Index

Abortus material in clinical cytogenetics la-boratories, 217-18

Abroad, field-work, 516-17 Accelerators, linear, 418 Accident(s)/emergencies, see also entries

under Emergency chemieal, planning the avoidance of,

general considerations, 114-16 in chemicallaboratories, 130-1 in field-work, 511, 512

lack of equipment and facilities for, 511 services for, remoteness from, 512

in haematologicallaboratories, 145-6 laboratory fmures intended for, 8 with lasers, actions subsequent to, 495 news media and, 97-8 plans for dealing with, 88, 130-1 with radioactive sourees, 300, 300-2, 304,

346-7 AccidentaI misuse of mechanical equipment,

44-5 Accommodation, animal, see Animals Acetic acid, g1acial, 225-6 Acetone mixed with chloroform, explosion,

112 Acetylene in cylinders, 113 Acids, 103, 225, see also specijic acids and

Corrosive chemicals in botanicallaboratories, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225-6

Actinic radiation detectors, 368-71 Actinomycin D, 228 Administration, see Safety officers/repre­

sentativeslmanagementladminist ration

Aerosols from animals, 278 ofinfectious organisms, 173, 179, 185, 278,

445,449 toxic,I06

ultrasound-generated, 445, 449 Aflatoxins, 244 Agaricus spp., 244 Agricultural pesticides, 523-4 AIDS, 152, 181, see also HlV

specimens, 199-200 Air, see also Atmosphere

compressed, supply, in new laboratories, 530

liquid,114 as a microbial environment, 234-5 sampling equipment, 126-7

Alarm systems burglar/intruder, ultrasonic, 447, 451-2 frre, 10, 127 radiation, 304

Alcohol(s) in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 227 consumption, 107

Alkali(s) and hases, 103-4, see also specijic chemieals and Corrosive chemi­cals

in botanicallaboratories, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225,

226 Alkali metals, explosion risk with, 112, see

also specific metals Alkaloid poisoning, plants causing, 247 Alkenes, halogenated, 131 Alkyl sulphates, 106-7 Allergies

animal, 61-4, 274 chemical, 105 plant, 248, 522

A1one, working, in the field, 504-5 Alpha particles, 328 Amanita spp., 244, 245 Americium-241,205 Ammonia, explosion, 111, 250 Amniotic fluid specimens in clinical cyto-

549

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

genetics laboratories, 217 Amphibians, handling, 265--6 Anaemia, tests for, 140 Anaesthesia of animals, 52, 56-7 Anaesthetic rooms, ignition sources and ex-

plosions in, 33 Anaesthetic tubes, laser hazards with, 494 Analytical equipment in c1inical chemistry,

201-4 Anarcardiaceae, 521 Animal(s)

laboratory, 51--8, 51-70, 257-66, see also Zoology laboratory

accommodationlhousing, 62, 68-9, 85--6 allergies to, 61-4, 274 carcasses, 270,345--6 handling, 51--8, 257-66 radioisotope use with, 268, 270, 340-1,

345--6 wild, in field-work, 517, 522-3

Annabergite, 520 Anthrax vaccination, 85 Antibiotics, 229 Apes, see Primates Architectural requirements of a laboratory,

7,8 Arsenic-containing minerals, 520 Aspergillus spp., 244, 245 Atmosphere, see also Air

in field-work, hazardous, 504, 506-7 sampling equipment, 126-7

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 532 Audits for radioactive sources, 298 Autoanalysis equipment

in clinical chemistry laboratories, 532 microbiological decontamination, 543

Autoclaves,182-3,240 in new laboratories, 535

Azide hydrogen,543 sodium, 112, 541, 543

Bacteria in botanical laboratories, 243, 243-4 Bacteriological loops, 175--6 Barium hydroxide, 226 Barriers in radiation controlIed areas, 308-9 Bases, see Alkalis and bases BCG vaccination, 76 Becquerel (Bq), 330 Behaviour

chemicals affecting, 105 microwave and radiofrequency radiation

affecting, 407--8 Benches

chemicals and, 118, 120-1 clinical chemistry laboratories, 197,532 microbiological decontamination, 185 in new laboratories, 529, 532, 536 radioactive work on, 338

Beta particIes, 328 Biohazards

in haematological laboratories, 152-6 in zoological laboratories, 273-5

Biological effects ofionizing radiation, 283-5, 315-18, 331-4 of magnetic fields in NMR, 470-5 of ultrasound, 436-40, 442 of UV radiation, 351-63

Biological safety cabinets, 168-72, 185, 222, 278

Biological sampling in field-work, 521-4 Biological waste disposal, see Waste disposal Biopsy material in cIinicai cytogenetics la-

boratories, 218 Birds, handling, 55, 261-3 Bites, anima\, 523 Blending equipment, see Mixing equipment Blood

microwave and radiofrequency radiation effects, 405

in NMR studies hazards from, 461-2 hazardsto, 471-2

specimens, 139-56 in c1inical chemistry laboratories, 196-8,

198,209 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 216,

216-17 from new employee, 78, see also Haema-

tologicallaboratory B100d banks, in new laboratories, 533 Blood cell counters, in new laboratories, 533 Blood grouping machines, in new labora-

tories, 533-4 Blood transfusion laboratory, moving to a

new, 533-4 Bone

cutting, ultrasonic devices, 445 welding, ultrasonic devices, 446

Bone marrow specimens, in clinical cyto-genetics laboratories, 216-17

Booklets, see Manuals Botany laboratory, 233-55 Bottles, see Containers Botulism, 85 Brachytherapy, 294,302-6 Brain, microwave and radiofrequency radia­

tion effects, 404-5

550

INDEX

Breathing apparatus, 128, 513, 520 Breathing-in of chemieals, 133 British Standard BS 5175, 418 British Standard BS 5724 Part 1, 27, 28 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine, 228 Brucella and brucellosis, 65, 71,174 Buccal smears in clinicaI cytogeneties labor­

atories, 218 Buildings

in fieldwork, 501 new, see New facilities vacated, ensuring safety of, 540--4

Burglar alarm systems, ultrasonic, 447, 451-2 Burns, 253-4, 275

chemical, 129,253-4 frrst-aid, 129,253-4

Cabinets laminar air-flow, 168,240-1 (micro)biological safety, 168-72, 185,222,

278 Cadmium vapour from lasers, 495 Cancers, see also Tumours

in animals, human, 66-7 microwave and radiofrequency radiation­

produced hyperthermia in treat­ment of, 417-18

substances/agents causing, see Carcino-gens

Canister respirators, 513-14 Carbon-14,333,340 Carbon dioxide gas cylinders, 229-30 Carbon dioxide incubators, 231 Carcinogen(s),133

in animal research, 67-8 in c1inicaI cytogeneties laboratories, 228-9 in haematologicallaboratories, 151 ionizing radiation as a, 284, 316 microwave and radiofrequency radiation

as,406-7 UV radiation as a, 358

Cardiac arrest ofbrachytherapy patients, 305 Cardiac pacemakers

dental descaling devices interfering with, 445

magnetic fields in NMR interfering with, 466-7

Catalase tests, 179 Cataracts

microwave and radiofrequency radiation-related, 401, 408

near-infrared radiation-related, 482 ultrasonic surgical devices for, 446 UV radiation-related, 363, 376

Cathode ray tubes, magnetic fields in NMR interfering with, 466

Cats handling, 5~ zoonotic disease, 60

Cell(s) magnetic fields in NMR affecting, 472 ultrasonic disrupting devices, 446, 447,

