.Santos Singh Bais Commerce 11-13

7 A Study on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Using Sms Marketing as a Tool

Dr.S P. Mathiraj, Mr Anil B. Malali

Commerce 14-16

8 Economic Value Added Dr. Kishor V. Bhesaniya Commerce 17-20

9 CHALLENGES IN COMMERCE DUE TO GLOBALIZATION

Mr. T. Kalimuthu, Dr. R. Ganapathi

Commerce 21-23

10 Estimating Reliability of Component Based Software Using Artificial Neural Network

Mr. Harish Rathod , Mr. Mahesh Parmar, Miss. Rekha Teraiya

Computer Science

24-26

11 Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi), Special Economic Zones (Sezs) And Economic Developments In India: An Empirical Study

M. Marimuthu Economics 27-29

12 Environmental Impact On Agriculture: WTO And Indian Economic Reforms

Dr.Shivasharanappa Dhaba

Economics 30-31

13 Study of regional rural water supply scheme-Kutch Niketa Patel Economics 32-34

14 An Overview of Indian economy of Unemployment in Depression

Dr. Dilip Arjune, Dr. Pawar Ashok S.

Economics 35-37

15 Kendriya Aarthsankalp 2011-12 and 2012-13 ke Tulnatmak Adhayan

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Shri. Budhwant R.G.

Economics 38-42

16 ADEPTS: Innovative Self-Evaluation Technique for Teachers

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Vishal Tayade,Dr. Sunita Rathod

Economics 43-44

17 Bharatiya thet parikiy gunvantkiye dhoran Dr. Pawar Ashok S. Economics 45-48

18 European Euro Sankat and Vyaparchakrache Jagtik Parinam

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Umare Vilas Devchand

Economics 49-52

19 Higher Education in India: An Appraisal Dr. Sukhwinder Singh jolly

Education 53-56

20 An Investigation on test Anxiety In L2 Learners S. Gandhimathi , Dr. R. Ganesan

Education 57-58

21 Organizational Commitment and Self esteem of Faculty Members of Secondary Level Teacher Training Programme in Mysore

Mr. Moslem Cherabin, Dr. Praveena K. B.

Education 59-61

22 Comparative Analysis on Various Coded Cooperaative Networks

Pallavi Ingle Electronics and Communication

62-64

23 Effect of Plasma Arc Cutting Speed-voltage On the Unevenness of Hardox-400 Material

A. A. Darji, S. P. Patel, J.V.Desai

Engineering 65-67

24 Design and Simulation of High Speed,Low power Preamplifier Based CMOS Comparator

Gireeja Amin Engineering 68-70

25 Analysis of box culvert considering soil structure interaction

M.G. Kalyanshetti,S.V. Malkhare

Engineering 71-74

26 Soil erosion & Advance Techniques of Soil Conservation Manish Gujarati,Prof. H. M. Gandhi

Engineering 75-77

27 Cotton Crop Performance and Economics under Drip Irrigation at Various Water Application Levels

Jignesh. A. Shah Engineering 78-80

28 Cotton Crop Response to Thermal Regimes under Surface Irrigation at Stress Free Water Application Level

Jignesh A.Shah Engineering 81-82

29 Simulation of Line and Phase Voltages of Inverter Using Switching Function Concept

Prachi M. Palpankar, A.Y.Fadnis

Engineering 83-85

30 Microgrid : A Planning Based on Renewable Sources In Amravati District

Shweta. L. Tiwari, Dr.R.M. Moharil

Engineering 86-89

31 “Phenomenological Modeling of Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Processes”

V. M. Makwana Engineering 90-94

32 Designing Aspects of Cryogenic Attachment For Uv/Visible Spectrophotomer

Yagnesh B. Chauhan, Hardik B. Patel, J.M.Patel, Dr. U.S.Joshi

Engineering 95-98

33 Comparison Of Conventional 60/70 grade of Bitumen with CRMB60 for Roads

Zala Kartik S., Mandowara Nirajkumar P., Prof. C.B.Mishra, Dr. F.S.Umrigar

Engineering 99-100

34 Modelling And Analysis of Faults In Wind Based Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

K. Keerthi Deepika,A. Srinivasa Rao

Engineering 101-104

35 Multipoint Hand Gesture Recognition Using Robotic Arm Control

Nishant Madhukar Labhane, Prashant Harsh, Meghan Kulkarni

Engineering 105-107

36 Assessment of Sediment Distribution Hiral Shah, N. N. Borad, R. K. Jain

Engineering 108-111

37 Review and Analysis of Drought Monitoring and Management

Patel Jaydeepkumar J., Prof. G.V.Dihora

Engineering 112-114

38 Flow Forecasting of Tapi River At Mandvi Station By ANN Gajjar Kamleshkumar Hasmukhbhai,Prof. H.M.Gandhi

Engineering 115-118

39 Implementation of Digital Watermarking by Combined Transform Domain Algorithm for Copyright Authentication using Matlab

