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INDUSTRIAL ORIENTATION REPORT 2016

Prepared by

Daxit Akbari

3rd Year Petroleum Engineering

14BPE004

School of Petroleum Technology

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I sincerely thank School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal

Petroleum University, Training and Placement team which worked hard to organise the

Industrial orientation- 2016 and provide an invaluable and incredible opportunity to learn.

I find short of words in expressing my gratitude to all the speakers from the prominent industries

that provided the exposure to understand the petroleum value chain and gave a glimpse of ideas

that would pave my path to the future.

I want to appreciate all the industries (Reliance Jamnagar, Shell Hazira, Gujarat Gas

Gandhinagar, and Reliance Hazira) to provide an opportunity to look and scrutinize the practical

ideas very closely.

I am also grateful to the respective faculties Mr G.S. Negi, Mr Manan Shah and Mr Maunish

Shah for being an excellent mentor during the visits. I am also thankful to SPT Director and

PDPU administration for arranging such an organized Industrial orientation, where we got to

look into industries and organized series of technical and non-technical lectures which somehow

upgraded our practical thinking and concepts.

I would also like to thank Mr Vineet Bagaria sir as well as Training and Placement Cell, PDPU

for organizing such well scheduled and useful programme and arranging excellent transportation

facilities.

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INDEX

Sr. No Subject Page no.

1 Acknowledgement 2

2 Abstract 4

3 Learning From the Industrial Orientation 5

4 Reliance Petrochemical Complex Jamnagar 7

5 Shell LNG Terminal Hazira 19

6 Gujarat Gas Ltd. Gandhinagar 25

7 Reliance Hazira Manufacturing Division 33

8 References 39

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Abstract

The students of School of Petroleum Technology (SPT), PDPU are required to undergo

industrial visits at related industries of their curriculum.

This report refers to the various industrial visits conducted by SPT.

Industrial visits represent important activities in any engineering undergraduate

programme that contribute to the achievement of various essential learning outcome and

programme objectives.

This report provides an overview of Industrial visit as well as overview of individual

industry.

This report gives insight the work carried out by the students as well as Production

Process flow diagrams.

This report also carries the technical aspects and working of various units such as

CDU, DRS, PTA Plant, Odourant system, Heat Exchanger, SPM etc.

At last, this report gives an outcome of overall industrial programme and practical aspects

and key learning.

This report describes the procedures and the lessons learnt from such programme and

responsibilities to assist and provide good guidelines to ensure all students achieve the

objectives of industrial orientation in future also.

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Learning From the Industrial Orientation

Industrial Orientation was an opportunity to broaden our understanding of the industry

and experiencing the practical application of theories learnt in the class.

Following are the key learning from this Industrial Orientation Program

Different instrument of petroleum industry which are used now a day to maintain &

monitor the temperature, pressure, flow rate.

Different types of crude oil refining process, cracking techniques, process control by

online monitoring.

Backward integration of Reliance by Dhirubhai Ambani to built India's largest private

sector company in Petroleum Industry.

Storage and Re-gasification of LNG. Working principle of heat exchanger

Safety is our first priority in Hydrocarbon Industry - Shell LNG Hazira Terminal

Technical importance of Jetty and Single Point Mooring (SPM) system.

Various petroleum products loading and unloading process.

City Gas distribution (CGD), CNG compressor working, District Regulating Station

(DRS), maintaining pressure, flow rate, odorisation, gas metering etc.

Inside PTA plant visit was one of the great experiences for us and great opportunity to

feel the industrial environment.

Presentation by reliance hazira employee suggested us to decide our long term goal not

just short term.

Carrier building lecture was become a true path finding experience for me.

This Industrial Visit has given me an overview of the industry to build my career in a

proper direction and it will help me to choose right industry in future.

As a student coordinator, I learn how to deal with people of different mind sets and

arrange all facilities for students.

Industry needs people who are updated with time through learning new technologies in

respective field.

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We need to develop our own laws to understand every technical process and create a

burning desire to learn something new and build new technologies that provide energy to

the people easily and efficiently.

