indy hunger network survey of food assistance need in ...€¦ · nutritious food. food insecurity...

Final12-5-14

1

Indy Hunger Network Survey of Food Assistance Need in Marion County,

Indiana

Survey Report

December 5, 2014

Prepared by: David Miner, PhD Robin Miner, MS, MBA Terrell Zollinger, DrPH Derek Zollinger, MS

Final12-5-14

2

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to recognize the valuable contributions to this study made by: Alicia Coleman-Jensen, PhD Social Science Analyst Food Assistance Branch Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture David P. Redlawsk, PhD Professor of Political Science Director, Eagleton Center for Public Interest Polling Eagleton Institute of Politics Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Tamara Leach, PhD Associate Professor Department of Behavioral Health Science Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health Debbie Borie-Holtz, PhD Senior Research Analyst, Bloustein School for Planning and Public Policy Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Final12-5-14

3

Table of Contents

TableofContents

EXECUTIVESUMMARY........................................................................................................................................6INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.IMPORTANTDEFINITIONS ........................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.THEIMPACTOFINSUFFICIENTFOOD ....................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.INDIANAPOLISRESPONSE ........................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.PREVIOUSESTIMATESOFNEEDINMARIONCOUNTY.........................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.DESIREDINFORMATIONABOUTFOODNEEDINMARIONCOUNTY...................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.STUDYPURPOSE ........................................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.

METHODS................................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.OVERALLDESCRIPTIONOFSURVEY.......................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.TARGETPOPULATION...............................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.SAMPLEDESIGNANDPOWERANALYSIS...............................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.INSTRUMENTDEVELOPMENT .................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.CONTRACTEDSURVEYSERVICES............................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.RESPONSERATES ......................................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.WEIGHTINGOFSURVEYRESPONSES .....................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.HUMANSUBJECTSPROTECTION .............................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.STUDYLIMITATIONS .................................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.

RESULTS ..................................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.SECTION1:DESCRIPTIONOFSURVEYPARTICIPANTS ........................................ERROR!BOOKMARKNOTDEFINED.Notablefindings: ...................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Discussion: ................................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SECTION2:PROPORTIONOFMARIONCOUNTYHOUSEHOLDSTHATNEEDFOODASSISTANCE............................. 30Notablefindings: ...................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Discussion: ................................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SECTION3:NUMBEROFMEALSMISSED ........................................................................................................................... 34Notablefindings: ................................................................................................................................................................ 36Discussion: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 36

SECTION4:RESOURCESUSEDANDBARRIERSTOUSINGTHEM................................................................................... 44Notablefindings: ................................................................................................................................................................ 44Discussion: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 46

SECTION5:DESCRIPTIONOFTHE“FOODASSISTANCENEED”GROUP........................................................................ 71Notablefindings: ................................................................................................................................................................ 72Discussion: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 72

SECTION6:DESCRIPTIONOFTHE“UNMETNEED”GROUP............................................................................................ 79Notablefindings: ................................................................................................................................................................ 79Discussion: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 80

SECTION7:NUMBEROFMEALSMISSEDPERPERSON ................................................................................................... 91Notablefindings: ................................................................................................................................................................ 91

Final12-5-14

5

Discussion: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 92CONCLUSIONS:.................................................................................................................................................... 95APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................ 96ENGLISHLANGUAGEVERSIONOFSURVEYINSTRUMENT ............................................................................................... 97SPANISHLANGUAGEVERSIONOFSURVEYINSTRUMENT ............................................................................................ 110

Final12-5-14

6

Executive Summary

Theconsequencesofnothavingenoughfoodtoeatandpoornutritionincludepoorhealthoutcomesforadultsandchildren,loweracademicachievementinchildren,andlowerworkproductivityasadults.TheIndyHungerNetwork(IHN)isacollaborationoffoodassistanceprovidersinMarionCounty,Indiana,dedicatedtoimprovingthesystemthatprovidesfoodassistancetopeopleinneed.IHNpartnersandothersprovideapproximately230millionmealsannuallytothoseinneedinMarionCounty.This“foodsafetynet”includesthefederalprogramsaswellastheprivateeffortssuchasfoodbanks,pantriesandhomedeliveredmealsprograms.ThisreportdescribesasurveyconductedinMarionCountytodeterminetheamountofadditionalfoodassistanceneededtomeetalloftheneed,andthecharacteristicsofthosewhoneedadditionalassistance.TheinformationobtainedfromthissurveywillbeusedtoinformfutureIHNeffortsanddriveactions.

Thiscross-sectional,telephone-based,computer-assistedsurveywasconductedbetweenJune12andJuly1,2014.Forthesurveyinterviewerscalledascientificallyselectedrandomsampleof856MarionCountyadultsusinganinstrumenttailoredforthissurvey.TheCenterforPublicInterestPollingattheEagletonInstituteofPolitics(RutgersUniversity)conductedthissurveyusingrandomdigitdialingofblocksoflandlineandcellphonenumbers.IHNleadershipdevelopedthesurveyinstrumentwithinputfromsurveyexpertsattheUSDAEconomicResearchServiceaswellasfromIndianaandRutgersUniversities.Thesurveyresponseswereweightedbysocio-demographicvariablestoaccountforthecomplexsamplingdesignofthesurvey.

ThefinaldatasetwithweightingappliedtomirrortheresidentsofMarionCountyconsistedofrespondentswhohadthefollowingsocio-demographiccharacteristics:48.6%wereage50orolder,58.3%werefemales,47.7%hadahighschooleducationorless,17.3%wereAfrican-Americans,16.0%wereHispanic,and10.6%hadhouseholdincomesthatplacethemat100%ofpovertyorlower.

Mostrespondents(78.9%)indicatedthattheycouldalwaysaffordenoughfoodtoeat.However,21.1%providedresponsesthatindicatedthattheyhadaneedforfoodassistance.Ofthosewithafoodneed,overtwo-thirdswereabletoaccesssufficientfoodassistancetomeettheirneeds,leavingabout6%ofthetotalpopulationwithunmetfoodneed.

Itwasestimatedthat9to10millionmealsaremissedannuallyduetolackofresourcestoobtainfood.ThemostcommonresourcesusedtoobtainfoodassistancebythoseinthefoodneedgroupwasSNAP(56.9%)andfoodpantries(38.4%).One-third(31.2%)ofthoseinthefoodneedgroupindicatedthattheirchildrenwerereceivingfreeorreducedpriceschoolmeals.WhenthosewhosehouseholdincomewasintherangetobeeligibleforSNAP,butwereaskedwhytheywerenotusingit,themostcommonresponsewasthattheythoughtthattheywerenoteligible.Whenthosewhodidnothaveenough

Final12-5-14

7

foodwereaskedwhytheydidn’tgetfoodassistancefromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank,themostcommonresponsewasthattherewasnotafoodpantrynearthem,followedbytheresponsethattheydidn’thavetransportationtogettoafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.

EstimatesofthepercentageofhouseholdswithafoodassistanceneedacrosstheMarionCountyrangingfrom5%forthoseresidingintheBroadRippleareato36%forthoseresidinginDecaturTownship.Thepercentagewithafoodneedwashigheramongthosewithlessformaleducation;however,foodassistancewasneededforeveryeducationlevelgroup.Thoseinthefoodneedgroupwerealsoyoungerandmoreoftenmembersofaminorityraceorethnicgroup.Thehouseholdsofthosewithafoodneedhadmoremembers,especiallychildren.

Amonghouseholdsinthefoodassistanceneededgroup,alargerproportionoftherepresentativesfromhouseholdswithmissedmeals(unmetneed)wereblackorAfrican-American,werewidowed,andunemployed.Therewerenodifferencesintheage,educationlevelsandpovertystatusofhouseholdswheremealsweremissedcomparedtothosewherenomealsweremissed.Therewerenosignificantdifferencesintheuseoffoodresourcesofthosewithmetfoodassistanceneedcomparedtothosewithunmetfoodassistanceneed,exceptfortheuseoffoodpantries.Thosewithunmetneedmoreoftenreportedobtainingfoodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbankthanthosewithametfoodneed.Thesurveywasconductedinsummer,butthelargestproportionofrespondentsreportedthatwinterwastheseasoninwhichfindingsufficientfoodwasmostchallenging.

Furtherexaminationofthosewhomissedmealsrevealedthattheaveragenumberofmealsmissedwas4.1mealsperweekinthehousehold,whichdidnotvarysignificantlybyrace,ethnicity,orpovertylevel.However,thoseinhouseholdswithnoschool-agedchildrenorwerelowincome,butdidn’treceiveSNAP,missedmoremeals.Therewasaninverserelationshipbetweenthenumberofmealsmissedandeatingnutritiousmeals–themoremealsmissed,thelessnutritiousthemeals.

The6%leftwithunmetfoodneedsresultedin9to10millionmissedmealsannually.ThoseinneedmostoftenuseSNAPandfoodpantries,butallcommunityresourcesarebeingusedandservetheirtargetedgroupswithfoodassistanceneeds.Theneedforfoodassistancebygeographiclocationsandspecificsocio-demographiccharacteristicswereidentifiedinthisstudytohelptargeteffortstogetfoodassistancetothosewhoneedit.Foodassistanceneedwashigherforracialandethnicminorityhouseholds,thosewhowerewidowedorseparatedmaritalstatus,thosewithchildren,thoseinpovertyandthoseoutofwork.

TheIndyHungerNetworkpartnersarecommendedfortheireffortstoprovidefoodassistancetothoseinneedinMarionCounty.Theseresourcesareclearlyservingmanyhouseholds;however,thereisaneedtoexpandtheseservicestofillthegapofmissingmeals.Thismethodologycouldprovideusefulinformationtothoseinvolvedinthefoodassistancenetworksinothercommunitiestounderstandhowbigthegapsareintheirfood

Final12-5-14

8

assistancesafetynetsystems.

Final12-5-14

9

Introduction Therearemanycontributingfactorsthatcauseahouseholdtobeunabletoacquire

sufficientnutritiousfoodincluding,competingdemandsforthehouseholds’limitedresources,thecostoffood,andlimitedmobility.ThisreportpresentstheresultsofasurveyconductedofMarionCounty,Indianatodeterminetheamountofadditionalfoodassistanceneededtomeetalloftheneed,andthecharacteristicsofthosewhoreceivesufficientfoodassistanceandthosewhoneedadditionalassistance.

ImportantdefinitionsMostpeopleinMarionCountyareabletomeetalloftheirhouseholds’foodneeds

withoutusingfoodassistance.Thesehouseholdsaredefinedashaving“noneed”forfoodassistance.Forpurposesofthisstudy“foodneed”wasdefinedbeinginahouseholdthatwasnotabletopurchaseallofthefoodtheyneed.Iftheuseoffoodassistanceenableda“foodneed”householdtosatisfyalloftheirfoodneedstheywereclassifiedashavinga“metneed.”Ifa“foodneed”householdstilllackedfoodevenafterusingfoodassistancethentheyhave“unmetneed.”

“Foodsecurity”isatermusedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureandisdefinedasbeinginastateofhavingreliableaccesstoasufficientquantityofaffordable,nutritiousfood.Foodinsecuritywasbrokenintotwocategories:“lowfoodsecurity,”whichisbeinginastateofhavingreduced,quality,varietyordesirabilityofdiet,and“verylowfoodsecurity,”whichisbeinginastateofhavingexperiencesofdisruptedeatingpatternsandreducedfoodintake.1

TheImpactofInsufficientFoodTheconsequencesofnothavingenoughfoodtoeatandpoornutritionincludepoor

healthoutcomesforadultsandchildren,loweracademicachievementinchildren,andlowerworkproductivityasadults.Householdfoodinsecurityisassociatedwithloweducationalattainment,lowhouseholdincome,lackofhealthinsurance,andtobaccouse.2

Theriskofclinicaldiabetesisapproximately50%higheramongadultslivinginfood-insecurehouseholdscomparedwithadultslivinginfood-securehouseholds.Among

1http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security.aspx

2FoodInsecurityIsAssociatedwithChronicDiseaseamongLow-IncomeNHANESParticipants,JNutr.Feb2010;140(2):304–310

Final12-5-14

10

adultsalreadydiagnosedwithdiabetes,foodinsecuritywasassociatedwithinadequatecontroloftheirdiabetes.

Foodinsecurityismorestronglyassociatedwithdiabetesthanwithhypertensionanddyslipidemia,particularlyatthemostseverelevelsoffoodinsecurity.Reasonscitedforthisstrongassociationinclude:

• Diabetesmaybemorehighlysensitivetodiet,whereashypertensionandhyperlipidemiamaybemorehighlysensitivetotakingmedicinesasprescribed,

• Foodinsecurityisahighlystressfulstate,bothemotionallyandphysiologically.Theelevatedcortisolassociatedwithsuchstressisfrequentlylinkedtotheweightgainthatisastrongriskfactorfordiabetes,and

• Replacementofdietaryfruitsandvegetableswithrelativelyinexpensivecarbohydrates,suchasrefinedstarches,increasesdietaryglycemicloadandmayincreasetheriskofdevelopingdiabetesinpredisposedindividuals.

Thereisalsoanassociationbetweenfoodinsecurityandinadequateglycemiccontrolamongadultsdiagnosedwithdiabetes.Self-managementbydiabetespatientsmaybelimitedbydifficultyaffordingprescriptionmedicationsinthefaceoftheirfinancialhardship.Thedepression,fatigue,andpoorself-managementthatoftenaccompanyfoodinsecuritymayexertadditionaleffects.Theseself-managementbarriersmayestablishacycleinwhichhigherhealthcareexpendituresreducefoodbudgets,whichinturn,reducesfoodbudgets,decreasesself-managementcapacityandresultsinpoorself-management,furtherincreasingmedicationneeds,complicationrates,andhealthcareneeds.

Foodinsecurityatkindergartenpredictsloweracademicperformanceinbothreadingandmathematicsforgirlsandboys,fewersocialskillsforboys,andgreaterweightandBMIgainsforgirls.3FeedingAmerica,anationalnetworkoffoodbanks,reportsthatpeoplewhoexperiencedhungeraschildren,createaworkforcepoolthatislesscompetitive,withlowerlevelsofeducationalandtechnicalskills,andseriouslyconstrainedhumancapital.4

IndianapolisResponseIn2009agroupoffoodassistanceprovidersinMarionCountybeganmeetingto

collaborateinanefforttoimprovethesystemthatprovidesfoodassistancetopeopleinneed.EarlyparticipantsincludedGleanersFoodBank,theIndianapolisMayor’sOfficeoftheFrontPorchAlliance,MealsonWheels,MidwestFoodBank,SecondHelpings,CICOAAgingandIn-HomeSolutions,211ConnecttoHelp,theStVincentDePaulfoodpantry,the3 “Child Food Insecurity: The Economic Impact on our Nation” (http://feedingamerica.org/SiteFiles/child-economy-study.pdf) 4Hunger-FreeSummerRetrospectiveReport:Summer2010-2013,http://www.feedingamerica.org/our-response/we-feed-families/program-resource-center/hunger-free-summer-report-2010-2013.pdf

Final12-5-14

11

InterfaithHungerInitiative,theMarionCountyDepartmentofHealth,IndianaFamilyandSocialServicesAdministration,andtheIndianaDepartmentofEducation.ThegroupwasnamedtheIndyHungerNetwork(IHN)andwasincorporatedasa501(c)(3)in2011.IHNundertakesprojectstoincreaseavailableassistancethroughpartnercollaborationandnetworkprojects.IHNselectionandmanagementofprojectsisdatabasedandisguidedbyvariousmeasuresoffoodinsufficiency.

PreviousestimatesofneedinMarionCountySeveralmeasuresaretypicallyusedtotrytoquantifytheextentoffoodneed:food

insecurity,foodhardship,poverty,andtheMaptheMealGapmodel.FoodsecuritymeasuresdevelopedbytheUSDAcategorizepeopleintocategoriesoffoodsecure,lowfoodsecurityandverylowfoodsecurity.Thequestionsusedtoplacepeopleintothesecategoriesdescribethedailyimpactofnothavingenoughtoeat,butsomepeoplewhoarefoodsecurebythesequestionsmaystillhaveaneedforfoodassistance.5Asameasure,foodinsecuritydoesnothelpdeterminetheadditionalfoodrequired.

“Foodhardship,”themeasurethattheFoodResearchandActionCoalition(FRAC)uses,ismeasuredeachyearintheGallup-HealthwaysWell-BeingIndexandisbasedontheanswertothequestion,“Havetherebeentimesinthepast12monthswhenyoudidnothaveenoughmoneytobuythefoodthatyouoryourfamilyneeded?”In2012FRACreportedthatthefoodhardshiprateinthe7thCongressionalDistrict,whichincludesmostofMarionCounty,was24%.6

Whileknowingthenumberofpeopleinpoverty,orthosewhoarefoodinsecure,orwhoexperiencefoodhardshipishelpfultounderstandingthesituationsofpeoplewhomaynothaveenoughtoeat,theydonotanswerthequestionofhowmuchadditionalfoodwouldbeneededsothateveryonehadenoughtoeat.Dr.CraigGundersonworkinginconjunctionwithFeedingAmerica(2009)developedtheMaptheMealGapmodeltoaddressthisquestion.Themodelisbasedonsuchfactorsaspoverty,unemployment,andmedianincomeandpredictsthenumberofadditionalmealsneededtosatisfyalltheneedforfoodingeographysuchasstateorcounty.However,theresulting“mealgap”isdescriptiveofafoodbudgetshortfall,ratherthanaliteralnumberofmissedmeals,sinceitdoesnotaccountforlocalefforts.Forexample,from2008to2012thismethodology’sestimatedthatthemealgapinMarionCounty,Indiana,increasedfrom25millionmealsto30millionmealsdespiteanincreaseof40millionmealsprovidedbyfoodassistanceprograms.

