industrial architecture

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

INTRODUCTION

Industrial impact on Architecture

Architects of Industrial era

INDUSTRIAL IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE

The Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and

1840, led to radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the world.

The growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building materials—such as cast iron,

steel, and glass—with which architects and engineers devised structures hitherto undreamed

of in function, size, and form.

The need for fancy architecture left and the need for industrial architecture took place. Instead

of beautifully made buildings that were designed to impress buildings were made with just the

industry in mind. No fancy types of architecture just plain architecture that was created to make

sure that the facility worked efficiently.

The movement is characterized by people

leaving work on farms and beginning an urban existence.

INDUSTRIAL IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE

increased the

weaving speeds

which lead to a

higher demand for

yarn, which in turn

lead to further

inventions to

increase speed on

yarn.

These processes were

mechanized, using steam

engines. The increase in

steam engines, which were

powered by coal, needed

large amounts of coal at

first so the designers

continued work on them,

making them more and

more efficient.

The increase of coal powered machines

required more coal to be mined

The invention of STEAM ENGINE sped the

rapid industrial revolution

WHY IT HAPPENED IN BRITAIN

SCIENCE

The decrease of Church influence on people’s lives

Britain's political system : Anyone with a vision simply had to find someone to finance and build

their project. absolute monarchy had been abolished so by the time of the industrial revolution

the British government was the most independent government in Europe.

ENERGY

The rampant development of scientific factors in creating machines, coal became one of the most

sought resources to keep the engine running

FINANCE.

No other nation had a naval power anywhere near that of Britain during this period because

they usually invested in territorial armies to march across, or defending against those who

marched across, Europe so as to protect their trade around the world and in the Americas

THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Machinery: less manual labor was needed

Building of factories : villagers moved to cities

Forced labor : 75% of factory workers were

women and children over 8 years old where

children could reach jammed machines and

are easy to manipulate.

Organized Unions : working conditions were

increased with the help of unions created

after upraises in the early 1800s.

Change of class system becoming richer:

Middle Class : salesmen and tradesmen

Upper Class : land owners

Environmental Implications: So with more and more factories appearing in cities the increase in

air pollution was extremely

visible and resulted in large amounts of deaths due to acid rain, soot deposits, increased carbon

dioxide and carbon monoxide levels

TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS

CAST IRON

The least processed form

brittle due to a high percentage of impurities.

It still displayed impressive compressive

strength

Gardeners warehouse, Glasgow, 1856

used as columns in factories over masonry meant that columns could be considerably smaller

whilst taking the same load hereby lightening the entire construction consequently allowing for

buildings to be built taller.

replaced the use of wood columns in factories and mills because it was believed that it was fire

proof and could therefore withstand the high temperatures of fire that occurred frequently due

to very early machines fed by coal.

Because it was cast (melted down into a liquid and poured into a mold) it could take any shape

or form.

Entire facades could be made out of cast iron off site and brought to the building by road, canal

and railroad.


WROUGHT IRON

more refined form of iron, malleable, though

with low tensile strength

Weaker than cast iron in compression

Mainly used for bridges

Advantages

Allowed fireproofing systems

Increased beam span

Creation of sections we still use today (I,L

and T sections)

Disadvantages

Could only be made in small section (up to

50 Kg)

The High Level Bridge (1846 - 1849)


STEEL

was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through

a conversion process, all of the impurities were

burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts

of carbon were added for hardness. Steel had

tensile and compressive strength greater than any

material previously available, and its capabilities

would revolutionize architecture.

GLASS

The new system of blowing glass meant that larger windows could be used in the building

industry creating larger windows for factories to allow the workers to more natural sunlight.

A major advantage of the new process was that glass panels could be made in bigger sizes

meaning that windows and roof elements that used to be made of two or three sheets that

overlapped could now be made of single sheet.

http://science.jrank.org/pages/4897/Ore.html

http://science.jrank.org/pages/1203/Carbon.html

new materials were being used in the building industry and allowed from major

shifts in architectural design.

Creating longer spans, higher floor heights and bigger openings.

IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE

RETAIL

glazed and displayed what was sold

inside and in 1762 with the ban of hanging signs

shops.

This created the model of the shops that we still use

today

Commercial centers that housed multiple shops were

born.

By 1830 most cities had these bazars, they were

large emporiums, home to a number of traders selling

a variety of goods.

Designed by Sydney

Smirke in 1834

Pantheon on Oxford

Street, London


Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London,

designed by Samuel Ware and opened

in 1818


Covent Garden Market

designed by Charles Fowler, master of

market design and an expert in the use

of cast iron.

rationalised the complex interactions of

the market giving growers, buyers,

wholesalers and retailers defined

zones.

arcade is interrupted at the corners by

pyramid-roofed pavilions designed as

pubs or coffee houses.

Above, at

each end, were terraces where more

exclusive goods were sold to high class

customers.


CRYSTAL PALACE,

the main exhibition hall that would host

the great exhibition now known

as “world expo”.

Built in 1851 by a gardener and

architect Sir Joseph Paxton

The new design was of such a large

scale that it meant taking up a large

amount of Hyde Park in London, a

place that was very popular for locals.


CRYSTAL PALACE; IMPACT

It was designed as a modular

construction and was partially

the reason why Sir

Paxton won the tender

because it meant a rapid

construction and could be

disassembled.

The sheer scale and speed of

witch it was erected pulled in

locals

with a thirst for knowledge. It

really was a revolutionary

building even though it was

designed by a

gardener it was quite clearly

a proof of British industrial

power.

Ridge and furrow method roof Different use of girders

Column as RWDP

semicircular central roof

Project Gutenberg images


IRON BRIDGE

When it opened in 1779 over

the river seven it was

revolutionary. It was the first

large construction to be built

entirely of

metal.

inspired everything from

bridges to skyscrapers.

With a span of 30.5 meters

and a clearance below of 18

meters

led the way in engineering

and architecture for

decades after.

Urban Pattern 6th Edition. Simon Eisner. Arthur Gallion and Stanley Eisner

http://science.jrank.org/pages/1073/Building-Design-Architecture-Industrial-

Revolution-new-materials.html

REFERENCES

industrial architecture

Documents