448-9,449-50 Cell banks, 231 Central nervous system, microwave and

radiofrequency radiation effects on,404-5

Centrifugation of infectious material, 178, 223, 230-1 for plasma/serum separation, 196-8

Centrifuges decontaminationlcleaning, 1%-7,542 in new laboratories, requirements, 532, 534 physical danger with, 196,230-1,277

ChemicaIs, 101-37,seealsospecijic (typesof) chemieals

in botanicallaboratories, 236, 240, 248-9, 249-52

in c1inical cytogeneties laboratories, 224-9 containers, 123-31, 249 decontamination, 543-4 in fieldwork

brought on site, 510-11 natural, 520-1

in haematological laboratories, 150-2, 15~

interactions, 107 laser-related hazards, 495 in NMR studies, 460-1 sterilizing (= disinfectants), 52, 181, 182,

183-4,211-12,224,240 storage, 118-19,150,275,531 transfer to new premises, 538, 539 in vacated laboratories, dealing with, 541-

2 waste disposal, 1~, 15~, 207-8, 541 in zoologicaI laboratories, 275

Chemistry, c1inical, see ClinicaI chemistry Chickens, handling, 55, 261-2 Children, radiography, 310 Chlorides of non-metals, 104, 131 Chlorine, 104 l-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 104 Chloroform, 106, 107

acetone mixed with, explosion, 112 Choriomeningitis, Iymphocytic, 60, 86 Chorionic villus sampies in c1inical cytogene­

ties laboratories, 217

551

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

Chromates, 250 Chromic acid, 112, 229 Chromophores, UV radiation, 353-4 Chromosome analysis in the clinical cyto-

genetics laboratory, 215-32 Cigarettes, frres started with, 110 Classification

of electrical equipment, on basis of safety, 29,31

of microbes, on basis of risk, 163-5 of microbiologicallaboratories on basis of

containment, 165--8 Cleaning (and cleaning agents)

in botanicallaboratories, 237 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 197, 202 glassware, 237 in microbiologicallaboratories, 535 in new laboratories, 535

Cleaning baths, ultrasonic, 446-7, 447-8 Cleanliness in botany laboratories, 234-5 Climatological problems in field-work, 514,

516 Clinical chemistry laboratory, 189-213

new, moving to, 531, 532-3 Clinical cytogenetics laboratory, 215-32 Clinical equipment, 41-9

construction 42

Clinical investigations, radioisotopes in, 341-2

Clostridium spp. botulinum, 85 tetani,522

Clothing, protective with animals, 63, 278-9, 523 with chemicals, 127 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 190 in field-work, 513, 514 in haematologicallaboratories, 148-9 in microbiologicallaboratories, 179-80 in new laboratories, 530 with radioisotope use, 268, 339 with UV radiation, 375 in zoologicallaboratories, 278-9

Coagulation disorders, screening, 141 Colchicine, 228 Colour coding of lights and indicators on

electrical equipment, 35 Columbiformes, handling, 262-3 Commercial applications of ultrasound, 451-

2 Committees/organizations, see Safety offi­

cers/representatives/management/ committees

Communication between submarines, ultrasound for, 452 in field-work, 505 radio and television, microwave and radio­

frequency radiation hazards, 414-15

Compressed air supply, in new laboratories, 530

Compressedlpressurized gases ( = gas cylin­ders), 113-14, 122, 204, 229, 239, 275,277,534

Computers, magnetic fields in NMR interfer­ing with, 466

Conduction, electrical safety concerning, 19-20

Confined spaces, field-work in, 506-7 Conjunctivitis, UV radiation-related, 361-2,

376 Construction documents, 11 Construction phase of a laboratory, 11 Containers

chemical, 123-31,249 clinical chemistry specimens, 193-5, 194,

195 disposal, 209

clinical cytogenetics specimens, 219 contamination, 221

microbiological culture, 177 Containment laboratories

classes, 165--8 moving to new premises containing, 534

Contamination, radioactive, 298-9, 339, 340, 346-7, see also Decontamination

control, 270-1, 346-7 Continuing education for laboratory staff, 94 Continuous flow analysers, 201-3 Controlled radiation areas, 308 Cooling equipment, in chemical-containing

laboratories, 123 Coprinus atramentarius, 245 Cornea, see also entries under Kerat­

far-infrared radiation affecting, 484 laser radiation affecting, 484, 489-90, 492 UV radiation affecting, 361, 362-3, 484

Corrosive chemicals, 102, 103-4, 131-5, see also Acids; Alkalis and specific chemieals

in botanical laboratories, 248-9, 249-50, 250

in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 225-6 in haematologicallaboratories, 150, 151

Cradles for access to high sampling points, 509

Crop spraying, 524

552

INDEX

Cryogenic substances, 277-8 Cryomagnets, 463, 465, 469

quenching, 469 Cryostat cabinets, microbiological decon­

tamination, 543 Crystallography, X-ray, 315-25 Culture, microbiological

containers, 177 disposaI, 224

Cupboards chemical storage in, 118 fume, see Fume cupboards

Curie (Ci), 330 Current (electrical)

leakage,29,3O,31-3,36,39 physiological effects, 13--15

Cut(s) first -aid, 253 in zoologicallaboratories, 274-5

Cutaneous problems, see Skin Cutting in surgery, ultrasonic devices, 445 Cyanide, deliberate ingestion of, 108 Cytogenetics laboratory, clinical, 215-32 Cytology and histopathology laboratories,

moving to a new, 535-6 Cytomegalovirus, 87 Cytotoxic chemicals in clinical cytogenetics

laboratories, 228-9

Damage to sealed radioactive sourees, 298-9,304

Deafness, occupational, 519-20 Decontamination, see also Disinfectants;

Sterilization centrifuge, 197,542 chemieal, 543--4 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 197, 202 microbiological, 172, 181-5

ofvacated laboratories, 541, 542-3 radioactive, 270--1, 299, 347, 544

Degradation, chemieal, 156 Deionized water supply, in new laboratories,

529-30 Dental descaling devices, ultrasonic, 443--5 Departmental head, radiological protection

and the role of, 289 Dermatitis, chemicals causing, 102, 104 Descaling devices, dental, 443--5 Desiccant materials, 104 Design

animal house, 62, 68-9 health and safety programmes, 92-3 oflaboratories, 1-12

for botanical research, 233--4

for microbiological research, 165-8 for radioisotope use, 267-8 schematic, 5-6

mechanicaI equipment, 41-9 microwave and radiofrequency radiation­

emitting devices, 423 UV radiation-emitting devices, 373

Designers of mechanical equipment, 42-9 amateur (= scientist), 46-7 design, safety factors

accidental misuse, 44 intentional misuse, 45 normal wear and tear, 43

mechanical hazards, 42, 43 professional,42-5 responsibilities

designer's breadth, 48 in law, 48, 49 maintenance, 48 modification of equipment, 48

Deuterium lamps, 390--1 Deuterium oxide, in NMR studies, 461 Developing countries, field-work in, 516-17 Diagnostic radiology, 306-12, 440--1 Diathermy

in physiotherapy, 409, 415-16 surgical,418

Dielectric heaters, 412-14 Diethyl ether, disposal, 208 Diethylamine disposal, 208 Diffractometry, X-ray, 321 Dimethyl sulphates, 106-7 Diphtheria, 84 Director of Laboratory Medicine, responsi­

bilities for health and safety issues, 91-9

administrator, 91 identification of resources, 93

consultants, 93 ins uran ce, 97 inventory systems, 95 monitoring the health and safety pro­

gramme,95 Management Information System

(MIS),95 reports,95

needs assessment, 92 new facility planning, 98 news media, response to, 97 policy and procedure manuals, 94