EveryfouryearsFeedingAmericaalsomeasuresfoodinsecurityandthedemographicsassociatedwithfoodinsecurity,butthesampleforthismeasureareclientsofFeedingAmericaandlocalfoodbankprograms,sotheconclusionsdonotapplytothe

5 Coleman-Jensen A, Nord M. & Singh, A.2013. Household Food Security in the United States in 2012. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-155) 6 http://frac.org/pdf/food hardship 2012.pdf

Final12-5-14

12

generalpopulation.Povertyistheconditionofbeingpoororlackingresourcesforbasicneeds.ThepovertylevelissetbytheUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceseachyear.The2014povertyguidelineswereestablishedforhouseholdsofvarioussizes.7However,manypeopleinpoverty,especiallythosewithgoodhouseholdmanagementskillsandothersupports,havesufficientfood.

DesiredinformationaboutfoodneedinMarionCountySince2010anadditional40millionmealshavebeenprovidedtothoseinneedin

MarionCountyfromallpublicandprivatesourcessothatnowapproximately230millionmealsareprovidedannuallytoresidentsofMarionCounty.This“foodsafetynet”includesthefederalprogramsaswellastheprivateeffortssuchasfoodbanks,pantriesandhome-deliveredmealprograms.Therehavebeenmanyquestionsraisedthatthissurveycanhelpanswer:

• Whencouldourgoalof“providingaccesstofoodforallwhoneedit”beachieved?

• Howmanymoremealsareneeded?• HowwellistheIndianapolissafetynetworkingforallIndianapolis

residents?• Whoisreally“inneed”ofadditionalfood?• Whenshouldthestrategychangefromjustprovidingmoremealsto

addressingspecificpocketsofneedasthegoalofprovidingfoodforallthoseinneedgrowscloser?

StudyPurposeBecausepreviousmeasuresandresearchdidnotprovideanswerstothese

questions,atelephonesurveywasplannedtomeasurefoodneedmetricsdirectlyinMarionCounty.Specificstudyobjectiveswere:

• EstimatethenumberofmissedmealsinMarionCountyinayear,• Understandthefrequencyofuseoftheprogramsbypeoplewhoindicated

thattheydidn’thaveallthefoodtheyneeded,• IdentifythebarrierstoaccessingthefoodsafetynetinMarionCounty,and• Describethecharacteristicsofthehouseholdswhoseneedsweremet

throughuseofthesafetynetandthosehouseholdswho,evenafterusingthefoodsafetynet,stillhadunmetneeds.

TheinformationfromthisstudywillbeusedtoinformfutureIHNeffortsanddriveactions.

7 http://aspe.hhs.gov/POVERTY/14poverty.cfm

Final12-5-14

13

Methods

OverallDescriptionofSurveyToobtaintheinformationneededtoaddressthepurposesofthisstudy,across-

sectional,telephone-based,computer-assistedsurveywasconductedbetweenJune12andJuly1,2014.ThesurveywasconductedbyinterviewerswhocalledascientificallyselectedrandomsampleofMarionCountyadults.Withinthesample,theballotwassplitsothatapredefinedquotawasmet,whichincludedadultssurveyedasbeingfromhouseholdswithnoneedforfoodassistanceaswellasanoversampleofrespondentsfromhouseholdswithaneedforfoodassistancetoreachthequotaneededforthatgroup,basedonthescreeningquestions.

TargetPopulationInclusioncriteriaforthesurveywerehouseholdslocatedinMarionCounty,Indiana,

includingIndianapolis,andthepartsofBeechGrove,Lawrence,SouthportandSpeedwaythatwerewithintheMarionCountyboundary.TherespondentswereaskedifthehousewaslocatedinMarionCountyand,asaverificationcheck,theZIPcodefortheiraddresswasrequested.Theindividualinthehouseholdtargetedforthesurveywastheadult(age18orolder)whowasprimarilyresponsibleinthepreparationandpurchasingoffoodforthehousehold.Thetargetedpersoncouldhavebeenamaleorafemale.

SampleDesignandPowerAnalysisThesampleforthisstudywaspoweredtoprovideestimateswithnomorethana5

percentsamplingerrorwith95percentlevelofconfidenceinestimatesmadeforthosewithandthosewithoutaneedforfoodassistance,whichrequiredatleast425respondentsineachgroup.BasedonpreviousstudiesoffoodneedforMarionCounty,itwasassumedthatthemajorityofrespondentscalledatrandomwouldnothaveaneedforfoodassistance.Forthissurveyastrictrandomsamplewasthefirstphaseuntilaquotaofatleast425individualswithoutafoodassistanceneedwereinterviewed.Atthatpoint,thesurveyshiftedtoasecondphasewhereonlythosewithafoodassistanceneedwereadministeredthesurvey,untilthequotaofatleast425individualsfromhouseholdswithafoodassistanceneedwereinterviewed.

Inthispoll,afteratotalof551individualswereinterviewed,thefirstquotawasfilled;another305wereinterviewedintheoversampletoreachthesecondquota.Theresultwas430whoweredeterminednottohaveafoodassistanceneedand426whohadafoodassistanceneed,foratotalof856surveyparticipants.Thesimplesamplingerrorforthe856adultswas+/-3.3percentagepointstoprovidea95percentconfidenceintervalforspecificestimates.Thesamplingerrorwasadjustedtorecognizetheeffectofweighting

Final12-5-14

14

thedatatobettermatchthepopulation.Thesampleweightingdesigneffectadded+/-3.2percenttothesamplingerror,makingtheadjustedmarginoftotalsamplingerrorof+/-6.5percent.Sincesamplingerrorincreasesasthesamplesizedecreases,estimatesbasedonsurveysubgroupswouldhavemoresamplingerrorthanestimatesbasedonthetotalsample.Samplingerrordoesnottakeintoaccountothersourcesofvariationinherentinpublicopinionstudies,suchasnon-responsebias,recallerrors,questionwordingorcontexteffects.

InstrumentDevelopmentTheinstrumentincludedascripttointroducethecallerandthepurposeofthe

survey.Thefirstfivequestionswereaskedtoinsurethatthehouseholdmetthestudy’sinclusioncriteriaandtoidentifythecorrectpersoninthehouseholdtointerview.Ascreeningquestionwasusedtodeterminewhichsetofquestionsshouldbeaskedandifthecallshouldbeterminated.

Forthosewhorespondedtothescreeningquestionsuggestingthattheymaybeinneedoffoodsupport,sixquestionswereaskedtodeterminetheirUSDAfoodsecurityscore.8Onthesurveyinstrument,thesearequestions3to8.Thefoodsecurityscoreisthecountofthenumberof“positive”responsestothesequestions.Forquestions3and4,the“often”and“sometimes”optionsareconsideredpositive,“yes”responsesto5,7,and8werepositive.Anyvalidresponsetoquestion6wouldbeconsideredpositive.Thus,therangeofvaluesforthefoodsecurityscoreisfrom“0”to“6.”Valuesof“0”or“1”indicatethatthehouseholdhashighormarginalfoodsecurity.Valuesof“2,”“3,”or“4”indicatethatthehouseholdhaslowfoodsecurity.Householdsareconsideredtohaveverylowfoodsecurityifthescoreis“5”or“6.”

Thenextsetofthreequestionsassessedthehouseholds’useofcommunityresourcestoobtainfood.Sixquestionswereaskedtoascertainthemagnitudeofthefoodshortageandnumberofmealsmissedinthemostrecentweek.Onequestionaskedaboutthefrequencyofnutritiousmealsandtwoquestionsaskedaboutbarrierstoaccessingthe SupplementalNutritionAssistanceProgram(SNAP)andavailablecommunityprogramstoobtainfoodassistance.9

Twelvequestionswereincludedtoprovidethedemographicprofileoftherespondents,followedbysixquestionsaboutcellphoneuseneededforproperlyweightingthedataset.CopiesoftheEnglishlanguageandSpanishlanguageversionsoftheinstrumentsareincludedinAppendixA.

8http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/survey-tools.aspx#six9http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap

Final12-5-14

15

ContractedSurveyServicesTheCenterforPublicInterestPolling(CPIP)attheEagletonInstituteofPolitics

conductedthissurveyonbehalfoftheIndyHungerNetwork(IHN).RandomdigitdialingofblocksoflandlineandcellphonenumbersofresidentsofMarionCountyprovidedthephonenumberscalledbyCPIPstafftoconducttheinterviews.Aftertheinterviewswerecompleted,theCPIPstaffcheckedthedataforerrors,recodedvariableswhenneeded,createdthefoodsecurityscore,andprovidedIHNaflatdatafileinSPSSformatwithsampleweights,alongwithareportthatsummarizedthesurveymethodsandparticipantresponses.Thistelephonepollincluded582landlineand274cellphonehouseholdsforatotalof856completedinterviews.CPIPstaffmadeuptosixattemptsonalandlinenumberandthreeonacellphonenumberbeforethenumberwasabandoned.

ResponseRatesThetargetpopulationfortheoversampleofhouseholdsinneedoffoodassistance

resultedinalowerresponserateandcooperationratethannormal.TheserateswerecalculatedinaccordancewithAmericanAssociationofPublicOpinionResearchstandardratesasnoted:

ContactRate2-35%Thisistheshareofallpotentiallyeligiblenumbersdialedwhereacontactwasmade.CooperationRate4-20%Thisisthepercentageofpeoplecontactedwhoagreedtodothesurvey.Itonlyincludesthosewhereapersoncouldbereachedwhomettheinclusioncriteria.ResponseRate4-7%Thisistheoverallrateofparticipationinthesurvey,takingintoaccountnotjustthosewhocouldbecontacted,butalsothosewhocouldnotbecontactedduetonoanswers,answeringmachines,busy,etc.Itisnotpossibletoknowwhichnon-respondentswouldhavebeenactuallyeligibleforthesurvey,sinceeligibilityquestionswerenotasked.

WeightingofSurveyResponsesResponsedatawereweightedsothatthedemographicsofsurveyrespondents

mirroredtheadultsinMarionCounty.Responsesofthosewhowereunderrepresentedweremultipliedbyanumbergreaterthan1.0andtheresponsestothosewhowereoverrepresentedweremultipliedbyanumberlessthan1.0sothatthedistributionoftheresponsesareexpectedtobesimilartoallthosemeetingthesurveycriteria.TheweightvalueforeachparticipantwascalculatedaccordingtostandardpracticeusingthebestavailableinformationaboutthedemographiccharacteristicsoftheMarionCountypopulation.Dataforthosewhoneedfoodassistanceandthosewithoutaneedforfoodassistancewereweightedtothesameparameters.Theweightsaccountfortheprobability

Final12-5-14

16

ofbeingselectedwithinthesampleframeandtheprobabilityofbeingsampledwithinahousehold,basedonthenumberofindividualslivinginthehouseholdandthephonecomposition(cell,landline)ofthehousehold.ThesamplewasweightedtoseveraldemographicvariablesreflectingthepopulationparametersofMarionCounty,Indiana,includingage,race/Hispanicethnicity,andeducation.Thegenderoftherespondentwasnotincludedintheweightingprocesssincethepurposewastointerviewthememberofthehousehold“mostinvolvedinthepreparationandpurchasingoffoodforthehousehold,”whowasmorelikelytobeafemale.Thefinalweight,whichcombinedalloftheparametersmentioned,wastrimmedatthe5thand95thpercentileoftheweightitselfsoastonotaccordtoomuchweighttoanyonecaseorsubsetofcases.Thesamplewasthenadjustedtomaketheproportionofhouseholdswithfoodneedsinthesampleequatewhatwasfoundinthepreviousstudiesforspecificanalyses(22%).10

Tablesinthereportshowboththeweightedandunweightedresponsestomanyoftheitems.TheweighteditemsreflectthepercentagesoftheMarionCountypopulationthathavethecharacteristicscited;theunweighteditemsarepresentedtoindicatethetotalnumberinthesurveysamplewiththecharacteristicscited.

HumanSubjectsProtectionThissurveyusedastandardconsentprocesstorecruitparticipantsintothestudy.

Thepotentialsubjectwasreadthefollowingstatementthatexplainsthepurposeofthesurvey,howtheirresponseswillbeused,andthevoluntarynatureoftheirparticipation.

“WearetalkingtoMarionCountyresidentsforaresearchstudyaboutthelevelofhungeramongIndianapolisresidents.ThestudyissponsoredbytheIndyHungerNetworktohelpthembettermeetthefoodneedsofresidentshere.Yourparticipationisimportant,asonlyabout850peoplewillbeselectedtotakepartinthisstudy.Thisshouldonlytakeabout10minutes.Youranswersareconfidentialandwillonlybereportedincombinationwithothers.Yourparticipationisvoluntary,youmayendatanytime,andyoumayskipquestionsyoudonotwanttoanswer.MayIaskthefirstquestion?”Oncethesubjectagreedtoanswerthesurveyquestions,theinterviewbegan.The

RutgersUniversityInstitutionalReviewBoardapprovedthesurveyprotocolasadequatelyprotectingthestudyparticipantsashumansubjects.

10Conservativeestimatebasedon2010to2013estimatesofpercentofMarionCountyresidentsnothavingenoughtoeatfromU.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus(2013).CurrentPopulationSurvey:December2013FoodSecuritySupplement.GeneratedbyRobinMinerusingtheDataFerrett.URL:http//dataferrett.census.govFilesgenerated29April2014and1October2014.

Final12-5-14

17

StudyLimitationsSurveysaresubjecttowell-knownlimitationsthatrequireconclusionsbedrawn

withcaution.Oneofthelimitationsisself-selectionbiassincenotallthoseselectedfortheinterviewsparticipatedinthesurvey.Thosewhochosetoparticipateinthissurveymaynotrepresentallthoseinthetargetpopulationwhomeetthestudycriteria.Toreduceabiasedcausedbydifferingresponsesbasedonhouseholdcharacteristics,theresponseswereweightedtoensurethatthedemographiccharacteristicsofthesamplematchthoseinthetargetpopulation.Evenwiththisadjustment,someself-selectionbiasmaybepresent.Anotherlimitationwasthattheresponseswereself-reported,whichincludeserrorscausedbypoorrecallandunintentionalerrors.Thislimitationwouldlikelyintroduceanadditionalsourceoferrorinestimates,butnotnecessarilyabias;thus,estimateswouldbevalid,butlesslikelytobereliable.Questionswerechosenandwordedtoreducethelikelihoodthattherespondentswouldperceivethattherewouldbeamoresociallyacceptableanswer;however,someintentionalerrorsmayhavebeenrecorded.Inaddition,keyquestions,suchasthoseusedtodeterminetherespondents’foodsecurityscore,havebeenusedwidelyandhavebeenfoundtoproducegenerallyvalidandreliablemeasures.Otherquestionsareaskedinastraightforwardmannertomakethequestionsasclearaspossible.Somekeymeasureswereaskedinmorethanonewaytocheckforreliability,andfoundtoproducehighlycorrelatedresponses.Astheinstrumentwasbeingdeveloped,anumberofexpertslocally,atRutgersUniversity,andattheUSDAreviewedtheitemstoensurethattheyhadfacevalidity.

Final12-5-14

18

Results Section1oftheresultsshowsthedemographiccharacteristicsofthesurvey

participantstodescribetheindividualsandhouseholdsincludedinthisstudy.Section2showsthesurveyparticipants’selectionstothescreeningquestion’s(Q1)responseoptionsandhowthoseresponses,alongwithresponsestootherquestions,wereusedtocategorizehouseholdsintothetwomaincategories:“noneed”and“need”forfoodassistance.OneofthemainpurposesofthissurveywastoestimatethenumberofmealsmissedduetolackoffoodinMarionCountyinayear.ThesurveyresponsesandcalculatedestimatesarepresentedinSection3.InSection4,foodsecurity,useoffoodassistanceresources,andbarrierstoaccessthoseresourcesarepresented.Section5ofthisreportcomparesresponsesofthoseinthegroupneedingfoodassistancetothosewhodonotneedfoodassistance.Someinthe“need”forfoodassistancegrouphavetheirfoodneedsmetbyusingSNAP,foodpantries,andotherfoodassistanceresources.However,somestillhaveunmetneedasevidencedbymissingmealsduetolackoffood.Acomparisonofthosewithunmetneed(missedmeals)tothosewhosefoodassistanceneedsweremetisshowninSection6ofthisreport.Section7comparestheaveragenumberofmealsmissedacrossdemographicandhouseholdcharacteristicsaswellasacrossutilizationoffoodassistanceresources.

Section1:DescriptionofsurveyparticipantsForthissurvey,atotalof856individualswereinterviewedtodeterminetheir

households’needforfoodassistance.Duringthefirstpartofthesurveyperiod,arandomsampleofindividualsrepresentingMarionCountyhouseholdswereintervieweduntilaquotaofatleast425individualshadbeeninterviewedfromhouseholdswithnofoodassistanceneed.Thetotalnumbersurveyedtothispointwas551.Table1-1showstheresponses,unweighted,tothedemographicquestionsonthesurvey(QD6toQD27)forthisgroup.

Afterthequotaofhouseholdswithnoneedforfoodassistancehadbeenmet,theinterviewersonlyadministeredthesurveytoindividualsfromhouseholdsthathadsomelevelofneedforfoodassistance(thosewhochoseresponseoptions2,3or4tothescreeningquestion,Q1)untilthequotaforthatgrouphadbeenmet.Anadditional305individualswereinterviewedinthisphase,calledthe“oversample”group.Table1-2showstheunweightedresponsestothedemographicquestionsofthoseinthefoodassistanceneedoversample.

