Industrial Political ReactionIndustrial Political Reaction

NationalismNationalism The idea of a nation consisting of people unified by common The idea of a nation consisting of people unified by common

culture, language, and/or religion, who should all be ruled by one culture, language, and/or religion, who should all be ruled by one governmentgovernment

Reaction against Reaction against Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism • Enlightenment ideal that all human beings belong to one Enlightenment ideal that all human beings belong to one

family.family. Enlightenment culture had emphasizedEnlightenment culture had emphasized

A common language A common language The universality of Reason.The universality of Reason. Common intellectual world of the educated middle class and Common intellectual world of the educated middle class and

nobility.nobility. Opposition to the Opposition to the Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna,,

• Principle of states based on monarchies and dynasties,Principle of states based on monarchies and dynasties,• Disregarding the ethnic makeup of countries as a factor for Disregarding the ethnic makeup of countries as a factor for

boundariesboundaries

Meanings of Nationhood Meanings of Nationhood Some nationalists Some nationalists

Argued that uniting ethnicities into one group would help Argued that uniting ethnicities into one group would help economic and administrative success economic and administrative success

Thought that nationhood was imposed by God, or Thought that nationhood was imposed by God, or compared nationhood to divinity compared nationhood to divinity

Difficulties in classifying nations Difficulties in classifying nations Which ethnic groups could be considered nations with Which ethnic groups could be considered nations with

legitimacy to claim political and territorial independence? legitimacy to claim political and territorial independence? Would nationhood only be classified on which groups Would nationhood only be classified on which groups

managed to create a stable economy and culture? managed to create a stable economy and culture? Would ethnic uprisings be viewed as legitimate grasps Would ethnic uprisings be viewed as legitimate grasps

for independence?for independence?

Centers of European NationalismCenters of European Nationalism

IrelandIreland Ireland became directly governed by the Ireland became directly governed by the

British Crown after 1800, British Crown after 1800, • Irish people elected members to the Parliament Irish people elected members to the Parliament • Nationalists demanded either independence or Nationalists demanded either independence or

autonomy autonomy Nationalism would persist in Ireland well into Nationalism would persist in Ireland well into

the 20th centurythe 20th century

Polish Polish NationalismNationalism Since the loss of Polish independence in the Since the loss of Polish independence in the

Partitions, Polish nationalists,urged for armed Partitions, Polish nationalists,urged for armed struggle to regain independence from Austria, struggle to regain independence from Austria, Prussia, and Russia Prussia, and Russia

Most disturbances in the Russian portion of Poland Most disturbances in the Russian portion of Poland November Insurrection of 1830-1831November Insurrection of 1830-1831

January Insurrection of 1863-1864) January Insurrection of 1863-1864) Both doomed by bad military leadership or disunity Both doomed by bad military leadership or disunity

Nationalist groups survived in Poland,Nationalist groups survived in Poland, After 1864, no uprisings occurredAfter 1864, no uprisings occurred All social classes and sectors of Polish economy must be All social classes and sectors of Polish economy must be

improved and equalized before independenceimproved and equalized before independence

Liberalism Liberalism Roots in Enlightenment, English liberties, and principles Roots in Enlightenment, English liberties, and principles

of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Citizen Establishment of legal equality, religious tolerance, and freedom Establishment of legal equality, religious tolerance, and freedom

of press of press Less autocratic government Less autocratic government

Government relied on the consent of the people Government relied on the consent of the people Parliament would represent the people Parliament would represent the people Ministers in government should be responsible to the legislature Ministers in government should be responsible to the legislature

rather than the monarch rather than the monarch Sought democracy limited to the property-owners Sought democracy limited to the property-owners

• Had contempt for the lower class Had contempt for the lower class • Aristocratic liberty was thought by liberals to be a concept of privilege Aristocratic liberty was thought by liberals to be a concept of privilege

based on wealth and property rather than birthbased on wealth and property rather than birth

Economic Goals Economic Goals

Sought the removal of mercantilism and Sought the removal of mercantilism and regulated economy regulated economy Promoted capitalism Promoted capitalism Favored removal of international tariffs and Favored removal of international tariffs and

internal trade barriers internal trade barriers France and Great Britain flourished with France and Great Britain flourished with

liberal establishmentsliberal establishments Germany was full of anti-liberal nobilityGermany was full of anti-liberal nobility

Conservative Order in EuropeConservative Order in Europe

Conservatism Conservatism Pillars of Support Pillars of Support

• Absolute Monarchies Absolute Monarchies • Landed Aristocracies Landed Aristocracies • Established Churches Established Churches