Group Photo

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Reliance Petrochemical Complex Jamnagar

Overview

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), the flagship company, is a Fortune Global 500

company and is the largest private sector company in India.

The Jamnagar manufacturing division is the world's largest refining hub with

crude processing capacity of 1.24 million Barrels Per Stream Day (BPSD).

The Jamnagar complex is a fully integrated manufacturing facility, with a petroleum

refinery complex, an aromatics/petrochemical complex, a power generation complex

and a port and terminal complex that provides access to a pipeline network.

Location

Situated on the northwest coast of India, the integrated refinery-cum petrochemicals

complex of Reliance is located at village Motikhavdi, Lalpur Taluka, Jamnagar

District, in the state of Gujarat.

The complex is in proximity to the Gulf of Kutch, a sheltered bay close to the

Middle-East crude oil sources.

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Total area

The entire Jamnagar complex, consisting of manufacturing and allied facilities such

as utilities and off-sites, port facilities and a township for the employees, sprawls over

more than 7,500 acres.

Total investment

The entire Jamnagar complex entailed a total investment of about 25,000 crore Rs

(about US$ 6 billion).

Refining processes

The refinery complex at Jamnagar has more than 50 process units, which together

process the basic feedstock, crude oil to obtain various finished products deploying

the following major refining processes:

1) Crude oil distillation (Atmospheric as well as vacuum distillation)

2) Catalytic cracking (Fluidised Catalytic Cracker)

3) Catalytic reforming

4) Delayed Coking

Capacity

i. J1-DTA ( Domestic Tariff Area ) : 33 mmtpa

ii. J2-SEZ ( Special Economic Zone ): 27 mmtpa

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Unique Features

Reliance Jamnagar refinery has state of art technology to process more than 148

types of crude including high sulphur content crudes also.

Reliance Jamnagar refinery has refining margin of approximately 10 $/bbl which is

highest among all refineries in INDIA.

Reliance Jamnagar refinery is now one of the most complex refineries in the world

with Nelson complexity index of 14.

Jamnagar Complex has become the petroleum hub of the world and represents about

2% of global crude processing capacity.

Township

The complex includes a self-contained township, appropriately named as Reliance

Greens, for over 2,500 Reliance employees and their families.

Sprawling over 415 acres of land, the township has been designed to provide the best

possible residential, educational and recreational facilities to the employees.

The township includes fully furnished housing for the employees, as well as a

medical centre, school, playgrounds, temple, community centres, health centres,

banks, mall/supermarket, gas station, parks, swimming pool, golf course and tennis

courts etc.

Automated Control Panel of SEZ Refinery

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From control panel screens panel operators analyze specifications and control

continuous operation of petroleum refining and processing units.

They regulate temperature, pressure, rate of flow, and tank level in petroleum refining

unit, according to process schedules.

Online control of all refinery processes from single location makes it easy to operate

and taking quick actions during any type of emergency.

Panel operators can change the production capacity of every plant as per availability

of feed stokes and customer demand.

Panel operators can also adjust the quality of product as per customer requirements

Refining Process

Main Components of Distillation Columns

A vertical shell where separation of liquid components is done.

Column internals e.g. trays/plates and/or packing which are used to enhance

component separations.

A re-boiler to provide the necessary vaporization for the distillation process.

A condenser to cool and condense the vapour leaving the top of the column.

A reflux drums to hold the condensed vapour from the top of the column so that

liquid (reflux) can be recycled back to the column.

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Distillation Column

1. Atmospheric Distillation

Crude Oil contacted with 3- 10% water @ 230-260 °F to remove salts and sediment (

fine sand, clay, soil) to minimize corrosion and fouling.

The feedstock then flows to a direct‐fired crude charge heater then into the vertical

distillation column just above the bottom, at pressures slightly above atmospheric and

at temperatures ranging from 340‐370°C (above these temperatures undesirable

thermal cracking may occur).

Molecules are separated by boiling ranges, but not chemically altered.

As the hot vapour rises in the tower, its temperature is reduced. Heavy fuel oil or

asphalt residue is taken from the bottom.

