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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2015

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Ayurveda - Review Article – Dravya Guna

CONTRIBUTION OF DHANWANTARI NIGHANTU TOWARDS DRUG SAFETY: A CRITICAL

REVIEW

Anagha Ranade*, Rabinarayan Acharya 20–29

Ayurveda - Review Article – Moulika Siddhanta

CONCEPT OF LIFESTYLE IN AYURVEDA CLASSICS

Saylee Deshmukh*, Mahesh Vyas , Hitesh Vyas, Dwivedi R R 30–37

Ayurveda – Kaumarabhritya

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF

MENTAL RETARDATION

Deepa Makhija*, Pratap Makhija, Babasaheb Patil 38–45

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KARNATAKA, INDIA

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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

CONTRIBUTION OF DHANWANTARI NIGHANTU TOWARDS

DRUG SAFETY: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Anagha Ranade1*, Rabinarayan Acharya

2

1PhD scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, G.A.U, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

2Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, G.A.U, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding Author: anagharanade11@gmail.com

Received: 02/01/2015; Revised: 25/01/2015; Accepted: 03/02/2015

ABSTRACT

The concern about safety of Ayurvedic medicines is augmented with their increased use globally.

The concept of Pharmacovigilance in Ayurveda is taking roots in this line. Acharyas have already

cautioned about the optimum and careful drug usage in Ayurveda. Pertaining to Dravyaguna, the

Nighantus give a vivid drug to drug description along with its pharmacovigilant aspects.

Dhanwantari nighantu, one of the oldest among them specifies adverse effects of drugs and even

food items. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the pharmacovigilant aspects of certain

medicinal plants documented in Dhanwantari nighantu.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacovigilance, Ayurveda, Dhanwantari Nighantu

Review article

Cite this article:

Anagha Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya (2015), CONTRIBUTION OF DHANWANTARI

NIGHANTU TOWARDS DRUG SAFETY: A CRITICAL REVIEW,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(2): 20–29

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

Pharmacovigilance also known as Drug

Safety, is the pharmacological science relating

to the collection, detection, assessment,

monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects

with pharmaceutical products (Anonymous,

2002). In this modern era of medicine, this

branch is gaining attention and moreover the

broad target is the evaluation of safety and

efficacy of traditional systems of medicine;

Ayurveda being on the top in the list as regards

to its manifold usage across the globe.

Ayurveda has way back considered the drug

to be a double-edged sword and cautioned

about its adverse reactions (Yadavji Trikamji,

2011). Ayurvedic literature gives detailed

description of drug-drug and drug-food

incompatibilities which has been included in

various Samhitas (treatise) in proper (Yadavji

Trikamji, 2011). The varied modes of

prevention of many undesired events have also

been highlighted by advocating usage of

techniques of Shodhana (detoxification) in

some compendias (Indradeo tripathi, 2011).

Samhitas have portrayed the vigilance of

adverse effects of drug while denoting the

treatment module e.g. in case of administration

of Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn),

prior intake or application of ghee internally in

the oral cavity is indicated to avoid adverse

effects (Yadavji Trikamji, 2011). Other literary

sources like Nighantus (lexicons) have entailed

a vivid description of pharmacotherapeutic

properties of individual drugs which is lacking

in Samhitas. The side effects have been

reported subtly in these texts. In the recent

literature, Pharmacopoeias have specified

various tests and permissible limits of toxic

material in crude drugs. (Anonymous, 2007)

Among the lexicons, Dhanwantari

Nighantu is one of the oldest texts which a

distinctive categorization of drugs manner in

the form of 7 different Vargas based upon their

morphology and therapeutic value (P V

Sharma, 2008). The author has given an

account of poisons and their classification (P V

Sharma, 2008). The text has given a lucid

explanation of the adverse effects of individual

medicinal drugs. Thus, the pharmacovigilance

aspect has been taken into consideration in

Ayurveda too. The present review is about the

possible adverse effects caused by

inappropriate administration of some medicinal

plants that have been documented by author of

Dhanwantari Nighantu. The observations have

been given in a tabular form consisting of the

name of the plant, part used, botanical name, its

effect on dosha, dhatu, mala and others.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: (Table 1)

The observed data in relation to the possible

adverse effects of drugs mentioned in

Dhanwantari Nighantu have been tabulated in

table -1.

Drugs: Dhanwantari nighantu comprises of a

total of 373 drugs. Out of them, the

pharmacovigilant aspects of 140 drugs have

been found to be denoted after a thorough

review through the text. Among them, 88 drugs

are of plant origin, 2 are of kshara (alkali

preparation) and 2 are lavana (salts) followed

by 11 dravyas of mineral origin, 24 drugs are of

animal origin, 9 belong to alcoholic

preparations and 4 belong to jala varga.

The adverse reactions of the respective useful

parts has been mentioned but out of 87 drugs of

plant origin, the direct reference of part used is

given in case of 65 drugs. The rest is unclear.

The botanical identity of certain plant drugs

like Kashthapatala, Vaalukam, Shirnavrinta,

Satala, Shuklabandi, Rakta apamarga, Renuka,

Lamajjak, Shweta kambhoji, Rajakshavak,

Sumukh, Shara, Kshudramlika, Mada is not

specified clearly.

Dosha karma: Among the 140 dravyas, 29

have been reported to vitiate Vatadosha; 31

have been reported to Vitiate Pitta dosha; 13

have been reported to vitiate Shleshma dosha

and 9 have been mentioned to cause Tridosha

vitiation.

Dhatu karma: Among the 140 dravyas, In

relation to adverse effect on dhatus (tissue

system), only 8 references are available among

which 5 are raktadhatu pradushaka, one is

sarvadhatupradushak (Ashuddha Tamra-

copper) and the remaining 2 are shukranashana

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

(Nishpav- Dolichos lablab L) & Ashuddha

Raupya (crude silver).

Mala karma: Data on adverse effects of 7

drugs is available on malas. Among them three

are Mutravriddhikara (quantitative increase in

urine) (Kshira vidari, Ikshu, Nishpav); one

(Dhanyamash) is stated to be bahumala

(increasing excretory matter production); one

(Aashu vrihi) is stated to be Bahuvinmutra

whereas two (Tila & Ashwa dahi) are

alpamutrakrit (decreasing urine output).

Others: 6 dravyas have been mentioned as

Atisheeta (very cold in potency), 4 drugs are

Vantikrit (emetic), 14 are specified to possess

Vishtambhakari (obstruction of flatus)

property; 9 are mentioned to be Durjara; 12 are

stated to be Atyushna (increased hot potency)

and Tikshna; 4 are Madakrit (stupefying); 5 are

virya nashana (causing impotency). Apart from

this, many are reported to cause ocular

disorders, giddiness and diarrhoea.

Guduchyadi Varga: In this varga, the adverse

effects of 20 drugs have been specified. Among

the 17 plants whose part used are mentioned, 5

are roots, 2 seeds, 2 rhizomes and 8 fruits.

Many of the symptoms given on excess

consumption of these drugs include Vata

vriddhi in particular and other symptoms

include vomiting and indigestion pertaining to

Gastro-intestinal system. The contra-indication

in case of consumption of Haritaki (Terminalia

chebula Retz.) fruit is unique and should be

made applicable in clinical practice.

Shatapushpadi Varga: In this varga, adverse

effects of a total of 8 drugs have been

mentioned among which 4 belong to lavana

and kshara category viz. Audbhida lavana

(kind of mineral salt), Yavakshara (impure

carbonate of potash), etc. Excess of these lead

to serious disorders due to Ushna and tikshna

properties. Yavani (Hyoscymus niger L.) is

another drug specified which is a known CNS

depressant.