Conservative ViewsConservative Views Only aristocratic and/or upper-bourgeois governments Only aristocratic and/or upper-bourgeois governments

could be trusted could be trusted Aristocrats felt that their power was threatened by representative Aristocrats felt that their power was threatened by representative

governments governments Conservatives would not agree to constitutionalism unless they Conservatives would not agree to constitutionalism unless they

created the documents created the documents Clerics only supported popular movements if they were Clerics only supported popular movements if they were

based around the Church based around the Church Clerics supported the status quo, and detested ideas Clerics supported the status quo, and detested ideas

of the Enlightenment of the Enlightenment Upper classes felt surrounded by enemies and gave up Upper classes felt surrounded by enemies and gave up

some former privileges some former privileges Post-Vienna Europe confronted internal problems after Post-Vienna Europe confronted internal problems after

external ones seemed to disappearexternal ones seemed to disappear

Threat of Nationalism to the EstablishmentThreat of Nationalism to the Establishment Nationalists, sought to redraw Europe along Nationalists, sought to redraw Europe along

ethnic lines ethnic lines Would effectively dissolve the Ottoman, Austrian, Would effectively dissolve the Ottoman, Austrian,

and Russian empires and Russian empires Nationalism and liberalism sometimes Nationalism and liberalism sometimes

worked together, adding to the concern of worked together, adding to the concern of absolutists and ultraroyalists absolutists and ultraroyalists

Nationalism eventually succeeded, Nationalism eventually succeeded, United the German and Italian states into unified, United the German and Italian states into unified,

strong countries, challenging French and strong countries, challenging French and Austrian ambitionsAustrian ambitions

Reaction in Austria and Germany Reaction in Austria and Germany Austria Austria

Prince Prince Klemens von MetternichKlemens von Metternich • Architect of the Congress of Vienna settlement, Architect of the Congress of Vienna settlement, • Symbol of conservative political reaction against nationalism and Symbol of conservative political reaction against nationalism and

liberalism liberalism Austria was threatened as the most multi-ethnic country in Europe Austria was threatened as the most multi-ethnic country in Europe Recognition of aspirations of any ethnic groups = Dissolution of Recognition of aspirations of any ethnic groups = Dissolution of

the empire the empire Representative government was feared - national groups could Representative government was feared - national groups could

gain their ambitions legally through parliaments gain their ambitions legally through parliaments

To prevent success of nationalism and liberalism even further, the To prevent success of nationalism and liberalism even further, the Austrians wanted to dominate the states of the Austrians wanted to dominate the states of the German German ConfederationConfederation, ,

Replaced the HREReplaced the HRE Loose organization of 39, nominally independent kingdoms and Loose organization of 39, nominally independent kingdoms and

principalities principalities

Moves toward constitutional government in each of the states of the Moves toward constitutional government in each of the states of the Confederation were opposed and blocked by AustriaConfederation were opposed and blocked by Austria

PrussiaPrussia

King King Frederick William IIIFrederick William III promised promised constitutional government in 1815, but went constitutional government in 1815, but went back on his word in 1817 back on his word in 1817 Council of StateCouncil of State was formed, which was not was formed, which was not

constitutionally-based, but effective constitutionally-based, but effective 1819-1823 - Further steps away from liberalism 1819-1823 - Further steps away from liberalism

had been undertaken by the King, had been undertaken by the King, • Establishment of eight Junker-dominated provincial Establishment of eight Junker-dominated provincial

estates (diets), estates (diets), • Reaffirmed link between Prussian monarchy, army, Reaffirmed link between Prussian monarchy, army,

and landholdersand landholders

German ConfederationGerman Confederation Constitutional Governments established in three Constitutional Governments established in three

south German states of Baden, Bavaria, and south German states of Baden, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg, Wurttemberg,

• Did not recognize popular sovereigntyDid not recognize popular sovereignty• Confirmed powers of the monarchs Confirmed powers of the monarchs

Young Germans were loyal to the nationalism and Young Germans were loyal to the nationalism and liberalism that emerged from the Napoleonic liberalism that emerged from the Napoleonic occupation occupation University students circulated nationalist writings and University students circulated nationalist writings and

formed the formed the BurschenschaftenBurschenschaften (student associations) (student associations) • Sought to sever old provincial loyalties and replace them Sought to sever old provincial loyalties and replace them

with national loyalty to a greater German state with national loyalty to a greater German state

Student UprisingsStudent Uprisings 1817 Jena 1817 Jena

Bonfires and celebrations were organized for the Bonfires and celebrations were organized for the anniversaries of the Battle of Leipzig and Luther's Ninety-anniversaries of the Battle of Leipzig and Luther's Ninety-five Theses five Theses

Nationalist celebrations accentuated the rise of the Nationalist celebrations accentuated the rise of the movement throughout Germany movement throughout Germany

March 1819 March 1819 Karl Sand,Karl Sand,

• Member of one of the student clubs,Member of one of the student clubs, Assassinated the conservative dramatist August von Assassinated the conservative dramatist August von

Kotzebue and was tried and executedKotzebue and was tried and executed• Became a martyr for the young nationalists Became a martyr for the young nationalists

Metternich used the Sand incident to suppress the Metternich used the Sand incident to suppress the societiessocieties