RUMBA,94 programme design, 92 quality assurance programme, 98 staff education, 93

553

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

Disaster services, 88 Discarding, waste, see Waste disposal Diseases in field-work, 516-17 Disinfection and disinfectants, 52, 181, 182,

183-4, 211-12, 224, 240, see also Decontamination; Sterilization

in clinical chemistry laboratories, 211-12 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 224 in microbiological laboratories, 181, 182,

183-4 with sealed radioactive sources, 299

Disposables, contaminated, disposal, 224 Disposa1, waste, see Waste disposal Distillation-related frres/explosions, 109-10,

136 Distilled water, 532 DNA work, 215 Doctors, medical supervision by, with radia­

tion hazards, 289 Dog(s)

handling, 56 zoonotic disease, 60

Dog repellers, ultrasonic, 452 Doors in chemical-using laboratories, 117 Doppler ultrasound devices, 440, 441 Drains (and drainage)

chemical hazards and, 121, 125 radioactive waste disposal via, 154

Driving, hazards of, 498-9 Drugs

addictive/abused,108 in clinical investigations, radioactive, 341-

2 Dusts, hazardous, 134

in field-work, 513, 520, 521 Dye lasers, 495

Ears noise hazards, 519-20 ultrasound hazards, 429, 438, 444

Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), 21, 22, 23, 24

Earthing, standards referring to, 30--1 Education and training, staff (in health and

safety programmes), 93-4 in first aid, 512 in haematologicallaboratories, 146 in microbiologicallaboratories, 161-2

Effusions in clinical cytogenetics labora­tories, 218

Electrical (and electronic) apparatus/equip­ment, 13-39, 42, 238-9, see also specific types

in botanicallaboratories, 238-9

classes with respect to safety, 29, 31 in field-work, 503-4, 508, 510-11 high-voltage, 503-4 with lasers, 495 magnetic fields in NMR interfering with,

465-7 in radiography, 310-11 testing/repair/servicing, 18-19, 23-4

in a non-electrical department, 23-4 Electrical Safety Code for Hospital Labora­

tory Equipment (ESCHLE), 28, 36-7

Electrical shock, see Shock, electrical Electricity (power), 13-39

laboratory requirements, 7 emergency, 10

safety standards, 26-39 with chemicals, 120-1 in clinical chemistry, 201-4 development of, 26-7, 37-8 future, 37-8 in haematologicallaboratories, 149-50 implications, 39 philosophies and requirements, 28-37 scope,27-8 in zoologicallaboratories, 276

sockets for supplying, 22, 201 in new laboratories, 529

Electrocardiogram recorders, 25 Electromagnetic radiation, 282, 329-30, 397,

457, see also specific types spectrum of, 398

Electronic equipment, see Electrical appara-tus/equipment

Electron-volt, 330 Electrophoresis tanks, 203 Elevating platforms, 509 Emergencies, see Accidents Emergency 'ofr switch for electricity, 23 Emergency work by clinical chemistry labor-

atories, 206 Encephalitis, Venezuelan equine, 175 Endocrine effects of microwave and radio-

frequency radiation, 403-4 Engraving tools, ultrasonic, 450-1 Elltamoeba, 86 Enteric disease, 80 Envelope type request forms, 193 Environment

electrical safety and the, 16-17 entering an unfamiliar, in fieldwork, 499-

500 Enzymes, 229 Epstein-Barr virus, 217

554

INDEX

Equine encephalitis, Venezuelan, 175 Equipment, see also speciJic (types of) equip­

ment and Instruments chemical hazards in relation to, 116-231 delivery to new laboratory site of

new/existing, 537-8 disposaI. 542-4 fieldwork, 51~11, 511 laboratory equipment, design 41-9 laboratory planning considering, 1~11 in microbiological containment facilities,

167-8 Erythema, u1traviolet ( = sunburn), 355-7

action spectrum for inducing, 356-7 treatment, 392

Erythrite, 520 Ethanol in c1inical cytogenetics laboratories,

227 Ethers

disposaI, 208 organic peroxide-containing, distillation,

109-10 Ethidium bromide, 228 Euphorhiaceae, 521-2 European Community directives on chemi­

caI hazards, 134 Euthanasia, animaI, 52 Evaluation of laboratory planning and con­

struction, 11-12 Explosion(s)

chemical-related, 11~12, 136, 136-7,250, 275

in operating theatres and anaesthetic rooms,33

in zoologicallaboratories, 275, 276 Explosion screens, 137 External controls reducing biohazard risks,

152-3 Eyes

chemical splashes in, treatment, 127, 151-2,530

infection via, 174, 175, 180 laser hazards to, 477, 478-84, 486-7, 489-

90,492-3,495 microwave and radiofrequency radiation

effects on, 400-1, 408 protection, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 UV radiation effects on, 359-63

prevention, 375 treatment, 392

Face masks, 513 Facilities

electrical safety relating to, 15-17

existing, planning, 4 new, see New facilities safety, see Safety equipment/facilities utilization, planning, 3, 5

Faecal specimens, 192-3, 195 analysis, 192-3 containers, 195 disposaI. 210

Falling from heights, 502, 508-9 Farming, pesticide hazards, 523-4 Faults

single, with electrical equipment, 29, 36 two or more, with mechanical equipment,

47 Ferrets, handling, 55 Ferritin, 140 Fetus, ultrasound exposure, 441, 443 Field (specimen collection in the), 497-524 Film badges

for ionizing radiation exposure, 272, 287, 323

polysulphone, for UV radiation exposure, 376-7

Filtration of X-ray beams, 307 Fire(s)

alarm systems, 10, 127 in botanicallaboratories, 254-5 chemical-related, 108-10, 113-14, 127-8,

135-6,226-7,250 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 189-90 electrical equipment as a source of, 34 in fieldwork, 510 fightinglextinguishing systems, 10, 127-8,

136,146,147,147-8,254-5 in new laboratories, 530

in haematological laboratories, 145-6, 146-8

laboratory construction considering, 8 laser-associated, 494, 494-5 persons on, frrst-aid, 254 in radiotherapy units, 305 in zoologicallaboratories, 276

First-aid, 126-7, 129, 252-4 in botanicallaboratories, 252-4 in chemicallaboratories, 126-7, 129 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 206 equipment/supplies, 126-7, 206, 252-3

in new laboratories, 531 in field-work, 512

Fish handling, 266 shoals, ultrasonie detection, 452

Fixatives in c1inical cytogenetics labora­tories, 227

555

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

Flame emission photometer, 203-4 Flammable chemicals, 108-10, 113-14, 135-

6,226-7 in botanicallaboratories, 248, 250 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 21h-7 in haematologicallaboratories, 147, 150 transfer to new premises, 539

Flammable materials, laser hazards with, 494-5

Floor coverings chemicals and, 118 insulating, 20 in new laboratories, 531, 532

Fluorescent lamps, 381-4 Fluorescent tubes, 365 Fluorine gas, 104 Fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray, 321-2 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine,228 Fluoroscopy,308,309 Foot injury, 278 Formol-saline preparation room, 536 Frogs, handling, 265-6 Fume(s)/vapours, toxic or corrosive, 106,