Raval Keta J., Mrs. Sameena Zafar

Engineering 119-121

40 Use of Rubber Dam In Tapi River Front Development At Surat City

Sagar D Patel, Kiran R.Shah, PROF.R.B.Khasiya

Engineering 122-124

41 Mahatma Gandhi's Ultimate to the Globalization Dr. Ashok Shankarrao Pawar

Engineering 125-129

42 Determination of Reservoir Operating Rules for A Single Reservoir - A case study (March 2012)

J.C.Solanki,B. K.P.Sthar, C. Prof.A.T.Motiai

Engineering 130-132

43 Flow Equation For Elliptical Weir Jigar H. Gamit Engineering 133-135

44 Reducing the Effect of Flood through River Training Work on Shedhi River at Khumarvada Village of Kheda District, Gujarat

Suthar Kandarp kumar P. , Solanki Jitendrasinh C.

Engineering 136-138

45 Case Studies in Community Initiated Rainwater Harvesting Dr Mahalaxmi Krishnan Environment 139-140

46 Impact of Human Activities on Mangroves Ecosystem Arvind A. Dhond Environment 141-143

47 Equator Principles an Innovative Tool for Environmental and Social Sustainability

Ashok R. Bantwa Finance 144-146

48 Investor Activism – The Icahn Effect Ch. Chaitanya Finance 147-149

49 Dividend policy – A fundamental signal Krunal K Bhuva, Dr. Vijay Vyas

Finance 150-151

50 Infrastructure Creation And Utilisation In Railways Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

General Management

152-154

51 Impact of Environmental Parameters on the Worker’s Work Capacity Involved in Organized Poultry Farm

Tulika Srivastava,Dr. Aditi Vats

Home Science 155-156

52 Impact of Electronic Communication Media on Consumers Sandhya Rani,Dr. Chhaya Shukla

Home Science 157-159

53 A Study On Employee’s Performance Appraisal With Reference To Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Tools Limited.

S.Ragothaman, D.Yuvaraj, S.Sridhar

Human Resource Management

160-162

54 Roles of the Expatriate Kapil Dev Upadhyay, Dr. (Prof.) Vijay Kumar Soni

Human Resource Management

163-164

55 English in Multicultural Society of Asia Bhaveshkumar Rana Literature 165-167

56 Need to Reform General English Syllabus at UG Level in the Affiliate Colleges of the University of Jammu: An Experimental Study

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 168-169

57 A Study On Employee Retention for Sustaining the Talented Employees in Health Care Industry in a Private Multi-Speciality Organization

Dr C Swarnalatha,TS Prasanna

Management 170-172

58 Present Status Of Women Self Hep Groups In Tamilnadu M.Gurusamy, P.Uma Maheswari, C.Sangeetha

Management 173-175

59 Volatility In Indian Stock Markets Mr. Santanu Kumar Das

Management 176-180

60 Women Entrepreneurs: Role, Development and Contribution in Indian Economy

Siddharth Raval, Yupal Shukla

Management 181-182

61 Talent Management: A Bird Eye View Kalaspathi Vishwakarma

Management 183-184

62 Efficient Positioning For Sustained Leadership Ms.Asha Anotny , Ms.S.Anbu Selvi

Management 185-188

63 “An Imperical Study on Women’s Approach Towards Equity Market”

Ritesh Hasmukhlal Amarsela

Management 189-193

64 A Study on the Role of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Towards Insider Trading Practices in Indian Capital Market

V. Arockia Jerold Management 194-197

65 Profitability Of Commercial Banks With Special Reference To Indian Overseas Bank

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 198-200

66 Brand Preference For Mineral Water With Reference To Pollachi

Dr. R. Ganapathi,G. Murali Manokari

Management 201-205

67 “ISO 9000 - Impact of Quality Systems on Business Performance”