Final12-5-14

19

Oncetheresponsesoftwogroupssurveyedwerecombined,thefinalsurveyweightingwasappliedtothe856participantstocreateaweighteddatabaseofindividualsandhouseholdsthatmirrorthedemographiccharacteristicsofthepopulationofindividualsandhouseholdsinMarionCounty.Theresponseswereweightedtomatchtheage,race/Hispanicethnicity,andeducationcharacteristicsofallresidentsofMarionCountyandincludedweightingthefoodneedgrouptorepresent22%ofthesurveyparticipants.The22%valuewasbasedontheestimatesofprevioussurveysasdescribedinthemethodssection.Table1-3showsthedemographiccharacteristicsofthesurveyparticipantswiththefinalfullweightingapplied.

Notablefindings:• Whenalloftheparticipantresponseswerecombinedandweighted,overone-half

(52.3%)hadatleastsomeeducationpasthighschool.• Mostcommonlyintheweighteddatabase,participantswereinthe30to49or50to64

agegroups,althoughatleast100individualsineachoftheagegroupswererepresentedintheweighteddatabase.

• 16.0%oftherespondentsinweighteddatabasewereHispanicand17.3%wereblack/AfricanAmerican.

• Overone-half(59.3%)intheweighteddatabaseweremarried(47.6%)orinacommittedrelationship(11.7%).

• Mostcommonly,theparticipants’householdsintheweighteddatabaseconsistedoftwomembers(35.4%),althoughone-fifth(18.1%)ofthehouseholdsconsistedoffiveormoremembers.

• Justlessthanone-half(46.5%)ofthehouseholdsintheweighteddatabaseincludedoneormoremembersover60yearsofage.

• Nearlyone-third(30.2%)ofthehouseholdsintheweighteddatabaseincludedchildrenofschoolage,and16.1%includedpreschoolagechildren.

• About10percentwereinpovertybasedonthefederalpovertylevelguidelines,althoughmostintheweighteddatabasereportedahouseholdincomethatplacedtheminthecategoryexceeding185%ofthefederalpovertylevel.

• Mostcommonly,theweighteddatabaseconsistedofindividualswhowereemployed(42.4%)orretired(20.0%).

• Thoseinthefoodneedoversamplewerelesseducated,younger,moreoftenwereHispanicorblack,andlessoftenmarriedcomparedtothoseintherandomsample.

• Thoseintheoversamplewerelivinginhouseholdswithmoremembers,typicallymorechildrenofschoolage.

• Aswasanticipated,thoseintheoversampleweremoreofteninthelowerhouseholdincomecategoriesandmoreoftenunemployed.

Final12-5-14

20

Discussion: Whiletheeducationlevelsinrandomsamplegroupweresimilartothegeneral

population,theparticipantswereclearlyolderandlessoftenbelongingtotheminorityracesandethnicitiesthantheknowncharacteristicsoftheMarionCountypopulation.Thus,weightingthesampleforthesedemographiccharacteristicswasnecessarytoreduceself-selectionbias.Thefoodneedoversamplewasnecessarytoensurethatsufficientnumbersofhouseholdswithfoodneedwereincludedinthesurveytoallowforconclusionsrelatedtofoodneedtobedrawnwithconfidence.Evenwiththeweightingapplied,resultsshouldbedrawnwithcautionduetothesizeofthesampleandlimitationsofsurveydata.Nonetheless,thesurveyresults,withtheweightingadjustmentsapplied,providethebestestimatesto-dateoftheneedforfoodassistance,theuseoffoodassistanceresources,theunmetfoodneedandbarrierstoaccessingfoodresources.

Final12-5-14

21

Table1-1UnweightedandDemographicCharacteristicsofSurveyParticipantsinthe

RandomSample

Unweighted n=551 %QuestionD6:EducationLevel Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten 1 0.2% Lessthan8thgrade 11 2.0% Completed8thgrade 11 2.0% Somehighschool 81 14.7% GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 155 28.2% Somecollegeortechnicalschool 124 22.5% 4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore 167 30.4% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 1 QuestionD7:AgeGroup 18-29 55 10.0% 30-49 107 19.4% 50-64 193 35.0% 65+ 196 35.6% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 QuestionD9:HispanicEthnicity Yes 35 6.4% No 513 93.6% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 3 QuestionD18:Race White,Non-Hispanic 333 61.9% BlackorAfrican-American 142 26.4% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 35 6.5% Asianandother 28 5.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 13

Final12-5-14

22

TABLE1-1Continued Unweighted n=551 %QuestionD19MaritalStatus Married 239 44.0% Inacommittedrelationship 37 6.8% Divorced 65 12.0% Widowed 85 15.7% Separated 11 2.0% Nevermarried 106 19.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 8

QuestionD20:Numberofadultsandchildreninhousehold

1member 155 28.2% 2members 204 37.2% 3members 85 15.5% 4members 46 8.4% 5ormoremembers 59 10.7% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2

QuestionD21:Numberofadultslivinginhouseholdolderthan60

0members 240 43.7% 1member 184 33.5% 2ormoremembers 125 22.8% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2

QuestionD23:Numberofchildrenages0to4livinginthehousehold

0members 495 90.2% 1member 38 6.9% 2ormoremembers 16 2.9% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2 QuestionD24:Numberofchildrenages5to18arelivinginthehousehold

0members 428 78.0% 1member 47 8.6% 2members 51 9.3% 3ormoremembers 23 4.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2

Final12-5-14

23

TABLE1-1Continued Unweighted n=551 %

PovertyStatus(presumedbasedonresponsestothehouseholdincomeandnumberlivinginthehouseholdquestions)

Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 297 60.4% 130%to185%ofpovertylevel 89 18.1% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 50 10.2% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 41 8.3% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 15 3.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 59 QuestionD27:Employmentstatus Employedforwages 193 35.4% Self-employed 43 7.9% Outofworkforlessthan1year 16 2.9% Outofworkfor1yearormore 19 3.5% Homemaker 28 5.1% Student 12 2.2% Retired 185 33.9% Disabled 49 9.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 6

Final12-5-14

24

Table1-2

UnweightedandDemographicCharacteristicsofSurveyParticipantsintheFoodAssistanceOversample

Unweighted n=305 %QuestionD6:EducationLevel Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten 2 0.7% Lessthan8thgrade 14 4.6% Completed8thgrade 18 5.9% Somehighschool 64 21.1% GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 117 38.6% Somecollegeortechnicalschool 65 21.5% 4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore 23 7.6% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2 QuestionD7:AgeGroup 18-29 45 14.8% 30-49 109 35.7% 50-64 90 29.5% 65+ 61 20.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 QuestionD9:HispanicEthnicity Yes 54 17.9% No 247 82.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 4 QuestionD18:Race White,Non-Hispanic 125 41.4% BlackorAfrican-American 107 35.4% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 55 18.2% Asianandother 15 5.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 3

Final12-5-14

25

TABLE1-2Continued Unweighted n=305 %QuestionD19MaritalStatus Married 89 29.5% Inacommittedrelationship 34 11.3% Divorced 39 12.9% Widowed 53 17.5% Separated 14 4.6% Nevermarried 73 24.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 3








Final12-5-14

26

TABLE1-2Continued Unweighted n=305 %


Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 45 16.2% 130%to185%ofpovertylevel 57 20.6% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 66 23.8% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 82 29.6% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 27 9.7% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 28 QuestionD27:Employmentstatus Employedforwages 97 32.7% Self-employed 11 3.7% Outofworkforlessthan1year 28 9.4% Outofworkfor1yearormore 28 9.4% Homemaker 14 4.7% Student 8 2.7% Retired 47 15.8% Disabled 64 21.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 8

Final12-5-14

27

Table1-3

Weighted*DemographicCharacteristicsofAllSurveyParticipants

Weighted* n=551 %GenderMaleFemaleQuestionD6:EducationLevel

230322

41.7%58.3%

Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten 6 1.1% Lessthan8thgrade 64 11.6% Completed8thgrade 46 8.3% Somehighschool 52 9.4% GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 95 17.2% Somecollegeortechnicalschool 65 11.8% 4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore 223 40.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 QuestionD7:AgeGroup 18-29 106 19.2% 30-49 177 32.1% 50-64 151 27.4% 65+ 117 21.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 QuestionD9:HispanicEthnicity Yes 88 16.0% No 461 84.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2 QuestionD18:Race White,Non-Hispanic 334 62.1% BlackorAfrican-American 93 17.3% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 89 16.5% Asianandother 22 4.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 13

Final12-5-14

28

TABLE1-3Continued Weighted* n=551 %QuestionD19MaritalStatus Married 260 47.6% Inacommittedrelationship 64 11.7% Divorced 49 9.0% Widowed 48 8.8% Separated 15 2.7% Nevermarried 110 20.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 5








Final12-5-14

29

TABLE1-3Continued Weighted* n=551 %


Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 307 63.8% 130%to185%ofpovertylevel 71 14.8% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 52 10.8% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 36 7.5% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 15 3.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 70 QuestionD27:Employmentstatus Employedforwages 231 42.4% Self-employed 45 8.3% Outofworkforlessthan1year 25 4.6% Outofworkfor1yearormore 22 4.0% Homemaker 44 8.1% Student 16 2.9% Retired 109 20.0% Disabled 53 9.7% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 6 *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,educationandpercentwithfoodneedtomatchallMarionCountyresidents

Final12-5-14

30

Section2:ProportionofMarionCountyHouseholdsthatNeedFoodAssistance

Usingresponsestothescreeningquestion(Q1),thefoodsecurityquestions(Q3toQ8),andthequestionsassessingthecurrentuseoffoodassistanceresources(Q10andQ11),thehouseholdsofsurveyparticipantswereplacedintooneoftwogroups–thosewhodidnotneedfoodassistanceandthosewhoneededfoodassistance.

Question1onthesurveyinstrumentwasascreeningquestionthataskedtheparticipantstoselectoneoffourstatementsthattheinterviewerreadtothemwhichbestdescribedthefoodsituationintheirhouseholdinthelast12months.Thosechoosingtheresponseoption,“Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousmeals”werecategorizedashouseholdsthatdidnotneedfoodassistance.Thesurveyparticipantsinthisgroupwerenotaskedthequestionsaboutfoodsecurity,useoffoodresourcesorthenumberofmealstheymissed.Rather,itwasassumedthattheserespondents’householdswerefoodsecureanddidnotusefoodresources;nordidtheymissmealsduetolackoffood.Fortheserespondents,theinterviewersskippedtothedemographicquestionset(QD6andafter).

ThoserespondentswhochosethetwooptionstoQ1,“Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat”or“Oftenwecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat”werecategorizedashouseholdthathadaneedforfoodassistanceandwereaskedtheentiresetofsurveyitems.

Forthoserespondentswhochosetheresponseoption,“Wecouldalwaysaffordenoughtoeat,butnotalwaysthekindsoffoodweshould,”itwasdeterminedthatadditionalinformationwasneededtohelpbestcategorizethehouseholdintothecorrectfoodneedgroup.Participantswhochosethisresponseoptionwerecategorizedasbeinginhouseholdsthatdidnotneedfoodassistanceiftheyhadafoodsecurityscoreof“0”or“1”(adescriptionofthefoodsecurityscoredeterminationbasedonQ3toQ8ispresentedinthemethodssection)ANDwerenotcurrentlyusingSNAP(Q10)oranyoftheothercommunityfoodresourceslistedinquestion11,suchasWIC,reducedpriceschoolmeals,foodfromapantryorsoupkitchen,orhomedeliveredmeals.ThosewhohadahigherfoodsecurityscoreORthosewhowerecurrentlyusingSNAPorcommunityfoodresourceswerecategorizedashouseholdsthatneededfoodassistance.

Thefollowingchartillustrateshowsurveyparticipantswerecategorizedintothetwogroups:

Final12-5-14

31

Screener (Q1) Do Not Need Food Assistance

“No Food Need”

Need Food Assistance

“Food Need”

Could always afford enough food (option 1)

√

Enough but not always kinds we should (option 2)

Food security score 0-1 - AND - Not currently using food assistance

Food security score 2-6 - OR - Currently using food assistance

Sometimes not enough (option 3)

√

Often not enough (option 4)

√

Table2-1showstheresponsestothescreeningquestion(Q1)whenthesurveysampleweightinghasbeenapplied.Thisshowsabout21%prevalenceofhouseholdsinMarionCountywithafoodassistanceneed,whichisnearthe22%estimatedbyearlierstudiesofrelatedmeasures.

Notablefindings:• Inthegeneralpopulationmostrespondents(60.0%)chosethefirstoption,indicating

thattheycouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousfood.• Onlyaboutone-fourth(28.8%)ofthosewhochosethesecondoptionwereplacedinthe

“foodneed”group;therestwereplacedinthe“nofoodneed”group.• About1in7(13.6%)indicatedthatthey“sometimes”or“often”couldnotafford

enoughtoeat.• Combined,most(78.9%)surveyparticipantswereplacedinthe“nofoodneed”group,

usingtheweighteddatabase.

Discussion:Itisbelievedthatthepercentageofthegeneralcountypopulationwithafoodneed

estimatedwiththissurveyisconservative.Thatis,theactualpercentageofMarionCountyresidentswithafoodneedmaybehigherthan21fortwoprimaryreasons.First,manyofthosewithgreatestneedmightnothaveparticipatedinthesurveybecausetheydidnothavealandlineorcellphone.Exampleswouldbethosewhoarehomelessandseverelyeconomicallydisadvantaged.ItisbelievedthatthispercentageintheentireMarionCounty

Final12-5-14

32

populationisverylowandlikelywouldnotmakeabigdifferenceintheestimateoffoodneedeveniftheywereincluded.Sincetheactualpercentageisnotknown,acorrectionfactorcouldnotbeapplied.Inaddition,asignificantportionofseniorshavehearingdifficultiesthatlimittheirparticipation,andtheymayalsobemoreatriskoffoodshortages.Undocumentedimmigrantsalsomaybeatgreaterriskandbeunderrepresentedinthestudyduetotheirdesirenottobevisible.

Secondly,theweightingfactorappliedtothedatatoensurethepercentagewithneedinthedatasetissimilartothatofthepopulation,wasaconservativepercentage.Alessconservativefigurewouldhaveboostedthepercentageoftheweightedhouseholdsinthe“foodneed”groupsomewhat.However,itisbelievedthatevenwithusingalessconservativeweightingfactor,thepercentageinthe“foodneed”groupwouldnotexceed25%.Thus,oursummaryisthat“atleast21percentofMarionCountyresidentshaveaneedforfoodassistance.”

While not a focus of this study, 24.8% of those who were among the “no need” group, indicated on question 4 that they often or sometimes could not afford to eat balanced meals. This represents 4.7% of the total population. From other studies we know that the most common coping strategy when food dollars are short is to buy “cheap calories.” Including this group could potentially increase the estimate of those with some level of food challenge to 25-26% of the population. This may be an area worth examining in future studies.

Thescreeningquestionwasbelievedtocorrectlyidentifythosewith“nofoodneed”whentheychoseoption1.However,sincemanyofthosewhochoseoption2werealsodeterminednottoneedfoodassistance,alternativewordingofthescreenershouldbeconsideredforfuturestudiestoreducethenumberofsurveyparticipantswithoutafoodneedwhoareaskedtoansweralloftheothersurveyitems.Abettersetofresponseoptionsmightimprovetheefficiencyandreducethecostofsurveyslikethis.

Final12-5-14

33

Table2-1

WeightedResponsestoQuestion1andtheDefinitionsof"NoFoodNeed"and"FoodNeed"

Weighted* n=551 %

Whichofthesestatementsbestdescribesthefoodsituationinyourhouseholdinthelast12months?

Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousmeals 331 60.0%

Wecouldalwaysaffordenoughtoeat,butnotalwaysthekindsoffoodweshouldeat

146 26.4%

FoodSecurityScore0-1ANDnotcurrentlyusingfoodassistance

104 18.8%

FoodSecurityScore2-6ORcurrentlyusingfoodassistance42

7.6%

Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat 57 10.3%

Weoftencouldnotaffordenoughtoeat 18 3.3% NoFoodNeed(331+104) 435 78.9%FoodNeed(42+57+18)** 116 21.1% *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,andeducationtomatchallMarionCountyresidents.**Whilethenumberslogicallyaddupto117,becausethenumbersareweighted,theyarefractionsdisplayedwithproximalwholenumbers.Whenthefractionsareaddedtogetherasmallertotalisobtained.

Final12-5-14

34

Section3:NumberofMealsMissed

Onlythosewhoresponded“No”tosurveyquestion14,“Inthelastweek,wouldyousayyouandyourfamilyhadallthefoodyouneeded?”wereaskedthetwoquestionsinthesurveythataddressednumberofmealsmissed.Question16asked,

“Despitegettingfoodassistancefrom:__,__and___.[INSERTSHORTVERSIONSFROMQ9/Q11,UPTOTHREEITEMS,IFRESPONSEWASYESFORTHATITEM]inthelastWEEK,howmanyindividualmealsinyourhouseholdwereskippedaltogetherbecauseofalackoffood?Forexample,iftherearethreepeopleinyourhouseholdandeveryoneskippedadinnerthatwouldbethreemeals.”Respondentswereaskedtogiveacountforthenumberofmealsmissed.Table3-1

showsthefrequencyofthenumberoffullmealsmissedfromtheweightedandtheunweighteddatabases.

Question17asked,“And,inthelastweek,howmanypartialmealswereservedbecauseofalackoffood?”Again,respondentswereaskedtoprovideanumberofpartialmealsservedforallinthehouseholdduringthepreviousweek.Table3-2showsthefrequencyofnumberofpartialmealsmissedfromtheweightedandunweighteddatabases.

Toobtainatotalnumberofmealsmissed,thepartialmealswereassumedtobeone-halfofafullmeal,allowingtheresponsestoquestions16and17tobecombined.Table3-3showsthefrequencyofnumberoffullmealsorpartialmealequivalentsmissedusingtheresponsestobothquestions16and17.Thetableshowstheresponsefrequencyfromboththeweightedandunweighteddatabases.