July 1819July 1819the Carlsbad Decreesthe Carlsbad Decrees

Metternich persuadedMetternich persuaded Dissolution of the Dissolution of the BurschenschaftenBurschenschaften Press and university censorship Press and university censorship Final Act limited the subjects discussed in Final Act limited the subjects discussed in

the constitutional assemblies of Bavaria, the constitutional assemblies of Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Baden Wurttemberg, and Baden

Right of monarchs to resist Right of monarchs to resist constitutionalist demands constitutionalist demands • Led to the constant harassment of potential Led to the constant harassment of potential

dissidents by the German monarchsdissidents by the German monarchs

Repression in BritainRepression in Britain

Prime Minister Lord Liverpool Prime Minister Lord Liverpool Unprepared for the emergence of the internal Unprepared for the emergence of the internal

problems after the Napoleonic wars problems after the Napoleonic wars Tory ministry sought to placate and protect the Tory ministry sought to placate and protect the

interests of the landed and wealthy classes interests of the landed and wealthy classes 1815 - Corn Law 1815 - Corn Law

Maintain high prices for domestic grain through Maintain high prices for domestic grain through import duties on foreign grain import duties on foreign grain

1816 - Parliament abolished the income tax for 1816 - Parliament abolished the income tax for the wealthy,the wealthy, Replaced it with excise taxes on consumer goods Replaced it with excise taxes on consumer goods

paid by the wealthy and the poor paid by the wealthy and the poor

English DiscontentmentEnglish Discontentment Lower classes began to doubt the wisdom of the Lower classes began to doubt the wisdom of the

rulers rulers Calls for reform were intensified Calls for reform were intensified Radical newspapers formedRadical newspapers formed

• Demanding change of the political system, including William Demanding change of the political system, including William Cobbett's Cobbett's Political RegistrarPolitical Registrar

Government Government • Feared workers as possible repetitions of France's Feared workers as possible repetitions of France's sans-culottessans-culottes

ready to murder the elites ready to murder the elites • Regarded the radical leaders, including Cobbett, John Cartwright, Regarded the radical leaders, including Cobbett, John Cartwright,

and Henry Hunt as demagogues betraying national allegiances and Henry Hunt as demagogues betraying national allegiances December 1816 - Discontent mass meeting occurred at Spa December 1816 - Discontent mass meeting occurred at Spa

Fields;Fields;• Government reacted by passing the Coercion Act of March 1817, Government reacted by passing the Coercion Act of March 1817,

Suspended habeas corpus and extended laws against seditious Suspended habeas corpus and extended laws against seditious gatheringsgatherings

"Peterloo""Peterloo"

After temporary stability, radical reformism After temporary stability, radical reformism grew again grew again August 16, 1819 - Radicals met in Manchester at August 16, 1819 - Radicals met in Manchester at

Saint Peter's Fields Saint Peter's Fields • Royal troops were called to keep orderRoyal troops were called to keep order• Panic broke out, making the massacre famed as the Panic broke out, making the massacre famed as the

"Peterloo Massacre" "Peterloo Massacre" Liverpool supported the Manchester Liverpool supported the Manchester

administration's decision administration's decision • Became determined to stop the radical movements Became determined to stop the radical movements

Radical leaders were arrested Radical leaders were arrested

The Six ActsThe Six Acts December 1819 - Six Acts passed December 1819 - Six Acts passed

Forbade large unauthorized public meetings Forbade large unauthorized public meetings Raised the fines for seditious libel Raised the fines for seditious libel Sped up the trials of political agitators Sped up the trials of political agitators Increased newspaper taxes Increased newspaper taxes Prohibited training of armed groups Prohibited training of armed groups Allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed Allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed

countiescounties

February 1820- the Cato Street Conspiracy was February 1820- the Cato Street Conspiracy was discovered discovered

Under the leadership of a man named Thistlewood, extreme Under the leadership of a man named Thistlewood, extreme radicals plotted to assassinate the entire British Cabinet radicals plotted to assassinate the entire British Cabinet

Leaders were arrested and tried, four of them being executed Leaders were arrested and tried, four of them being executed Conspiracy served only to discredit the reform movementConspiracy served only to discredit the reform movement

Great Reform BillGreat Reform Bill of 1832 of 1832 Great BritainGreat Britain

1830 - 1830 - House of CommonsHouse of Commons considered the first major bill to reform the British considered the first major bill to reform the British political system political system

Catholic Emancipation Act Catholic Emancipation Act • Britain was determined to maintain control of Ireland Britain was determined to maintain control of Ireland • In the 1820s, the Irish nationalists agitated for Catholic emancipation In the 1820s, the Irish nationalists agitated for Catholic emancipation • Catholics could now become members of Parliament, ending Anglican monopoly of Catholics could now become members of Parliament, ending Anglican monopoly of

British politics British politics Measure alienated Anglican supporters of the Duke of Wellington, the Prime Minister, Measure alienated Anglican supporters of the Duke of Wellington, the Prime Minister,