At successively higher points on the tower, the various major products including

lubricating oil, heating oil, kerosene, gasoline, and uncondensed gases (which

condense at lower temperatures) are drawn off.

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Crude Distillation Unit at Jamnagar Refinery

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2. Vacuum Distillation

To further distill the residue crude from the atmospheric tower without thermal

cracking, reduced pressure is required.

The principles of vacuum distillation resemble those of fractional distillation except

that larger diameter columns are used to maintain reduced pressures.

Vacuum Distillation Column

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3. Fluid Catalytic Cracking

FCC unit Convert heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products – primarily gasoline

FCC is the largest gasoline producer in refinery

Cracking of heavy hydrocarbons forms coke on catalyst, burned off in regenerator

Most of the heat required in the reaction is produced from coke burn on catalyst

(Silica-alumina)

Catalyst degrades over time due to metals, sulphur. Fresh catalyst added to maintain

activity

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4. Various Products Storage Facility

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5. Refined Petroleum Products and Their Uses

Reliance Jamnagar refinery processes a wide variety of crude oils and produces a

range of petroleum products for exports as well as supply in the Indian market.

Products Applications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Domestic and industrial fuel

Propylene Feedstock for polypropylene

Naphtha Feedstock for petrochemicals

Gasoline Transport fuel

Jet /Aviation Turbine Fuel Aviation fuel

Superior Kerosene Oil Domestic fuel

High-Speed Diesel Transport fuel

Sulphur Feedstock for fertilizers and pharmaceuticals

Petroleum Coke Fuel for power plants and cement plants

Reliance Jamnagar Marine Terminal

Reliance Jamnagar Marine Terminal is situated in the Gulf of Kutch, State of Gujarat,

India, about 35 km west of the town of Jamnagar. The Marine Terminal was

inaugurated in 1999.

It is used for unloading crude oil from Gulf countries and loading of different

petroleum products into the ships. It is also used for receiving huge size refinery

equipment e.g. distillation towers from ships.

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SPM-Single Point Mooring

The marine facility has 3 SPM’s - Single Point Mooring (one is only for

petrol, second is only for diesel and third is for other products) for crude oil

import. SPM system is built for large size ships which can't go very near to

sea shore.

Top part of SPM is rotating with the rhythm of ship and bottom part is non-

rotational.

The top and bottom sections are linked by a roller bearing, referred to as the

"main bearing".

Bottom part is held in place by multiple radiating anchor chains.

The marine facility also has 5 Tanker Berths A, B, C, D and E for exporting products

and a seawater intake facility for cooling water requirements.

The marine facility also includes a Ro-Ro facility and unloading platforms for

handling Project construction cargo.

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The product pipelines from the existing Jamnagar refinery were routed from Marine

Tank Farm (MTF) to Land Fall Point (LFP) on onshore RCC sleepers and steel

frames. These then travel on pile supported RCC pile caps and steel frames along

1400 m long shore link between LFP and Zero Point.

Green Belt

Reliance Jamnagar has developed a unique greenbelt in and around its refinery

complex.

It covers an area of slightly over 1600 acres, where more than 200 species of plants

are raised with over 3.2 million trees.

The impact of this massive greening has resulted in lowering of temperature by

around 20 °C and increase in annual rainfall from an earlier average of 400 mm to

over 600 mm as seen from the last 3 years’ records.

As a part of greening activities, Reliance, Jamnagar has developed Asia’s largest

mango orchard encompassing 447 acres. It is named Dhirubhai Ambani Lakhi Baug.

Trees in mango and other fruit or chards are irrigated with desalinated water or fresh

water.

Wind velocity at Jamnagar at times goes up to 70 Kms /hour. In order to protect

flowering and fruiting of such trees, plantation of a wind-breaking-cum filtering Saru

trees is taken up surrounding fruits orchards.

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Shell LNG Terminal Hazira

Overview

Shell Hazira Port, a unit of Royal Dutch Shell, operates the terminal and owns 74%

interest in the facility. Total Gaz Electricité France holds the remaining 26%.

The Hazira Terminal includes a liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage and re-

gasification terminal within a fully functional port.