Someoftherespondentsreportedthattheydidnotmissanyfullorpartialmeals,eventhoughtheysaidtheydidnothaveallofthefoodtheyneededlastweek(fromquestion14).Respondentsfrom37householdsintheweightedsampleindicatedoneormoremealsweremissedintheirhouseholdinthepreviousweek.Table3-4showsthenumberandpercentageofhouseholdswheretherespondentindicatedtheydidnothaveallofthefoodneededinthepreviousweekandthenumberofhouseholdswhereoneormorefullmealsorpartialmealequivalentsweremissedbytheresponsestothescreeningquestion(Q1)usingtheweighteddataset.

Table3-5showsthesameinformationforALLrespondents,includingthoseintheoversample,whererespondentsfrom116householdsindicatedthatoneormorefullmealsorpartialmealequivalentsweremissed,byresponsestothescreeningquestion.Oneofthesurveyparticipantswhowasclassifiedinthe“nofoodneed”groupfromoption2toquestion1indicatedthatmealsweremissedinthehousehold.Thiscasewasremovedin

Final12-5-14

35

lateranalysessincetheresponseswerenotreliable,leaving115householdswhereoneormorefullorpartialmealequivalentsweremissed.

Theresponsestoquestions16and17wereusedtomakeinferencesofthenumberofmealsmissedforallMarionCountyresidents.Thenumberofindividualsinthehouseholdswheremealsweremissedwasusedtoobtainthenumberofmealsmissedperpersonusingtheweighteddataset.Using21(3mealsperdayX7days)asthenumberofmealsforapersoninatypicalweekandtheaveragenumberofindividualsinthehouseholdsofthosesurveyedof3.07,then64.47mealswouldbeneededforatypicalhouseholdinaweek.

Question16wasusedtoestimatethenumberoffullmealsmissed.Thesurveyfoundthatatotalof241fullmealsweremissedamongthe551households,or.437fullmealsweremissedperhousehold,usingtheweighteddata.Usingthisestimate,then0.68percent(.437/64.47)oftheneededfullmealsweremissed.

The2013AmericanCommunitySurveyreportedthat928,281individualsresidedinMarionCounty.Multiplyingthenumberofresidentsbythe21mealsneededinaweekgivesatotalof19,493,901mealsneededforallresidents.

Thus,thetotalnumberofestimatedfullmealsonlymissedinaweekwascalculatedas132,136(.68X19,493,901)or6,874,046(52X132,136)inayear.Themarginoferroris6.5%,sothecalculationofthenumberoffullmealsmissedinayearforresidentsofMarionCountywasbetween6,427,233and7,320,859,orroughlybetween6.4and7.3millionfullmeals.

Questions16and17,wereusedestimateanoverallnumberofmealsmissedbyaddingthefullmealsmissedplusthenumberoffullmealsassumingthepartialmealswereaboutone-halfofafullmeal.Thesurveyfoundthatatotalof324fullorequivalentpartialmealsweremissedamongall551households,or.588fullandequivalentpartialmealsweremissedperhousehold,usingtheweighteddata.Usingthisestimate,then0.91percent(.588/64.47)oftheneededmealsweremissed.

Usingthesameapproach,thecalculatednumberoffullorpartialequivalentmealsmissedinaweekwouldbe177,394(.91X19,493,901)or9,224,513(52X177,394)inayear.Themarginoferroris6.5%,sothebestestimateofthenumberofmealsmissedinayearforresidentsofMarionCountywasbetween8,624,920and9,824,107,orroughlybetween8.6and9.8millionfullorequivalentpartialmeals.

Estimateswerealsocalculatedusingtheweightingfactorof25%fortheproportionofthepopulationwhohaveaneedforfoodassistancetoprovidealessconservativeestimatethanwhenthe22%weightwasused.Therecalculatedestimateofthenumberoffullmealsincreasedto7,703,989andtherecalculatedestimateoffullandequivalentpartialmealsmissedincreasedto10,440,903,usingthe25%weightingfactor.Evenwhenusingthehigherweightingfactor,thenumberoffullandequivalentpartialmealsmissedwasestimatedtobebetween9.7and11.1millioninayearusingthe2014surveydata,anincreaseofabout1millionmealsperyearoverthelessconservativeestimate.

Final12-5-14

36

Notablefindings:• Thenumberoffullandequivalentpartialmealsmissedinthehouseholdsduringthe

previousweekrangedfrom1to31inahousehold.Someindicatedthatnomealsweremissedeventhoughtheirhouseholddidn’thaveallofthefoodtheyneeded,accordingtoresponsestoquestion14.

• Mostofthehouseholdsmissingmealsonlymissedafewmealsduringthepreviousweek.

• Theproportionofhouseholdswithmissedmealswasconsiderablyhigheramongthosewhochoseoptions3and4(sometimesoroftencan’taffordenoughtoeat)tothescreeningquestionwhencomparedtothosewhoselectedoption2(couldalwaysaffordenoughtoeat,butnotalwayswhatweshouldeat).

• Itwasconservativelyestimatedthatabout7millionfullmealsweremissedinayearamongallMarionCountyresidentsduetoalackoffood.

• Itwasalsoestimatedthat9millionfullandpartialmealequivalentsweremissedinayearamongallMarionCountyresidentsduetoalackoffood.

• Alessconservativeestimateoffullandpartialmealequivalentsmissedinayearyieldedarangeof9.7to11.1millionmealsmissed.

Discussion:GiventhattheestimatesofthepercentageofMarionCountyresidentsinthe“food

need”categorybasedonthissurveymaybeconservative,analternativeestimatewasmadeusingalessconservative25%withfoodneedadjustment.Theestimatesmadeusingthispercentageaddedanotherapproximatelyonemillionmealsmissed.Thus,whiletheestimatesusedheremightbeslightlyunderestimated,itisnotlikelythatthenumberofmealsmissedwouldexceed12millioninayear.Thissurveyfoundthatmoreeffortisneededtoclosethegaptomakesureallwhoneedfoodareabletoobtainitthroughexpandingthecurrentfoodsupportprogramsandremovingbarrierstoaccessthoseprograms.

AnumberofassumptionsweremadetomaketheestimatesofmissedmealsfortheCountyresidents.Firstweassumedthatthenumberofmissedmealsinthesurveysampleisavalidcount.Consideringthesmallsizeofthesample,themarginofsamplingerrorwas6.5%.Inaddition,thenumberprovidedbytherespondentswasdependentontheaccuracyoftheirrecall,whichalsoaddstothevariationintheestimate,whichisnotshowninthecalculation.Thus,therangesoftheestimatescouldbesomewhatlarger;withoutknowingthevariabilityinrecallaccuracy,itisnotpossibletojustifytheamountofadjustmentneededtomorecorrectlyspecifytherangesfortheestimates.

Thesurveyincludedasecondapproachtodetermininghowmanymealsmighthavebeenmissedinthepreviousweek.Q15wassimilartoquestionsusedinnationalsurveysinthepastbutwithadditionalsetuptotrytoensurethattherespondentsonlyansweredin

Final12-5-14

37

termsofthegapaftertakingintoaccountwhattheywereaccessingwiththeirownmoneyandwhattheycouldobtainfromprivateorpublicfoodassistance. Q15: You said you got food assistance from __, __ and ___. [INSERT SHORT VERSIONS

FROM Q9/Q11, UP TO THREE ITEMS, IF RESPONSE WAS YES FOR THAT ITEM] During the last week, about how much more money would you have needed to make sure everyone in your household was always properly fed? [PROBE IF NEEDED, JUST ESTIMATE HOW MANY DOLLARS PER WEEK]

_________ [RECORD RESPONSE IN WHOLE DOLLARS PER WEEK] Thisquestionwasfollowedbytherelatedquestionsaskedintermsoffulland

partialmealsmissed.Thesurveycallersreportedthatrespondentsseemedtohaveahardtimegraspingthisquestionandtheresponsesbearthisout.Theanswersintermsofmealswerereasonableinmagnitudeanddistributedasonewouldexpect,withmorepeopleindicatingtheymissedjustafewmealsandsmallernumbersreportingalargernumberofmealsmissed.Howeverasubstantialportionoftheanswersintermsofdollarswereinordinatelyhigh.Whendividedbythenumberofmealsthosesamepeoplereportedmissingthecostpermealrangedwidely,withmanyanswersabove$35permealandsomeabove$100permeal.Thereasonsforthisfindingarenotknown.However,thismayhaveoccurredduetothesequencingofthequestions.Whenthisitemwasusedbeforeitfollowedquestionsabouthouseholdfoodbudgetsthatmayhaveorientedrespondents.Becausethedatadidnotappearvaliditwasnotusedinestimatingmissedmeals

Final12-5-14

38

Table3-1

Weighted*andUnweightedFrequencyofFullMealsSkippedinthe"FoodNeed"Group

Weighted* Unweighted

n=37 % n=127 %Inthelastweek,howmanyindividualmealsinyourhouseholdwereskippedaltogetherbecauseofalackoffood? 0meals 3 8.9% 16 12.6% 1meal 5 13.3% 9 7.1% 2meals 3 8.3% 14 11.0% 3meals 2 5.0% 9 7.1% 4meals 5 11.6% 11 8.7% 5meals 1 2.8% 7 5.5% 6meals 3 8.2% 11 8.7% 7meals 3 8.3% 13 10.2% 8meals 0 0.1% 1 0.8% 9meals 2 4.4% 3 2.4% 10meals 2 4.6% 6 4.7% 12meals 1 2.8% 5 3.9% 14meals 4 9.8% 10 7.9% 15meals 1 3.5% 3 2.4% 16meals 0 1.0% 1 0.8% 18meals 1 3.2% 1 0.8% 20meals 0 1.1% 2 1.6% 21meals 1 3.1% 5 3.9% *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,andeducationtomatchallMarionCountyresidents.

Final12-5-14

39

Table3-2

Weighted*andUnweightedFrequencyofPartialMealsinthe"FoodNeed"Group

Weighted* Unweighted n=40 % n=131 %Inthelastweek,howmanypartialmealswereservedbecauseofalackoffood? 0meals 5 12.8% 25 19.1% 1meal 4 9.4% 6 4.6% 2meals 5 12.1% 18 13.7% 3meals 4 10.3% 8 6.1% 4meals 2 4.4% 8 6.1% 5meals 3 7.1% 10 7.6% 6meals 2 4.4% 7 5.3% 7meals 6 15.5% 17 13.0% 8meals 0 0.4% 2 1.5% 9meals 0 1.1% 3 2.3% 10meals 4 9.8% 9 6.9% 11meals 0 0.6% 1 0.8% 12meals 2 4.3% 3 2.3% 14meals 1 3.1% 5 3.8% 15meals 0 0.4% 1 0.8% 20meals 1 1.3% 3 2.3% 21meals 0 0.9% 3 2.3% 22meals 1 2.3% 2 1.5% *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,andeducationtomatchallMarionCountyresidents.

Final12-5-14

40

Table3-3

Weighted*andUnweightedFrequencyofFullorPartialMealsMissedinthe"FoodNeed"Group

Weighted* Unweighted

n=39 % n=125 %Inthelastweek,howmanypartialmealswereservedbecauseofalackoffood? 0meals 2 4.3% 10 8.0% 1meal 0 0.2% 1 0.8% 1.5meals 3 6.6% 4 3.2% 2meals 2 5.2% 8 6.4% 2.5meals 1 3.7% 2 1.6% 3meals 2 4.5% 6 4.8% 3.5meals 0 0.3% 2 1.6% 4meals 0 0.5% 1 0.8% 4.5meals 3 8.0% 4 3.2% 5meals 2 4.6% 5 4.0% 5.5meals 0 0.9% 4 3.2% 6meals 1 2.0% 6 4.8% 6.5meals 2 4.8% 2 1.6% 7meals 1 1.3% 4 3.2% 7.5meals 0 0.7% 3 2.4% 8meals 0 0.1% 1 0.8% 8.5meals 0 0.3% 1 0.8% 9meals 1 3.1% 5 4.0% 9.5meals 0 0.3% 1 0.8% 10meals 0 0.2% 1 0.8% 10.5meals 3 6.5% 8 6.4% 11meals 2 4.9% 3 2.4% 11.5meals 0 0.9% 2 1.6% 12meals 0 1.1% 3 2.4% 13.5meals 0 1.1% 1 0.8% 14meals 0 0.4% 2 1.6% 14.5meals 0 0.4% 1 0.8% 15meals 5 12.6% 10 8.0% 15.5meals 0 0.5% 1 0.8% 16meals 0 0.9% 1 0.8% 16.5meals 1 2.0% 3 2.4% 17meals 0 1.0% 2 1.6% 17.5meals 2 4.4% 5 4.0%

Final12-5-14

41

18meals 0 0.5% 1 0.8%Table3-3Continued Weighted* Unweighted

n=39 % n=125 % 18.5meals 1 3.2% 1 0.8% 19meals 1 3.5% 2 1.6% 22.5meals 0 0.4% 1 0.8% 23meals 0 0.9% 1 0.8% 24.5meals 0 0.7% 1 0.8% 26meals 0 1.1% 2 1.6% 27meals 0 0.2% 1 0.8% 31meals 1 1.3% 2 1.6% *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,andeducationtomatchallMarionCountyresidents.

Final12-5-14

42

Table3-4

NumberofHouseholdsinthe"FoodNeed"GroupthatMissedMealsbyResponsestoQuestion1,UsingWeightedData

Q14:Inthelastweek,wouldyousayyouandyourfamilyhadallthefoodyouneeded?

NumberwhoMissedMeals:Question16or17

n=551 % Total n=551 % TotalWhichofthesestatementsbestdescribesthefoodsituationinyourhouseholdinthelast12months?

Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousmeals

0* 0.0%* 331 0* 0.0%* 331


11 7.5% 146 9 6.2% 146

Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat

21 36.8% 57 21 36.8% 57

Weoftencouldnotaffordenoughtoeat

8 44.4% 18 7 38.9% 18

Total 40 7.3% 551 37 6.7% 551 *Thisgroupwasnotaskedtherestofthefoodshortagequestions,butitwasassumedthattheyhadnoshortage.

Final12-5-14

43

Table3-5NumberofHouseholdsinthe"FoodNeed"GroupthatMissedMealsbyResponses

toQuestion1,UsingUnweightedData

Q14:Inthelastweek,wouldyousayyouandyourfamily

hadallthefoodyouneeded?

NumberwhoMissedMeals:Question16or17

n=856 % Total n=856 % TotalWhichofthesestatementsbestdescribesthefoodsituationinyourhouseholdinthelast12months?

Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousmeals

0* 0.0%* 335 0* 0.0%* 335


35 12.6% 278 27 9.7% 278

Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat

66 36.9% 179 61 34.1% 179

Weoftencouldnotaffordenoughtoeat

31 48.4% 64 27 42.2% 64

Total 132 15.4% 856 115 13.4% 856 *Thisgroupwasnotaskedtherestofthefoodshortagequestions,sinceitwasassumedthattheyhadnoshortages.

Final12-5-14

44

Section4:ResourcesUsedandBarrierstoUsingThemInthissection,theresponsestoquestions9to11andquestions19and20are

presentedandcomparedtoresponsestootherquestionsonthesurvey.Table4-1showstheweightedresponsesforallsurveyresponsesaswellastheunweightedresponsesbythoseinthefoodneedgrouptoquestions9to11,19and20.ItwasnotpossibletoweightthefoodneedgroupbecausethedemographiccharacteristicsofindividualsinMarionCountywithfoodneeddatadoesnotexistpriortothissurvey.

Differentassistanceprogramshavedifferenteligibilitycriteria.SincetheUSDA’sSupplementalNutritionAssistanceProgram(SNAP)providesthemajorityofmealstothoseinneed,examiningthecharacteristicsofthosewhoreceiveSNAPandthosewhodonotisimportant.Thosewhosehouseholdincomewouldplacethematlessthan130%ofthefederalpovertylevelarepresumedtomeettheeconomiccriteriaforbeingeligibleforSNAP.Itseemslikelythatsomeoftherespondentswhoansweredthattheywerenoteligiblewereineligibleforreasonsotherthanincomealone.Table4-2comparestheresponsesofthosewhoareinthisincomegroupwhoarecurrentSNAPuserstotheoneswhomightmeettheincomerequirements,butarenotcurrentlyusingSNAPbenefits.

Foodpantriesandfoodbanksareacommonlyusedcommunityresourceforfoodassistance.Whenachurchorothercommunityorganizationsprovidegroceriestopeopleinneed,theyareactingasafoodpantry.TherearenumerouspantriesofvaryingsizelocatedthroughoutMarionCounty.Table4-3comparestheresponsestoquestions3to20ofthoseintheneedgroupwhowerecurrentlyusingfoodpantries,churchesandfoodbanksasasourceoffoodassistancetothoseintheneedgroupwhowerenotusingthem.

Fourinten(40.1%)ofthefamiliesinthe“foodneed”groupindicatedthattherewereoneormorechildrenofschoolage(age5to18)intheirhousehold.ThecharacteristicsofthesefamiliesrelativetofoodassistanceresourceuseandbarrierstousingthemareshowninTable4-4.

One-third(34.4%)ofthefamiliesinthe“foodneed”groupindicatedthatoneormoreseniorsoverage60wereintheirhouseholds.Table4-5comparestheresponsesofthosefromhouseholdswithseniorstothosefromhouseholdswithoutseniors.

Low-incomefamilieswithyoungchildrenmayqualifytoobtainnutritionassistancefromtheWomen,Infants,andChildren(WIC)program.Table4-6showsthepercentageofhouseholdswithincomelessthan185%andlessthan130%ofthefederalpovertythatwerecurrentlyreceivingfoodsupportthroughtheWICprogram.

Notablefindings:• Overone-quarter(28.1%)ofallrespondentsusedSNAPbenefitsinthepastyear

comparedtooverone-half(56.9%)ofthoseinthe“foodassistanceneed”group.