13~5passim

Fume cupboards, 122, 135 in new laboratories, 532-3 radioactive work in, 338

Fumigants, 52 Functional narratives, 6 Fungi

diseases caused by, 243 handling, 244-5

Fungicides, 229 Furnishings, 8

chemicals and, 118 Fusarium spp., 245

Gamma counters, 532 Gamma rays, 329-30, 338 Gases

in flame emission photometry, supply, 203-4

flammable, 11~14 liquified, 11~14, 230, 231 piped, in new laboratories, 529, 532 pressurizedlcompressed (=in cylinders),

11~14,122,204,229,239,275,277,

534 storage, 6-7, 531 toxic, 106, 13~5 passim

in field-work, 504, 506-7, 521 Gauss levels in NMR, 464, 465, 466, 471 Genetic manipulation of microbes, contain­

ment levels for, 166, 167

Geological sampling, 518-21 Germicidal UV radiation-emitting lamps,

379-81 Giardia, 86 Gingiva, ultrasound hazards, 444-5 Glasses/goggles/spectacles for eye protec-

tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Glassware, 237

breakages in botanicallaboratories, 237, 243 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 209,

210 containing clinical cytogenetics speci­

mens,221 in haematologicallaboratories, 153 in zoologicallaboratories, 277

chemical-containing, 123 cleaning, 237 disposal, 210-11 radioactive, decontamination, 544 sterilization, 240 transfer to new premises, 538

Gloves in microbiologicallaboratories, 180 with radioactive materials, 339 in zoologicallaboratories, 278

Glutaraldehyde, 184, 185, 212 Goggleslglasseslspectacles for eye protec-

tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Gray (Gy), 285, 318, 330 Guinea pigs, handling, 54, 260 Gyromitra esculenta, 244-5

Haematologicallaboratory, 139-56 moving to a new, 533-4

Haemostatic abnormalities, screening, 140-1 Halogen gases, 104 Halogenated alkenes, 131 Halogenated organic solvents, metals reac-

ting violently with, 112 Hammers, 518 Hamsters, handling, 54, 259 Hand washing facilities in new laboratories,

530 Hazard laboratories, 122 Hazards, mechanical, in design 41-9 Hazards involved, explaining to prospective

employee, 76-7 Head of department, radiological protection

and the role of, 289 Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), 48-9,

72, 212, 538-9 Health and safety programmes/systems, 91-

9, see also specijic risks

556

INDEX

with chemical hazards, 129-30 with primate-handling staff, 57-8

Health care, 71-89 Heat treatment of AIDS specimens, inactiva­

tion via, 200 Heaters, dielectric, 412-14 Heating

of chemical-containing laboratories, 119-20

by magnetic fields in NMR, 467, 474 by microwave and radiofrequency radia­

tion, 399-401 Heating equipment, in chemica1-containing

laboratories, 123--4 Height, working at, 502, 508--9 Helium venting in NMR, 469-70 Helmets, ventilated, 513 HEPA filters, 169, 170 Hepatitis, 81-3, 152, 198,461-2

in renal units, 199 type B, 82-3,174

Herbarium specimens, 236--7 Herpes (B) virus, simian, 65 Hip replacements, magnetic fields in NMR

interfering with, 467, 468 Histopathology and cytology laboratories,

moving to new, 535-6 HIV infection in health care workers, 87, see

also AIDS Hormonal effects of microwave and radio­

frequency radiation, 403--4 Hospital( s)

electrical equipment produced or modi­fiedin,38-9

electrical safety in, 13-39 microwave and radiofrequency radiation

hazards in, 415-18 Hospital Technical Memorandum 8 (Safety

Code for Electro-Medical Equip­ment), 26, 27, 36

House, animal, see Animals Howie Report (1978), 199 Humidity, electrical safety and, 16--17 Hydrochloric acid, 226 Hydrofluoric acid, 103, 129, 131 Hydrogen, in cylinders, 113 Hydrogen-3,34O Hydrogen azide, 543 Hygiene, personal

in botanicallaboratories, 236 in haematologicallaboratories, 153 with radioactive materials, 339-40

Hyperthermia, microwave and radiofre­quency radiation-induced, 400-1

in cancer therapy, 417-18 Hypochlorites, 184,211-12,224,251 Hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid axis,

microwave and radiofrequency radiation effects, 403--4

Ignition sources in fieldwork, 510 with flammable chemicals, 33, 109 operating theatres and anaesthetic room,

33 Illness, staff absence due to, 87-8 Immune system, microwave and radiofre­

quency radiation effects, 406 Immunization/vaccination, 77, 180

anthrax, 85 BCG, 76, 79 botulism, 85 diphtheria, 84 hepatitis, 82-3 measles,81 mumps, 81 poliomyelitis, 83--4 rabies, 84-5 rubella,81 tetanus, 81 typhoid,80

Implants, magnetic fields in NMR interfering with,467-8

Incandcscent sources of UV, 364, 378-9 Incinerators, 183

radioactive contamination, 304 Incubation of clinical cytogenetics speci­

mens,223 Incubators

carbon dioxide, 231 in new laboratories, 531

Indicators on electrical equipment, colour coding of, 35

Induction course, new recruit, 78 Industry

fieldwork in, 502-3, 507 microwave and radiofrequency radiation

sour ces, 412-14 ultrasound applications, 449-51

Infections, 71-89, 159-85, see also specijic infectionslagents

aerosol-associated risk of, 173, 179, 185,

557

278,445 assessment of risk of, 162-5 in botanicallaboratories, 243--4 in clinical chernistry laboratories, 192, 197 in clinical cytogcnetics laboratories, 215-

24

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

exaßlples,58-61,65-6,78-86,174-5 in field-work, 516-17, 522 froßl anißlals, 51, 58-61, 65-6, 85--6, 273-4 Dlinißlizing risk of, 175-85 in NMR studies, 461-2 routes of, 172-4 in zoologicallaboratories, 273-4, 278

Inflaßlßlable cheßlicals/ßlaterials, see entries under Flaßlßlable

Infrared radiation far-, ocular effects, 484 near-, ocular effects, 482

Ingestion of pathogens, 172-3 of toxic ßlinerals, 520-1

Inhalation of cheßlicals, 133 of infectious organisßlS, 173, see also Aero­

sols Injuries, see also specific types 0/ injuries

in botanicallaboratories, 253 first -aid, 253 in zoologicallaboratories, 275

Inoculation, 240-1 bacteriologicalloops for, 175-6 in botanicallaboratories, 240-1

Inspections of clinical cheßlistry equipßlent, 204 of haeßlatologicallaboratories, 144

Instrußlent rOOßlS, 122 Insulation, electrical safety concerning, 19-

20 lnsurance, laboratory, 97 Intentional ßlisuse of ßlechanical equipßlent,

45 Interactions, cheßlical, 107 Interlocks

ionizing radiation devices, 308, 320 UV radiation devices, 373-4

Internal controls reducing biohazard risks, 152

International COßlßlission on Radiological Protection, 334-6

International Electrotechnical COßlßlission (lEe) standard

Part 1 (601-1), 27, 27-35, 37-8, 38, 311 Part 2 and 3, 27, 38

Interview of prospective laboratory eßl­ployee, 72-7

Inventory systeßls (in health and safety pro­graßlßles),95

for cheßlical stocks, 126 lodine, radio-

in clinical cheßlistry, 204, 205

1-125,204,205,269,273 1-131,273 in zoologicallaboratories, 269

lonizing radiation, see Radiation; X-rays Iron deficiency, tests for, 140

Keratitis Dlicrowave and radiofrequency radiation­

related, 402 photo-, 361-2, 383

Keratoconjunctivitis, UV radiation-related, 376

Labels/ßlarkings/notices/signs on electrical equipßlent, 35 in hazardous areas, 17, 322 in new laboratories, 530 for UV radiation hazards, 373