Chandanadi Varga: The adverse effects of 12

individual drugs have been described in this

varga. The drugs list contains aromatic drugs

like Karpura (camphor), Puga (areca nut);

drugs of mineral origin include sulphur,

Hemamakshik (crude copper pyrite),

Samudraphena (cuttle fish bone), etc. The

adverse effects of most of them have been

given as Atishishira (possess intense cold

potency).

Karaviradi Varga: The adverse effects of 13

individual drugs have been described in this

varga. The botanical sources of some are

controversial like Rajakshavak, Shweta

kambhoji, Sumukh, Kashthakadali, etc. Two

poisonous drugs of herbal origin namely

Karveera (Nerium indicum Mill.) and Dhattura

(Datura stramonium L) have been mentioned.

The untoward effects stated in this Varga are

mainly pertaining to CNS dysfunction. A

unique effect of Shweta kambhoji is given as

Vashikaran (hypnotic) whereas Aasuri

(Brassica juncea) is stated to be Nidrakari,

Grahakari. Dhattura beeja is known to

produce Bhrama (dizziness) (MS Baghel,

2011)

Aamradi Varga: The adverse effects of 19

individual drugs have been described in this

varga. All of these are fruits which are

otherwise considered healthy but still pose

problems when consumed recklessly. A keen

observation of author is observed when he

mentions the adverse effects of the specific

parts of fruit viz. Phala majja of Amlika

(Tamarindus indicus L), phala tvak of Bijapura

(Citrus medica L), pakva phala of Udumbara

(Ficus glomerata Roxb.), Apakva phala of

Tinduka (Diospyros embryopteris Pers.). All

the fruits are durjara (difficult to digest) which

suggests optimum consumption. A unique

comment about Tilaka (Wendlandia exerta DC)

is found that states it to be punstvaghni

(rendering sterility). Thus, a cautious diet with

a thorough knowledge is necessary for

maintenance of health.

Suvarnadi Varga: Herein, adverse effects of a

total of 70 drugs including food items have

been mentioned. Starting with metals, author

has given a clear idea about the toxicity caused

due to Ashuddha sevana i.e. bhasmas not

prepared according to the scientific protocol are

prone to cause toxicity. Along with metals, the

toxicity caused by precious stones like Hiraka

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

(diamond), Vaikranta are also specified. The

harmful effects of irrational use of cereals and

pulses has been described subtly viz.

Punstvaghna karma of Chanaka (Cicer

arientum L), Shukranashana, rakta vikara

janaka karma of Nishpava (Dolichos lablab L),

Vata vyadhi utpadak of Masura (Ervum lens

L), etc. An account of oil bearing seeds with

harmful effects have been mentioned that

mainly includes oil derived from Kusumbha

(Carthamus tinctorius L) which is

Sarvadoshaprakopaka, secondly Sarshapa

(Brassica juncea) which is stated to cause

ocular disturbances. Later, author has

highlighted some harmful effects arising due to

improper consumption habits of milk, curd,

alcoholic preparations and different types of

meat. A contra-indication regarding milk

consumption is worth to apply in daily practice

because there is a common notion among

public that milk is a complete food which has

meagre side effects. Perishing time of milk has

also been stated. As regards to alcohol

preparations, which are otherwise considered to

possess therapeutic value in a optimum dose, if

consumed carelessly result into infertility and

GIT disorders.

Among the mamsa varga, wherein fish in

particular are said to be pittaprakopaka and

abhishyandi as well if taken in excess quantity

or against the code of food consumption given

in Ayurveda. Apart from this, author has also

portrayed ill-effects of the water consumed

from different resources. Among Mutra varga,

Gomutra which is gaining popularity in recent

eras is also said to be Pittala.

Mishraka Varga: Here author describes

various categories of poisons along with their

properties. Next, among a special therapeutic

classification, dvitiya chaturbhadra is reported

to be Pittala if consumed inadvertently.

Table 1: The adverse effects of drugs mentioned in Dhanwantari nighantu:

Sr.

no

Drug Part

used

Botanical name/

Common name if not

plant

Dosha Dhatu Mala Others

Guduchyadi varga

1) Musta Rhizome Cyperus rotundus L Atishishira

2) Patola Root Trichosanthes dioca

Willd. Miers

Virechak

3) Bilva Ripe

fruit

Aegle marmelos Corr. Putimarutam

(causing

putrid

flatulence)

Vidahi (causing

heart burns),

Vishtambh

(obstruction of

flatus)

4) Kashthapatala Root Kinchit

marutakaram

(vitiating

Vata)

5) Mudgaparni Root Phaseolus trilobus

Ait

Kaphakar (vitiating Kapha)

6) Kshiravidari Rhizome Ipomoea digitata L Atimutrala (diuretic)

7) Shitivara Seed Celosia argentia L Sangrahi

(infrequent bowel

movements)

8) Katukalambuni Fruit Lageneria vulgaris

Ser.

Shodhani

(cleansing activity)

9) Urvaaru Fruit Cucumis utilissimus

Roxb.

Vitiates vata

on excess

consumption

10) Vaalukam Fruit Bhedana (osmotic

laxative)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

11) Shirnavrunta Fruit Pittakrit

12) Bimbi Fruit Coccinia indica W&A Vata, Kapha

vardhak

13) Haritaki Fruit Terminalia chebula

Retz.

Ahitakara

(contraindicated) in

case of thirst,

dryness of mouth,

stiffness of jaw,

recent fever ,

debility and in

pregnancy.

14) Prachinamalaka Fruit Flacourtia

cataphracta Roxb.

Pitta,

Kaphakrit

Durjara, (difficult

to digest) guru

(prolonging

digestion process)

15) Satala Marutkrit

16) Shuklabhandi Root Anilakopini

17) Indravaruni Root Citrullus colocynthis

Schrad.

Atyushna (hot in

potency)

18) Apamarga Achyranthes aspera L Vantikrit (emetic)

19) Rakta

apamarga

Vantikrit,

Vishtambhi

20) Jyotishmati Seed

oil

Celastrus

panniculatus Willd

Atyushna, Tikshna

Shatapushpadi Varga

21) Yavakshara Impure carbonate of

potash

Pittadushaka Raktadush

aka(

causing

morbid

blood

disorder)

Virukshana,

Tikshna

22) Tankankshara Borax Pittadushana Tikshna,

virukshana

(causing dryness in

body)

23) Vidlavan Ammonium chloride Tikshna

24) Audbhida

lavana

Tikshna, Utkledi

(increasing

sliminess in body

fluids)

25) Tumburu Zanthoxylum alatum

Roxb

Tikshna

26) Maricha Fruit Piper nigrum L. Pittakrit

27) Yaavani

yavaani

Fruit Hyoscymus niger L. Maadini,(stupefyin

g) Grahini

28) Kapittha Fruit Feronia elephantum

Corr.

Vatala Asvarya ( choking

voice)

Chandanadi Varga

29)

Karpura

Exudate

Cinnamomum

camphora Nees &

Ebern.

Madakarakam

30) Puga Fruit Areca catechu L. Bhedi

31) Renuka Seed Atyant shishira

32) Mura Rhizome Selinum sp. Atyant sheeta

(excessive cold in

potency)

33) Elavaalukam Fruit Prunus cerasus L. Atyant sheeta

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

34) Lamajjaka Atyant hima

35) Dhataki Flower Woodfordia

floribunda Salisb.

Madakrit

36) Gandhaka Sulphur Atigandhakrit

37) Siktha Wax Bhedana

38) Shallaki Exudate Boswellia serrata

Roxb.

Atisheeta

39) Hemamakshika Copper pyrite Ashuddha:

Vishtambh,

Mandaanala,(reduc

ing digestive fire)

producing ocular

pain ,dermal

disorders.