King William IV turned to the leader of the liberal Whigs, King William IV turned to the leader of the liberal Whigs, Earl GreyEarl Grey, , to form a new governmentto form a new government

The Whig ministry The Whig ministry • Riots broke out when the Whig's attempt at passing a massive reform bill was Riots broke out when the Whig's attempt at passing a massive reform bill was

blocked by the House of Lords blocked by the House of Lords • To stop the riots, William IV agreed to persuade a majority in the House of Lords to To stop the riots, William IV agreed to persuade a majority in the House of Lords to

pass the pass the Great Reform BillGreat Reform Bill Expanded the size of the electorate by almost 50% while keeping a property Expanded the size of the electorate by almost 50% while keeping a property

qualification and keeping it only for men qualification and keeping it only for men Some franchise rights were taken away and actually disenfranchised some Some franchise rights were taken away and actually disenfranchised some

working class people working class people Act laid the foundations for further reform Act laid the foundations for further reform

Political FeminismPolitical Feminism Liberal society didn’t improve situation for women Liberal society didn’t improve situation for women

liberals thought women supported conservatives b/c of Roman liberals thought women supported conservatives b/c of Roman Cath. ChurchCath. Church

Obstacles to Achieving EqualityObstacles to Achieving Equality: : women reluctant to support feminismwomen reluctant to support feminism Favored nation over feminism/tactical differencesFavored nation over feminism/tactical differences Difficult for working-class/middle-class to cooperateDifficult for working-class/middle-class to cooperate

• Roman Cath. feminist opposed secular feminists Roman Cath. feminist opposed secular feminists • feminists applied rights of man to women:feminists applied rights of man to women:

Earliest feminists has odd opinions on sexuality/family life/poverty Earliest feminists has odd opinions on sexuality/family life/poverty • Feminist cause badly divided over goals/tacticsFeminist cause badly divided over goals/tactics

Votes for Women in BritainVotes for Women in Britain:: Millicent Fawcett led Millicent Fawcett led National Union of Women’s National Union of Women’s

Suffrage SocietiesSuffrage Societies: : thought Parliament would only grant thought Parliament would only grant vote if they showed as respectable/responsible in vote if they showed as respectable/responsible in

politicspolitics

Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst led more radical branch of led more radical branch of English feminists(English feminists(SuffragettesSuffragettes) lobbied publicly ) lobbied publicly for suffragefor suffrage

Used violent tactics of arson/window breaking/postal Used violent tactics of arson/window breaking/postal sabotage/marched on Parliament; sabotage/marched on Parliament;

Liberal govt. of Herbert Asquith imprisoned Liberal govt. of Herbert Asquith imprisoned demonstrators with forcedemonstrators with force

fed hunger strikers fed hunger strikers refused to extend franchise;refused to extend franchise; Women got the vote in 1918, only after contribution to Women got the vote in 1918, only after contribution to

the war effortthe war effort

Political Feminism on the ContinentPolitical Feminism on the Continent

French/German movements much less advanced;French/German movements much less advanced; Hubertine Auclert campaigned virtually aloneHubertine Auclert campaigned virtually alone

1901, the 1901, the National Council of French WomenNational Council of French Women(CNFF) (CNFF) organized upper/middle-class women, didn’t support vote organized upper/middle-class women, didn’t support vote for several yrs for several yrs

French feminists rejected violence,French feminists rejected violence, never held rallies, never held rallies, only could vote after WWIIonly could vote after WWII

German law forbade women from political activityGerman law forbade women from political activity Union of German Women’s OrganizationsUnion of German Women’s Organizations(BDFK) founded 1894, (BDFK) founded 1894,

• wanted more privileges before suffrage, wanted more privileges before suffrage, • got suffrage 1919 after German defeat/revolutiongot suffrage 1919 after German defeat/revolution• Before WWI, women demanded rights but tactics/success variedBefore WWI, women demanded rights but tactics/success varied

Jewish Emancipation Jewish Emancipation Emancipation of Jews from ghetto to equal citizens was Emancipation of Jews from ghetto to equal citizens was

major accomplishment; major accomplishment; impact on Europe – process slow/not completed/different in impact on Europe – process slow/not completed/different in

different countriesdifferent countries

1782,1782, Joseph II(Habsburg emp) decreed Jews had more/less same laws Joseph II(Habsburg emp) decreed Jews had more/less same laws

as Christiansas Christians 17891789

France, Nat. Assembly recognized Jews as citizens/France, Nat. Assembly recognized Jews as citizens/ During Napoleon wars in Italy/GermanyDuring Napoleon wars in Italy/Germany

• Jews on equal footing Jews on equal footing • steps were uncertain/ sometimes repealed w/changes,steps were uncertain/ sometimes repealed w/changes,• European Jews began to gain rightsEuropean Jews began to gain rights

RussiaRussia traditional prejudice until WWI,traditional prejudice until WWI, police allowed to conduct police allowed to conduct pogromspogroms: organized riots against Jews: organized riots against Jews