Laboratories, see specific aspects and compo­nents

Laßlinar air-flow systeßls/cabinets, 168,240-1

in new laboratories, 535 Laßlps!Iights, see also Lighting

on electrical equipßlent, colour coding, 35 UV-eßlitting, 364-6, 369, 377-91

Laportea, 246, 247 Lasers, 477-95

classification (according to eye hazard), 486-7

diffuse viewinglexposure, 480-1, 490-2, 492-3

extended-source viewinglexposure, 480-1, 481-2,483,483-4,490-1

hazards, 478-95 incidental, 494-5

intrabeaßl viewinglexposure, 480, 481, 482, 482-3,483-4,490

lißliting apert ure, 486 optically-aided viewing, 489-90 power ßleasureßlent, 494 pulsed sour ces

of longer pulse duration, 485 of short pulse duration, 485

safety caiculations, 490-2 safety politics and practices, 495 safety standards, 478 sßlall-source viewinglexposure, 480, 490-1

Lassa fever virus, 65 Law and legislation

on cheßlical waste disposal, 125 clinical cheDlistry laboratories and, 212 designers/ßlanufacturers/suppliers of

ßledical equipßlent and, 48-9

558

INDEX

haematologicallaboratories and, 142 on radiation work, 342-4

Layout chemical accident prevention related to,

114,116 electrical safety relating to, 17

Lead aprons, 309 Leakage(s)

from radioactive sources, 298-9, 306-7 from specimen packages, 220-1

Leakage current, 29, 30, 31-3, 36, 39 Legislation, see Law Lens, see also Cataracts

far-infrared radiation affecting, 484 u1traviolet radiation affecting, 484

Lepiota spp., 244 Leptospirosis, 86 Leukaemias

diagnostic tests, 140 infection in patients with, 216, 217

Leukocyte studies, 140 Light(s)!1amps, see Lamps Lighting

in ehemieal-eontaining laboratories, 120 eleetrieal safety and, 16 in new laboratories, 531 UV radiation emitted by, 378-9, 382, 385-

7,389 Liquified gases, 113-14,230, 231, 277~ Lizards, handling, 264 Locations, see Positions Lockers in new laboratories, 530 Lone workers in the field, 504-5 Lymph node specimens in c1inical cytogene­

ties laboratories, 218 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 60, 86

Macrocytic anaemia, tests for, 140 Macromolecuies, magnetic fields in NMR

affecting, 472 Magnetic fields (in NMR), 457

hazards with directlbiological,470-5 indirect, 462-70 safety recommendations, 469-70, 475

radiofrequency, 474, 475 static or main, 471-2, 475 time-varying, 472-3, 475

Magnetic resonanee, nuclear, 457-75 hazards, see Magnetic fields imaging by, 422, 459, 460, 463, 464, 467,

468,469,470,471,472,474 spectroscopy, 459, 460, 463, 465, 471

Magnetostrictive desealing devices, 445

Magnetron, 418 Mains part of electrieal equipment, design,

34-5 Mains supply, failure in teieradiotherapy,

301-2 Maintenance of c1inical chemistry equip­

ment, 204 Maintenance staff, chemical hazards to, 116 Management, safety, see Safety officers/rep­

resentatives/management Manualslbooklets etc. on health and safety

policy/rules/procedure, 94 in chemical-containing laboratories, 130 in haematologicallaboratories, 142, 143-

56 in microbiologicallaboratories, 159-60

Marburg disease/virus, 65, 86 Marking, see Labels Masks

dust, 520 face, 513 surgical, 180

Measles vaccination, 81 Measurement difficulties in field-work, 514-

15 Mechanical equipment, see also specijic types

design, 41-9 in field-work, 502-3, 510 in zoologicallaboratories, 276-7

Mechanical requirements of a laboratory, 7, 8

Media, news, accidents/emergencies and the, 97~

Medical equipment, electrical, 25-39 Medical questionnaire of prospective labor­

atory employee, 76, 77 Medical record cards, 77 Medical supervision

in microbiologicallaboratories, 180-1 with radiation hazards, 289, 290

Medium wave radio transmitters, radiation hazards, 414,415

Melanin, UV radiation effects on, 357~ Men, sterility in, microwave and radiofre­

quency radiation-related, 402-3 Meningococci, 175 Mercury, 106

minerals containing, 520 Mercury vapour discharge lamps, 364-5,

379~9

low-pressure, 379~ medium and high-press ure, 385-9 very high-pressure, 399

Metal(s), see also specijic metals

559

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

alkali, explosion risk with, 112 welding of, ultrasonic instruments used in,

450 Metal halide lamps, 399 Metalwork, electrical safety concerning, 19-

20 Methanol in clinical cytogenetics labora­

tories, 227 Methotrexate, 228 Mice

handling, 55, 258--9 zoonotic disease, 60

Microbe( s)/micro-organisms air as an environment for, 234-5 in botanicallaboratories, 234-5, 243-4 classification on basis of risk, 163

Microbiological decontamination, see De­contamination

Microbiological research, 159--85 with animals, 65--6 moving to a new laboratory for, 534-5 risk of infection, 65-6, 162-5, 243-4

assessment, 162-5 (Micro)biological safety cabinets, 168--72,

185,222,278 Microbiological waste disposal, 177, 184,238 Microcytic anaemia, tests for, 140 Microscopes

in botanicallaboratories, 242 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 231 diffuse laser radiation viewed through,

492-3 slides, 176

Microsporon, 86 Microtomes, 242,277 Microwave(s) and radiofrequency radiation,

397-423 exposure levels, recorded, 408--20 exposure standards, 420--2 harmful consequences, possible, 397-408 precautions, 422-3 propagation, 408--9 sensors/detectors, 409, 409-10 sources, 409,410,411-20

Microwave diathermy, 415 Microwave ovens, 418--19

radiation emitted by, 418 detectors, 410

other hazards, 419 Minerals, toxic, 520--1 Misuse of mechanical equipment, 44-5 Mitomycin-C, 228 Mixing/shakinglblending/stirring equipment

in chemicallaboratories, 124

in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 223 in microbiologicallaboratories, 178--9

Mobile laboratory, 511 Monitoring, of heaIth and safety pro-

grammes, 96-7 Monkeys, see Primates Mouse, see Mice Mucuna spp., 246 Mumps vaccination, 81 Muscle, magnetic fields in NMR affecting,

474 Museum, botanical specimens for the, 236-7 Mushrooms, handling, 244-5 Muzzling of dogs, 56 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 65, 79 Mycoses,243 Mycotoxins, 244