40) Samudraphena Os sepiae Lekhana

(therapeutic

scrapping)

Karveeradi Varga

41) Karaveera Root Nerium indicum Mill. Visha (poison)

42) Dhatura Datura stramonium L. Bhrama utpatti

(producing

dizziness)

43) Shweta

kambhoji

Seed Vantikara,

vashikaran

44) Rajakshavak Pittala Drishti, basti

pradushini.

45) Sumukh Pittakrit

46) Aasuri Seed Brassica juncea Linn. Atitikshni,

Nidrakari,

grahakari.

47) Rasona Allium sativum L Sutikshna.

48) Kadali Fruit Musa sapientum Linn. Vatakar,

Kaphakar.

49) Kashthakadali Durjara

50) Ikshu Fruit Saccharum officinale

L.

Kaphakar,

vatkara

Mutrakrit

51) Shara Kinchit Vatkar

52) Padmabeeja Nelumbo nucifera

Gaertn.

Marutkrit

53) Mrinala Stalk Nelumbo nucifera

Gaertn.

Vatakopana Durjar,

Vishtambhi.

Aamradi varga

54) Amra Fruit Mangifera indica

Linn.

Vishtambhi,

ajirnakrit

(dyspepsia)

55) Amrataka Fruit Spondias mangifera

Willd.

Pittakrit,

Marutkrit

Raktakrit Guru

56) Jambira Fruit Citrus limon L. Pittala

57) Naranga Fruit Citrus reticulate

Blanco.

Durjara

58) Bijapura Fruit

skin

Citrus medica L. Durjara

59) Madhukarkati Fruit Citrus decumana L. Durjara

60) Amlika Fruit

pulp

Tamarindus indica L. Bhedi, Vishtambhi

61) Kshudramlika Pittakrit

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

62) Tinduka Unripe

fruit

Diospyros

embryopteris Pers.

Vatakopana

63) Pilu Fruit Salvadora persica L. Tikshnaka

64) Parushaka Fruit Grewia asiatica Linn. Pittakrit

65) Mada Marutkari

Pittanut

Dahanut

(producing burning

sensation)

66) Priyala Fruit Buchanania latifolia

Roxb.

Durjara

67) Jambu Fruit Eugenia jambolana

Lam.

Vatala Hritkantha kashana

68) Udumbara Ripe

Fruit

Ficus glomerata

Roxb.

Krimikrit(producin

g worms)

69) Shami Fruit Prosopis spicigera L. Causing hairfall

70) Kareera Fruit Capparis aphylla

Roth.

Adhmanakar

(abdominal

distension)

71) Karmarda Fruit Carissa carandas L. Pittakar

72) Tilaka Bark Wendlandia exerta

DC.

Punstvaghni(impot

ency)

Suvarnadi varga

73) Svarna Aurum Ashuddha (impure)

Balanashan,

Viryanashan

Rogotpattikar

74) Raupya Argentinum Shukranas

hak

(causing

oligosper

mia)

Ashuddha:

Dahajanaka,

Vibandhakarak,

(severe

constipation)

Viryanashak,

Balanashak.

75) Tamra Cuprum Sarvadhatu pradushak

(dysfuncti

on at all

tissue

level)

Ashuddha:

Kantihar, Vantikar,

Kusht

76) Trapu Tin Ashuddha:

Pandu,

Kushtha,Vatvikara,

Murccha (fainting)

77) Loha Ferrum Sarvadosha-

prakopa

Ashuddha:

Hritpida,(cardiac

pain)

Rogotpattikar

78) Parada Hydrargyrum Ashuddha:

Shariranasha,

Kushtha

79) Vaikrant Ashuddha:

Pandu (Anaemia)

,Jvara,Hridroga

(cardiac disorders),

Parshvapida,

Kushtha.

80) Hirak Ashuddha:

Santapjanak

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 20–29

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Kshaya, Kushtha,

Pandu, Dussaha

pida (excruciating

pain)

81) Vrihi Seed Pittakara

82) Patal Seed Tridoshkrit Atyushna,

Bahunishyandi

83) Aashu vrihi Seed Tridoshala Bahuvin

mutra

(produci

ng excess

faecal

and urine

output)

Bahushma

84) Dhanya

Priyangu

Seed Setaria italica L. Vatkrit

85) Makushtha Seed Phaseolus

aconitifolius Jac.

Vatala

86) Aadhaki Seed Cajanus indicus

Spreng.

Marutkopini

87) Masur Seed Ervum lens L. Vatamaykar

88) Dhanyamash Seed Phaseolus mungo L. Bahumala

89) Chanak Seed Cicer arientum L. Vatala Punstvaghna

90) Kalay Seed Pisum sativum L. Vatala

91) Jurnaa Seed Vishtambhi

92) Karat Seed Lathyrus sativus L. Ativatala

93) Nishpav Seed Dolichos lablab L. Anila, pittakar Shukranas

hana

Mutravri

ddhi

(diuresis)

Raktavikara.

94) Methika Seed Trigonella foenum-

graecum L.

Pittaprakopa Raktaprak

opa

95) Khastila Seed Papaver somniferum

L.

Vishoshana

96) Tila Seed Sesamum indicum L. Kapha

pittakrit

Alpamut

akrit

(oliguric)

Agnisadak

97) Sarshapa Seed

oil

Achakshushya

98) Eranda Seed

oil

Visra

99) Kusumbha Seed

oil

Sarvadoshapra

kopak

100) Maahisha

dugdha

(Buffalo milk) Mahabhishyandi,

vanhisadak

101) Mrita vatsaa,

bala vatsa

Milk whose calf is

dead)

Doshakarak

102) Pinyak, amla

aashi

The fermented fodder

eating cow’s milk

Abhishyandi

103) Dharoshna

dugdha

Amavatakar

(produces

rheumatoid arthritis

on excessive

consumption)

104) Kurchika

(milk product )

Shleshmavardhak

105) Dugdha sevan

nishedh

Navjvara,

mandagni,

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amadosh, shula,

kushtha.

106)

Dugdha

perishing time

After 5 muhurta –

(4 hrs) vikrit;

Dviguna kaal-

Vishavat (turns

toxic after 8 hrs)

107) Mahisha dadhi Curd made out of

buffalo milk

Mahabhishyandi

108) Ashwadadhi Curd of horse milk Vatala Mutrapa

ham

(oliguria)

109) Dadhisar Vatala Vishtambhi

110) Dadhi

anaharya

Raktapitta ,

kaphajvikara

111) Takra nishedh Buttermilk Kshat, Murccha,

Bhrama

112) Takrakurchika Durjara

113) Madya Alcoholic preparation Pittadushana Raktadush

ana

Vishavad (toxic)

114) Madhulika Alcoholic preparation

made from barley

Vishtambhini

115) Madhukasidhu Alcoholic preparation

made from flowers of

Madhuca indica

Tridoshprakop

ak

116) Kohlo jagal Avrishya

117) Bakkas Vishtambhi

118) Kharjuram Alcoholic preparation

made from dates

Vatala alpamadakari

119) Maireya Madkrit

120) Jambavsidhu Alcoholic preparation

made from Eugenia

jambolana fruit pulp

Vatakopana

121) Nav madya Tridoshakarak Abhishyandi

122) Anartava vari Rainfall not according

to season

Tridoshakarak

123) Vapya jala Water from wells Pittala

124) Kedar jala Water from reservoir Doshakarak Abhishyandi

125) Dhar jala Vishtambhi, Durjar

126) Bhuktottara

jalapaan

Water consumption

after meals

Vishavat

(toxic)