Manisha Paliwal Management 206-207

68 Perceived Satisfaction of Mobile Prepaid Users and demographic factors

Dr. J. M. Badiyani Management 208-209

69 STUDY ON NPAs IN SBI WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 210-213

70 Consumer Protection – Issues and Impediments In Rural Areas

Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 214-216

71 Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Telecommunication Companies

Mr. Akshay Arora,Ms. Sujitha R

Management 217-219

72 To Study The Organizational Stress It’s Causes, Effects And Remedies of Private Banks At Bhavnagar Region

Mr. Vimal P. Jagad,Mr Mukesh .C Ajmera

Management 220-222

73 Case Study on Utilisation of ATM - With Reference To Erode Town

R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 223-226

74 Case Study Method – An Ideal Tool of Learning Mr. T. Kalimuthu,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 227-229

75 Ethics & Marketing: A Deep Connection Ashish Nathwani Marketing 230-232

76 The Emerging Role of HR in India Axaybharti N Goswami Marketing 233-234

77 Marketing Of Diamond Jewellery In Coimbatore – An Opinion Survey

Dr. R. Ganapathi, G. Murali Manokari

Marketing 235-237

78 A Study On Customer Satisfaction Towards Cable TV Services With Special Reference To Thirumangalam, Madurai District

K. Navarathinam,S. Anbu selvi

Marketing 238-240

79 Changing Consumer Behavior towards IPL Nirav R. Vyas,Dr. Vijay Vyas

Marketing 241-242

80 Q-Level Subnearring Of Q-Intuitionistic L-Fuzzy Subnearrings

M.M.Shanmugapriya, K.Arjunan

Mathematics 243-246

81 Effect of Selected Yogic, Aerobic Exercises and Combined Yogic and Aerobic Practices on Resting Pulse Rate

Dr. Shivarama Reddy. M , Dr. Manjappa. P

Physical Education

247-250

82 Analysis of Long Jump Performance T.Christopher Nallarasu Dr.V.Mahadevan

Physical Education

251-252

83 Panchayats and Women Self Help Groups: (A Study With Special Reference to Gulbarga District of Karnataka)

Dr. Pralhad Chengte Political Science

253-254

84 The Frustration among T.B.Patients-A Psychological study Dr.Kishor N. Mehta Psychology 255-256

85 Voice Activation Detection Algorithm for Estimating the Noise From Human Speech Signal

Kanu Patel,Sameena Zafar

Science 257-269

86 An Analysis of Changing Socio-Cultural Practices Among The Lambadas Of Andhra Pradesh

Dr. M. Sreedevi Xavier Sociology 260-262

87 Sociology of Art: A Theoretical Exploration Dr. Poonam Gandhi-Moirangthem

Sociology 263-265

88 Dalit Nari : Sthan, Paristithi avam Samsya Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 266-269

89 Ansuchit jatiyan me lagan sansthan bhal achal - jilla ahmedabad gujarat rajya ke vanshis sandarbhme

Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 270-272

90 Techniques of Steganography and Steganalysis Bhavsar Jaimin H, Imran Khan

Technology 273-276

91 Contributions of Tourism – An Analysis Dr. Bheemanagouda Tourism 277-278

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 251

Research Paper

* Director of Physical Education, Margregorios College, Chennai

** Director of Physical Education i/c, University of Madras, Chennai

Physical Education

Analysis of Long Jump Performance

* T.Christopher Nallarasu ** Dr.V.Mahadevan

Keywords : Stride length, speed, power and jump performance

The aim of the study was to analysis long jump performances. To achieve this purpose, 60 male long jumpers who had participated in the inter-collegiate track and field meet during the year 2011-12 were selected randomly from affiliated colleges of University of Madras, Chennai. The selected jumpers were tested with their height, weight, leg length, leg strength, hip flexibility, explosive power and approach run distance. The best and lowest long jump performances, approach run speed, length of the penultimate stride were also measured. The collected data were analyzed with simple correlation. The study was concluded that the performance of the long jump depends upon the all criterion variables.

