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Individual differences in SLAIndividual differences in SLA

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Table of contentsTable of contentsy Effects of Personality

- Self confidence

- Empathy

- Analytical Tendencies

- Personality and Monitor use

y Effects of Age- Proficiency and Age of arrival

Pronunciation

Grammar

- Rate of acquisition- Sources of Age Differences

Biological Factors

Cognitive Factors

Affective Factors

Differences in Language Environment

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y Language Aptitude

y Motivation

- Instrumental Motivation

- Integrative Motivation- Resultative Motivation

- Intrinsic Motivation

y Language Strategies

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Effects of PersonalityEffects of Personality

y Self confidence

y

Empathy

y AnalyticalTendencies

y Personality and Monitor use

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Effects of AgeEffects of Age

y Proficiency and Age of Arrivalx Pronunciation

x Grammar

y Rate of Acquisition

y Sources of Age Differencesx Biological Factors

x Cognitive Factors

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x Affective Factors: Adults filter out more of the available

language input than children do.

x Differences in Language Environment: Children receive

much more concrete here-and- now input, which

facilitates language acquisition; in contrast adults typicallyare exposed to conversation about topics whose referents

are not obvious from the nonlinguistic context. On the

other hand, older students may be better at managing

conversations.

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3. Inductive language learning ability: The ability to

identify patterns of correspondence and relations

between form and meaning.

4. Rote learning ability: The ability to form and

remember associations between stimuli.

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y Motivationx Instrumental Motivation: Learners are

motivated to learn an L2 because it opens up

educational and economic opportunities for them.

x Integrative Motivation: Learners choose to

learn a particular L2 because they are interested in

the people and the culture represented by the

target-language group.

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x Resultative Motivation: Learners who experience

success in learning may become more, or in some contexts,

less motivated to learn.

x Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation involves the arousal andmaintenance of curiosity and can ebb and flow as a result of

such factors as learners particular interests and the extent

to which they feel personally involved in learning activities.

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y Learning Strategies

Approaches or techniques that learners employto learn an L2.

x Behavioral Repeating new words.

x Mental Using linguistic or situational context to

infer the meaning of a new word.

Problem-oriented

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x Cognitive strategies Those involved in the analysis,

synthesis, or transformation of learning materials. Ex.

recombination, constructing a meaningful sentence by

recombining known elements of the L2 in a new way.

x Metacognitive strategies Those involved in planning,

monitoring, and evaluating learning. Ex. selective attention,where learners make a conscious decision to attend to

particular aspects of the input.

x Social/affective strategies Concern the ways in whichlearners choose to interact with other speakers. Ex.

questioning for clarification, asking for repetition, a

paraphrase, or an example.