127) Jirna

Narikelodaka

Stale coconut water Pittakar Vishtambhi

128) Hastimamsa Meat of elephant Pittakar Raktaprak

opak

129) Ashwa mamsa Meat of horse Kapha

pittakrit

130) Ashwatar Kapha

pittalam

131) Mesha mamsa Meat of goat Pittakaphakar

132) Sukar mamsa Pork Pittala Visra

133) Matsya mamsa Fish Kaphapittakar

134) Mukha matsya Shleshmala

135) Irasa matsya Pittashleshma

atikopana

136) Pulanga Vishtambha

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Matsya

137) Shafari matsya Kaphapittala Abhishyandi, ushna

138)

Sarovar

matsya

Grahini,

Drishtinashan

139) Uluka mamsa Pittala,

vataprakopak

Bhrantikar

140) Gomutra Pittala

141) Ajamutra Marutkopana

142) Dvitiya

chaturbhadra

Pittala

CONCLUSION:

After a critical analysis of the adverse

effects of various drugs mentioned in

Dhanwantari nighantu, it is found that a vivid

idea of pharmacovigilance was present even in

the Nighantu period. These aspects do not rest

only with medicines but also foodstuffs that are

consumed daily. Author has highlighted certain

contra-indications regarding milk and milk

products which should be applied in by

physicians to rule out the etiology of a disorder.

The adverse effects caused by inadvertent use

of foodstuffs in daily routine have an impact on

the basic normal physiology of the body.

Hence, this point must be taken into

consideration even during prescription and

consultation of Pathya.

Regarding medicines, Ayurveda is always

accused of possessing medications that produce

metal toxicity; but the information reported

herein along with the contra-indications

suggests that pharmacovigilance was a well-

developed even in traditional medical system,

particularly Ayurveda. Thus, it can be

concluded that Dhanwantari Nighantu

encompasses a well-organised data in the

context of pharmacovigilant aspects of various

dravyas of Ayurveda.

REFERENCES:

Anonymous (2007), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

of India (API) Dept. of AYUSH, New

Delhi, Part II, Vol 1, Appendix 2,

Pg.no.148–179.

Anonymous (2002), The importance of

Pharmacovigilance, WHO. Available

on:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacov

igilance#cite_note-1

Baghel M.S (2011), Standardization of

Ayurvedic Clinical terminologies, IPGT

& RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat.

Indradeo Tripathi (2011), Editor of

Chakradutta of Chakrapani Dutta,

Vatavyadhi chikitsa, verse 285-295,

Chaukhambha orientalia Bhavan,

Varanasi: p.155–156.

PV Sharma (2008), Editor of Dhanwantari

Nighantu, Chaukhambha orientalia,

Varanasi.

Yadavji Trikamji Acharya (2011), Editor of

Charaka Samhita, Ayurveda Dipika

Vyakhya, Sutrasthana, Chap 1, verse

126, Chap 26 verse 82–84,;

Chikitsasthana, 1/3/13, Chaukhambha

Prakashan, Varanasi. p.23; p150, p 382.

Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

CONCEPT OF LIFESTYLE IN AYURVEDA CLASSICS

Saylee Deshmukh1*

, Mahesh Vyas 2, Hitesh Vyas

3, Dwivedi R R

4

1Ph.D.Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in

Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India. 3Associate Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in

Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India. 4Professor and Head of Department, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and

Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India.

*Corresponding author: Email: dsaylee@ymail.com

Received: 19/01/2015; Revised: 15/02/2015; Accepted: 23/02/2015

ABSTRACT

Increased number of deaths due to non-communicable diseases has been proved to be because of

lifestyle related factors like physical inactivity etc. It is a responsibility to focus on lifestyle

modifications in the 21st century. Ayurveda has great contribution in treatment of diseases as well as

prevention of diseases. Conducts like Dinacharya (conducts in daytime), Ratricharya (conducts in

night), Ritucharya (seasonal conducts), Ahara Vidhi (diet rules), Sadvritta (good conducts) etc. are

described in detail in Ayurveda, can be included under the heading healthy lifestyle. It has a

tremendous role in prevention of diseases. Present article aims to elaborate the concept of Lifestyle

in Ayurveda classics.

KEY WORDS: Lifestyle, Ayurveda, Dinacharya, Ahara Vidhi.

Review article

Cite this article:

Saylee Deshmukh, Mahesh Vyas, Hitesh Vyas, Dwivedi R R (2015), CONCEPT OF LIFESTYLE IN

AYURVEDA CLASSICS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(2): 30–37

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 30–37

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

According to the health statistics of WHO,

among 57 million global deaths in 2008, 36

million or 63% were due to non-communicable

diseases (NCD) like cardiovascular diseases

(17 million deaths or 48% of all NCD deaths),

cancers (7.6 million, or 21% of all NCD

deaths), respiratory diseases, including asthma

and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.2

million) and 37% were due to communicable

diseases. Therefore it can be said that non-

communicable diseases (NCD) are prone to kill

more people than communicable diseases

worldwide. Amongst them lifestyle disorder is

a group of diseases whose occurrence is

primarily based on the daily habits of people

and are a result of an inappropriate relationship

of people with their environment. WHO states

the top 10 lifestyle diseases in the world

affecting health are Alzheimer's Disease,

Arteriosclerosis, Cancer, Chronic Liver

Disease/Cirrhosis, Chronic Obstructive

Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Diabetes, Heart

Disease, Nephritis/CRF, Stroke, Obesity. The

factors contributing to lifestyle diseases mainly

include incompatible food habits, physical

inactivity, wrong body posture, and disturbed

biological clock. (Mukesh Sharma et al., 2009).

It has been proved that in case of non-

communicable diseases, simple lifestyle

measures are more effective in preventing or

delaying the onset of these diseases. Ayurveda

has a great contribution in the treatment of

diseases as well as prevention of diseases. In

the last few years, According to the ‘seed and

soil theory’ in Ayurveda, (Brahmanand

Tripathi, 2006) manifestation of disease takes

place when there is favorable condition for

disease which is being created by wrong

conducts like day sleep, being vigil at night,

irregular food habits etc. Therefore for

maintenance of health and prevention of

disease it is very important to follow an ideal

lifestyle.

A growing body of scientific evidence has

demonstrated that lifestyle intervention is an

essential component in treatment of chronic

disease that can be effective as medication but

without risks and unwanted side effects.

Lifestyle medicine (LM) is a branch which

includes management of diseases the use of

lifestyle interventions like diet, exercise, stress

management, de-addiction in the treatment and

management of diseases. This field has been

growing from last 2 decades.

This article is an attempt by the authors to

elaborate the concept of lifestyle in Ayurveda

classics.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Classical Ayurvedic texts like Charaka

Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Astanga

Samgraha, Astanga Hridaya with their

commentaries and concerned topics from the

texts Kashyapa Samhita, Bhavaprakasha,

Bhela Samhita and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu,

research articles related to this topic.

Concept of Lifestyle:

Lifestyle is the way in which a person lives.

It is a set of attitudes, habits, or possessions

associated with a particular person or group

(Lynn R. Kahle, Angeline G. Close, 2011). i.e.

how, where and when a person is sleeping,

playing, wandering, eating, swimming,

walking etc.

As quoted by Acharya Sushruta, Vyadhi

nigraha hetavah (treatment modalities) are

divided as Samshodhana (purificatory),

Samshamana (palliative), Ahara (food) and

Achara (activities) (Ananta Ram Sharma,

2008). Achara is of 3 types – Kayika karma

(physical activities) like Vyayama (exercise),

Vachika karma (Verbal behavioral) like

Swadhyaya (reading) and Manasika karma

(psychological behavior) like Sankalpa

(determination). Among them, Achara can be

included under the heading lifestyle (Y.T.