Broadened OpportunitiesBroadened Opportunities

After 1848, Jews saw general improvement: After 1848, Jews saw general improvement: some had full citizenship/could sit in Parliament; some had full citizenship/could sit in Parliament; from 1850-80, relatively little prejudice from 1850-80, relatively little prejudice

expressed – outside Russia,expressed – outside Russia, Jews entered cabinets/govt. offices;Jews entered cabinets/govt. offices; Associated w/socialists;Associated w/socialists; migrated west migrated west

• Anti-Semitism erupted in 1870s in GermanyAnti-Semitism erupted in 1870s in Germany• Dreyfus Affair,Dreyfus Affair,• ZionismZionism

minority movement within Jewish communityminority movement within Jewish community

Rise of the Workers MovementRise of the Workers Movement

Urban proletariat and unskilled workers Urban proletariat and unskilled workers rose/artisans fell rose/artisans fell working-class stopped rioting/remaking guildsworking-class stopped rioting/remaking guilds New institutions: socialism/trade New institutions: socialism/trade

unions/democracyunions/democracy

ChartismChartism In the late 1830s, Britain acquired a mass working class movement In the late 1830s, Britain acquired a mass working class movement

organized around a "People's Charter”organized around a "People's Charter” Movement began when in 1836 William Lovett (1800-1877) formed Movement began when in 1836 William Lovett (1800-1877) formed

London Working Men's Association.London Working Men's Association.

The Charter had The Charter had Six PointsSix Points - all connected to how Parliament was run - all connected to how Parliament was run Universal male suffrage Universal male suffrage Annual elections Annual elections Secret ballots Secret ballots Equal electoral districts Equal electoral districts Abolition of property qualifications for MPs Abolition of property qualifications for MPs Payments of members of parliament. Payments of members of parliament.

The movement was radical and quite sophisticated. The movement was radical and quite sophisticated. Not entirely united as a movement - some would not accept violence. Not entirely united as a movement - some would not accept violence. Once conditions improved in late 1840s it lost some of its force. But at one Once conditions improved in late 1840s it lost some of its force. But at one

stage it had the support of 1/2 the people. stage it had the support of 1/2 the people.

Trade UnionismTrade Unionism Govt.s began to extend protection to trade unionsGovt.s began to extend protection to trade unions

Britain,1871Britain,1871 France 1836France 1836 Germany,1890 Germany,1890

• Union participation marginal at firstUnion participation marginal at first• large unions had intense opposition, but most of labor force not large unions had intense opposition, but most of labor force not

organizedorganized Democracy and Political PartiesDemocracy and Political Parties

All major European states adopted broad-based electoral All major European states adopted broad-based electoral systems (except Russia)systems (except Russia)

• Politicians couldn’t ignore workers – democracy sparked existing Politicians couldn’t ignore workers – democracy sparked existing political partiespolitical parties

At this time, socialism opposed nationalismAt this time, socialism opposed nationalism Many workers had both sympathiesMany workers had both sympathies Nationalism prevailed during WWINationalism prevailed during WWI

Classical EconomicsClassical Economics Economists whose thought derived largely from Adam Economists whose thought derived largely from Adam

Smith dominated private and public discussions of Smith dominated private and public discussions of industrial and commercial policy, and often associated industrial and commercial policy, and often associated with Laissez-fairewith Laissez-faire

Favored economic growth through competitive free Favored economic growth through competitive free enterpriseenterprise

Distrusted government actionDistrusted government action Government should Government should

maintain sound currency, enforce contracts, protect property, maintain sound currency, enforce contracts, protect property, and impose low tariffs/taxesand impose low tariffs/taxes

Maintain enough armed forces and naval power to protect the Maintain enough armed forces and naval power to protect the nation’s economic structure and foreign tradenation’s economic structure and foreign trade

Zollverein=free trading unionZollverein=free trading union

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Proposed that the population would out grow the food supplyProposed that the population would out grow the food supply Working class+ more $$ = more children = more food and Working class+ more $$ = more children = more food and

wages neededwages needed

David RicardoDavid Ricardo Iron Law of WagesIron Law of Wages

• Wages go up- Parents have more childrenWages go up- Parents have more children• More Children working = Lower wagesMore Children working = Lower wages• Lower wages = less childrenLower wages = less children

Govt Policies and Classical EconomicsGovt Policies and Classical Economics

GermanyGermany The Zollverein – free trading union to eliminate tariffs The Zollverein – free trading union to eliminate tariffs

BritainBritain Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

• Used Utilitarianism as guide for govt. policiesUsed Utilitarianism as guide for govt. policies• 1834 Poor Law1834 Poor Law

Dispersed relief at workhousesDispersed relief at workhouses Poverty became an official social stigmaPoverty became an official social stigma

• Repealed the Corn LawsRepealed the Corn Laws Abolish tariff on grain that would lead to lower food pricesAbolish tariff on grain that would lead to lower food prices

• Irish potato famine real reason Irish potato famine real reason

• Started period of free trade in BritainStarted period of free trade in Britain

Early Socialists- French Utopian SocialistsEarly Socialists- French Utopian Socialists

Count Claude Henry de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)Count Claude Henry de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Planned economy -Planned economy -

Believed modern society requires modern management. Believed modern society requires modern management. Government by a board of directors. Government by a board of directors.