National Radiological Protection Board (UK)

on microwave radiation, 417, 422 on NMR procedures, 475

Natural hazards in field-work, 516, 520--3 Nebulizers, ultrasonic, 447 Needles, hypodermic

disposal, 177,210--11 infection via, 173, 175, 176-7,223

Needs assessment for health and safety pro-grammes,92

Negative pressure isolators, 68, 69 Neodymium-YAG lasers, 475, 494 Nerve conduction, magnetic fields in NMR

affecting, 472 Nervous system, microwave and radiofre­

quency radiation effects, 404--5 Neuro-endocrine effects of microwave and

radiofrequency radiation, 403-4 Neutrons, 329 New facilities!Iaboratories

moving to, 527-44 planning, 4-5, 98--9

News media and accidents/emergencies, 97-8

Nitrogen, liquid, 114,230,231,277--8 Noise in geological field-work, 518--19, 519-

20 Notices, see Labels/markings/notices/signs Nuclear magnetic resonance, see Magnetic

resonance, nuclear

Observation difficulties in field-work, 514-15 Odourless chemical hazards, 134-5 Office in clinical chemistry laboratory, 191-2 Oncogenic material, human, in animals, 6&-7

560

INDEX

Operating theatres, see also Surgery ignition sources and explosions in, 33 laser safety in, 494

Organic liquids, fire/explosion risks with, 108-10, 112, 136, see also Solvents

Osmie acid, 251 Out-patients reception of c1inical chemistry

laboratory, 191 Ovens, microwave, see Mierowave ovens Overheating of electrical equipment, 33-4 Overseas, field-work, 516-17 Oxidizing agents, see also specijic agents

in botanicallaboratories, 249-50 contact with, 104 explosions, 112

Oxygen liquid, 114 pressurized, 113

Ozone,391-2

Pacemakers, cardiac, see Cardiac pacema-kers

Paracetamol analysis, 206 Paraffin blocks, storage, 536 Paratyphoid, 80, see also Salmonella Parrots, handling, 263 Parthenium hysterophorns, 248 Passeriformes, handling, 262-3 Pasteure//a aularensis, 243-4 Patients

out -, reception, of c1inical chemistry labor­atory,l91

safety of with electrical equipment, 25-39 passim with mechanical equipment, 41-9 in radiography, 310, 312 in radiotherapy, 293-4, 305~

Perchloricacid/perchlorates, 111-12, 249-50 Peroxides, organic, ethers containing, distil­

lation, 109-10 Personal hygiene/protection, see Hygiene;

Proteetion Pesticides, 523-4 Petri dishes, 177 Phacoemulsification, 446 Pharmaceuticals, radioactive, 341-2 PharmacoIite, 520 Phenol, 102, 103, 130 Phenolic disinfectants, 184 Phonophoresis, 449 Phosphoric acid disposal, 208 Photocarcinogenesis, 358 Photokeratitis, 361-2, 383 Photometer, flame emission, 203-4

Photosensitivity, UV-related, 358-9 Physiotherapy

diathermy in, microwave and radiofre­quency radiation emitted by, 409, 415-16

ultrasound in, 442 Picrie acid

contamination, vacating laboratories with, 541

disposaI, 207 PiezoeJectric descaling devices, 445 Pigment epithelium, laser damage to, 478-80 Pipetting

in botanicallaboratories, 242 in c1inical ehemistry laboratories, 190, 195,

196 with infeetious organisms, 172, 176 by mouth, 172, 176

Planning, see also Layout of laboratory modification/construction,

1-5,98-9 of move to new laboratory, 527--8

Plants, 243--8, see also Botany laboratory allergens, 248, 522 in field-work, 521-2 handling, 243--8 poisonous, 244, 246-7, 521-2

Plasma disposal, 209 separation, 196-7

Plastic bags for c1inical chemistry specimens, 192, 194 for c1inical cytogenetics specimens, 220

leakages from, 221 Plastic welding, ultrasonic instruments used

in, 450 Pleural effusions in c1inical cytogenetics la­

boratories, 218 Plumbing, see also specijic parts

chemical hazards and, 121, 125 in new laboratories, 529 requirements, 7, 10, 121

Poisons, see also specijic poisons chemical, see Toxic chemicals deJiberate ingestion of, 108 first -aid, 254 plant, 244, 246-7, 521-2

Policy and procedure manuals, see Manuals Poliomyelitis, 83-4 Pollen allergy, 248 Polysulphone film badges, for UV radiation

exposure,376-7 Portable safety equipment in fieJd-work, 511 Positions

561

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

awkwardlcramped, fieldwork in, 509-10 hazardous, fieldwork in, 507-9

Positive pressure isolators, 63-4 Post -mortem material in clinical cytogenetics

laboratories, 218 Potassium, 112 Potassium hydroxide, 226 Pouring of infectious material, 178, 223 Power, see Electricity Pregnancy (and at childbearing age)

chemical hazards in, 105 infections in, 87,181 ionizing radiation hazards in, 287-8, 312,

332,335,342 rnicrowave radiation hazards in, 403

Preservation of botanical specimens, 236-7 Pressure equipment, 125 Pressurizedlcompressed gases ( = gas cylin-

ders), 113-14, 122, 204, 229, 239, 275,277,534

Prickly plants, 245 Primates

handling, 56-8 zoonotic disease, 60-1

Procedure manuals, policy and, see Manuals Programmes

health and safety, see Health and safety programmes

quality assurance, 98 ß-Propiolactone, 199-200 Protection of the person (clothing/equip­

ment/measures used in), see also Clothing

with animals, 278-9, 523 in botanicallaboratories, 235-Q with chemicals, 127 in clinical chemistry laboratories, 190 in field-work, 513-14, 523 in haematologicallaboratories, 148-9 from ionizing radiation exposure, 268,

288-312,339-40 with laboratory animals, 63-4 with lasers, 487-9 in microbiologicallaboratories, 179-80 from microwave and radiofrequency radi-

ation,423 from UV radiation, 374-6 in zoologicallaboratories, 278-9

Psittaciformes, handling, 263

Quails, handling, 262 Quality assurance programmes, 98 Quarantine, animal, 59-60 Quarries, 505

Quinacrine mustard, 228

Rabbits handling, 53-4, 261 wonotic disease, 60

Rabies vaccination, 84-5 Rad, 330 Radar, 411-12 Radiation, 328, see also specijic types

ionizing, see Radiation, ionizing non-ionizing, 349-497

Radiation, ionizing, 281-313, 315-48 biological effects, 283-5, 315-18, 331-4 in botanicallaboratories, 251-2 in clinical chernistry laboratories, 192,204-

6 designation of persons exposed to, 290 dosages and dose limits, 284, 286-8, 317-

18,334-6 occupational, 284, 286-8,290,303,317-

18,334-6 patient, 310, 312

evaluation and control, 271-3 external, 271-2, 272 in haematologicallaboratories, 153-4 internal, 272, 272-3 monitoring of exposure to, 154, 272-3,

286-8,323,340 sealed sources of (in X-ray-mediated diag­

nosis and therapy), 294-300 storage of substances emitting, 294-5, 297,

339 unsealed sources of, 337-40 in X-ray-mediated diagnosis and therapy,

281-313 in zoologicallaboratories, 267-73, 275-Q

Radiation (radiologieal) protection adviser, 288

Radiation (radiological) protection supervi­sor/radiological safety officer, 291, 296-7,343-4