ABSTRACT

IntroductionIn all the jumping events in track and field, there is a strong relation between the execution of the approach run and take-off for a good performance of a jump. The more consistent and more technically correct the approach run and take-off, the better the jump performance. Most world-record perform-ance in the jumping events in track and field has resulted from a successful approach run and take-off. When a long jumper breaks contact with the ground, the center of gravity forms a parabolic curve in the air and there is nothing that can be done to change this predetermined flight path. There force, the majority of coaching time in the long jump should be spent developing a technically sound approach run and take-off. The long jump can be broken down into four compo-nents namely approach run, last two strides, take off, action in the air and landing. Consistent approach run that allow for gradual acceleration, beginning with the first stride and end-ing with maximum controlled speed at the take-off.

The length of the approach run should be between 12 and 19 strides. The approach run should be as long as possible depending on the jumper’s experience, sprinting technique and conditioning level. The length of the approach run will determine the amount of speed that is developed. The longer the approach run, the more difficult is to develop a consistent stride pattern. Thus, experience jumpers should begin by us-ing a shorter approach run of 12 strides. Jumpers must feel the lowering or “gathering” of the body during the penultimate stride. The penultimate stride is different than a normal run-ning stride; so jumpers should not just “run” through the pe-nultimate. It is imperative that they prepare the body during the penultimate. The last stride is shorter than the penulti-mate stride because of the raising of the jumper’s center of gravity. As the take off foot makes contact with the ground, the foot is placed flat and in front of the jumper’s body. For

an effective landing, the jumpers extend and sweep the arms down forward the ground. This action of the arms raises the leg up forward the torso and closer to the jumper’s center of gravity. Thus, the action of the arms causes an equal and opposite reaction with the legs. As the jumper makes contact with sand, the knees bend and flex to cushion the impact. In addition, the arms are brought forward to assist the jumper forward momentum and avoid falling back. The long jumper, who can control the highest horizontal velocity and is able to convert that speed at take-off with a high vertical velocity of the centre of gravity, should in most causes jump the furthest. One key area which can only assist the good vertical lift-off, is the speed over the last 3-5 strides (Rogers, 2000).

Based on the above points the researcher has designed to findout the relationship between the long jump performance and the selected variables.

Methods The purpose of the present study was to find out the relation-ship between the long jump performance and the selected variables. Sixty male long jumpers who have participated in the inter-collegiate Athletic meet 2011-12 were selected randomly from affiliated colleges of University of Madras, Chennai. The age was fixed from 18 to 25. To achieve the purpose of the study, long jumpers’ best and a lowest jump performance trail were considered as a test trail. The selected jumpers were tested with their height, weight, leg length, leg strength, hip flexibility, explosive power and approach run dis-tance. The best and lowest performances of the long jump, approach run speed, length of the penultimate stride were also measured. Simple correlation was used as statistical technique to find out the significant association among the selected variables and level of significance was fixed at 0.05.

ANALYSISTable Iselected parameters test and Descriptive statistics Variables Test Mean SD Minimum MaximumHeight (in cms) Stadio meter 169.4 6.34 158 186Weight (in Kgs) Weighing machine 63.47 5.21 54 80

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

252 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

Hip flexibility (in cms) Sit & reach 31.11 1.12 39 34Leg length (in cms) Measuring tap 40.08 1.47 37 43Leg strength (in Kgs) Led dynamometer 31.12 1.12 99.93 6.52Explosive power (in cms) Sargent vertical jump 2.78 0.22 2.39 3.2Approach run distance (in mts) Measuring tap 32.06 3.39 28 42

Table Iselected parameters test and Descriptive statistics

Variables TestBest performance Lowest performanceMean SD Mean SD

Approach run speed (in sec) Approach run distance/ time taken 4.22 0.65 4.31 0.64Length of the penultimate stride (in mts) Measuring tap 2.15 0.16 1.90 0.20Long jump performance (in mts) Measuring tap 6.29 0.69 6.09 0.71

Data analysisTable IIINTER CORRELATION MATRIX AMONG THE SELECTED VARIABLES AND LONG JUMP (BEST) PERFORMANCE

Variables

Bes

t Pe

rfor

man

ce

Low

est

perf

orm

ance

Flexibility 0.538* 0.507*Leg length 0.545* 0.533*Leg strength 0.831* 0.863*Explosive power 0.881* 0.853*Approach run distance 0.37* 0.351*Penultimate Stride length (Best performance trail) 0.7* --Penultimate Stride length (Lowest performance trail) -- 0.663*Speed (Best performance) 0.025 --Speed (Lowest performance) -- 0.038*Significant r0.05 (58) = 0.250.

