indicator diseases guided-testing for hiv antonella d´arminio monforte jose m gatell
TRANSCRIPT
Indicator Diseases guided-testing for HIV
Antonella d´Arminio Monforte
Jose M Gatell
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on
inidicator disease-guided testing for HIV
6. How to implement the recommendations
CD4 count at start of ART, 2003-2005 42 countries, 176 sites, 33,008 patients
187
181
159
87
97
12286
100125
123
97
239
10353
72
192163
206157
134
102
200179
95
CROI 2007 – CD4 at start – 10
164
Numbers are median CD4 counts
Late presenters in Europe
Most patients infected with HIV across the Europe remain undiagnosed; this percentage varies markedly from 15-80% across the continent.
Undiagnosed HIV is harmful to the person infected as appropriate health interventions are then delayed until the HIV infection is diagnosed.
It is also detrimental to society as persons unaware of their HIV infection may transmit more frequently to others than persons that are aware of their HIV status.
Finally, late presentation is associated to increased medical costs
Estimation of the new annual infections for sexual Estimation of the new annual infections for sexual transmission between carriers of HIVtransmission between carriers of HIV
75%
Identified
25%
Unidentified
46% of new infections
54% of new infections
Estimation more conservative hypothesis USA ( Marks G, Crepaz N, Janssen RS. AIDS 2006. )
New infections for sexual transmisionHIV +
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on
inidicator disease-guided testing for HIV
6. How to implement the recommendations
9
CDC Recommendations for HIV Testing in Healthcare Settings
Routine voluntary testing for patients ages 13 to 64 years in healthcare settings
– Not based on patient risk
Opt-out testing – No separate consent for HIV– Resulting in increases in HIV testing rates
Pretest counseling not required
Repeat HIV testing left to discretion of provider, based on risk
Within the US, 34 states are neutral to supportive of the CDC guidelines while 11 states have taken steps to reduce regulatory barriers
– 6 states passed legislation (2007)
Branson BM, et al. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-14):1-17.
10Hader, S, 16th CROI 2009; 57
Washington DC HIV Testing Expansion:Earlier Diagnosis Helps Identify HIV+ People at Higher CD4+ Counts
Expanding HIV testing in jails, schools, needle exchange, and couples services
Through these efforts they were able to increase the number of tests given from 43,271 tests done in 2007 to 72,864 tests done in 2008 (68.4% increase)
In addition, they were able to find patients with higher CD4 counts at initial testing– 2004 – 198 cells/mm3
– 2007 – 332 cells/mm3
Year of HIV Diagnosis
Med
ian
CD
4 C
ou
nt
215
183 187198
220
262
332
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Median CD4 Count at Time of Testing
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on
inidicator disease-guided testing for HIV
6. How to implement the recommendations
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
2. Indicator disease-guided testing The ‘HIV in Europe’ Conference (2007)
recommended further development of focused HIV testing in patients presenting with certain clinical conditions and/or diseases (i.e. the indicator disease testing guidelines).
Cost effectiveness analysis suggests cost savings if a population with a HIV prevalence of 1% or more are tested although this rate may be as low as 0.1%.
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
2. Indicator disease-guided testing AIDS indicator events (former CDC-C
category)
prevalence of HIV infection is high
indication for HIV testing is obvious, but …..