Acharya, 2012).

By the above definition of Lifestyle, it can

be said that Vihara, Ahara vidhi and Achara

described in Ayurveda classics, can be included

under the heading Lifestyle. Arunadatta has

classified Vihara as Niyata kala (regular) and

Aniyata kala (according to specific condition).

Niyata kala vihara includes Dinacharya and

Ritucharya. Aniyata kala vihara includes

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Vihara according to avastha (condition); (Y.T.

Acharya, 2010) it can be taken as Vyadhi

avastha. Ahara Vidhi includes Ahara Vidhi

vidhana (rules of diet) and Bhojanottara Vidhi

(conducts after meal); Achara includes

Sadvritta (good conducts) (Table.1).

Table.1: List of conducts in Lifestyle

Dinacharya Ritucharya According to Vyadhi

Dantadhavana

(cleaning teeth)

Abhyanga (Oil application) As a cause:

Vega Udirana-

Dharana (suppression

and forceful production

of urges)

Pravata (strong wind)

Adhva (brisk walking)

Chankramana

(walking)

Anjana (collyrium) Udvartana (massage)

Nasya (nasal drops) Dhumapana (inhalation of

medicated smoke)

Kavala-Gandusha

(mouth gargles)

Kavala Gandusha (mouth

gargles)

Dhumapana

(inhalation of

medicated smoke)

Tambula Bhakshana

(chewing of betel

leaves )

Anjana (collyrium) As a treatment:

Abhyanga (oil

application)

Anjana (collyrium)

Kavala-Gandusha

(mouth gargles)

Nasya (nasal drops)

Dhumapana (inhalation

of medicated smoke)

Abhyanga (Oil

application)

Shayana (sleeping)

Vyayama (exercise) Vastra Dharana (wearing

clothes)

Udvartana (massage) Mani-malyadi Dharana

(wearing stones etc.)

Snana (bathing) Vyayama (exercise)

Mani-malyadi

Dharana (wearing

stones etc.)

Vyavaya (copulation)

Vastra dharana

(wearing clothes)

Snana (bath) As cause and

treatment:

Vyayama (exercise)

Snana (bathing)

Vyavaya (copulation)

Nidra (sleep)

Atapasevana (exposure

to sunlight)

Karnapurana

(insertion of oil in ear)

Nidra (sleep)

Vyavaya (copulation)

Padatrana Dharana

(footwears)

Vihara includes the conducts by a person in

daily or seasonal routine. This includes

Abhyanga (oil application to the body),

Vyayama (exercise), Nidra (sleep), Vega

dharana (suppression of natural urges),

Vyavaya (sexual intercourse), Chankramana

(walking), Adhva (brisk walking), Atapa

sevana (exposure to sunlight), Asana (sitting),

Snana (bathing), Pravatasevana (exposure to

strong wind) etc. Amongst them Acharyas have

quoted their importance and usefulness or

harmfulness according to the specific condition

e.g. Ardhashaktya Vyayama (exercise upto half

of the capacity) with prior Abhyanga (oil

application) is useful in Hemanta ritu (winter)

and strong individuals but excess Vyayama is

harmful in Grishma ritu (summer) and weak

individuals (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). Also,

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Divaswapna (daytime sleep) is useful in

Grishma ritu and emaciated person while

harmful in Vasanta ritu (autumn) and obese

person (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Also,

Acharya Sushruta has given limit of

Divaswapna as 1 muhurta i.e. 48 min (Ananta

Ram Sharma, 2008). Ratrau jagarana (vigil at

night) is contraindicated always by Acharyas

for maintenance of health. About Snana

(bathing), Acharyas have strictly

contraindicated it in the condition of Ajirna

(indigestion), Atisara (diarrhea) etc.

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Vegadharana

(suppression of natural urges) of mala (faeces),

mutra (urination) etc. has always been

contraindicated because of their harmful effect

in the body. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). In

Ayurveda, detailed description about rules of

Vyavaya (sexual intercourse) is also available

(Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008).

About Ahara Vidhi, Acharyas have advised

to take Ushna (Luke-warm) and Snigdha

(unctuous) food in proper quantity and proper

time with full concentration to get easily

digested. If one takes cold food it slows down

the process of digestion. Unctuous food helps

for easy passage of food (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2006). About quantity of food, Acharyas have

quoted that it varies according to digestive

capacity of person and nature of the food items.

To decide the ideal quantity of food, Acharyas

have given the symptoms which are produced

in the body after taking food in such a quantity

which is suitable for him which varies

individually (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

About the proper time for intake of food,

Acharyas have advised to take lunch during 2nd

Yama (i.e. between 3–6 hrs after sunrise) and

dinner should be taken at the end of first

Prahara of night (i.e. within 3 hrs after sunset)

(Brahma Shankara Mishra, 2012). It has also

been advised to take food as suitable to his

prakriti (constitution), age, habitat etc.

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). About Ahara

sevana krama i.e. sequence of intake of food

items, it has been stated by Acharyas that food

items having Madhura rasa (sweet) should be

consumed first because it is difficult to digest.

It gets more in contact with digestive enzymes

when consumed first (Ananta Ram Sharma,

2008).

About Bhojanottara Vihara, Acharya

sushruta has advised Rajavat asana (sitting in

comfortable position), Shatapada gamana

(walking about hundred feet i.e. for a while),

Vamaparshwa shayana (lying down in left

lateral position), manonukula shabda, sparsha,

rupa, gandha sevana (to indulge in sound,

sight, taste smell and touch which are pleasing

to the mind) (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008). This

helps the food to stay more in amashaya

(stomach) and get more in contact with the

Agni (digestive enzymes) (Brahma Shankara

Mishra, 2012).

About water drinking habits, it has been

stated that water should be taken sip by sip

during meal instead of taking it before and after

meal in large quantity. It should not be taken

more than required quantity. Intake of water on

being hungry is also contraindicated. As it

leads to harmful effects on body (Ananta Ram

Sharma, 2008).

Sadvritta includes guidance about the

dressing, speaking, social behavior, personal

and social hygiene etc. (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2006; Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007).

According to different conditions like

Rajaswala (menstruating woman), Garbhini

(pregnant woman), Sutika (puerperal woman)

have been given in Ayurveda. Abhyanga,

vyayama, vyavaya etc. has been contraindicated

in these conditions (Ananta Ram Sharma,

2008).

DISCUSSION:

In Ayurveda, it has been quoted that ratrau

jagarana is harmful to the body. It leads to

Vataprakopa and Agnidushti. In human body,

there exists a circadian rhythm in activities of

digestive enzymes. Wakefulness in night

causes disruption in circadian rhythm and

disturbance in activities of digestive enzymes

which leads to indigestion (Masayuki Saito et

al., 1975). Except in Grishma ritu, it causes

vitiation of Kapha-Pitta and also it is a cause

for Agnidushti. According to the researchers,

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daytime sleep disrupts the circadian rhythm of

digestive enzymes. (Charles W. Atwood,

2008). In 21st century, due to industrialization,

there is increase in number of shift workers.

Health of shift workers is now becoming a

problem. 2007 study led by the IARC

(International Agency for Research on Cancer)

showed that shift work has been associated

with cancer (Kurt, Straif, 2007). Most common

disorder in shift workers is Shift work sleep

disorder (SWSD). It is a circadian rhythm sleep

disorder which requires medications with

circadian changes (C C Caruso, 2012).

According to the modern researchers, there

exists Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis which

involves Ghrelin-Leptin hormones, Insulin,

Orexins etc. Disturbance in this axis due to

disturbed sleep pattern leads to diseases like

Diabetes mellitus, Cancer etc. (Annette L.