Radiation (radiologieal) safety committee, 289-90

Radio transmitters, radiation hazards, 414-15

Radioactivity, 328 decontamination, 270-1, 299, 347, 544 units, 285, 318, 330

Radiofrequency magnetic fields, 474, 475 Radiofrequency radiation, see Microwaves

and radiofrequency radiation Radiography, technique, 309-10 Radioimmunoassays, 204-5, 269, 541-2

in clinical chemistry laboratories, equip-

562

INDEX

ment for, 532 Radioisotopes/radionuclides, 327-48, see

also specific isotopes handling, 153-4,204-6,251-2,268-9,275-

6,337-44 toxicity classification, 333-4 waste disposal, 154, 269-70, 344--6

Radiotherapy, 291-306 microwave and radiofrequency radiation­

produced hyperthermia as an ad­junct to, 417-18

Raman spectroscopy, 493 Rats

handling, 55, 260 zoonotic disease, 60

Reagents, in clinical cytogenetics labora-tories, 224-9

Record(s), for radioactive sources, 298 Record cards, medical, 77 Recycling, chemical, 156 Refrigerators, 124

flammable solvents in, 109, 150 microbiological decontamination, 542 in new laboratories, 531

Registers for radioactive sources, 298 Reproductive system, microwave and radio­

frequency radiation effects on, 402-3, see also Pregnancy

Reptiles, handling, 263--5 Request forms, 194, 195, 220

contamination, 221 Residual current (earth leakage) circuit

breakers (RCCB/ELCB), 21, 22, 23,24

Resources, for health and safety pro­grammes,93

Respiratory protective equipment, 128, 513, 520

Responsibilities of designers of mechanical equipment, 48-

9 of Director of Laboratory Medicine, 91-9

monitoring the health and safety pro­gramme95-7

policy and procedure manuals 94 quality assurance programme 98

staff education 93 of safety officers/management

in haematologicallaboratories, 143 in microbiologicallaboratories, 160--1

Retina, laser hazards to, 478-84, 489-90 Rhus, 246, 247 Rock sampies, toxic, 520--1 Rodents

handling, 54-5, 259--60 zoonotic disease, 60

Roentgen, 318 Ropes,509 Rubella,81 RUMBA concept, 94-5

Safety cabinets, (micro)biological, 168-72, 185,222,278

Safety equipment!facilities/systems with chemicals, 126-8 in field-work

back-up preventative, lack of, 511 for emergencies, lack of, 511 unfamiliarity with, 512-13

Safety of patients 41-9 Safety in Pathology Laboratories (1972), 198 Safety manuals, see Manuals Safety officers/representatives/manage-

ment!administrationlcommittees in haematologicallaboratories, 142, 143 in microbiologicallaboratories, 160--1 with radiological protection, 288--90, 291,

2%-7,324-5,423 Salmonella spp., 86

paratyphi A, 65, see also Paratyphoid typhi,80

Sampies in field-work, hazardous, 515-16 Sampling in field-work, 514-15, 517-24

difficulties with, 514-15 specialist, 517-24

Scalpel blades, disposal, 224 Schick test, 84 Scientists as amateur designers of mechan­

ical equipment, 46--7 Screen( s )/shields

explosion, 137 radiation, 303, 306, 319, 320-1, 338

Screening of animals for infection, 59--60 for haematological disordt:rs, 140-1

Seating, electrical safety relating to, 20 Semen specimens, handling of, 200-1 Serum

disposaI, 209 separation, 1%-7

Service(s) emergency, remoteness from, in fieldwork,

512 laboratory, chemical hazards in relation to,

116-22 Service contracts for clinical chemistry

equipment, 204 Sewerage, see Drains

563

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

Shaking equipment, see Mixing equipment Sharps, 274-5

disposal, 177,210-11,224 infection from, 173, 175, 176-7,223

Shelving, in new laboratories, 531 Shields, see Screens Shigella, 86 Shock, eIectrical

first -aid, 154 protection from risk of, 20-2

Short-wave radiofrequency diathermy, 409, 415

Showers, emergency/safety, 127, 151-2 in new laboratories, 533, 536

Shutter failure in teleradiotherapy, 300-1 Sievert (Sv), 285, 318 Signs, see Labels/markings/notices/signs Single-fault conditions with electrical equip-

ment, 29, 36 Single (lone) workers in the field, 504-5 Sinks

chemical hazards and, 121 in new laboratories, 529, 536

Skin biopsy material, in clinical cytogenetics la-

boratories, 218 infection via, 173 laser hazards to, 477, 484-5 plants affecting, 246-7, 521 toxic chemical contact with, 251

precautions against, 133, 251 ultrasound hazards to, 447-8, 448-9 UV radiation effects on, 351-9

prevention, 375 treatment, 392

Slides, microscopy, 176 Smallpox virus, 65 Smelliness of laboratories, hazard indicated

by,135 Snakes, handling, 264-5 Sodium,112 Sodium azide, 121,541,543 Sodium hydroxide, 226 Solvents (organic), 105-6

flammable, 1O~10, 135, 136, 150 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories,

226-7 in haematologicallaboratories, 150

halogenated, metals reacting violently with,112

in NMR studies, 461 skin problems, 105

Sound, audible, with ultrasound, 438 Space(s)

confincd, field-work in, 506-7 requirements (in laboratory design), 3, 4,

5,6 in chemical-containing laboratories, 117

Specimens, see also specijic types 01 speci­mens

in botanicallaboratories disposaI, 237-8 preservation and storage, 236-7 processing, 242-3

in clinical chemistry laboratories, 193-201, ~1O

disposal, ~ 10 reception, 191, 192-201

in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 215-24

collection/packaging/transport, 21~20 disposaI, 224 processing, 222-3 reception, 220-3 risks with, 215-18

field collection, 497-524 Spectacles/glasses/goggles for eye protec-

tion, 180, 278, 487-9, 522 Spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, 321-2 Spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, 532 Spectroscopy

lasers in, 493 magnetic resonance, 459, 460, 463, 465, 471 Raman,493

Spillages chemical, 132-3, 133, 190

kits for, 128 radioactive, 154

in clinical chemistry laboratories, 189-90 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 223 infectious material, 184-5, 185,223

Spinous plants, 245, 247 Spleen specimens in clinical cytogenetics

laboratories, 218 Spraying of crops, 524 Sputum specimens, handling of, 200-1 Staff

education, see Education in field-work, 497-524 laboratory

absence due to illness, 87-8 fitness for employment, 72-7 health care, 71-89 mechanical equipment design concern­

ing, 41-9 transfer from old to new premises, 540

maintenance, chemical hazards to, 116 radiotherapy unit, protection, 293

564

INDEX

safety, see Safety officers senior, secondment to new premises, 537

Stains in botanicallaboratories, 242 Static electrical energy, 20 Sterility, male, microwave and radiofre­

quency radiation-related, 402-3 Sterilization, 181, 182-3, 239--40, see also De­

contamination; Disinfectants in botanicallaboratories, 239--40 in microbiological laboratories, new fa­

cilities for, 535 of sealed radioactive sources, 299 with UV radiation-emitting lamps, 379-81

Stillbirth material in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 217-18

Stings animal, 523 plant, 247, 521

Stirring equipment, see Mixing equipment Stock, animal, density of, 62-3 Storage

areas, electrical safety relating to, 17 botanical specimens, 236-7 chemicals, 118-19, 150,275,531 gases, 6--7, 531 radioactive substances, 294-5, 297, 339

