INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY-METAL

ASSOCIATED THEORY

TOPIC 3.HAND TOOLS & FABRICATION VICES CLAMPS CUTTING TINSIPS &

CHISELS

FILES HAMMERS FASTENERS SCREWDRIVERS

The common bench vice is used to hold work whilstcutting, filing and bending.

The handle is long enoughto enable the jaws to be tightened sufficiently. Material which is long can be supported in an

offset vice

The vice is used to hold materials that are being drilled or milled.

machine

Bench vices have jaws to grip the work better, but should have jaws fitted when holding polished work or material subject to damage.

serrated

soft

Vices are usually made from iron. They have

threads. Vices should not be

cast

squareover-tightened.

VICES

CLAMPS

G clamp

Sash clamp

Toolmaker’s clamp

This small clamp is used to hold small components when shaping or sharpening.

Made of light metal or plastic this clamp holds parts together prior to riveting or spot welding.

Spring clamp

Vice grips or locking pliers

These come in a variety of nose shapes and are useful for holding parts prior to welding and brazing.

CUTTINGMost metals, including mild steel which contains less than % carbon, can be cut with ordinary hand tools, including hacksaws and chisels.

0.1

The teeth always point towards the so that the hacksaw cuts on the stroke. The direction of the cutting stroke is indicated by an printed on the blade.

front

forward

arrow

Hacksaw blades have hardened but the remainder of the blade is to allow flexibility. Blades usually come in three grades

Teeth soft

18, 24 & 32 tpi

Jeweller’s sawThis saw has very fine teeth and is used for intricate cutting such as in jewellery making.

One person only should operate, & keep fingers clear of the blade.

Adjustable hacksaw

Bench Shears

TINSNIPS COLD CHISELSTinsnips can be used to cut sheet metal up to mm thick. There are two main types.

0.5

Straight snips are used to cut along straight lines or around outside curves.

Curved snips are used to cut inside curves. (These snips curve to the left)

The flat chisel is used for general cutting operations.

Round nose chisels can cut oil grooves or form an internal fillet.

The diamond point chisel is used to prepare joints for welding.

The cross cut chisel is used to cut keyways or slots.

FILES & FILINGFiles are made of

steel.

1.25 to 1.5%carbon tool

taper body tang handle

toe

There are three main grades of files used in the workshop. “Grade” refers to the size of theteeth.

The coarsest grades is calledThe next grade is calledThe finest grade is calledHand files have sides and one edge has teeth.

bastard second cut smooth.

parallel no

Half round

Round, or rat tail

square

flat

WARNING!

Never use a file without a handle.

Never hit a file or try to bend it.

Do not use a file as a lever.

PRECAUTIONS!

1. Check for a loose-fitting head.

2. Never hit hammer faces together.

HAMMERSBall Pein

Forging, riveting and bending.

Soft-faced

Assembly of metal components subject to damage.

SPANNERS & FASTENERS

Open end spannerRing spanners

sockets

Ratchet

Extension

Open end spanners will fit square and hexagon nuts. Ring spanners have 12 sides and allow movement in tight locations. Sockets are used in confined spaces.

FASTENERS

Cup head bolt & hexagon nut

Hexagon head bolt & nut

Machine or Set screw

Precision Self-locking

Socket screw

Binding or Pan head

Countersunk head

Calculate the size of the core of the screw.

Many specialist fasteners are also available, with new ones being constantly designed.

SCREWDRIVERS

Slotted Phillips

Choose a bit that

fits the head of the screw snugly.

Adjust the torque settings on the drill

The End of Topic 3

Don’t forget your

assignment!