Did not agree with wealth redistribution, but of making all Did not agree with wealth redistribution, but of making all not-poor by good management.not-poor by good management.

Followers known as Saint-Simonians Followers known as Saint-Simonians

Charles Fourier (1772-1837) - Socialist CommunitiesCharles Fourier (1772-1837) - Socialist Communities Dealt with problem ofDealt with problem of tedium in work tedium in work - each worker have several - each worker have several

jobs and wander around from one to another so as to avoid jobs and wander around from one to another so as to avoid tedium. tedium.

Proposed that special industrial communities be set up. There Proposed that special industrial communities be set up. There were called Phalansteres or Phalanxes. They  were were called Phalansteres or Phalanxes. They  were communities on about 200 acres of land with 1500 people. communities on about 200 acres of land with 1500 people.

One set up in the US - Brook Farm, Mass, 1842-1847.  TOne set up in the US - Brook Farm, Mass, 1842-1847.  T Only place this sort of socialism has ever worked is Israel - Only place this sort of socialism has ever worked is Israel -

the the kibbutzkibbutz is an example of a Phalansteres. is an example of a Phalansteres.

Louis Blanc (1811-1882) - (Not really a Utopian.) Louis Blanc (1811-1882) - (Not really a Utopian.) Leader of industrial workers in the Paris region. Leader of industrial workers in the Paris region. Part of the French Cabinet (main government committee) in Part of the French Cabinet (main government committee) in

France in just after the Revolution of 1848.France in just after the Revolution of 1848. The state should promote socialist programs and guarantee The state should promote socialist programs and guarantee

employment through "National workshops."  Set up for a while, employment through "National workshops."  Set up for a while, until liberals displaced Blanc from the government.until liberals displaced Blanc from the government.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (more an Anarchist)Pierre Joseph Proudhon (more an Anarchist) Claimed that the worker was source of all wealth, and so would Claimed that the worker was source of all wealth, and so would

be able to use it. be able to use it. He ended up working for Louis III Napoleon.He ended up working for Louis III Napoleon.

Early English SocialismEarly English Socialism

Robert Owen (1771-1858)Robert Owen (1771-1858) Born poor, Born poor, Important and successful factory owner. Important and successful factory owner. Committed to improving life for workers. In his industrial center at  New Committed to improving life for workers. In his industrial center at  New

Lanark - Lanark - Built houses and schools for children. Built houses and schools for children. Did not pay workers off during a depression. Did not pay workers off during a depression. Made a Profit. Made a Profit. He later organized an unsuccessful copy in the US at New Harmony.He later organized an unsuccessful copy in the US at New Harmony.

Owen's Aims: Owen's Aims: Thought people could be made better by better conditions (goes back to Locke). Thought people could be made better by better conditions (goes back to Locke). Shows no need for bad conditions or low wages. Shows no need for bad conditions or low wages. Basically paternalistic. Basically paternalistic. Ended his long life as a spiritualistEnded his long life as a spiritualist

The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union The GNCTU was a mass union founded by Owen in 1830s. The GNCTU was a mass union founded by Owen in 1830s. Tried to unite all workers into once huge union. Tried to unite all workers into once huge union. Suffered a collapse in the 1830s.Suffered a collapse in the 1830s. The idea that workers should be organized in unions was central to later British The idea that workers should be organized in unions was central to later British

socialism.socialism.

AnarchismAnarchism

abolition of both capitalism and the state abolition of both capitalism and the state supported by followers of Blanc, supported by followers of Blanc, Urged development of a professional Urged development of a professional

revolutionary vanguard to attack capitalist revolutionary vanguard to attack capitalist societysociety• Attacked the banking systemAttacked the banking system• Society should be organized on the basis of Society should be organized on the basis of

mutualismmutualism

MarxismMarxism Termed communismTermed communism

Abolition of private propertyAbolition of private property Derived from German Hegelianism, French socialism, and British Derived from German Hegelianism, French socialism, and British

classical economicsclassical economics Conflict between dominant and subordinate social groups generated Conflict between dominant and subordinate social groups generated

conditions that led to the emergence of a new dominant social conditions that led to the emergence of a new dominant social group. These new social relationships, in turn, generated new group. These new social relationships, in turn, generated new discontent, conflict, and developmentdiscontent, conflict, and development

Fate of proletariat is fate of humanityFate of proletariat is fate of humanity Human history must be understood rationally and as a wholeHuman history must be understood rationally and as a whole

Class conflict become simplified during the early nineteenth century Class conflict become simplified during the early nineteenth century into a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariatinto a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

Proletariats eventually will take over and organize production Proletariats eventually will take over and organize production through propertyless and classless communist societythrough propertyless and classless communist society

Karl Marx(1818-1883)Karl Marx(1818-1883) German. Born in Trier in Rhineland. German. Born in Trier in Rhineland. Father was Jewish convert to Lutheranism for employment Father was Jewish convert to Lutheranism for employment

reasons. reasons.