Kirchgessner, 2002; Y Wang, H Yang, 2004)

According to Ayurveda, Vyayama leads to

increase in bala (strength), agni (digestion).

Modern researchers have proved that exercise

increases significantly the plasma GH

concentration and their combined effect

induces a highly synergistic rise in GH (Foued

Ftaiti, 2008). Exponential relationships were

found between increases in core temperature

and plasma growth hormone, prolactin, and

catecholamines during exercise, suggesting the

existence of a thermal threshold for stimulation

of hormonal release during exercise (M W

Radomski, 1998). Physical exercise activates

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and

increase number, function and movement of

lymphoid cells (Alexander J. Koch, 2010).

Mild to moderate exercise stimulates gastric

emptying (Campbell J.M.H, 1928) and

increases secretions of gastric juice which leads

to rapid and healthy digestion (William

Beaumont, 1838). Now days, due to growing

use of technologies, daily physical activity is

decreasing. Lack of exercise/ sedentary

lifestyle leads to delayed gastric emptying

(Campbell J.M.H, 1928). Exercise has role in

treatment of diseases. It has been proved that

exercise has role in the treatment of Diabetes

mellitus and Obesity (Zinker B A et al., 1993;

Epstein LH et al., 1996).

Acharyas have quoted that Abhyanga is

essential for maintenance of health. According

to modern researchers, skin blood flow

increases diverting blood from muscle

following 12 minutes of massage which helps

in lactate clearance and recovers body from

fatigue due to accumulation of lactate in

muscles after prolong exercise (Hinds T et al.,

2004).

Vegadharana has been contraindicated by

Acharyas as it is a direct cause of many

diseases. Researchers have been proved that

voluntary suppression of defecation delays

gastric emptying. (Tjeerdsma HC et al., 1993)

and retention of urge of micturition causes

significant increase in the level of blood

pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, Plasma

Catecholamine, Plasma 5-HT, urinary

catecholamine and 5- HIAA (5-

hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in healthy volunteers

(Madhu Shukla et al., 1988). According to the

modern researchers, voluntary suppression of

cough reflex is often associated with lung

infection and also it leads to aggravation of

symptoms of bronchiectasis (Wells A et al.,

1992).

As stated in Ayurveda, intercourse has been

contraindicated in the period of menstruation

and pregnancy. According to the researchers, in

the menstruating women it increases the

chances of infection (Mayer, 1982) and coitus

in the 1st trimester causes disturbance in the

process of growth of foetus and results in the

malformation of foetus and coitus during 3rd

trimester leads to premature labor due to

contraction of uterus (Senatur and Kaminer,

1927).

Vishamashana means taking food in

irregular quantity and at irregular time. Now a

days, due to irregular job or business schedule

people take meal at irregular time and irregular

quantity. Irregular time of food intake disrupts

the normal digestive pattern which adhered to a

circadian rhythm (Melinda Blackman et al.,

2010). Intake of Ushna ahara has been advised

by Acharyas. It helps for digestion. It lacks due

to intake of cold food items which results in

indigestion (William Beaumont, 1838). In

Ayurveda, it has been stated to take water

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between the meals which has been proved to

stimulate gastric secretions (S Wyard, 1935)

and contraindicated to take water before and

after meal. Intake of water in large amount

before meal dilutes the stomach acid, it also

stimulates digestive system to prepare for

incoming food from stomach. This stimulation

causes a dump of very basic digestive enzymes

into the lower gastrointestinal tract (American

Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2013).

Excessive intake of water after taking meal can

result in prolonged abdominal muscle

relaxation which in turn can cause indigestion

(Ronald Ross Watson, 2012).

CONCLUSION:

Concept of healthy Lifestyle in Ayurveda is

wider which includes the conducts like dietary

habits under the heading Ahara vidhi vidhana

e.g. intake of luke-warm food on proper time in

proper quantity with full concentration etc.

water drinking habits, general behavioral

pattern under the heading Sadvritta, daily and

seasonal conducts like exercise, oil application

etc. under the heading Dinacharya and

Ritucharya, Ratricharya. Healthy lifestyle has

great role in prevention of diseases and

Lifestyle modification has been proved to be

successful treatment in various diseases.

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Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana,

Varanasi, Sutrasthana (Chap 1, 46)

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Annette L. Kirchgessner (2002), Orexins in the

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Brahma Shankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaishya

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Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION IN THE

MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL RETARDATION

Deepa Makhija1*, Pratap Makhija

2, Babasaheb Patil

3

1,2Research Officer (AY) scientist-2, Ayurveda Central Research Institute, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi-26, India

3Professor, B.S. Ayurveda College, Sawantwadi, (MH), India

*Corresponding Author: Mobile No. 09911331074; E-mail: drdeepamakhija@yahoo.co.in

Received: 09/01/2015; Revised: 25/02/2015; Accepted: 28/02/2015

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of an Ayurvedic formulation in the management

of Mental Retardation. The participants of the study were included 15 Mentally Retarded children

between age group of 8 months to 12 years. Combination of Vacha, Rudraksha, Haridra, Hingu was

administered twice daily for 90 days. Findings of the study revealed that treatment was highly

effective over behavioural disorders, but very minimal response to treatment was noticed over mental

age and social age. Also significant improvement was observed over psychological, psychomotor

and biological factors.

KEYWORDS: mental retardation, behavioural disorders, psychological, intelligent quotient, mental

age, social quotient, social age.

ABBREVIATIONS:

MR - Mental Retardation

SFB - Seguin Form Board

V.S.M.S - Vineland Social Maturity Scale

IQ - Intelligent Quotient

MA - Mental Age

SA - Social Age

SQ - Social Quotient

CA - Chronological Age

Research article

Cite this article:

Deepa Makhija, Pratap Makhija, Babasaheb Patil (2015), CLINICAL EVALUATION OF AN

AYURVEDIC FORMULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL RETARDATION,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(2): 38–45

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 38–45

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INTRODUCTION

Mental Retardation (MR) refers to

significantly sub average general intellectual

functioning resulting in or associated with

concurrent impairment in adaptive behaviour

and manifested during the development period

(American Association for Mental Retardation,

1983).

It is formally diagnosed by an assessment

of Intelligent Quotient (IQ) (below 70) and

adaptive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour, or

adaptive functioning, refers to the skills needed

to live independently. Children with intellectual

disability learn more slowly than a typical

child. Children may take longer to learn

language, develop social skills, communication

skills, and take care of their personal needs,

such as dressing or eating (Daily DK et al.,

2000).There are varying degrees of intellectual

disability, from mild to profound.

Classification according to DSM IV is designed

as mild (IQ 50–55 to approximately 70),

moderate (IQ 35–40 to 50–55), severe (IQ level

20–25 to 35–40), profound (IQ level below 20

or 25). Mental retardation affects about 1% to

3% of the population. (Mental retardation,

Retrieved 2015 from

http://www.psychologytoday.com)

Other behavioural traits associated with MR

(but not deemed criteria for an MR diagnosis)

include aggression, dependency, impulsivity,

passivity, self-injury, stubbornness, low self-

esteem, and low frustration tolerance. Some

may also exhibit mood disorders such as

psychotic disorders and attention difficulties

(Mental retardation, Retrieved 2015 from

http://www.psychologytoday.com).