Strongyloides, 86 Structural requirements of a laboratory, 7 Sunburn, see Erythema Sunlamps, 384, 388

fluorescent, 384 Superconducting magnets, 463, 468-9

quenching, 468-9 Surfaces, chemicals and, 118 Surgery, see also Operating theatres

diathermy in, 418 instruments, 277 lasers in, 494 ultrasonic devices, 445--6

Swimmers, strong, undertaking work in water,509

Symbols on electrical equipment, 35 Synergistic effects of chemicals, 107 Syringes

disposal, 177,210--11,224 infection via, 173, 175, 176--7, 223

Teeth descaling devices, ultrasonic, 443--5 Tele(radio)therapy (external beam therapy),

294,297,300--2 Television transmitters, radiation hazards,

414-15 Tesla levels in NMR, 464, 465, 466, 471, 472,

473,475

Testicular biopsy material in clinical cyto-genetics laboratories, 218

Tetanus, 81, 522 12.0-Tetradecanoylyphorbol-13-acetate, 229 Tetrahydrofuran, distillation, 109-10 Thermal effects of microwave and radiofre-

quency radiation, 399-401 Thermoluminescent badges for radiation ex-

posure, 272, 287, 323 Thorns,245 Threshold limit values, 134 Thymus specimens in clinical cytogenetics

laboratories, 218 Thyroid, microwave and radiofrequency

radiation effects, 403--4 Tidiness in botany laboratories, 234-5 Tissues

ionizing radiation doses limits to, 284, 335 ultrasonic homogenization/disruption de-

vices, 446,447,448-9,449-50 Toluene disposal, 207 Tools, geological, 518 Toxic (poisonous) chemicals, 102, 105-7,

108, 131-5, see also specijic chemi­cals and Poisons

in botanicallaboratories, 248, 251 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 228-9 in haematologicallaboratories, 150, 151 natural, in geological field-work, 520--1

Toxic gases/atmospheres, see Gas Toxic radionuclides, classification, 333--4 Toxicodendron radicans, 521 Toxicoses, 243 Toxocara, 86 Toxoplasma, 86 Training, see Education Transferrin,14O Transformers

construction and protection of, 34-5 isolating, 21-2

portable, 24 Transport

of clinical cytogenetics specimens, 218-20 of equipment/chemicals/staff to new la­

boratory premises, 537-9 in field-work, hazards of, 498-9 of sealed radioactive sources, 295, 297, 299

Travelhazards, 498-9 Trichoph)!.ton, 86 Tritium eH), 340 Tuberculosis, 76, 78-9, 86, 181 Tumour(s)

in animals, human, 66--7 malignant, see Cancer; Carcinogens

565

HANDBOOK OF LABORATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

specimens of, in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 218

Tumour viruses, 66-7, 86 Tungsten ballastedlblended lamp (MBT),

385-7,388 Tungsten filament lamps, 364, 378, 385-7 Tungsten halogen lamps, 364, 378-9 Turkeys, handling, 262 Typhoid,80,174

UHF (ultra-high frequency) transmitters, radiation hazards, 414, 415

Ultrasound, 427-52 absorption, 430-1 acoustic cavitation, 432-3 acoustic mismatch, 430 air-borne, 434-5, 438-40, 440, 447, 450, 451 applications, 428

commercial,451-2 industrial, 449-51 laboratory, 446-9 medicaI, 440-6

biological effects, 436-40, 442 dosimetry, 433-6 exposure limits, 436-40, 440 liquid-borne, 435, 436-8, 452 physical properties, 428-9 point sources and beams, 429 precautions, 440-52 propagation, 429-30 solid-borne, 435-6 standing waves, 433 surface waves and atomization, 431-2

Ultraviolet radiation, 241, 349-92 -A

detectors, 371-2 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 364, 365, 381, 382,382-3,

383-4,387,388,389 ocular effects, 361, 363 spectral range, 350, 351

-B carcinogenicity, 358 detectors, 368-71 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 364, 365, 381, 382, 383,

384, 388, 389 ocular effects, 361 spectral range, 350,351 vitamin D production induced by, 358

biological effects, 351-63, 484 -c

detectors, 368-71 erythema induced by, 355, 357 exposure standard, 366 eye protection, 376 lamps emitting, 383, 388, 389 ocular effects, 361 spectral range, 350, 351

exposure to instruments for assessing, 368-72 personal monitoring, 376-7 standards for, 366-8

lasers emitting, 484 overexposure to

at-risk groups, 349 protection from, 374-6 treatment, 392

reflected, minimizing, 374 sources producinglemitting, 350, 363-6,

377-91 Underwater communication/detection,

ultrasound for, 452 Urine specimens

containers, 194 disposal, 210

Urtica spp., 246, 247, 5521

Vaccination, see Immunization Vacuum equipment, 125 Vacuum lines in new laboratories, 530 Vapours, toxic or corrosive, 106, 133-5 pas-

sim Vehicle hazards, 498-9 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 175 Ventilated heimets, 513 Ventilation, 8

in animal houses, 62 in chemical-containing laboratories, 119-

20 in new laboratories, 533

VHF (very-high frequency) transmitters, radiation hazards, 414, 415

Vibration in geological field-work, 518-19 Video display terminals, 419-20 Vinblastine, 228 Vinyl chloride, 131 Viruses, tumour, 66-7, 86, see also speci/ic

viruses Visible radiation, maximum permissible ex­

posure, 481 Vitamin D production, UV radiation-in­

duced,358 Voltages, electrical safety concerning, 18, 24

566

INDEX

Volunteers in clinieal investigations, radioi­sotopes administered to, 342

Warnings, see Labels Washing faeilities, hand, in new laboratories,

530 Waste bins, solvent fires in, 110 Waste disposal, 154-6

biological, 208-10, 224, 238, 270, 345, 462, 536

micro-, 177, 184,238 in botanicallaboratories, 237-8 ehemical, 125-6, 155-6, 207-8, 541 in elinical ehemistry laboratories, 206--12 in clinical cytogenetics laboratories, 224 in haematologicallaboratories, 154, 154-6 in new laboratories, 536 radioaetive, 154, 269-70, 344-6

Water ehemicals reaeting violently with, 112 deionized,529-3O distilled, 532 drinking, infeetion acquired from, 517 supplies, 121

in field-work, 506, 517 in new laboratories, 529, 529-30, 532

Water baths, 232 mierobiologieal deeontamination, 542

Water courses, falling into, 509 Wear and tear of equipment, 43-4 Weather problems in field-work, 514, 516 Welding

bone, ultrasonie instruments used in, 446 plasticlmetal, ultrasonie instruments used

in, 450 Wire-drawing, ultrasound applications in,

450

Women in pregnancy (and of ehildbearing age), see Pregnancy

Work, type of, involvedlundertaken eleetrical safety relating to, 18-19 explaining to prospeetive employee, 76-7

Work site, diffieulties of access to, 500-1 Work stations, attribute requirements, 6-10 Work systems in operation in field-work, 512 Workload considerations in laboratory de-

sign, 3,5

Xenon lamps, 390 X-rays, 281-326, 329-30, 336

automatie exposure control, 308 beams

fIltration, 307 restrietion, 307

biologieal effeets, 283-5, 315-18, 331 erystallography, 315-25 diagnostie use, 181,306-12 dosages and dose limits, 317-18

occupational, 284, 286-8, 290, 317-18 patient, 310, 312

generators and tubes, 306-7, 319-20 measurement, 285 monitoring of exposure to, 286-8, 323 nature, 282-3 sealed sourees, 294-300 therapeutie use, 291-306

Xylene,227

Yersinia spp., 86 pestis, 65

Zoology laboratory, 257-79 Zoonoses,51,58-61,65-6,85-6,273-4

567