Marx himself was often anti-Semitic. Marx himself was often anti-Semitic.

Married to an aristocrat's daughter. Married to an aristocrat's daughter. Went to Universities of Bonn, Berlin and Jena. Went to Universities of Bonn, Berlin and Jena.

Published radical papers in Koln and Belgium, [Published radical papers in Koln and Belgium, [Rheinische Rheinische ZeitungZeitung] until 1849 when he came to live in London for many ] until 1849 when he came to live in London for many years.years.

Friedrich Engels(1820-1895)Friedrich Engels(1820-1895) German manufacturer's son.German manufacturer's son.

Lived in England and managed factory in Manchester. Lived in England and managed factory in Manchester. Always politically aware and interested in the plight of the workers.  Always politically aware and interested in the plight of the workers.  

His His Condition of the Working Class in EnglandCondition of the Working Class in England (1845) remains a (1845) remains a classic account of the poverty in early industrial Manchester. classic account of the poverty in early industrial Manchester. 

Engels supported Marx for many years. Engels supported Marx for many years. Marx's only real friend. Met 1844Marx's only real friend. Met 1844 Co-wrote the Communist Manifesto with Marx Co-wrote the Communist Manifesto with Marx

Karl Marx and the First InternationalKarl Marx and the First International Karl Marx made considerable accommodation to Karl Marx made considerable accommodation to

new practical realities; new practical realities; 1864, British/French unionists founded the 1864, British/French unionists founded the

International Working Men’s AssociationInternational Working Men’s Association encompassed vast array of radical types;encompassed vast array of radical types;

• Marx supported workers trying to reform within existing Marx supported workers trying to reform within existing system system

Violence of Paris Commune hurt socialism’s Violence of Paris Commune hurt socialism’s reputationreputation

First International moved to USFirst International moved to US• dissolved 1876dissolved 1876

Marxism emerged as most important form of Marxism emerged as most important form of socialismsocialism

Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare ProgramsGreat Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs Marxism/socialism didn’t make progress in BritainMarxism/socialism didn’t make progress in Britain

Unions/Liberal Party support grewUnions/Liberal Party support grew Until 1901, general political activity on part of Until 1901, general political activity on part of

labor remained limitedlabor remained limited• House of Lords removed legal protection of union House of Lords removed legal protection of union

funds;funds;• Trades Union Congress launched the Trades Union Congress launched the Labour Labour

PartyParty: : strikes sprung up but no socialismstrikes sprung up but no socialism

The Fabian SocietyThe Fabian Society: : Britain’s most influential socialist group,Britain’s most influential socialist group, non-Marxist intellectuals;non-Marxist intellectuals; thought problems could be achieved gradually thought problems could be achieved gradually

peacefully /democraticallypeacefully /democratically British govt./parties responded slowly to problems;British govt./parties responded slowly to problems;

Ended w/regulation of some trades/unemployment Ended w/regulation of some trades/unemployment benefits/health carebenefits/health care

Early welfare legislation only partially satisfactoryEarly welfare legislation only partially satisfactory

France: “Opportunism” RejectedFrance: “Opportunism” Rejected Two factions of French socialists:Two factions of French socialists:

Jaures wanted cooperation w/middle-class Jaures wanted cooperation w/middle-class ministries to ensure legislation;ministries to ensure legislation;

Guesde argued socialists couldn’t support Guesde argued socialists couldn’t support bourgeois cabinet they must overthrow bourgeois cabinet they must overthrow • govt. response to Dreyfus Affair: govt. response to Dreyfus Affair: • 1899,socialist Alexander Millerand appointed to 1899,socialist Alexander Millerand appointed to

cabinetcabinet

Second InternationalSecond International

Founded 1889 for unification of parties;Founded 1889 for unification of parties; Debated issue of Debated issue of opportunismopportunism:: cabinet participation by socialists; cabinet participation by socialists; Amsterdam Congress condemned it,Amsterdam Congress condemned it,

• Jaures accepted decision and formed the united Jaures accepted decision and formed the united Socialist Socialist PartyParty

French labor had roots in anarchism was French labor had roots in anarchism was uninterested w/politicsuninterested w/politics Confederation Generale du Travail appealed to these Confederation Generale du Travail appealed to these

workers w/syndicalism/ strikes workers w/syndicalism/ strikes Middle-class Radical ministry used troops to suppress Middle-class Radical ministry used troops to suppress

strikesstrikes

Germany: Social Democrats and RevisionismGermany: Social Democrats and Revisionism German Social Democratic Party(SPD) German Social Democratic Party(SPD)