Research work in various aspects of MR

has been conducted all over the world with

growing awareness in order to solve this

complex phenomenon. Currently, there is no

"cure" for an established disability, though with

appropriate support and teaching, most

individuals can learn to do many things. There

are four broad areas of intervention. These

include psychosocial treatments, behavioural

treatments, cognitive-behavioural treatments,

and family-oriented strategies. (Mash, E., &

Wolfe, D. 2013). Psychotropic drugs have been

used extensively to reduce the symptoms

associated with psychiatric disorders, but they

too have their own side effects. (R Antochi,

2003)

In Ayurveda classics references like Jada

(inert), Mudha (dull) etc. are found in different

context, meaning intellectually impaired

persons (Acharya Jadavaji Trikamji, 1994). But

the condition was considered more of a social

discrimination rather than as a separate clinical

entity. Ayurveda has got a different approach

towards diseases which are evasive even to

most sophisticated researchers in modern

medicine. The acquaintance with the names of

diseases is not always necessary to cure

diseases. It is thorough knowledge of dosa,

dusya, site of manifestation and aetiological

factors rather than the names of diseases which

count for the purpose of their treatment

(Acharya Jadavaji Trikamji, 1994). In MR,

treatment should be directed to a) promoting

the intellect and correcting the behavioural

disorders. b) Improving adaptive behaviour. c)

Managing the associated disorders, for example

sensory and motor disabilities, incontinence,

visual and hearing defect, speech disorder etc.

Some drugs explained in our classics are

believed to improve intelligence and to cure

various mental deficits. Vacha, Rudraksha,

Haridra, Hingu is a few among them. The

present study was undertaken with an objective

to assess efficacy of an Ayurvedic formulation

(Vacha, Rudraksha, Haridra, Hingu) in

mentally retarded children based on a model

explained by Chawla Deepa Nanakram, (2000).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the clinical study, a total of 15 patients

approaching to the outpatient department of

Basic Principles, Government Ayurveda

College Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

were selected for the study. The patients were

assigned into a single group taking into

consideration inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Complete history and clinical examination of

all children was carried out and recorded in a

specially designed proforma by the post

graduate department of Basic Principles,

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Government Ayurveda College, Trivandrum,

Kerala, India. Social age and social quotient

was assessed by using Vineland Social

Maturity Scale. Mental age and mental quotient

was calculated by using Seguin Form Board

Test.

The Clinical research design was approved

by the Research Review Committee of Kerala

University. Before administering tests, parents

of MR children were made clear about the

purpose of this study and were told that the

result of tests would be kept strictly

confidential and would be used for research

purpose only.

Inclusion Criteria

Persons presenting with the clinical

features of Mental Retardation

Age group between 8 months to 12 years

Sex-No sex discrimination.

Exclusion Criteria

Persons affected with severe debilitating

illnesses

Persons below 8 months and above 12

years of age

Persons having severe convulsive

disorders.

Preparation of the drug

Table 1.Ingredients of Ayurvedic formlation with botanical name and part used

S.No. Sanskrit name Botanical name Part used

1 Vacha Acorus calamus Linn. Rhizome

2 Haridra Curcuma longa Linn Fruit

3 Hingu Ferula narthex Boiss Gum resin

4 Rudraksha Elaeocarpus sphaericus Roxb. Rhizome

Raw drugs (Table 1) of Vacha (Acorus

calamus), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Hingu

(Ferula narthex) and Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus

sphaericus) were procured from local market,

Trivadrum, Kerala, India. The drugs were

identified from department of Dravyaguna,

Government Ayurveda College Hospital,

Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Samples were

stored in the department for future reference.

These Raw drugs were washed well and dried

in shade. Since, Rudraksha was very hard, it

was soaked in water for 24 hours and dried in

sun for about 15 minutes. Hingu was very

sticky to powder hence was sun dried and fried

with ghee. Later all the drugs were powdered

separately in a pulverizer and then mixed

together. Fine powder was weighed out and

sealed in polythene packets. Powder was given

orally twice a day for 90 days in a dosage given

below (Table 2).

Dose and duration

Table 2.Dose and duration of treatment

S.No. Age (yrs) Dosage Time Anupana Duration

1 8 months –2 years 300 mg 7am & 7pm Warm water or Honey 90 days

2 2 years–5 years 500 mg 7am & 7pm Warm water or Honey 90 days

3 5 years–9 years 750 mg 7am & 7pm Warm water or Honey 90 days

4 9 years–12 years 1 gm 7am & 7pm Warm water or Honey 90 days

Instructions were given to rub pieces of

Vacha and Rudraksha (2–3 rounds) with water,

and the obtained paste mixed with honey was

advised to be applied over tongue and inside

the mouth (oral) cavity once a day in the

morning for 90 days.

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Statistical analysis

Values obtained were statistically

evaluated using paired „t‟ test.

Parameters for assessment

a. Seguin Form Board (SFB) test (Goel, S. K.,

& Bhargava, M. 1990)→ To assess Mental

Age (MA) and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

b. Vineland Social Maturity Scale (V.S.M.S.)

test (Indian adaptation by D. A.J. Malin

1965)→ To estimate Social Age (SA) and

Social Quotient (SQ)

c. Specially designed proforma by post graduate

department of Basic Principles, Government

Ayurveda College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

for assessing treatment response considering

different symptoms or factors (psychological,

psychomotor and biological including)

including behavioural disorders.

Social Quotient is computed by using the formula→

(Social Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100

Intelligence Quotient is computed by using the

formula→ (Mental Age † Chronological Age) ×

100

Observations

Maximum no. (67%) of the patients were of

the age group 5 to 8 years. Male and female

were almost in same number (male 7 and

female 8). More than half patients (about 67%)

were from middle class. Family history of MR

was found in 40 % and epilepsy in 20% of

patients. In 40% patients perinatal aetiology

such as prematurity, delayed birth cry,

instrumental delivery was found etc. Prenatal

aetiology (chromosomal and genetic disorder)

was observed in 20% of cases. 33.33%,

26.67%, 33.33%, 6.67% children were having

mild, moderate, severe and profound MR

respectively.

RESULTS

Though SA was improved in 3 patients, SQ

was found to be increased only in one patient

since SA was not increased in accordance to

chronological age (CA). In remaining cases no

change in SA was seen. As CA of patients was

increased SQ came somewhat less after

treatment (Table 3).

Table 3.Social age (SA), social quotient (SQ) mental age (MA) and intelligent quotient (IQ)

before and after treatment

Pati

ent

No.

Before treatment After treatment Before treatment After treatment

SA SQ

Aver

age

SQ

SA SQ

Aver

age S

Q MA IQ

Aver

age

IQ MA IQ

Aver

age

IQ

Yea

rs

Month

s

Yea

rs

Month

s

Yea

rs

Month

s

Yea

rs

Month

s

1 1 2.1 19.72

42.19

1 3.3 19.74

41

54.19

57.53

2 0 9.1 23.68 0 9.1 21.95

3 3 7.2 48.86 3 7.2 47.25

4 2 0.1 50 2 0.1 47.06

5 2 11.6 32.73 3 1 32.74

6 3 0.9 52.86 3 0.9 50.68

7 2 - 42.10 2 - 40

8 1 8.1 23.81 1 8.1 22.99

9 2 2.3 28.89 2 2.3 27.96

10 4 6 62.07 4 6 60

11 1 7.3 29.23 1 11.8 34.28

12 4 10 69.05 4 10 65..52 4 8 65.88 5 5 73.86

13 4 7.3 45.84 4 7.3 44.71 4 3 42.5 4 3 41.2

14 3 5.5 56 3 5.5 53.85

15 2 0.8 48.08 2 0.8 45.45

SQ= (SA÷CA) × 100 IQ=(MA÷CA) ×100

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Table 4. Mean and standard deviation of individual factors score before treatment and after 90

days of treatment and level of significance

Factors

Score

Mean

difference SD diff. T value P value

Before

treatment

After 90 days

Mean SD Mean SD

A. Psychological

1.cognition

2. mood

1.76 0.88 2.46 0.64 0.94 0.61 5.87 <0.001

1.26 0.8 2.33 0.97 1.06 0.95 4.33 <0.001

B. Psychomotor

1.locomotion

a. Activeness

b. Performance

2. Drooling of

saliva

3. Speech

4. Habits

1.8 0.68 2.27 0.59 0.47 0.57 3.61 <0.01

1.53 1.24 2.2 1.01 0.67 0.9 2.91 <0.02

2.33 0.9 2.6 0.5 0.267 0.46 2.2 <0.05

2.13 1.64 2.73 1.87 0.6 0.63 3.75 <0.01

0.53 0.84 1.33 0.82 0.8 0.86 3.64 <0.01

C. Biological

1.Bed wetting

2. Immunity

1.13 0.91 1.33 0.9 0.2 0.41 1.82 Not sig.