Final12-5-14

45

However,lessthanone-quarter(22.3%)ofallrespondentswerecurrentlyusingSNAPandaboutone-half(49.8%)ofthoseintheneedgroup.

• Foodpantrieswereusedbyoverone-third(38.4%)ofthoseinthefoodneedgroup,butbyonlyaboutone-fifthofthetotalpopulation(18.3%).

• Almostone-third(31.2%)ofthoseinthefoodneedgroupindicatedthattheirchildrenwerereceivingfreeorreducedpriceschoolmealscomparedto20.0%ofthoseinthegeneralpopulation.

• SmallernumbersofthoseintheneedgroupwereusingWIC(12.3%),freehotmealsfromchurchesorcommunitycenters(10.9%),SummerServingsforchildren(9.0%),orhomedeliveredmeals(2.9%).

• Thosewhosehouseholdincomeswerelessthan130%ofthefederalpovertylevelandwhowerecurrentlyusingSNAPbenefitsweresignificantlymorelikelytoindicatethattheywereabletoaffordtoeatbalancedmeals.

• Thosewhosehouseholdincomeswerelessthan130%ofthefederalpovertylevelandwhowerecurrentlyusingSNAPbenefitsweresignificantlymorelikelytoindicatethattheywereobtainingfoodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.

• WhenthosewhoappearedtohaveincomesmakingthemeligibleforSNAPwereaskedwhytheywerenotusingit,themostcommonresponsewasthattheythoughtthattheywerenoteligible.Asubstantialnumberofrespondentschosethe“other“responseoption.

• Clientsoffoodpantriessignificantlymoreoftenindicatedthatthefoodtheyboughtjustdidn’tlastandthatmoreoftenskippedmealsoratelessbecauseoflackofmoneyforfood.

• Clientsoffoodpantrieshadsignificantlyworsefoodsecurityscoresthanthosewhodidnotusetheseresources.

• ClientsoffoodpantriessignificantlymoreoftenindicatedthattheyhadusedorwerecurrentlyusingSNAPbenefits,SummerServingsforkids,andfreehotmealsfromchurchesandcommunitycenters.

• Clientsoffoodpantriessignificantlymoreoftenindicatedthattheydidn’thaveallthefoodtheirfamilyneeded,buttherewasnotasignificantdifferenceinthenumberofmealsmissedinthisgroupcomparedtothenon-users.

• Whenthosewhodidnothaveenoughfoodwereaskedwhytheydidn’tgetfoodassistancefromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank,themostcommonresponsewasthattherewasnotonenearthem,followedbytheresponsethattheydidn’thavetransportationtogettoafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.

• SignificantlymoreofthosewithschoolagechildreninthehouseholdwerepastorcurrentSNAPusers.

• Thepercentageofthosewithschoolagechildreninthehouseholdwhoindicatedthatwinterwasaseasonwhentheydidnothaveallofthefoodtheyneededwassomewhat

Final12-5-14

46

lowerthanothers.Themajorityinbothgroupsindicatedthatwinterwasthetimewhentheymoreoftendidn’thaveallofthefoodtheyneeded.

• Householdswithseniorswerelesslikelytoincludechildrenandconsequentlywerelesslikelytoparticipateinthefreeandreducedschoollunchprogramandmorelikelytoreceivehomedeliveredmeals.

• Aboutfourintenhouseholdswithchildrenlessthan5yearsoldobtainedfoodsupportfromtheWomen,Infants,andChildren(WIC)programiftheirhouseholdincomeplacedthemlessthan185%ofthefederalpovertylevel(38.7%)oriftheirhouseholdincomeplacedthenlessthan130%ofthefederalpovertylevel(40.7%).

Discussion:Nofoodassistanceprogramisintendedtocompletelysatisfyahousehold’sfood

needs,andnoteveryonequalifiesforthefederalprograms.Thosewithafoodneedmustidentifythefoodassistanceoptionsthatareavailabletothem.Forexample,thoseinahouseholdthatisnoteligibleforSNAPmayneedtorelymoreheavilyonfoodpantriestomeettheirfoodneeds.Theamountoffoodavailablefromafoodpantryislimitedandhouseholdsmaystillfindthemselvesinneedofadditionalfoodandcontinuetohaveahigherfoodsecurityscore.Thefindingsaboutprogramuseshouldsignificantlyaidinfindingappropriatemeanstoincreasethesupplyoffoodassistancetomatchtheunmetneedidentifiedinthisstudy.

TheperceptionofineligibilityforSNAPfoundhereisconsistentwithpriorstudies.ThisisanimportantfindingtoinvestigateinmoredetailgiventhatSNAPprovidedtwo-thirdsormoreoftotalfoodassistance.Iftherearesubstantialnumbersofpeoplewhobelievetheyarenoteligiblebutactuallyareeligible,thisfindingcouldhaveimportantimplicationsforfillingtheoverallmealshortage.Afuturestudymightalsoattempttounderstandthelargenumberof“other”responsestothequestionsaboutbarriers.

Therehasbeenawidelyheldperceptionthatsummerwastheworsttimeforfamilieswithschool-agedchildrenbecausetheSummerFoodServiceProgramservesonlyabout1/6thasmanychildrenasreceivefreeorreducedlunchwhenschoolisinsession.Thisstudyclearlyindicatesthatmosthouseholds,includingthosewithschoolagedchildren,experiencethemostdifficultiesobtainingfoodduringthewinter.ThepriorwinterinIndianapoliswasparticularlyharsh,whichmightbereflectedtosomedegreeinthispattern.Nonethelessthisfindingraisesimportantquestionsforfoodassistancesystemsduringwinters.

Itcanbeassumedthatallthoseinthenofoodneedgroupwerefoodsecure(79%oftheweightedrespondents).Then,multiplyingthe21%whowereinthefoodneedcategoryandbythepercentoftheserespondentswhowerenotfoodsecure(85%)yields18%ofthewholepopulationasbeingfoodinsecurebasedonthissurvey.Thisestimateisclosetothe19%ofMarionCountyresidentsbeingfoodinsecurefromtheFeedingAmericastudy,suggestingthattheresultsofthisstudyareingoodagreementwithothernationalestimatesoffoodinsecurityforMarionCounty.

Final12-5-14

47

Giventhecomplexityandvarietyoffoodassistanceprograms,gettinggoodinformationontheavailabilityofthoseprogramsandhowtoaccessthem,tothosewithaneedisasignificantadditionalchallengeforthecommunity.

Itisrecommendedthatwhenitemsonsurveyslistingbarrierstousingcommunityresourcesareused,theinterviewersshouldrecordthespecificreasonsgiventothe“other”options.

Final12-5-14

48

Table4-1

Weighted*andUnweightedResponsestoQuestionsRelatingtoUseofFoodResourcesforAllRespondentsandforThoseinthe"FoodNeed"Group

AllRespondents FoodNeedGroup Weighted* Unweighted** n=551 % n=413 %Question9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits? Yes 62 28.1% 234 56.9% No 158 71.9% 177 43.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 2

Question10:AreyouorothersinyourhouseholdcurrentlyreceivingfoodstampsorSNAP?

Yes 49 22.3% 204 49.8% No 170 77.7% 206 50.2% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 3 Question11:Otherbenefitsyouoryourfamilymaybecurrentlyreceiving: Question11A:Freeorreducedpriceschoollunchorbreakfast. 44 20.0% 128 31.2%Question11B:WIC,alsoknownasTheWomen,InfantsandChildrenprogram. 18 8.2% 50 12.3%Question11C:Foodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank. 40 18.3% 158 38.4%Question11D:SummerServingswhicharemealsinthesummerforkids. 10 4.4% 37 9.0%Question11E:Freehotmealfromachurch,communitycenterorsoupkitchen. 12 5.2% 45 10.9%Question11F:HomedeliveredmealfromCICOAorMealsonWheels. 2 0.8% 12 2.9%

Final12-5-14

49

Table4-1Continued AllRespondents FoodNeedGroup Weighted* Unweighted** n=551 % n=413 %Question19:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion10) Ineligibility 19 49.6% 66 57.9% Noneed 1 2.8% 5 4.4% Inconvenience 6 16.3% 11 9.6% Socialstigma 1 2.4% 5 4.4% Other 11 28.9% 27 23.7% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 132 92 Question20:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotgonetoafoodpantry?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion11c) There’snotafoodpantrynearme*** 5 12.2% 18 14.2% Idon’thavetransportation 11 26.0% 35 27.6%

ThepantrynearmeisnotopenwhenIcango 4 9.1% 9 7.1%

Thepantrystaffdoesnottreatmewithrespect 1 1.8% 2 1.6%

Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry 0 1.1% 2 1.6% Iamembarrassedtoaskforassistance 3 6.6% 9 7.1%

Youdon’tgetenoughfoodtomakeitworthwhile 1 1.5% 4 3.1%

Idon’tlikethefoodIgetatfoodpantries 1 2.4% 5 3.9%

Foodatfoodpantriesdoesn’tmeetmydietaryrestrictions(e.g.diabetic) 1 2.6% 6 4.7%

Other 15 36.7% 37 29.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 138 126 *Weightedbyage,race,Hispanicethnicity,andeducationtomatchallMarionCountyresidents. **Thoseinthe"FoodNeed"GroupOnly

Final12-5-14

50

***Onlyoneoftheeighteeninthe"FoodNeed"groupwhosaidthattherewasnotapantrynearthemlivedinaZIPcodewithalargepantry.

Table4-2

ComparisonofSNAPandNon-SNAPUsersWithLessThan130%ofFederalPovertyLevel

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-value Question3:Thefoodthatweboughtjustdidn’tlast,andwedidn’thavemoneytogetmore.

0.315

Oftentrue 40 42.1% 48 34.3% 88 37.4% Sometimestrue 47 49.5% 73 52.1% 120 51.1% Nevertrue 8 8.4% 19 13.6% 27 11.5% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question4:Wecouldn’taffordtoeatbalancedmeals.

0.004*

Oftentrue 37 38.9% 37 26.4% 74 31.5% Sometimestrue 51 53.7% 71 50.7% 122 51.9% Nevertrue 7 7.4% 32 22.9% 39 16.6% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question5:Inthelasttwelvemonths,thatis,sincelastJune,didyouoranyotheradultinyourhouseholdevercutthesizeofyourmealsorskipmealsbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

0.650

Yes 63 66.3% 98 70.0% 161 68.5% No 32 33.7% 42 30.0% 74 31.5% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0

Final12-5-14

51

Table4-2Continued

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-value

Question6:Howoftendidthishappen?Wasitalmosteverymonth,somemonthsbutnoteverymonth,orinonlyoneortwomonthsduringtheyear?

0.736

Almosteverymonth 37 58.7% 53 54.1% 90 55.9%

Somemonthsbutnoteverymonth 20 31.7% 32 32.7% 52 32.3%

Only1or2monthsduringtheyear 6 9.5% 13 13.3% 19 11.8%

Neverhappened 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question7:Inthepasttwelvemonths,didyouevereatlessthanyoufeltyoushouldbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

0.447


Question8:Inthelast12months,wereyoueverhungrybutdidn'teatbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

0.824

Yes 54 57.4% 76 55.1% 130 56.0% No 40 42.6% 62 44.9% 102 44.0% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 2 3 USDAFoodSecurityScore 0.485

0or1HighorMarginalFoodSecurity 7 7.4% 16 11.4% 23 9.8%

2,3,or4LowFoodSecurity 29 30.5% 46 32.9% 75 31.9% 5or6VeryLowFoodSecurity 59 62.1% 78 55.7% 137 58.3% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0

Final12-5-14

52

Table4-2Continued

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-valueQuestion9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits?

<0.0005*

Yes 26 27.4% 135 96.4% 161 68.5% No 69 72.6% 5 3.6% 74 31.5% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question10:AreyouorothersinyourhouseholdcurrentlyreceivingfoodstampsorSNAP?

N/A

Yes 0 0.0% 140 100.0% 140 59.6% No 95 100.0% 0 0.0% 95 40.4% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question11:Otherbenefitsyouoryourfamilymaybecurrentlyreceiving:

Question11A:Freeorreducedpriceschoollunchorbreakfast.

33 34.7% 54 38.8% 87 37.2% 0.616

Question11B:WIC,alsoknownasTheWomen,InfantsandChildrenprogram.

11 11.6% 21 15.3% 32 13.8% 0.535

Question11C:Foodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.

32 33.7% 74 53.2% 106 45.3% 0.005*

Question11D:SummerServingswhicharemealsinthesummerforkids.

9 9.5% 18 12.9% 27 11.5% 0.543

Question11E:Freehotmealfromachurch,communitycenterorsoupkitchen.

9 9.5% 14 10.0% 23 9.8% 1.000

Question11F:HomedeliveredmealfromCICOAorMealsonWheels.

3 3.2% 4 2.9% 7 3.0% 1.000

Final12-5-14

53

Table4-2Continued

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-valueQuestion12:Afteraccessingalloftheseresources,wasthereeveratimeinthepast12monthswhenyouhavenothadallthefoodyouandyourfamilyneeded?

0.490


Question13:Whenwouldyousayyouoryourfamilydidnothaveallthefoodyouneeded?Wasitduringthespring,summer,fallorwinter?Pleasetellmealltimesthatapply.Onlyaskedofthosewhoanswered"Yes"toquestion12.

Spring 35 59.3% 50 50.0% 85 53.5% 0.330Summer 35 59.3% 50 50.0% 85 53.5% 0.330Fall 32 54.2% 48 48.0% 80 50.3% 0.551Winter 54 91.5% 85 85.0% 139 87.4% 0.342 Question14:Inthelastweek,didyouandyourfamilyhaveallthefoodneeded?


Final12-5-14

54

Table4-2Continued

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-value Questions16and17combinedintototalmealsmissed(numberoffullplus½numberofpartialmeals).

0.076

0meals 2 5.0% 4 8.3% 6 6.8% 1to4meals 4 10.0% 12 25.0% 16 18.2% 5to9meals 8 20.0% 14 29.2% 22 25.0% 10to14meals 9 22.5% 3 6.3% 12 13.6% 15ormoremeals 14 35.0% 13 27.1% 27 30.7% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 4 3 7 Question18:Inatypicalweek,howoftendoesyourhouseholdeatnutritiousmeals?

0.055

Always 2 3.2% 13 13.0% 15 9.2% Sometimes 35 55.6% 62 62.0% 97 59.5% Rarely 21 33.3% 20 20.0% 41 25.2% Never 5 7.9% 5 5.0% 10 6.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 32 40 72 Question19:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion10)

N/A N/A

Ineligibility 33 60.0% Noneed 0 0.0% Inconvenience 4 7.3% Socialstigma 3 5.5% Other 15 27.3% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 40

Final12-5-14

55

Table4-2Continued

Non-SNAPUsers

SNAPUsers Total

n=95 % n=140 % n=235 % p-valueQuestion20:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotgonetoafoodpantry?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion11c)

0.111

There’snotafoodpantrynearme 8 21.1% 4 10.0% 12 15.4% Idon’thavetransportation 7 18.4% 13 32.5% 20 25.6%

ThepantrynearmeisnotopenwhenIcango

2 5.3% 5 12.5% 7 9.0%

Thepantrystaffdoesnottreatmewithrespect

1 2.6% 1 2.5% 2 2.6%

Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry

1 2.6% 0 0.0% 1 1.3%

Iamembarrassedtoaskforassistance

4 10.5% 1 2.5% 5 6.4%

Youdon’tgetenoughfoodtomakeitworthwhile

0 0.0% 4 10.0% 4 5.1%

Idon’tlikethefoodIgetatfoodpantries

2 5.3% 0 0.0% 2 2.6%

Foodatfoodpantriesdoesn’tmeetmydietaryrestrictions(e.g.diabetic)

2 5.3% 4 10.0% 6 7.7%

Other 11 28.9% 8 20.0% 19 24.4% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 57 100 157 *StatisticallySignificantDifferences

Final12-5-14

56

Table4-3ComparisonofThoseWhoUsedandDidNotUseFoodPantries,Churches,andFood

Banksinthe"FoodNeed"Group

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total


0.017*


0.185


0.009*


Final12-5-14

57

Table4-3Continued

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total

n=253 % n=158 % n=411 % p-value


0.385





Yes 152 60.1% 113 71.5% 265 64.5% 0.024* No 101 39.9% 45 28.5% 146 35.5% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0


0.018*

Yes 109 43.3% 86 55.8% 195 48.0% No 143 56.7% 68 44.2% 211 52.0% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 4 5 USDAFoodSecurityScore 0.021*



Final12-5-14

58

Table4-3Continued

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total


0.001*


<0.0005*


Question11:Otherbenefitsyouoryourfamilymaybecurrentlyreceiving:


79 31.5% 48 30.4% 127 31.1% 0.902


34 13.6% 16 10.3% 50 12.3% 0.400


N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


15 6.0% 22 13.9% 37 9.0% 0.011*


11 4.3% 34 21.5% 45 10.9% <0.0005*


6 2.4% 6 3.8% 12 2.9% 0.593

Final12-5-14

59

Table4-3Continued

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total

n=253 % n=158 % n=411 % p-value

Question12:Afteraccessingalloftheseresources,wasthereeveratimeinthepast12monthswhenyouhavenothadallthefoodyouandyourfamilyneeded?

0.011*



Spring 69 50.7% 56 51.4% 125 51.0% 1.000Summer 69 50.7% 56 51.4% 125 51.0% 1.000Fall 67 49.3% 52 47.7% 119 48.6% 0.909Winter 115 84.6% 98 89.9% 213 86.9% 0.296 Question14:Inthelastweek,didyouandyourfamilyhaveallthefoodneeded?

0.005*


Final12-5-14

60

Table4-3Continued

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total

n=253 % n=158 % n=411 %p-

valueQuestions16and17combinedintototalmealsmissed(numberoffullplus½numberofpartialmeals).

