Industrial Revolution

SOL WHII.8

The Industrial Revolution began in England, spreading to the rest of Western Europe and the United States.

The origin of the Industrial Revolution was England because:• England had natural resources like coal

and iron ore• Invention and improvement of the

steam engine by James Watt– this meant that steam replaced water as industry’s power source

Steam Engine – James Watt

In the 1500s and 1600s, public lands that had been used for common grazing of animals began to be enclosed or fenced off.

The British Enclosure Movement, forced many farm workers off their land. Many moved to the city. This meant an available work force for the Industrial Revolution.

Enclosure was part of the Agricultural Revolution. Improvements in farming methods and tools led to increases in farming efficiency.

With the rise of the factory system, there was a decrease in family based cottage industries.

The textile industry was the first industry to begin the factory system. The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney helped provide the needed supply of clean cotton.

Eli Whitney

More machines meant a growing need for iron. Iron and coal became the two major raw materials of modern industry.

Henry Bessemer developed a process for efficiently making steel. Steel was much stronger than iron.

Let’s review advancements in technology!

• James Watt – Steam engine• Eli Whitney – Cotton gin• Henry Bessemer – Process for

making steel

Advancements in science and medicine altered the lives of people living in the industrial cities.

Two major advancements in science and medicine:

• Edward Jenner – developed smallpox vaccination

• Louis Pasteur – discovered bacteria

Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

Cultural changes soon followed the Industrial Revolution. Some impacts on industrialized countries included:• Population increase• Growth of the middle class• Dissatisfaction of working class

with working conditions• Increased standards of living for

many, though not all

As more people moved to the cities the following impacts resulted:

• Urbanization• Improved transportation• Environmental pollution• Increased education

As a result of rising economic powers, the need for and desire to control raw materials and markets, colonialism and imperialism was accelerated.

With the Industrial Revolution, came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

Capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth increased the standard of living for some.

Adam Smith stated his views in his book, Wealth of Nations. Smith focused on the creation of wealth, noting the importance of manufacturing as well as agriculture.

Smith felt that markets should be allowed to adjust themselves through supply and demand without government interference. This theory is known as laissez faire.

Hands Off!

Market competition between manufacturers will keep prices in check through supply and demand. The most efficient manufacturers will survive in a market.

As industries and cities grew, a new well-educated middle class thrived. Many middle class could afford to live in larger homes and were better educated.

Some were dissatisfied with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society.

Socialism and communism were reactions to the injustices of capitalism where the rich got rich and the workers remained poor.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Capital in which they said that the entire capitalist system should be destroyed.

Karl Marx

Friedrich Engels

Communists believed in a redistribution of wealth in a classless society so that each person would receive everything that was needed.

Agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and function of the family.

The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Harsh working conditions existed with men competing with women and children for wages.

Women and children entered the labor force as cheap labor. Child labor kept costs of production low and profits high.

Working conditions, particularly for women and children greatly troubled the public. An introduction of reforms to end child labor and improve conditions were started.

Other reforms included an expansion of education and increased demands for women’s suffrage.

The cotton gin increased the demand for slave labor on American plantations.

Both the United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery. In the United States, this occurred after the Civil War. This ended slavery as a labor source.

Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers.

Workers organized labor unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.

Labor unions encouraged workers to:

• Organize strikes to increase wages and improve working conditions

• Lobby for laws to improve lives of workers, including women and children

• Sought collective bargaining between labor and management

Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. No nation wanted to depend on others for their resources. This led to imperialism.

Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms.

Forms of imperialism:

• Colonies – nation declares ownership of the region

• Protectorates – native rulers keep their titles but officials of the foreign nation actually control the region

• Spheres of influence – areas where one country has an interest, and other nations agree to respect that interest

European nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their political and economic success.

Most major European countries competed for control of Africa. The European nations divided Africa into colonies.

European nations divided Africa

The Egyptian government allowed France to start building the Suez Canal. Egypt, however, had to sale their share of the Suez Canal to Great Britain because of financial difficulty.

Suez Canal

Through this maneuver and others, Great Britain gained control of the Suez Canal and the area of Sudan.

The British East India Company controlled a large area of India. This trading company treated India as a private colony.

The first Indian nationalist party was founded in the mid 1800s. This was due to a rise in nationalism which sought eventual self rule for India.

Japan took a different course of action. Foreigners did not rule in Japan. Japan controlled its own government. However, the Japanese had been influenced by Western ideas.

Japan was opened to international trade by an American trade expedition.

Open the door to trade

In the late 19th century, China was carved into spheres of influence by European powers.

The United States was concerned that American merchants would be excluded from Chinese trade. In 1899 the U. S. government asked other nations to recognize an Open Door Policy which would give all nations equal trade rights to China.

Anti-foreigner movements began to grow in China. The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in which the Boxers attempted to destroy anything connected with outsiders.

Although the Boxer Rebellion failed to drive foreigners from China, it did encourage nationalist sentiments among the Chinese people.

Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries.

Imperialism increased the efforts of missionaries to spread Christianity to the colonies.

1. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

Why?

Abundance of natural resources

2. Match the inventor to his invention.

Eli Whitney

Henry Bessemer

James Watt

Steam engine

Cotton gin

Process for making steel

3. What was the first industry to experience major industrialization?

The textile industry

4. How did the Agricultural Revolution effect farming?

It increased efficiency

What did this cause?

Farm workers moved to cities and this provided a huge work force for industry.

5. What medical advance did Jenner develop?

The smallpox vaccination

Who discovered bacteria?

Louis Pasteur

6. What is the “hands off” policy for government controls that allows the economy to be determined by the law of supply and demand?

Laissez faire

What author promoted this in Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith

7. Who wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Capital?

Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsWhat did they criticize in these works?

Capitalism – They felt wealth was unevenly distributed under this system.

8. Why did industries use child labor?

To cut production costs

9. What effect did the cotton gin have on labor?

It increased the demand for slaves.

What did England and the United States eventually decide about slaves?

They outlawed the slave trade and then slavery itself.

10. What company had control of India and governed it like a colony?

The British East India Company

12. Which country was carved into spheres of influence?

China

13. Who colonized and controlled Africa?

Major European countries

14. What action in China was an attempt to stop foreigners from influencing the country?

The Boxer Rebellion

15. Name three ways the labor union sought change.

Encouraged strikes

Lobbied for laws

Collective bargaining between labor and management