ResultsAnalysis of the data indicates that performance in long jump (best and lowest) was significantly correlated with the flex-ibility, leg length, leg strength, explosive power, penultimate stride and approach run distance. There was no significant association between the approach run speed and perform-ance of the long jump.

DiscussionCalculations showed that the performance of the long jump (Best and Lowest) depended upon the leg length, leg strength, flexibility, explosive power, approach run distance and penultimate stride. The results of the study may depend upon the following factors related to long jump performance: Jones, (2012), stated that “The ‘Jump formula’ for Powell might be summarized as follows: shortened second-to-last

stride, vertical lead leg landing stiff landing of the takeoff leg with a large offset, incorporation of the pelvis in the locomo-tion due to powerful trunk, energetic swing. The lowest center of mass position is reached in the beginning of the last sur-face interaction. Considerable loss in the horizontal velocity is compensated by a large gain in the vertical component. “The ‘Jump Formula’ for Lewis: significant elongation of the second-to-last stride, early lowering the center of entering a very short last stride with zero vertical velocity, very short last stride and takeoff with fast inward hip motion. A world class jumper Powell (9.85mts jump in1991) and Lewis’s (9.81mts jump in1991) length of last stride is less than the penultimate stride. In the same way the Beamon’s (1968 jump) length of last stride is more than the penultimate stride. As for as our study is concern the performance of the long jump depend upon the penultimate stride. At the same time length of last stride is more than the penultimate stride. The above findings of the present study are in agreement with the studies con-ducted by (Koyama,et al.,(2005), and kale (2009).

ConclusionThe present study was concluded that

1. Performance of the long jump was depends upon the flex-ibility, leg length, leg strength and explosive power.

2. High correlation between the jump performance and length of the penultimate stride.

3. Best performance trail’s length of the first three strides and last stride were less than the lowest performance trail.

4. Best performance trail’s penultimate stride was more than the lowest performance trail.

5. There was some association between the approach run speed and performance of the long jump.

REFERENCES

1. Alexander, R.M. (1990), “Optimum Take-Off Techniques for High and Long Jumps”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 329(1252), pp.3-10. 2. Bridgett, L.A. & Linthorne, N.P. (2006), “Changes in Long Jump Take-Off Technique with Increasing Run-Up Speed”, Journal of Sports Science, 24(8), pp.889-97. 3. Dapena, J. Hay’s (2003), “Research on the Biomechanics of the Long jump”, Symposium paper presented at 27th Annu. Meeting Am. Soc. Biomech., Toledo, OH. 4. Graham-Smith, P. & Lees, A. (2005), “A Three-Dimensional Kinematics Analysis of the Long Jump Takeoff”, Journal of Sports Science, 23(9), pp.891-903. 5. Hay, J. G. (1988) Approach strategies in the long jump. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 4, 114-129. 6. Jones, Mike, (March, 2012), “The Last Three To Five Strides In The Long Jump Approach”, Information for Track & Field/Athletics Coaches the LJ Approach run, www. 7. Kale, M., et al., (2009), “Relationships among Jumping Performances and Sprint Parameters during Maximum Speed Phase in Sprinters”, J Strength Cond Res., 23(8), PP.2272-9. 8. Koyama H, et al., (2006), “Immediate Effects of the use of Modified Take-Off Boards on the Take-Off Motion of the Long Jump during Training”, Sports Biomech., 5(2), PP.139-53. 9. Nelson W(1985), “Application of Biomechanical Principles: Optimization of Sport Technique. In The Elite Athlete (editors Butts NK, GushikenTT, and Zarins B), Medical & Scientific Books, Spectrum Publications, INC., NY. pp.81-92. 10. Nixdorf, E. and Brüggemann, G-P. (1990), “Biomechanical Analysis of the Long Jump -- an Approach towards a Biomechanical Profile of the World's Best Long Jumpers”, New Studies in Athletics (Scientific Research Project at the Games of the XXIVth Olympiad -- Seoul 1988), pp.263-301. 11. Nolan, Lee et al., (2006), “A Biomechanical Analysis of the Long-Jump Technique of Elite Female Amputee Athletes”, Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(10), pp.1829-1835. 12. Rogers. Joseph L. (2000), USA Track and Field Coaching Manual, United States of America : Human Kinetics.

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 279