0.402


0.190

Always 18 12.6% 6 5.5% 24 9.5% Sometimes 81 56.6% 71 64.5% 152 60.1% Rarely 38 26.6% 26 23.6% 64 25.3% Never 6 4.2% 7 6.4% 13 5.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 110 48 158 Question19:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion10)

0.226

Ineligibility 41 53.9% 25 65.8% 66 57.9% Noneed 5 6.6% 0 0.0% 5 4.4% Inconvenience 7 9.2% 4 10.5% 11 9.6% Socialstigma 5 6.6% 0 0.0% 5 4.4% Other 18 23.7% 9 23.7% 27 23.7% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 45 8 53

Final12-5-14

61

Table4-3Continued

NotUsingPantry

UsingPantry Total

n=253 % n=158 % n=411 % p-valueQuestion20:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotgonetoafoodpantry?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion11c)

N/A N/A

There’snotafoodpantrynearme 18 14.2%

Idon’thavetransportation 35 27.6%


9 7.1%


2 1.6%

Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry 2 1.6%


9 7.1%


4 3.1%


5 3.9%


6 4.7%

Other 37 29.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 13 *StatisticallySignificantDifferences

Final12-5-14

62

Table4-4

ComparisonofHouseholdsWhoHaveandDoNotHaveSchoolAgedChildreninthe"FoodNeed"Group

NoSchoolAge

ChildrenChildrenaged

5-17Total


0.657


0.709


0.057


Final12-5-14

63

Table4-4Continued

NoSchoolAge


5-17Total

n=242 % n=166 % n=408 % p-value


0.380





0.599



0.107

Yes 107 44.4% 86 53.1% 193 47.9% No 134 55.6% 76 46.9% 210 52.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 4 5 USDAFoodSecurityScore 0.405



Final12-5-14

64

Table4-4Continued

NoSchoolAge


5-17Total


0.002*


0.004*

Yes 105 43.4% 96 58.5% 201 49.5% No 137 56.6% 68 41.5% 205 50.5% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 2 2 Question9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits?(<130%poverty)

n=124 n=111 n=235 0.490


Question10:AreyouorothersinyourhouseholdcurrentlyreceivingfoodstampsorSNAP?(<130%poverty)

n=124 n=111 n=235 0.921


Final12-5-14

65

Table4-4Continued

NoSchoolAge


5-17Total

n=242 % n=166 % n=408 % p-value



10 4.1% 117 70.9% 127 31.1% <0.0005*


23 9.6% 27 16.7% 50 12.4% 0.050*


88 36.4% 69 41.8% 157 38.6% 0.314


10 4.2% 27 16.4% 37 9.1% <0.0005*


31 12.8% 14 8.4% 45 11.0% 0.220


9 3.7% 3 1.8% 12 2.9% 0.410


0.216


Final12-5-14

66

Table4-4Continued

NoSchoolAge


5-17Total

n=242 % n=166 % n=408 % p-value


Spring 69 50.0% 57 53.8% 126 51.6% 0.649Summer 65 47.1% 60 56.6% 125 51.2% 0.179Fall 69 50.0% 49 46.2% 118 48.4% 0.649Winter 126 91.3% 86 81.1% 212 86.9% 0.032* Question14:Inthelastweek,didyouandyourfamilyhaveallthefoodneeded?

0.097

Yes 172 71.4% 104 63.0% 276 68.0% No 69 28.6% 61 37.0% 130 32.0% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 1 2 Questions16and17combinedintototalmealsmissed(numberoffullplus½numberofpartialmeals).

0.198


0.809

Always 13 9.1% 12 11.0% 25 9.9% Sometimes 84 58.7% 67 61.5% 151 59.9% Rarely 38 26.6% 26 23.9% 64 25.4% Never 8 5.6% 4 3.7% 12 4.8% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 99 57 156

Final12-5-14

67

Table4-4Continued

NoSchoolAge


5-17Total

n=242 % n=166 % n=408 % p-valueQuestion19:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion10)

0.248

Ineligibility 37 51.4% 29 69.0% 66 57.9% Noneed 3 4.2% 2 4.8% 5 4.4% Inconvenience 8 11.1% 3 7.1% 11 9.6% Socialstigma 5 6.9% 0 0.0% 5 4.4% Other 19 26.4% 8 19.0% 27 23.7% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 43 9 52 Question20:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotgonetoafoodpantry?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion11c)

0.241

There’snotafoodpantrynearme 11 13.4% 7 15.9% 18 14.3%

Idon’thavetransportation 23 28.0% 11 25.0% 34 27.0%


5 6.1% 4 9.1% 9 7.1%


1 1.2% 1 2.3% 2 1.6%

Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry 0 0.0% 2 4.5% 2 1.6%


7 8.5% 2 4.5% 9 7.1%


1 1.2% 3 6.8% 4 3.2%


5 6.1% 0 0.0% 5 4.0%


5 6.1% 1 2.3% 6 4.8%

Other 24 29.3% 13 29.5% 37 29.4% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 72 52 124

Final12-5-14

68

*StatisticallySignificantDifferences

Table4-5ComparisonofHouseholdsWhoHaveandDoNotHaveAdultsOver65YearsofAgein

the"FoodNeed"Group

NoSeniorsinHousehold

SeniorsinHousehold

Total

n=243 % n=165 % n=408 % p-value Question9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits?

0.838


1.000




<0.0005*



0.070


Final12-5-14

69

Table4-5Continued

NoSeniorsinHousehold

SeniorsinHousehold

Total

n=243 % n=165 % n=408 % p-valueQuestion11C:Foodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.

0.812



0.625

Yes 24 9.9% 13 8.0% 37 9.1% No 218 90.1% 150 92.0% 368 90.9% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 1 2 3 Question11E:Freehotmealfromachurch,communitycenterorsoupkitchen.

0.459

Yes 24 9.9% 21 12.7% 45 11.0% No 219 90.1% 144 87.3% 363 89.0% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question11F:HomedeliveredmealfromCICOAorMealsonWheels.

0.006*

Yes 2 0.8% 10 6.1% 12 2.9% No 241 99.2% 155 93.9% 396 97.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 *StatisticallySignificantDifferences

Final12-5-14

70

Table4-6

ParticipantsintheWomenInfantChildrenFoodAssistanceProgramofThoseinthe"FoodNeed"Group,byFederalPovertyLevel

Respondents n=69 %Question11B:WIC,alsoknownasTheWomen,InfantsandChildrenprogramand<185%poverty.

Yes 27 39.7% No 41 60.3% Respondents n=54 %Question11B:WIC,alsoknownasTheWomen,InfantsandChildrenprogramand<130%poverty.

Yes 22 40.7% No 32 59.3%

Final12-5-14

71

Section5:Descriptionofthe“FoodNeed”GroupIndividualswhochoseoption1(Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritious

meals)toquestion1,orwhochoseoption2(Wecouldalwaysaffordenoughtoeat,butnotalwaysthekindsoffoodweshouldeat)ANDhadafoodsecurityscoreof“0”or“1”ANDwerenotcurrentlyusingfoodresources,wereconsideredtobeinthenofoodneedgroup.Thosewhochoseoption3(Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat)oroption4(Weoftencouldnotaffordenoughtoeat)toquestion1werecategorizedinthefoodneedgroup,aswerethosewhochoseoption2andeitherhadafoodsecurityscoreof“2”orgreaterORwerecurrentlyusingfoodresources.AsshowninTable5-1,21%oftherandomsamplegroupwereclassifiedintothefoodneedgroup.

Table5-1showsthepercentageofsurveyparticipantswhowereclassifiedasneedingfoodassistancebygeographicalarea(ZIPcodegrouping)withinMarionCounty,usingtheweighteddataset.SomeadjacentZIPcodeswerecombinedtoensurethatatleast30respondentswerefromthegeographicalareawhenweighted.ThetableliststhespecificZIPcodesincludedinthegeographicalarea.Toassistwithrecognizingthelocations,namesoftheneighborhoodsorcommunitieshavebeenadded.ThefollowingmapofMarionCountydisplaysthesameinformationasisshowninTable5-1.

Table5-2showstheestimatedpercentageneedingfoodassistanceamongdifferent

socio-demographiccharacteristicsofthesurveyrespondents,usingtheweighteddataset.

Final12-5-14

72

Withtheoversampleconsidered,atotalof413individualswhowereinterviewed

representedhouseholdsinthefoodneedgroup.Table5-3showsthedemographiccharacteristicsofthoseinthe“nofoodneed”grouptothoseinthe“foodneed”group.Thenumbersandpercentagesinthistablearenotweighted,butshowtheactualresponsesofthetwogroups.

Notablefindings:• ThepercentoffoodneedinthedifferentZIPcodeareasrangedfrom5%forthose

residinginBroadRippleto36%forthoseresidinginDecaturTownship.• Formostgeographicalareas,thepercentagesofresidentswhohaveafoodneedwerein

theupperteenstomid-twenties.• Whilethepercentagewithafoodneedwashigheramongthosewithlessformal

education,foodassistancewasneededforeveryeducationlevelgroup.• Alargerproportionofthoseinthe30-49agegroupneededfoodassistancecompared

totheotheragegroups.• Thoseinthefoodassistanceneedgrouphadsignificantlylessformaleducationand

weresignificantlyyoungerthanthoseinthenofoodassistanceneedgroup.• Significantlylargerproportionsofthoseinthefoodassistanceneedgroupwere

HispanicandblackorAfrican-American.• Significantlymoreofthoseinthefoodassistancegroupwerewidowedornever

marriedandfewerweremarried.• Thehouseholdsofthoseinthefoodassistanceneedgroupwerelarger,particularlydue

tothepresenceofchildren.• Thehouseholdsofthoseinthefoodassistanceneedgroupincludedfewerseniors

adultsoverage60.• Thehouseholdincomesindicatedthatmoreofthoseinthefoodneedgroupmetthe

federalpovertyleveldefinitionandmoreinthisgroupwereunemployed.

Discussion:WhilemoreprevalentinsomesubgroupsofMarionCountyresidents,foodneedwas

foundamongalldemographics.

Final12-5-14

73

Table5-1

EstimatedProportionofMarionCountyResidentswhohaveaFoodNeedusingtheWeightedDataSet,byGeographicalLocationofResidence

%

*"FoodNeed"wasdefinedasthosewhochoseoption3or4toquestion1ORchoseoption2toquestion1ANDeitherhadafoodsecurityscoreof2to6ORwerecurrentlyreceivingfoodassistance.

EstimateofthepercentofallMarionCountyresidentswhohaveaneedforfoodassistance

21.1%

EstimateofNeedbyGeographicalArea(ZipCode) MeridiantoFivePointsRoad(46107,46227,46237) 17.9% DecaturTownship(46113,46221,46231,46241) 36.4% Rural/ShermanandSt.VincentDePaul(46201,46218,46226) 32.8% Haughville/CrownHill/AroundDowntown(46202,46206,46207,46208,46222) 27.3% FountainSquare(46203) 16.1% DowntownandSouth(46204,46217,46223,46225,46251,46266) 18.5% BroadRipple(46205,46220) 5.1% NorthwestSide(46214,46234,46278,46224) 15.9% GeistandLawrence(46216,46235,46236) 25.9% I-465andI-70EastSide(46219) 17.2% EastofEagleCreek(46228,46254) 26.3% SoutheastSide(46229,46239,46259) 10.8% CollegeParktoCastleton(46240,46250,46256,46260,46268) 17.5%

Final12-5-14

74

Table5-2

EstimatedProportionofMarionCountyResidentswhohaveaFoodNeedusingtheWeightedDataSet,byDemographicCharacteristicofRespondent

%EstimateofNeedbyEducationLevel Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten 42.9% Lessthan8thgrade 31.3% Completed8thgrade 52.2% Somehighschool 32.7% GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 24.2% Somecollegeortechnicalschool 21.5% 4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore 6.3% EstimateofNeedbyAgeGroupofRespondent 18-29 23.6% 30-49 26.6% 50-64 15.8% 65+ 17.1% EstimateofNeedbyHispanicEthnicity Hispanic 38.6% Non-Hispanic 17.6% EstimateofNeedbyRacialGroup White,Non-Hispanic 12.3% BlackorAfrican-American 34.4% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 39.3% Asianandother 27.3% EstimateofNeedbyMaritalStatus Married 14.2% Inacommittedrelationship 25.0% Divorced 24.5% Widowed 34.0% Separated 37.5% Nevermarried 23.6%

Final12-5-14

75

Table5-2Continued %EstimateofNeedbyNumberofAdultsandChildreninHousehold 1member 17.6% 2members 14.9% 3members 20.4% 4members 20.5% 5ormoremembers 34.3% EstimateofNeedbyNumberofAdultsAge60orOlderinHousehold 0members 22.5% 1member 26.8% 2ormoremembers 10.6% EstimateofNeedbyNumberofChildrenAges0to4inHousehold 0members 18.3% 1member 37.7% 2ormoremembers 26.5% EstimateofNeedbyNumberofChildrenAges5to18inHousehold 0members 16.0% 1member 30.5% 2members 25.8% 3ormoremembers 41.5% EstimateofNeedbyPovertyStatus Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 6.5% 130%to185%ofpovertylevel 26.8% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 50.0% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 77.8% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 73.3% EstimateofNeedbyEmploymentStatus Employedforwages 15.2% Self-employed 17.4% Outofworkforlessthan1year 44.0% Outofworkfor1yearormore 42.9% Homemaker 27.3% Student 18.8% Retired 10.1% Disabled 42.3%

Final12-5-14

76

Table5-3

ComparisonofRespondents'DemographicCharacteristicsofthosewithNoFoodNeedtothosewithFoodNeed,Unweighted

NoFoodNeed*

FoodNeed Total

n=443 n=413 n=856 n % n % n % p-value QuestionD6:EducationLevel <0.0005**

Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten

1 0.2% 2 0.5% 3 0.4%

Lessthan8thgrade 7 1.6% 18 4.4% 25 2.9% Completed8thgrade 6 1.4% 23 5.6% 29 3.4% Somehighschool 60 13.6% 85 20.7% 145 17.0%

GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED

116 26.2% 156 38.0% 272 31.9%

Somecollegeortechnicalschool 99 22.4% 90 21.9% 189 22.2%

4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore

153 34.6% 37 9.0% 190 22.3%

Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 1 2 3 QuestionD7:AgeGroup <0.0005** 18-29 40 9.0% 60 14.5% 100 11.7% 30-49 73 16.5% 143 34.6% 216 25.2% 50-64 161 36.3% 122 29.5% 283 33.1% 65+ 169 38.1% 88 21.3% 257 30.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 0 0 QuestionD9:HispanicEthnicity <0.0005** Yes 23 5.2% 66 16.2% 89 10.5% No 419 94.8% 341 83.8% 760 89.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 1 6 7 QuestionD18:Race <0.0005** White,Non-Hispanic 294 67.7% 164 40.4% 458 54.5% BlackorAfrican-American 96 22.1% 153 37.7% 249 29.6% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 23 5.3% 67 16.5% 90 10.7% Asianandother 21 4.8% 22 5.4% 43 5.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 9 7 16

Final12-5-14

77

TABLE5-3Continued

NoFoodNeed*

FoodNeed Total

n=443 n=413 n=856 n % n % n % p-valueQuestionD19MaritalStatus <0.0005** Married 218 49.7% 110 27.1% 328 38.8% Inacommittedrelationship 29 6.6% 42 10.3% 71 8.4% Divorced 57 13.0% 47 11.6% 104 12.3% Widowed 55 12.5% 83 20.4% 138 16.3% Separated 9 2.1% 16 3.9% 25 3.0% Nevermarried 71 16.2% 108 26.6% 179 21.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 4 7 11 QuestionD20:Numberofadultsandchildreninhousehold

<0.0005**

1member 127 28.7% 91 22.3% 218 25.6% 2members 176 39.7% 93 22.8% 269 31.6% 3members 64 14.4% 64 15.7% 128 15.0% 4members 37 8.4% 68 16.7% 105 12.3% 5ormoremembers 39 8.8% 92 22.5% 131 15.4% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 5 5 QuestionD21:Numberofadultslivinginhouseholdolderthan60

<0.0005**

0members 185 41.8% 243 59.6% 428 50.3% 1member 147 33.2% 121 29.7% 268 31.5% 2ormoremembers 111 25.1% 44 10.8% 155 18.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 5 5 QuestionD23:Numberofchildrenages0to4livinginthehousehold

<0.0005**

0members 410 92.6% 322 78.9% 732 86.0% 1member 22 5.0% 61 15.0% 83 9.8% 2ormoremembers 11 2.5% 25 6.1% 36 4.2% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 5 5

Final12-5-14

78

TABLE5-3Continued

NoFoodNeed*

FoodNeed Total

n=443 n=413 n=856 n % n % n % p-valueQuestionD24:Numberofchildrenages5to18arelivinginthehousehold

<0.0005**

0members 360 81.3% 242 59.3% 602 70.7% 1member 34 7.7% 55 13.5% 89 10.5% 2members 36 8.1% 56 13.7% 92 10.8% 3ormoremembers 13 2.9% 55 13.5% 68 8.0% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 5 5 PovertyStatus(presumedbasedonresponsestothehouseholdincomeandnumberlivinginthehouseholdquestions)

<0.0005**

Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 278 71.1% 64 16.9% 342 44.5%

130%to185%ofpovertylevel 67 17.1% 79 20.9% 146 19.0% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 25 6.4% 91 24.1% 116 15.1% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 15 3.8% 108 28.6% 123 16.0% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 6 1.5% 36 9.5% 42 5.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 52 35 87 QuestionD27:Employmentstatus <0.0005** Employedforwages 159 36.2% 131 32.5% 290 34.4% Self-employed 38 8.7% 16 4.0% 54 6.4% Outofworkforlessthan1year 10 2.3% 34 8.4% 44 5.2% Outofworkfor1yearormore 11 2.5% 36 8.9% 47 5.6% Homemaker 19 4.3% 23 5.7% 42 5.0% Student 9 2.1% 11 2.7% 20 2.4% Retired 166 37.8% 66 16.4% 232 27.6% Disabled 27 6.2% 86 21.3% 113 13.4% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 4 10 14 *"NoNeed"wasdefinedasthosewhochoseoption1toquestion1OR(option2toquestion1ANDhadafoodsecurityscoreof0or1ANDwerenotcurrentlyreceivingfoodassistance) **StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

79

Section6:Descriptionofthe“UnmetNeed”GroupAgroupofrespondentsthatisofparticularinterestarethosewhoreportedmissing

mealsintheirhouseholdinthepreviousweekduetolackoffood.Atotalof115respondentsindicatedthatthoseintheirhouseholdmissedoneormorefullmeals(Q16)and/oroneormorepartialmeals(Q17)inthepreviousweek.Table6-1showsthedemographiccharacteristicsofthesurveyrespondentswherefullorpartialmealequivalentsweremissedinthehouseholdduetolackoffoodtosurveyrespondentsofotherhouseholdsintheneedgroupwherenomealsweremissed.