Location

Shell LNG Terminal is situated in the State of Gujarat on the West Coast of India,

about 25 km from Surat city and about 120 nautical miles north of Mumbai.

The area is located near key markets for gas and connected to the gas grid in Gujarat.

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Total area

The entire LNG terminal spread over an area of 46.7 hectares, the terminal has a jetty

where LNG cargo is unloaded through to the cryogenic tanks

Total investment

The Rs 3,000 crore Hazira LNG Terminal and Port facilities, in Surat district of

Gujarat, is regarded as a key foreign direct investment (FDI) project and represents

one of the largest international investments in India in the energy sector.

Capacity

i. First LNG Storage Tank: 1,60,000 𝑚3

ii. Second LNG Storage Tank: 1,60,000 𝑚3

Unique Features

The Hazira LNG terminal was the first to introduce Spot LNG supplies into India.

Hazira has received LNG supplies from all the major LNG producing nations and its

Terminal is able to accept LNG ships up to Q Flex sizes.

The Hazira LNG Terminal is now interconnected with the Hazira-Vijaypur-

Jagdishpur line (HVJ), Dahej-Uran pipeline (DUPL), Gurjarat State Petronet Limited

(GSPL) and East West pipelines at Mora, enabling Shell to supply gas to North,

West, Central and even South India.

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LNG -Liquefied Natural Gas

When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -160 °C at atmospheric

pressure, it condenses to a liquid called liquefied natural gas (LNG).

One volume of this liquid takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas.

LNG is odorless, colorless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized, it burns in

concentrations of 5% to 15% on being mixed with air.

LNG or its vapour is not explosive in an unconfined space.

Re-Gasification Process

The re-gasification process at the terminal involves heating of the super cool LNG (-

160℃) to transform it back into gas. Heating is carried out using two types of heat

exchangers.

The converted gas is sent through a 17 km pipeline to the Mora Gas Hub. Owned and

operated by Gujarat State Petronet, the Mora Gas Hub delivers gas to various

industries such as steel mills.

Technical Features of Shell LNG Hazira Terminal

1. LNG Jetty

The LNG jetty has two liquid unloading arms both of which are cryogenic and are

designed to unload LNG at -160℃.

Unloading of LNG can be done at a maximum rate of 11,000 𝑚3/hour.

The jetty has state of art Emergency Shutdown System and safety equipments to

avoid & control spills and leaks of LNG.

The LNG unloaded is carried in cold condition by a 1.6 Km pipeline to the LNG

tanks.

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2. LNG Storage Tanks

The terminal has two LNG tanks with a capacity of 1,60,000 𝑚3 each.

These tanks have pre-stressed concrete outer and 9% Nickel steel inner tank to

hold the LNG at -160 ℃

LNG is stored in the tanks at atmospheric pressure.

Cold insulation is provided between the outer and inner tanks to minimise heat

ingress to the tank. This would ensure that LNG can be stored in the tanks at low

temperature with minimum vaporisation of LNG.

The LNG tanks are large with inner tank diameter of 79 m.

The tanks are provided with protection against high pressure to avoid any damage

and with robust controls to keep the pressure within limits.

LNG cryogenic pumps are installed inside the tanks, which pump out LNG from

the tanks at intermediate pressure.

The LNG pressure is finally boosted to 100 bars with the help of high speciality

multi stage cryogenic pumps before being sent to the re-gasification section.

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3. LNG Vaporizers

LNG is regasified in Open Rack Vaporisers, using sea water as the heating

medium.

Sea water is first filtered to remove solids before sending it into ORV. Sea water

temperature goes down to 3 ℃ after giving the heat to LNG.

Terminal has three Open Rack Vaporisers which are used to vaporise LNG.

Vaporisers’ design ensures proper distribution of seawater.

These vaporisers are designed to handle LNG at -160 ℃ and have been provided

with instrumented protections to avoid any damage.

The terminal also has a Submerged Consumption Vaporiser which uses fuel gas

as the source of heat. In these vaporisers, heat generated by burning fuel gas is

used to warm the water which in turn vaporizes LNG.