14
HIV Screening by Potential AIDS Defining Event in a Privately Insured US Population
Potential AIDS Defining Event N Screening Rate
Burkitt’s or immunoblastic lymphoma or primary lymphoma of brain 2,980 3.0%
Encephalopathy 2,066 5.0%
Invasive cervical cancer 958 4.4%
Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, lung, or esophagus 542 7.0%
Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary 370 2.2%
Wasting /Cachexia 350 4.3%
Disseminated herpes or herpes meningitis 94 13.8%
M. avium or M. kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary 67 13.4%
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 48 10.4%
Kaposi's sarcoma 35 8.6%
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 20 0.0%
CMV pneumonia or retinitis 16 25.0%
Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary 13 7.7%
Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary 11 9.1%
Misc (toxoplasmosis of brain, chronic isosporiasis, salmonella septicemia, chronic cryptosporidosis) 5 20.0%
Chen JY, CROI 2009; 1044
Review of 8 US Health Plans - 7,451 patients
4.3% Patients Screened for HIV with Any Potential AIDS Defining Event 12.5% Patients Screened for HIV with Multiple Potential AIDS Defining Events
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
2. Indicator disease-guided testing Additional potentially indicator diseases
prevalence of HIV infection higher than general population but remain largely unknown and substantial variability
HIV testing is cost-effective if prevalence of HIV infection above 0.1-1%
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on
inidicator disease-guided testing for HIV
6. How to implement the recommendations
LISTS OF PROPOSED INDICATOR DISEASESRespiratory conditions
Tuberculosis Acute Respiratory Infections Esoteric Respiratory Diseases (e.g. aspergillus)
Conditions Affecting the Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Oral candida Recurrent chronic bacterial diarrhoea Continued unexplained weight loss
Conditions Causing Neurological Symptoms Viral meningitis Stroke-like syndrome Esoteric neurological conditions (e.g. listeria, other fungal infections, cryptococcal infections, peripheral neuropathy, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, mononeuritis multiplex)
Tumours Associated with HIV Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Hodgkin’s lymphoma Castleman’s disease Primary effusion lymphoma Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Anal cancer Other symptomatic carcinomas (e.g. cervical cancer, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma)
Dermatological Conditions Herpes zoster Florid fungal infections Other symptomatic dermatological conditions (e.g. sebhorreic dermatitis, acne, xerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, papular pruritic eruption of HIV, erythema nodosum, molluscum contagiosum), human papilloma virus-associated warts, scabies, herpes simplex virus, staphylococcal infections)
Miscellaneous Constitutional symptoms Persistent mild anaemia Persistent raised ESR HIV-related nephropathy Hepatitis B Hepatitis C STIs
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on indicator
disease-guided testing for HIV6. How to implement the
recommendations
Indicator disease surveys• Aim:
• a survey initiative to assess HIV prevalence for one or more diseases within a segment of the population not yet diagnosed with HIV and that present for care with the specific disease/condition.
• Conduct: • 2 phases (pilot and 2nd)
• Pilot: – 25 surveys within a specific segment of the population– On consecutive patients not yet known to be HIV-infected– Have one of 8 conditions until 200 (300-400) have entered – Harmonized and central data capture
• Evaluation• 2nd phase
Pilot- Phase I
1. Sexually transmitted diseases
2. Malignant lymphoma, irrespective of type
3. Cervical or anal dysplasia or cancer,
4. Herpes zoster in a person younger than 65 years,
5. Hepatitis B or C virus infection
6. Ongoing mononucleosis-like illness
7. Unexplained leukocytopenia or thrombocytopenia lasting at least 4 weeks
8. Seborrheic dermatitis / exanthema
Survey initiative to assess HIV prevalence for 8 conditions within a specific segment of the population not yet diagnosed with HIV and that present for care.
Timeline 2009
15 May: Call for Collaboration launched26 June: Over 100 applications receivedJuly 2009: 17 Centres selectedAugust-September: Ethical approval processes 21 October: First patient enrolled
Proposals received from the call
Applications received for 103 surveys in 39 centres in 17 countries (number of applications received)
1. Sexually transmitted diseases (24)
2. Malignant lymphoma, irrespective of type (8)
3. Cervical or anal dysplasia or cancer, (5)
4. Herpes zoster in a person younger than 65 years (9)
5. Hepatitis B or C virus infection (26)
6. Ongoing mononucleosis-like illness (10)
7. Unexplained leukocytopenia or thrombocytopenia lasting at least 4 weeks (8)
8. Seborrheic dermatitis / exanthema (12)
Pilot- Phase I
• 25 surveys; 8 conditions selected for the pilot• On consecutive patients not yet known to be HIV-infected• Have one of the 8 conditions until 100 (200-400) patients have entered • Harmonized and central data capture
Following the pilot, an evaluation phase will be conducted prior to moving into Phase II
Review criteria for selection The criteria used for selection of the centres:• Working group participant and/or Steering Committee member responsible/contact person• History of collaboration/communication with centre/responsible investigator • Number of patients seen per year with specific indicator disease • Country representation (Western and Eastern European participation)• 3-5 surveys per disease of a minimum of 100 patients• Not more than 3-4 surveys per centre