Theresponsestoall413surveyparticipantsclassifiedashavingafoodassistanceneedareshowninthistable.Thefoodneedsof298respondentsappeartohavebeenmetbyutilizingresourcesorbyothermeansbecausetheydidnotreportmealsmissedintheirhouseholdsduringthepreviousweek.Thosehouseholdswheremealsweremissedwereconsideredtohavean“unmetneed.”The115householdswithunmetneedrepresent6%(21%x115/413)ofthegeneralpopulation.Thegroupwhoseneedsweremetrepresents15%ofthehouseholdsinthepopulation.

Theresponsestothefoodsecurityquestions(Q3toQ8)arecomparedinTable6-2alongwiththenumberandpercentineachcategoryoffoodsecurityscore.ResponsestoquestionsrelatedtotheuseoffoodassistancearecomparedamongthosehouseholdswherefoodneedsweremetandthosewithunmetfoodneedsinTable6-3.

Severalitemsonthesurvey(Q12toQ15,Q18)relatedtolackoffoodforthehouseholdandthenutritionofthefoodconsumed.Table6-4comparestheresponsesofthosewhosefoodneedsweremettothosewhosefoodneedswerenotmet.

Notablefindings:• Amongallhouseholdswithafoodneed,theeducationlevelandagedistributionswere

similarbetweenthosewhosehouseholdsmissedmealsandthosewhosehouseholdsdidnotmissmeals.

• AlargerproportionofthesurveyrespondentswithunmetneedwereblackorAfrican-American.

• Alargerproportionofthesurveyrespondentswithunmetneedwerewidowedandasmallerproportionwasmarried.

• Fewerofthehouseholdswithunmetneedincludedmembersoverage60.• Thepovertystatusofhouseholdsmissingmealswasnotsignificantlydifferentfrom

householdswherenomealsweremissed.• Asmallerproportionoftherepresentativesfromhouseholdswithunmetneedwere

employedandmorehadbeenoutofworkfor1yearormore.• Householdswithunmetneedhadsignificantlygreaterfoodinsecurity.• Therewerenosignificantdifferencesintheuseoffoodassistanceresourcesofthose

withmetfoodneedcomparedtothosewithunmetfoodneed,exceptfortheuseoffood

Final12-5-14

80

pantries.Thosewithunmetneedreportedobtainingfoodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbankmoreoftenthanthosewithametfoodneed.

• Aboutone-half(47.0%)ofthosewithmetneedsindicatedthattherewasatimeinthepast12monthsthattheydidnothaveallofthefoodneeded,evenwithutilizingfoodsupportresources.

• Themajorityofbothgroupsindicatedthatwinterwasthetimewhentheymostoftendidnothaveallofthefoodneeded.Fortheotherthreeseasons,significantlymoreofthosewithunmetneedindicateditwasdifficultforthemtogetthefoodtheyneeded.

• Thoseintheunmetfoodneedgroupweremorelikelytoindicatethattheirhouseholdmembersrarelyorneveratenutritiousmeals.

• BarrierstoutilizingSNAPbenefitsandbarrierstoaccessingpantriesweresimilaramongthegroupwhoseneedswerenotmetandthosewhoseneedswerebeingmet.

Discussion:Whilesignificantgapsremain,itisanotablefindingthatthefoodassistancesystem

appearstohavefullymettheneedsof70%ofthosewithafoodneed.Iffederalprogramsarecutordonationstonot-for-profitsdiminish,thispercentagewoulddeclineunlessthenumberofhouseholdswithfoodneedsdeclines.

Theassociationofmissingmealswithpoornutritionisnotsurprising.Otherstudieshavefoundthatthemostcommoncopingmechanismforfamilieswithshortfallsistopurchaseinexpensive,unhealthyfood.

Final12-5-14

81

Table6-1

ComparisonofResponsestotheDemographicItemsforHouseholdswithaFoodNeedthatMissedaMealtoHouseholdsthatdidnotMissaMeal

NoMissedMealsinHousehold

AMemberofthe

HouseholdMissedaMeal

Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-valueQuestionD6:EducationLevel 0.790

Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten

1 0.3% 1 0.9% 2 0.5%

Lessthan8thgrade 14 4.7% 4 3.5% 18 4.4% Completed8thgrade 16 5.4% 7 6.1% 23 5.6% Somehighschool 65 22.0% 20 17.4% 85 20.7%

GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 114 38.5% 42 36.5% 156 38.0%

Somecollegeortechnicalschool 62 20.9% 28 24.3% 90 21.9%

4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore

24 8.1% 13 11.3% 37 9.0%

Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 2 0 2 QuestionD7:AgeGroup 0.073 18-29 43 14.4% 17 14.9% 60 14.6% 30-49 100 33.6% 42 36.8% 142 34.5% 50-64 82 27.5% 40 35.1% 122 29.6% 65+ 73 24.5% 15 13.2% 88 21.4% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 0 1 1 QuestionD9:HispanicEthnicity 0.147 Yes 53 18.0% 13 11.5% 66 16.2% No 241 82.0% 100 88.5% 341 83.8% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 4 2 6 QuestionD18:Race 0.016* White,Non-Hispanic 122 41.9% 42 36.5% 164 40.4% BlackorAfrican-American 106 36.4% 47 40.9% 153 37.7% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish 53 18.2% 14 12.2% 67 16.5% Asianandother 10 3.4% 12 10.4% 22 5.4%

Final12-5-14

82

Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 7 0 7 Table6-1Continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-valueQuestionD19MaritalStatus 0.042* Married 84 28.6% 26 23.2% 110 27.1% Inacommittedrelationship 27 9.2% 15 13.4% 42 10.3% Divorced 41 13.9% 6 5.4% 47 11.6% Widowed 52 17.7% 31 27.7% 83 20.4% Separated 11 3.7% 5 4.5% 16 3.9% Nevermarried 79 26.9% 29 25.9% 108 26.6% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 4 3 7 QuestionD20:Numberofadultsandchildreninhousehold

0.267

1member 72 24.6% 19 16.5% 91 22.3% 2members 70 23.9% 23 20.0% 93 22.8% 3members 44 15.0% 20 17.4% 64 15.7% 4members 46 15.7% 22 19.1% 68 16.7% 5ormoremembers 61 20.8% 31 27.0% 92 22.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 5 0 5 QuestionD21:Numberofadultslivinginhouseholdolderthan60

0.04*

0members 164 56.0% 79 68.7% 243 59.6% 1member 97 33.1% 24 20.9% 121 29.7% 2ormoremembers 32 10.9% 12 10.4% 44 10.8% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 5 0 1 QuestionD23:Numberofchildrenages0to4livinginthehousehold

0.517

0members 227 77.5% 95 82.6% 322 78.9% 1member 47 16.0% 14 12.2% 61 15.0% 2ormoremembers 19 6.5% 6 5.2% 25 6.1% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 5 0 1

Final12-5-14

83

Table6-1Continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-valueQuestionD24:Numberofchildrenages5to18arelivinginthehousehold

0.198

0members 183 62.5% 59 51.3% 242 59.3% 1member 38 13.0% 17 14.8% 55 13.5% 2members 37 12.6% 19 16.5% 56 13.7% 3ormoremembers 35 11.9% 20 17.4% 55 13.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 5 0 5


0.255

Morethan185%ofpovertylevel 49 18.3% 15 13.6% 64 16.9% 130%to185%ofpovertylevel 61 22.8% 18 16.4% 79 20.9% 100%to130%ofpovertylevel 65 24.3% 26 23.6% 91 24.1% 50%to100%ofpovertylevel 70 26.1% 38 34.5% 108 28.6% Lessthan50%ofpovertylevel 23 8.6% 13 11.8% 36 9.5% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 30 5 35 QuestionD27:Employmentstatus 0.003* Employedforwages 101 34.9% 30 26.3% 131 32.5% Self-employed 10 3.5% 6 5.3% 16 4.0% Outofworkforlessthan1year 26 9.0% 8 7.0% 34 8.4% Outofworkfor1yearormore 17 5.9% 19 16.7% 36 8.9% Homemaker 18 6.2% 5 4.4% 23 5.7% Student 7 2.4% 4 3.5% 11 2.7% Retired 55 19.0% 11 9.6% 66 16.4% Disabled 55 19.0% 31 27.2% 86 21.3% Don’tKnow/Refused/Missing 9 1 10 *StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

84

Table6-2

ComparisonofResponsestotheFoodSecurityItemsforHouseholdsthatMissedaMealtoHouseholdthatdidnotMissaMeal,amongallHouseholdswithaFoodNeed


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-value

ThefollowingquestionsfromtheUSDAFoodSecurityModuleaskedtherespondentsabouttheirexperiencesduringthepast12months

Question3:Thefoodthatweboughtjustdidn’tlast,andwedidn’thavemoneytogetmore.

<0.0005*


<0.0005*

Oftentrue 73 24.5% 57 49.6% 130 31.5% Sometimestrue 147 49.3% 51 44.3% 198 47.9% Nevertrue 78 26.2% 7 6.1% 85 20.6% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0

Question5:Inthelasttwelvemonths,thatis,sincelastJune,didyouoranyotheradultinyourhouseholdevercutthesizeofyourmealsorskipmealsbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

<0.0005*


Final12-5-14

85

Table6-2continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-value


<0.0005*

Almosteverymonth 56 36.8% 70 66.7% 126 49.0% Somemonthsbutnoteverymonth 69 45.4% 26 24.8% 95 37.0% Only1or2monthsduringtheyear 26 17.1% 9 8.6% 35 13.6% Neverhappened 1 0.7% 0 0.0% 1 0.4% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 Question7:Inthepasttwelvemonths,didyouevereatlessthanyoufeltyoushouldbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

<0.0005*



<0.0005*

Yes 104 35.3% 91 80.5% 195 47.8% No 191 64.7% 22 19.5% 213 52.2% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 3 2 5 USDAFoodSecurityScore <0.0005* 0or1HighorMarginalFoodSecurity 59 19.8% 2 1.7% 61 14.8% 2,3,or4LowFoodSecurity 135 45.3% 15 13.0% 150 36.3% 5or6VeryLowFoodSecurity 104 34.9% 98 85.2% 202 48.9% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 0 0 0 *StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

86

Table6-3

ComparisonofResponsestotheFoodSourcesItemsforHouseholdsthatMissedaMealtoHouseholdthatdidnotMissaMeal,amongallHouseholdswithaFoodNeed


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-value

Question9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits?

1.000


0.352


Final12-5-14

87

Table6-3Continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413

n % n % n % p-value



87 29.5% 41 35.7% 128 31.2% 0.275


37 12.7% 13 11.3% 50 12.3% 0.824


101 34.1% 57 49.6% 158 38.4% 0.005*


24 8.2% 13 11.3% 37 9.0% 0.421


33 11.1% 12 10.4% 45 10.9% 0.983


9 3.0% 3 2.6% 12 2.9% 1.000

*StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

88

Table6-4

ComparisonofResponsestotheMissingMealsItemsforHouseholdsthatMissedaMealtoHouseholdthatdidnotMissaMeal,amongallHouseholdswithaFoodNeed


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-value


<0.0005*



Spring 57 41.6% 69 62.7% 126 51.0% 0.002*Summer 51 37.2% 74 67.3% 125 50.6% <0.0005*Fall 51 37.2% 68 61.8% 119 48.2% <0.0005*Winter 116 84.7% 98 89.1% 214 86.6% 0.409

Question14:Inthelastweek,didyouandyourfamilyhaveallthefoodneeded?

<0.0005*


Final12-5-14

89

Table6-4Continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-value Question18:Inatypicalweek,howoftendoesyourhouseholdeatnutritiousmeals?

0.013*

Always 19 13.6% 6 5.2% 25 9.8% Sometimes 89 63.6% 64 55.7% 153 60.0% Rarely 27 19.3% 37 32.2% 64 25.1% Never 5 3.6% 8 7.0% 13 5.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 158 0 158

Question19:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion10)

0.059

Ineligibility 31 55.4% 35 60.3% 66 57.9% Noneed 4 7.1% 1 1.7% 5 4.4% Inconvenience 8 14.3% 3 5.2% 11 9.6% Socialstigma 4 7.1% 1 1.7% 5 4.4% Other 9 16.1% 18 31.0% 27 23.7% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 58 4 62

Final12-5-14

90

Table6-4Continued


AMemberofthe


Total

n=298 n=115 n=413 n % n % n % p-valueQuestion20:Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,whyhaveyouorsomeoneinyourhouseholdnotgonetoafoodpantry?(Ofthosewhosaid"No"toquestion11c)

0.678

There’snotafoodpantrynearme 11 14.9% 7 13.2% 18 14.2%

Idon’thavetransportation 22 29.7% 13 24.5% 35 27.6%


4 5.4% 5 9.4% 9 7.1%


2 2.7% 0 0.0% 2 1.6%

Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry 0 0.0% 2 3.8% 2 1.6%

Iamembarrassedtoaskforassistance 5 6.8% 4 7.5% 9 7.1%


2 2.7% 2 3.8% 4 3.1%


4 5.4% 1 1.9% 5 3.9%


3 4.1% 3 5.7% 6 4.7%

Other 21 28.4% 16 30.2% 37 29.1% Don'tKnow/NotSure/Missing 121 5 126 *StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

91

Section7:NumberofMealsMissedperPersonTable7-1comparestheaveragenumberofmealsmissedperpersontotheir

demographicandhouseholdcharacteristics.Overall,amongthe115householdswheremealsweremissed,theaveragenumberofmealsmissedintheweekpriortotheinterviewwas4.1perpersoninthehousehold.

Notablefindings:• Theaveragenumberofmealsmissedperpersondidnotdiffersignificantlybasedon

Hispanicethnicity,orpovertylevel.• Theaveragenumberofmealsmissedperpersondidnotdiffersignificantlywhenthere

wereoneormoreseniorsinthehousehold.However,theaveragewassignificantlylowerinthosehouseholdswithschool-agedchildren.

• Aswouldbeexpected,theaveragenumberofmealsmissedperpersonwassignificantlyhigherwhentherewasverylowfoodsecurity.

• WhenSNAPbenefitswereusedinthepastyearorwerecurrentlybeingused,theaveragenumberofmealsmissedperpersonwassignificantlylower.

• TheaveragenumberofmealsmisseddidnotdiffersignificantlywhenotherresourcesbeyondSNAPwereused.

• Theaveragenumberofmealsmissedwasinverselyrelatedtowhetherthehouseholdmembersatenutritiousmeals;thatisthemoremealsmissed,thelessnutritiousthemeals.

109

65 5

1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0-3.5 4-7.5 8-11.5 12-15.5 16-19.5 20-31

NumberofHouseholds

NumberofMealsMissedintheHouseholdperWeek

FrequencyoftheNumberofMealsMissedperHouseholdperWeek

Final12-5-14

92

• Theaveragenumberofmealsmissedperhouseholdvaried,butmostoften,thosehouseholdsthatmissedmealsmissedonlyafewmealsperweek.

Discussion:Theeconomiccircumstanceofpeopleneedingfoodassistancevarieswidely.The

Federalfoodassistancesystemsaredesignedtoberestrictedtothosewiththegreatestneed,withonlytheprivateprogramsservingthoseabove185%ofpoverty.Therelativelyevendistributionofmissingmealsacrosstheeconomicspectrumsuggeststhatthesystemsareworkingfairlywelltogether.

Thefindingoffewermissedmealsonaverageinhouseholdswithchildrenisencouraging,especiallygiventhatfamilieswithlargernumbersofchildrenweredisproportionatelyrepresentedinthefoodneedgroupascomparedtothegeneralpopulation.

Final12-5-14

93

Table7-1AverageNumberofMealsMissedperHouseholdMemberForthoseintheFood

NeedGroup MealsMissed n=115 x ̅ p-valueAllrespondentswhomeetthecriteriaforthisanalysis 115 4.1 Race 0.106 White 42 4.6 Black 47 3.6 Hispanic 14 2.6 Other 12 5.8 HispanicOrigin? 0.165 Yes 13 2.7 No 100 4.3 MonthlyIncomePercentofPovertyBand 0.384 DeepPoverty(50%orless) 13 3.8 Poverty(>50%-<=100%) 38 4.8 >100%-<=130%ofPoverty 26 3.2 >130%-<=185%ofPoverty 18 3.3 >185%ofPoverty 15 4.7 Arethereseniorsinthehousehold? 0.589 Yes 36 3.8 No 79 4.2 Arethereschool-agedchildreninthehousehold? <0.0005* Yes 56 2.5 No 59 5.6 USDAFoodSecurityScore 0.023* 0or1HighorMarginalFoodSecurity 2 1.3 2,3,or4LowFoodSecurity 15 1.9 5or6VeryLowFoodSecurity 98 4.5

Final12-5-14

94

Table7-1Continued

MealsMissed

n=115 x ̅ p-valueQuestion9:Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceivefoodstampsorSNAPbenefits?(130%ofpovertyorless)

0.001*

Yes 51 3.0 No 26 6.4 Question10:AreyouorothersinyourhouseholdcurrentlyreceivingfoodstampsorSNAP?(130%ofpovertyorless)

<0.0005*

Yes 42 2.7 No 35 5.8 Question11C:Foodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank. 0.624 Yes 57 3.9

No58 4.2


0.658

Yes 12 3.6

No103 4.1

Question11F:HomedeliveredmealfromCICOAorMealsonWheels(HouseholdswithSeniors).