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4. Pipeline Connectivity

A 12.5 Km, 28 inch pipeline transports high pressure gas to the Hazira Mora

Metering Station where the custody transfer takes place.

The Metering station is equipped with Custody Transfer quality Ultrasonic type

gas metering facility and pressure control facility to supply gas to various

customers at required pressures.

A fibre optic cable laid along the pipeline connects the pipeline controls to the

terminal control room which enables the operation of the Metering Station.

The pipeline and the metering station are equipped with various protection

systems to avoid & minimise any gas leak.

The Hazira Mora Metering Station is now interconnected to GAIL, GSPL and

RGTIL pipelines at Mora.

Uses

The Hazira LNG terminal operates and supplies LNG to a large number of customers

in different industrial segments ranging from power and fertilizer to ceramic, steel,

small and medium industries.

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Gujarat Gas Ltd.

Overview

Gujarat Gas Ltd. is a Gas distribution company which has its own distribution system

in which CNG & PNG sold to various segments by interconnecting gas pipeline &

related equipments.

Gujarat Gas Limited has emerged as India's largest city gas distribution player with

presence spread across 19 Districts in the State of Gujarat and Union Territory of

Dadra Nagar Haveli and Thane GA which includes Palghar district of Maharashtra.

Location

Gujarat gas CNG mother station is located between G-2 & G-3 Circle, Sector 5,

Gandhinagar district, Gujarat state.

GSPL SV Station & CGS is located near ambapur village, taluka and district

Gandhinagar, Gujarat state.

Capacity

Mother Station CNG Compressor Capacity: 1200 SCMH

Unique Features

Gujarat Gas is India's Largest City Gas Distribution Company.

Gujarat Gas has built network of over 16,000 km-long gas pipeline and 230 CNG

stations constituting 22% of all CNG stations in the country.

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Gujarat Gas provides 5.5 MMSCMD of Natural Gas to 34% of all domestic

customers (10, 80,000), 50% of all Commercial customers and 46% of all Industrial

customers in India.

City Gas Distribution Business:

A City gas distribution means a distribution system in which CNG & PNG sold to

various segments by interconnecting gas pipeline & related equipments.

Currently the CGD segment constitutes 12 percent of the total gas consumption in

India. It is worth noting that this has been achieved in the past five years itself. It is

expected to reach a share of 20 percent by FY 20.

Increasing demand from commercial and small industrial customers within the city

limits, in addition to the automotive and residential demand, are the key drivers of

growth in this segment.

CGD demand of natural gas from 2012-13 to 2029-10 of India.

MMSCMD 2012-13 2016-17 2021-22 2026-27 2029-30

CGD 15.30 22.32 46.25 67.96 85.61

City Gas Distribution Network

A typical CGD Network shall comprise of one or more or all of the following:

1. City Gas Station (CGS)

2. Pipeline Network – Steel Pipeline, Polyethylene Pipelines, GI/Cu Pipes

3. Regulating Stations – District Regulating Stations (DRS), Service Regulators,

4. Metering Stations

5. CNG Stations

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City Gas Station (CGS)

It is established at a tap-off point of high pressure transmission pipeline; from where we

get gas inside the city via pipelines.

Custody Transfer from Transmission Company to Distribution Company

The gas delivered at this point is at higher pressure i.e. greater than 50 bar. Once gas

enters to CGS unit its pressure is reduced to in between 24-30 bar.

Odorization Unit

Natural gas is colorless and odourless in order to detect gas leakage ethyl mercaptan is

added as an odourant for east detection of gas leakage. Ethyl mercaptan has a very bad

smell.

An Odorization unit is installed for addition of ethyl Mercaptan in the gas stream.

As per the PNGRB guidelines odourless gas should not be provided to customer for

safety purpose.

The dozing unit of the ethyl Mercaptan is in between 10 - 20 mg/𝑚3 as per requirement.

This unit consists of mainly one cylinder of capacity of 500 litres, pneumatic panel, level

indicator and a filter.