Participating Centres by countryAustria University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, InssbruckBelarus Minsk Municipal Infectious Diseases Hospital, MinskBelgium Saint-Pierre University Hospital, BelgiumBosnia Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Infetious Diseases Clinic, SarajevoCroatia University Hospital of Infectious Diseases, ZagrebDenmark Bispebjerg Hospital, København: Infektionsmedicinsk Afdeling, CESOIRS/Skejby Sygehus;
ÅrhusGermany Department of Medicine, University of Bonn, Berlin: Uniklinikum Essen, Hautklinik, EssenItaly San Paolo Hospital, Milan: STD Centre, Dermatology department, MilanNetherlands Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Internal Medicine, AmsterdamPoland Medical University of Bialystok, Department of Infectious Diseases, BialystokSpain Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit, BarcelonaSweden Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, StockholmUK ChelseaWestminster Hospital, LondonUkraine Kharkov Regional Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Kharkov
Indicator disease and (# of centres)
1. Sexually transmitted diseases (5)
2. Malignant lymphoma, irrespective of type (6)
3. Cervical or anal dysplasia or cancer, (3)
4. Herpes zoster in a person younger than 65 years (5)
5. Hepatitis B or C virus infection (5)
6. Ongoing mononucleosis-like illness (5)
7. Unexplained leukocytopenia or thrombocytopenia lasting at least 4 weeks (5)
8. Seborrheic dermatitis / exanthema (5)
Indicator disease CRF-Form A
Indicator disease CRF-Form B
Centre decodification list
Indicator Disease-guided testing for HIV
1. Why more testing ?2. No rules vs. opt-out policy3. Indicator disease-guided testing4. How to identify indicator diseases5. The HIV in Europe initiative on
inidicator disease-guided testing for HIV
6. How to implement the recommendations
31
Recommendations for Target HIV Testing in Healthcare Settings (Indicator disease-guided)
All individuals with diseases recognized to be associated with HIV (prevalence > 0.1%) should be tested for HIV
All HCPs across Europe should be aware of the need to test more individuals for HIV
Some healthcare providers such as GPs, OBGYN, dentists, dermatologists, STD clinicians and ER physicians should particularly be targeted because they are likely to be the providers who first encounter HIV-infected patients presenting comorbid conditions
All individuals attending STD clinics should be offered an HIV test on an annual basis
European governments should consider the utility and cost-effectiveness of adopting opt-out testing for all pregnant women
Gazzard B, et al. HIV Medicine (2008), 9 (Suppl. 2), 34–40
Considerations
• How do we ensure that all health systems across Europe target persons presenting with an AIDS-defining disease for HIV testing?
• How do we establish HIV indicator disease guided testing as appropriate standard of care across Europe?
• What role should HIV in Europe play in identifying the target group for information and ensuring communication to this group?
• What is the link between current testing policies/guidelines and indicator disease guided testing?
How do we ensure that all health systems across Europe target persons presenting with an AIDS-
defining disease for HIV testing?
• In the current situation many patients with AIDS are not necessarily tested for HIV
• It is important to identify physician’s barrier to testing• In order to achieve this, we need a Country specific
analysis of non-HIV-specialised care providers involved in patients who present wth AIDS defining diseases
• It is important to ensure systems based on principles of human rights protection
• Implementation of Guidelines formulating this approach to testing and subsequent monitoring and evaluation
What do we mean by indicator disease?
A disease indicating that aHIV test should be considered/performed
AIDS defining events
Diseases associated
with high HIV prevalence
Diseases with Implications
for management
Differential diagnosis
AIDS defining diseases
Any diseases = with HIV prevalence higher than.0.1-1%
Implication for the individual clinicalmanagement
HIV considered for differential diagnosis
PCPKS…..
? Hepatitis? VZV….
CancerTransplantation….
Guillant Barré, multiple sclerosis…
Strongly recommendtesting
Strongly recommendtesting
Offer testing Consider testing
Indicator disease guided testing
How do we establish HIV indicator disease guided testing as appropriate standard of care
across Europe?
• Current Indicator Diseases Survey will help to determine prevalence of HIV among 8 selected non-AIDS defining diseases • Country-based test recommendations should be based
upon Country-specific HIV prevalence of these diseases
• Testing for HIV has to be effective/useful in terms of all aspects of medical care including ART
• Widespread routine testing for less prevalent indicator diseases might require demonstration of cost-effectiveness depending on Country specific policies
What role should HIV in Europe play in identifying the target group for information and ensuring
communication to this group?
• HIV in Europe should continue to assemble HIV advocates, policy makers and HIV care providers in open discussion
• Efforts should be made to reach a wide range of medical disciplines involved in indications for HIV testing
What is the link between current testing policies/guidelines and indicator disease
guided testing?
• Standards of current testing policies to be maintained particularly while preserving human rights
• Indications for HIV testing will be added (see table)
• Any indication for HIV testing is complementary to current guidelines/policies