Kept Marxist socialism alive; Kept Marxist socialism alive; SDP founded 1875,SDP founded 1875, divided b/t reform advocates/revolutionariesdivided b/t reform advocates/revolutionaries

Bismarck’s Repression of the SPDBismarck’s Repression of the SPD: : Thought socialism would undermine Thought socialism would undermine

politics/society, politics/society, used excuses to push antisocialist laws – even w/this used excuses to push antisocialist laws – even w/this

pressure, SPD polled more votes in elections to the pressure, SPD polled more votes in elections to the ReichstagReichstag

Repression didn’t work,Repression didn’t work, Bismarck tried social welfare legislationBismarck tried social welfare legislation accident insurance/old age/disability pensionsaccident insurance/old age/disability pensions

The Erfurt ProgramThe Erfurt Program Emp William II forced Bismarck’s resignationEmp William II forced Bismarck’s resignation

allowed antisocialist legislation to expire, party needed to decide allowed antisocialist legislation to expire, party needed to decide attitude towards empireattitude towards empire

Erfurt ProgramErfurt Program: : 1891, declared imminent doom of capitalism1891, declared imminent doom of capitalism necessity of socialist ownership; necessity of socialist ownership;

• decided to accomplish through legal participation, thought revolution was decided to accomplish through legal participation, thought revolution was inevitableinevitable

• opposed in theory, but worked in institutionsopposed in theory, but worked in institutions Debate over RevisionismDebate over Revisionism: : Eduard Bernstein saw inner contradictions of capitalism not Eduard Bernstein saw inner contradictions of capitalism not

developing, thought that revisions were needed developing, thought that revisions were needed RevisionismRevisionism; generated heated debate; generated heated debate

finally condemned(finally condemned(ReichstagReichstag was too weak) was too weak) While calling for revolution, SPD used Revisionism, worked for While calling for revolution, SPD used Revisionism, worked for

electoral gainselectoral gains Augus14,1914, SPD members of Augus14,1914, SPD members of ReichstagReichstag

voted unanimously for war creditvoted unanimously for war credit

Russia: Industrial Development Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevismand the Birth of Bolshevism

  Russia entered industrial age and Russia entered industrial age and confronted problems,confronted problems,

Dealt with political and economic problems Dealt with political and economic problems at the same time, reflected in Russian at the same time, reflected in Russian socialismsocialism

Social Revolutionary PartySocial Revolutionary Party::

• founded 1901,founded 1901,• reached back to Populistsreached back to Populists

opposed industrialism/wanted community opposed industrialism/wanted community

• Constitutional Democratic PartyConstitutional Democratic Party:(Cadets) :(Cadets) formed 1903, formed 1903, drew members from local councils (drew members from local councils (zemstvoszemstvos) ) wanted parliament regime w/civil libertieswanted parliament regime w/civil liberties

Lenin’s Early Thought and CareerLenin’s Early Thought and Career::• Russians had no representation, Russians had no representation,

leading Russian Marxist was Gregory leading Russian Marxist was Gregory PlekhanovPlekhanov• taught Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin);taught Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin);

Lenin spent much time in Switzerland Lenin spent much time in Switzerland • Became involved in disputes of Russian Social Became involved in disputes of Russian Social

Democratic exilesDemocratic exiles• Criticized both accommodation/trade unionism, Criticized both accommodation/trade unionism, • thought tight/elite party should teach massesthought tight/elite party should teach masses

1903 London Congress1903 London Congress

• Lenin forced a split:Lenin forced a split: Lenin’s faction assumed name Lenin’s faction assumed name BolsheviksBolsheviks(majority)(majority) Other faction assumed Other faction assumed MenshevikMenshevik(minority)(minority)

• Bolsheviks wanted elite professional revolutionariesBolsheviks wanted elite professional revolutionaries• Menshiviks wanted large mass membershipMenshiviks wanted large mass membership

• 1905, Lenin urged socialist revolution to unite 1905, Lenin urged socialist revolution to unite proletariat/peasantryproletariat/peasantry Lenin’s ideas of Bolshevik elite and united Lenin’s ideas of Bolshevik elite and united

proletariat/peasantry influenced revolution:proletariat/peasantry influenced revolution: Bolsheviks seized power 1917Bolsheviks seized power 1917

Liberal vs. Conservative NationalismLiberal vs. Conservative Nationalism

In the first half of 19In the first half of 19thth c. nationalism and c. nationalism and liberalism went hand in handliberalism went hand in hand Liberal nationalists believed love of country led to Liberal nationalists believed love of country led to

love of all humanitylove of all humanity Liberal ideals included equality, freedom, and Liberal ideals included equality, freedom, and

representative governmentrepresentative government

By 2By 2ndnd half of 19 half of 19thth c. extreme nationalism c. extreme nationalism subverted liberal values, contributed to World subverted liberal values, contributed to World War I, and led to the rise of fascism.War I, and led to the rise of fascism.