Ethyl Mercaptan boils at 35℃. In order to stable its liquid state, high pressure gas blanket

is provided above it in storage tank so 20 volume % of the storage tank is filled by high

pressure gas.

During pumping, doping rate is calculated in liquid state.

Odorization unit is directly connected to the main line.

Vericonne Company is service provider of Ambapur odorisation unit.

A typical odorisation unit

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District Regulating Station- DRS

DRS are the device used to reduce the pressure from 24 bars to 4 bars.

It is the interface between the steel grid network and medium pressure network. It is

located at various demand centres for domestic /commercial users

The flow capacity of DRS is in range of 5000-10000 SCMH.

DRS regulate gas pressure from 20-25 to 4 bar.

The inlet line of DRS is steel pipeline and outlet is polyethylene pipeline.

DRS has two streams, one is active stream and other is stand by stream.

Components of DRS

1. Gas Filters

2. Pressure reduction:

i. Active regulator

ii. Monitor regulator

iii. Slam Shut off Valve for over pressure protection

iv. Creep Relief Valve.

3. Pressure Gauges

4. Heaters (if required)

5. Pilot regulators

6. NRV: Non- Return Valve

7. Inlet/outlet isolation valves

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Filter PRV

Monitor Regulator & Active Regulator

SSV PRV

Equipment Set Pressure (bar)

PSV 42.0

SSV 5.2

CRV 5.0

Monitor Regulator 4.5

Active Regulator 4.0

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CNG

CNG Refuelling Station is a facility set-up for supplying CNG mainly as a fuel to

vehicles. The system receives odorized gas at certain pressure (19 Bar), through

transmission line and supplies the same to the customers/vehicles after filtration,

compression (upto 250 Bar) and check metering.

Types of CNG Refuelling Stations

1. Mother Station: A CNG station provided with whole set up (compressors, dispensers,

cascade etc.) along with Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV) filling point is known as a

mother a CNG station.

2. Online Station: This CNG station has same set up as a mother station but LCV connection

is not provided for filling.

3. Daughter Booster Station: Daughter station provided with the compressor (known as

boosters) to compress the gas which comes from the mother station are known as daughter

booster station.

4. Daughter Station: Daughter stations are established in those areas where laying a pipeline

is not possible. In that case gas is delivered from mother station to daughter station; via

mobile cascade van. The gas from mother station is filled in mobile cascade by a LCV filling

point.

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Types of CNG Station

CNG Compressor

Steel line of 2 inches dia. coming to compressor as a suction line (25 bars). Suction line is

provided with isolation valve followed by a strainer for removing of foreign particles.

The first stage is double acting stage; here compression is affected from both the ends of

the cylinder of the compressor. Then gas is sent to the intercooler for the cooling of the

gas.

Now gas from intercooler enters to second stage for the compression. Second stage is

single acting means one suction and one discharge. After compression it goes to

intercooler for air cooling of the compressed gas.

Finally it reaches to third stage (single acting) for final compression from intercooler for

the desired final pressure of gas.

At every stage, the gas pressure and temperature is:

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Safety Units in Compressor

Flame detectors and Gas detectors

CO2 flooding system

Safety Relief Valve (SRV)

Cascades

A bank of cylinders used for buffer stock of compressed natural gas is known as cascade.

Stationary cascade is used to store the gas when vehicle is not there at the dispenser then

the gas from compressor flows into a cascade.

1) Stationary Cascade: These are fixed cascades established on CNG station for the

storage of CNG. It has a direct inlet from compressor and outlet to line connected

to dispenser.

2) Mobile Cascade: Cascade is mounted over an LCV and it carries CNG from

Mother Station to Daughter station or Daughter booster station as per the

requirement.

Cylinders in a cascade are divided accordingly as:

- High Pressure Cylinders (HP) - 5 cylinders

- Medium Pressure Cylinders (MP) - 15 cylinders

- Low Pressure Cylinders (LP) - 20 cylinders

-

Stationary Cascade

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Reliance Hazira Manufacturing Division

Overview

Hazira Manufacturing Division (HMD) of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is a

multi-product, fully integrated complex, manufacturing a wide range of

petrochemicals, polymers, polyesters and polyester intermediates. The complex

comprises of a Naphtha cracker feeding downstream petrochemical, fibre

intermediates and polyester plants.