1.07 0.8 1.33 0.49 0.27 0.2 5.4 <0.001

Table 5.Mean and Standard Deviation of scores of behavioural disorders before treatment and

after 90 days of treatment and level of significance

Time of assessment Mean SD Mean diff. SD diff. t-value P value

Before treatment 6 1.96

2.53 1.77 5.5 <0.001 After 90 days of

treatment

8.53 1.68

Among 15 children, only 2 patients could

perform SFB test. Out of two, MA and IQ were

increased in one patient, while in other MA

remained same. Average IQ was increased

from 54.19 to 57.73 after treatment.

Response to treatment was observed over

psychological, psychomotor and biological

factors (Table 4). Maximum response was

found over psychological factors followed by

psychomotor factors. Student t-test was found

highly significant for individual psychological

factors (cognition and mood). In case of

psychomotor factors „t‟ tests were significant

for all the factors. Drooling of saliva was

present only in 6 children. The „t‟ value for

drooling of saliva was found significant at 1 %

level when calculated for 6 patients The „t‟ test

was highly significant for immunity. No

statistically significant improvement was found

in bed wetting.

Under behavioural disorders factors like

mood disorders, activeness, drooling of saliva,

habits, and sleep disturbance were calculated.

The „t‟ test was highly significant over

behavioural disorders (Table 5). It means

treatment was very effective over behavioural

disorders.

DISCUSSION

Mental retardation is an intellectual and

adaptive behaviour disability that begins during

the developmental period. Other behavioural

traits like aggression, dependency, impulsivity,

passivity etc. and mood disorders such as

psychotic disorders and attention difficulties

may be associated with MR. Various single or

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compound herbo and herbo-mineral

preparations which promote intellect are

described in Ayurvedic classics under the

context of Medhya Rasayana (intellect

promoting drugs). While all the Rasayana

drugs improve the mental faculties in addition

to exerting a beneficial effect on the body,

Medhya Rasayana are those drugs that have

specific effect on mental performance. They

are claimed to promote cognitive functions of

the brain and used in various mental disorders.

Some examples of scientific validation of

Medhya Rasayanas in dementia, depression

and memory impairment are mentioned here.

Study conducted (Stough et al., 2001) for the

chronic effects of an extract of B. monnieri

(Keenmind) on cognitive function in healthy

human subjects and reported that that B.

monnieri may improve higher order

cognitive processes that are critically

dependent on the input of information from our

environment such as learning and memory.

Agrawal and Singh (1998) conducted an open

trial of Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica) in

cases of educable mental retardation indicating

significant improvement in performance IQ,

Social Quotient, immediate memory span and

reaction time. Kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens)

is a Rasayana-Vajikarana plant drug. It is

frequently used for the treatment of

Parkinson‟s disease and depressive illness in

elderly persons. On Phytochemical studies

Mucuna pruriens seeds have been shown to

contain significant quantity of L-Dopa which

could be the basis for its anti-Parkinsonism

effect (R.H.Singh 2008). Thus, the Medhya

Rasayana drugs such as Vacha,

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Brahmi,

Mandukaparni, Sankhapuspi, Kapikacchu and

several other such herbal and herbo-mineral

drugs are very useful in the management of

depression, dementia and other mental

disorders of elderly. Conceptually it is held that

all Rasayana drugs produce their effect by

acting through nutrition dynamics (Rasa, Agni,

Srotas) at molecular level. They may not

possess sharp pharmaceutical activities if used

in holistic form and hence as such they may be

treated as soft and safe medications which are

the popular professional demand in present

times.

Medhya drugs can be classified in two

broad groups. First group- Madhura rasa

(sweet in taste), Guru- snigdhaguna (heavy and

unctuous in quality), madhuravipaka (sweet

after digestion) and shitavirya (cold in

potency). Second group- katu- tikta rasa

(pugent and bitter in quality), laghu-

rukshaguna (light and dry in quality),

katuvipaka (pungent after digestion) and

ushnavirya (hot in potency).

The first group drugs provide nourishment

to the brain and the second group drugs

promote satwa quality of mind and removes

rajo and tamodoshas of mind. In other words

they stimulate the brain.

The combination Vacha, Rudraksha,

Haridra, Hingu acts as Medhya Rasayana..

The constituents of the combination (except

Rudraksha) predominantly are katu-tikta

(Pungent and bitter) in taste, laghu (light) in

quality, katu in vipaka (pungent after digestion)

and hence pacifies kapha –vatadosa (functional

entities of our body) (Bramhmasankara Sastri,

2007). Rudraksha is amla (sour) in taste,

snigdha (unctuous) in quality and madhura

(sweet) after digestion (P.V.Sharma, 1990).

Vacha is intellect promoting, anticonvulsant.

Susruta says it is very good for children to

increase their mental abilities. It is useful in

epilepsy, delirium, amentia, convulsions, manic

conditions, depression and other mental

disorders (Bramhmasankara Sastri, 2007). It is

indicated in classics from the first day of birth

mainly to reduce kapha dosa (functional

entities of our body) and promote intellect.

Haridra is antimicrobial (Bhawana et al.,

2011), immunomodulatory (Tan X et al.,

2011), neuroprotective (Dohare P, Garg P et

al., 2008) and exhibits synergistic effect

(Mansi AP & Gupta SV, 2012). It is among the

first 6 drugs which are very frequently

indicated in more than 150 different

preparations prescribed for mental conditions.

Hingu is anticonvulsant and nervine stimulant

(Bramhmasankara Sastri, 2007) and

antioxidant (Mallikarjuna GU et al., 2003). It

promotes the Agni (fire) (Bramhmasankara

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 2 | February 2015 | 38–45

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Sastri, 2007). Rudraksha possess antioxidant

(Kumar ST., 2008) and anxiolytic activities

(Shah G., 2010). It is useful in epileptic fits,

manic conditions, convulsions, insomnia and

other mental disorders.

The combination predominantly acts as

stimulant to brain, also provides improvement

in the nutritional status of the neural tissues

(Brain etc.). Like other Ayurvedic drugs

Vacha, Rudraksha, Haridra, Hingu is a

combination of potentially effective drugs that

acts at various levels in a holistic way to

improve the mental deficits and promote

cognitive functions of the brain.

CONCLUSION

The tested Ayurvedic formulation posseses Nootropic and cognitive enhancing property. It acts as Medhya rasayana. The scientific

studies conducted in recent years with this class of drugs have given evidence of neuronutrient effect, neural metabolic modification and improved blood perfusion to the Brain, which is mostly responsible for their clinical effects. The present clinical study revealed that the combination is effective in the management of mental retardation. The Ayurvedic formulation was very effective over Psychological factors like cognition and mood followed by psychomotor factors. Immunity was also found improved with the selected combination. Maximum response was observed over behavioural disorders.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors gratefully acknowledge the kind

guidance and support given by Dr. K.

Sundaran, during the course of the study.

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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Call for Papers – Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015

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articles, Short Communications, Letters to the Editor,

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