The Hazira petrochemical plant was commissioned in 1991–92.

Major operations at Hazira involve production of Ethylene and Propylene by Naphtha

cracking, production of fibre intermediates (Purified Terephalic Acid and Mono-

Ethylene Glycol), manufacturing of polyesters (Partially Oriented Yarn, Polyester

Staple Fibre Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate) and polymers (Polypropylene,

Polyethylene and Polyvinyl Chloride).

The Hazira manufacturing division has two elastomer plants producing PBR and SBR

each.

Location

Hazira Manufacturing Division (HMD) of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is

located at village Mora, near Hazira in Choryasi Taluka of Surat District in the State

of Gujarat.

Area

Hazira Manufacturing Division spread across 1000 acres.

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Capacity

RIL operates a world scale manufacturing division at Hazira (RIL-Hazira), producing

nearly 7 million MT of products annually.

Investment

Over US$ 3 billion has been invested at RIL, Hazira.

Unique Features

RIL-Hazira secured 1st rank with lowest Steam Leakage Ratio across RIL

Petrochemicals sites.

PBR & SBR

Reliance high quality PBR and SBR is sold in bales, each weighing 35 kilograms and

measuring 28 x 14 x 8 inches. The finishing lines at Hazira manufacturing divisions

are fully automated.

All products from Relflex Elastomers is wrapped with an inner layer of perforated

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and further packaged in paper bags.

As part of quality assurance, all materials are pre-scanned for unwanted foreign

particles. It is only after passing each bale through a series of quality checks that the

material is dispatched to our warehouses.

Date and location of manufacture, along with other standard specifications are printed

on each package.

Standard 35 kg bale

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PTA Plant Visit

PTA, which is pure white powder obtained from Para Xylene.

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Process Flowchart

Process Description

The PTA process has two stages:

Oxidation – Forming Crude Terephthalic Acid (“CTA”) from Paraxylene (“PX”)

Purification – Purifying Crude Terephthalic Acid (“CTA”) into Purified Terephthalic

Acid (“PTA”).

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1. Process feedstock

The process feedstock is p-xylene dissolved in acetic acid with the inclusion of hydrogen

bromide, manganese and cobalt salts as catalysts.

2. Oxidation

The liquid feed enters the oxidation vessel where step-wise oxidation of p-xylene’s

methyl groups produces crude terephthalic acid (CTA):

The CTA is largely insoluble, and consequently the reactors contain significant amounts

of solid product crystals. The main impurity of the CTA relative to PTA is determined by

the 4-carboxy benzaldehyde (4-CBA) content.

3. Crystallization, filtration and drying

Flash cooling further crystallizes product from the slurry. The solid CTA is then

separated and dried, before being re-slurried in water in preparation for purification.

4. Purification (hydrogenation)

CTA purification proceeds by hydrogenating the 4-CBA impurity back to para-toluic

acid, using a heterogeneous palladium-on- carbon catalyst.

The CTA-water slurry is pre-heated to aid dissolution, before progressing to the

hydrogenation

reactor, where the addition of hydrogen initiates the following reaction

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The p-toluic acid is much more soluble in water than terephthalic acid, allowing the PTA to

crystallize from solution by flash cooling while the p-toluic acid remains dissolved.

Filtration, washing and drying follow to give solid PTA

Final Product

5. Application

PTA is predominantly used as a raw material in manufacture of Polyester Staple Fibres, Polyester

Filament Yarns and Polyethylene Terephthalate in conjunction with Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG).

Polyester Fibres/Yarns find application in the production of textiles and films. PTA also finds use in

small quantities in the manufacture of paints, etc.

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es/db9f9b652f334a16bef087e0a2fa963f.pdf

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MD%20CEQA%20Guidelines_December%202010.ashx?la=en

http://www.hitachi.com/businesses/infrastructure/product_site/ip/process/pta.html

http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Product.php

http://www.gujaratgas.com/our-business/cng/