0.213

Yes 2 1.0

No34 3.9

Question18:Inatypicalweek,howoftendoesyourhouseholdeatnutritiousmeals?

0.025*

Always 6 2.5 Sometimes 64 3.3 Rarely 37 5.0 Never 8 6.4 *StatisticallySignificantDifference

Final12-5-14

95

Conclusions: Thisstudyfoundthat21%ofthehouseholdsinMarionCountyhadaneedforfood

assistance.Whiletwo-thirdsofthesehouseholdswereabletomeettheirneedswiththehelpoffoodsupportorganizations,6%wereleftwithunmetfoodneedsresultingin9to10millionmissedmealsannually.Theexistingfoodsafetynetwasheavilyusedbythoseinneed,butanexpansionofthefoodassistanceserviceswillberequiredtofilltheexistinggapofmissingmeals.ThoseinneedmostoftenuseSNAPandfoodpantries,butallcommunityresourcesarebeingusedandservetheirtargetedgroupswithfoodassistanceneeds.However,barrierstoaccessingtheseresources,whichwereidentifiedbythisstudy,wouldneedtobeaddressedtoincreaseutilization.Theneedforfoodassistancebygeographiclocationsandspecificsocio-demographiccharacteristicswereidentifiedinthisstudytohelptargeteffortstogetfoodassistancetothosewhoneedit.ThegeographicareasofgreatestneedwereDecaturTownshipandtheareaaroundRuralandShermanstreetsnearSt.VincentDePaularea;however,theneedexistedtoalesserextentinalloftheareas.Foodassistanceneedwashigherforracialandethnicminorityhouseholds,thosewhowerewidowedorseparatedmaritalstatus,thosewithchildren,thoseinpovertyandthoseoutofwork.ThosehouseholdsthatusedSNAPreportedmissingfewermeals.Thosethatmissedfewermealswereabletoeatmorenutritiousmeals.

Correlationsofthisstudy’sfindingswithstandardmeasuressuchasfoodinsecurityandotherassessments,plusinternalconsistencyoftheresults,supporttheutilityofthemethodologyusedinthisstudytoestimatethenumberofmissingmealsinacommunity.ThismethodologywillprovideusefulinformationtothoseinvolvedinthefoodassistancenetworkinMarionCountyforongoingmonitoringascircumstancesevolve,andcouldbeusedbyothercommunitiestounderstandhowbigthegapsareintheirfoodassistancesafetynetsystems.

TheIndyHungerNetworkpartnersarecommendedfortheireffortstoprovidefoodassistancetothoseinneedinMarionCounty.Theseresourcesareclearlyservingmanyhouseholds;however,thereisaneedtoexpandtheseservicestofillthegapofmissingmeals.

Final12-5-14

96

APPENDIX

Indy Food Network Survey Instrument

English and Spanish Language Versions

Final12-5-14

97

EnglishLanguageVersionofSurveyInstrumentEagletonCenterforPublicInterestPolling

SurveyofUnmetNeedforFoodAssistanceinMarionCountyJune2014

Introduction-LANDLINEHello,mynameisfromtheEagletonCenterforPublicInterestPolling.WeareconductingaresearchstudyofMarionCountyonbehalfoftheIndyHungerNetwork.MayIpleasetalktotheadult18oroverinyourhouseholdwhoismostinvolvedinfoodpreparationandpurchasingforthehousehold?Wouldthatbeyouorsomeoneelse?

1 Respondentiscorrectperson0 Someoneelseiscorrectperson! ASK:MayIspeaktothatperson,please?

Correctpersonavailable,wait,thencontinuewithreintroduction.Correctpersonunavailable! ATTEMPTRE-SCHEDULE

[REINTROASNEEDED]Hello,mynameis__________________fromtheEagletonCenterforPublicInterestPolling.WeareconductingaresearchstudyofMarionCountyonbehalfoftheIndyHungerNetwork.Iamnotsellinganything,andjustneedafewminutes.Wouldyoutalkwithmeforabit? 1 YES,CONTINUEWITHRESPONDENT 0 UNWILLING,ENDINTERVIEWIntroduction–CELLPHONEHello,mynameis__________________fromtheEagletonCenterforPublicInterestPolling.WeareconductingaresearchstudyofMarionCountyonbehalfoftheIndyHungerNetwork.Iamnotsellinganythingandjustneedafewminutes.IknowIamreachingyouonacellphone.Weneedtotalktopeoplewithcellphonestoensurewerepresentallkindsofpeople.Areyoucurrentlydriving,walking,orinanypublicplacethatmightdistractyou? 0 DISTRACTED! RESCHEDULE/TERMINATE 1 NOTDISTRACTED,nowisagoodtimetotalkAreyoutheadultinyourhouseholdwhoismostinvolvedinthepreparationandpurchasingoffoodforthehousehold?

Final12-5-14

98

1 Respondentiscorrectperson0 Someoneelseiscorrectperson! ASK:Isthatpersonavailabletospeakwith

menow?

Correctpersonavailable,wait,thencontinuewithreintroduction.Correctpersonunavailable! ATTEMPTRESCHEDULE/GETPHONENUMBERIFDIFFERENT

CONTINUEWITHINTERVIEW–ALLRESPONDENTS QD5A Just to verify, do you live in Marion County, Indiana? 1 Yes 0 No! TERMINATE 8 Don’tKnow! TERMINATE 9 Refused! TERMINATE

IFNOTMarionCountyTERMINATE:Thankyou,weareonlytalkingtoMarionCountyresidentstoday.

QD5 And may I please have your home zip code?

___________________ (RECORD)

8 Don’t Know ! TERMINATE 9 Refused ! TERMINATE

IF NECESSARY: We are not selling anything, not asking for money, and all your answers will be completely confidential. IFRESPONDENTDECLINESTOPARTICIPATE,POSSIBLEPROBES:--Yourparticipationisveryimportantbecauseonly850peopleinMarionCountyhavebeenrandomlyselectedforthissurveyandyourviewswillrepresentmanypeoplethroughoutthecounty.IF"DON'TKNOWENOUGH":--Therearenorightorwronganswers.Weareonlyinterestedinyouropinions.Theyarejustasimportantasanybodyelse's.IFNOTINTERESTED,DON’TWANTTO:--Canyouhelpme;wecouldreallyuseyourcooperationandweareinterestedinwhatyouthink.

Final12-5-14

99

[CONSENT]Great,thanks.WearetalkingtoMarionCountyresidentsforaresearchstudyaboutthelevelofhungeramongIndianapolisresidents.ThestudyissponsoredbytheIndyHungerNetworktobettermeetthefoodneedsofresidentshere.Yourparticipationisimportantasonlyabout850peoplewillbeselectedtotakepartinthisstudy.Thisshouldonlytakeabout10minutes.Youranswersareconfidentialandwillonlybereportedincombinationwithothers.Yourparticipationisvoluntary,youmayendatanytime,andyoumayskipquestionsyoudonotwanttoanswer.MayIaskthefirstquestion?[IFYES]Thanks!

0 No! AttemptConvert1 YES

[CODEGENDERBYOBSERVATION] QD26 Respondent Gender

1 Male 2 Female

FOOD INSECURITY Q1 First,whichofthesestatementsbestdescribesthefoodsituationinyourhousehold

inthelast12months?[READ1–4] 1 Wecouldalwaysaffordtoeatgoodnutritiousmeals

2 Wecouldalwaysaffordenoughtoeat,butnotalwaysthekindsoffoodweshouldeat ! SKIPTOQ3

3 Sometimeswecouldnotaffordenoughtoeat ! SKIPTOQ3 4 Weoftencouldnotaffordenoughtoeat ! SKIPTOQ3 8 Don’tKnow ! TERMINATE 9 Refused ! TERMINATEQ2 Alsoduringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranotherfamilymemberlivingwith

youeverreceivefoodassistanceintheformoffoodstamps,WIC,reducedpriceschoolmealsorfoodfromapantryorsoupkitchen?

0 No! SKIPTOQD6forfirst425respondents,

AFTER425COMPLETESTERMINATEASQUOTAFILLED

Final12-5-14

100

1 Yes8 Don’tKnow/Notsure ! SKIPTOQD6forfirst

425respondents,AFTER425COMPLETESTERMINATEASQUOTAFILLED

9 Refused !TERMINATEQ3 Iwillnowreadtwostatementsthatsomepeoplehavemadeabouttheirfood

situationduringthepasttwelvemonths.Foreachofthesestatements,pleasetellmewhetherthestatementwasoftentrue,sometimestrue,ornevertrueforyouandyourhousehold.

First, the food that we bought just didn’t last, and we didn’t have money to get more.[PROMPTASNEEDED:Wasthisstatementoftentrue,sometimestrue,ornevertrue?]1 Oftentrue2 Sometimestrue3 Nevertrue8 Don’tknow(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q4 Next,wecouldn’taffordtoeatbalancedmeals.

[PROMPTASNEEDED:Wasthisstatementoftentrue,sometimestrue,ornevertrueinthelast12months?]

1 Oftentrue2 Sometimestrue3 Nevertrue8 Don’tknow(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q5 Inthelasttwelvemonths,thatis,sincelastJune,didyouoranyotheradultinyour

householdevercutthesizeofyourmealsorskipmealsbecausetherewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?0 No! SKIPTOQ71 Yes8 Don’tKnow/Notsure(vol)! SKIPTOQ79 Refused(vol)! SKIPTOQ7

Q6 Howoftendidthishappen?Wasitalmosteverymonth,somemonthsbutnotevery

month,orinonlyoneortwomonthsduringtheyear?

Final12-5-14

101

1 Almosteverymonth2 Somemonthsbutnoteverymonth3 Only1or2monthsduringtheyear8 Don’tknow(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q7 Inthepasttwelvemonths,didyouevereatlessthanyoufeltyoushouldbecause

therewasn'tenoughmoneyforfood?

0 No1 Yes8 Don’tKnow/Notsure(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q8 Inthelast12months,wereyoueverhungrybutdidn'teatbecausetherewasn't

enoughmoneyforfood?0 No1 Yes8 Notsure(vol)9 Refused(vol)

SOURCES OF FOOD/MONEY FOR FOOD Whenpeopledonothaveenoughmoneytobuyallthefoodtheirfamilyneeds,theymayusefoodassistanceprogramstogetmorefood.Sometimesbetweenwhattheycanbuyandwhattheygetfromfoodassistanceprogramsthatgivesthemenough.Sometimesevenwithextrafoodfromassistanceprogramstheystilldonothaveenoughfood.I’dliketonowaskyousomequestionsaboutfoodassistanceprograms.Q9 Duringthepasttwelvemonths,didyouoranyoneinyourhouseholdeverreceive

foodstampsorSNAPbenefits?

0 No1 Yes8 Notsure(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q10 AreyouorothersinyourhouseholdcurrentlyreceivingfoodstampsorSNAP?


Final12-5-14

102

Q11 Next,Iwouldliketoaskaboutotherbenefitsyouoryourfamilymaybecurrently

receiving.Foreachofthese,justtellmeyesorno.

Q11AFreeorreducedpriceschoollunchorbreakfast.Q11B WIC,alsoknownasTheWomen,InfantsandChildrenprogram.Q11C Foodfromafoodpantry,churchorfoodbank.Q11D SummerServingswhicharemealsinthesummerforkids.Q11E Freehotmealfromachurch,communitycenterorsoupkitchen. Q11F HomedeliveredmealfromCICOAorMealsonWheels.


[BRIEFVERSIONSTOBEUSEDINQ14,Q15ASAPPROPRIATE]Q9 SNAPQ11A schoollunchB WICC FoodpantryD SummermealsE hotmealsF homedeliveredmealsSEEBELOW]

[IFQ1=1ANDQ2=1! SKIPTOQD6]MISSING MEALS Q12 Afteraccessingalloftheseresources,wasthereeveratimeinthepast12months

whenyouhavenothadallthefoodyouandyourfamilyneeded?

0 No! SKIPTOQD61 Yes8 Notsure(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q13 Whenwouldyousayyouoryourfamilydidnothaveallthefoodyouneeded?Was

itduringthespring,summer,fallorwinter?Pleasetellmealltimesthatapply.

[RECORDALLTHATAPPLY]

Final12-5-14

103

1 Spring2 Summer3 Fall4 Winter8 Unsureordon’tknow9 Refused

Q14 Inthelastweek,wouldyousayyouandyourfamilyhadallthefoodyouneeded?

0 No1 Yes! SKIPTOQ188 Notsure(vol)9 Refused(vol)

Q15 Yousaidyougotfoodassistancefrom__,__and___.[INSERTSHORTVERSIONS

FROMQ9/Q11,UPTOTHREEITEMS,IFRESPONSEWASYESFORTHATITEM]Duringthelastweek,abouthowmuchmoremoneywouldyouhaveneededtomakesureeveryoneinyourhouseholdwasalwaysproperlyfed?[PROBEIFNEEDED,JUSTESTIMATEHOWMANYDOLLARSPERWEEK]

_________[RECORDRESPONSEINWHOLEDOLLARSPERWEEK]

Q16 Despitegettingfoodassistancefrom:__,__and___.[INSERTSHORTVERSIONS

FROMQ9/Q11,UPTOTHREEITEMS,IFRESPONSEWASYESFORTHATITEM]inthelastWEEK,howmanyindividualmealsinyourhouseholdwereskippedaltogetherbecauseofalackoffood?Forexample,iftherearethreepeopleinyourhouseholdandeveryoneskippedadinnerthatwouldbethreemeals.

_________Numberofmeals[RECORDRESPONSE]

Q17 And,inthelastweek,howmanypartialmealswereservedbecauseofalackoffood?

[PROBEIFNEEDED:JUSTTELLMETHEAPPROXIMATENUMBER]

_________Numberofpartialmeals[RECORDRESPONSE]Q18 Inatypicalweek,howoftenwouldyousayyourhouseholdeatsnutritiousmeals?

Wouldyousayitis:[READ1-4]

1 Always2 Sometimes3 Rarely,or4 Never8 Don’tKnow(vol)

Final12-5-14

104

9 Refused(vol)

[ASKQ19IFQ9=0andQ10=0(NO);OTHERWISESKIPTOQ20]Q19 Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,canyoutellmewhyyouorsomeonein

yourhouseholdhasnotappliedforFoodStamps/SNAP?

[CODETOLIST;DONOTREAD]

1 INELIGIBILTY(examplesinclude,butnotlimitedto:) Don’tthinkeligibleforbenefitsbecauseofincomeorassets Don’tthinkeligibleforbenefitsbecauseofcitizenshipstatus Eligibleforonlyasmallbenefitamount

2 NONEED(examplesinclude,butnotlimitedto:)Cangetbyonmyownwithoutfoodstamp/SNAPbenefits

Othersneedbenefitsmore3 INCONVENIENCE(examplesinclude,butnotlimitedto:)

Don’tknowwheretogoorwhotocontacttoapply Hardtogettofoodstamp/SNAPoffice

ThefoodstampofficeisnotopenwhenIamavailable Applicationprocessistoolongandcomplicated Questionsaretoopersonal Foodstampofficestaffisdisrespectful Foodstampofficeisunpleasantorinunsafearea

4 SOCIALSTIGMA(examplesinclude,butnotlimitedto:)Feelembarrassedapplyingforbenefits

Friendsorfamilydonotapproveofmyreceivingbenefits Dislikerelyingonthegovernmentforassistance Wouldfeelembarrassedusingbenefits

5 OTHER(examplesinclude,butnotlimitedto:) Planningtoapplybutnotyet

8 Don’tknow 9 Refused

[ASKQ20IFQ11C=0(NO)]Q20 Ifyouhavenothadallthefoodyouneeded,canyoutellmewhy youorsomeonein

yourhouseholddidnotgotoafoodpantry?[CODETOBESTOPTION;DONOTREAD]

1 There’snotafoodpantrynearme

2 Idon’thavetransportation 3 ThepantrynearmeisnotopenwhenIcango

4 Thepantrystaffdoesnottreatmewithrespect5 Iwasturnedawayfromafoodpantry6 Iamembarrassedtoaskforassistance7 Youdon’tgetenoughfoodtomakeitworthwhile

Final12-5-14

105

8 Idon’tlikethefoodIgetatfoodpantries9 Foodatfoodpantriesdoesn’tmeetmydietaryrestrictions(e.g.diabetic)

88 Don’tknow 99 RefusedDEMOGRAPHICS We’realmostfinished.Nowwehaveafewlastquestionstohelpusunderstandourresults.QD6 Whatwasthelastgradeinschoolyoucompleted?[CODETOLIST][READONLYIFNEEDTOPROMPT] 1 Neverattendedschooloronlyattendedkindergarten 2 Lessthan8thgrade 3 Completed8thgrade 4 Somehighschool 5 GraduatedhighschoolorcompletedGED 6 Somecollegeortechnicalschool 7 4YearCollegeGraduate(Bachelor’sDegree)ormore 9 Refused(VOL) QD7 Wouldyoupleasetellmeyourage? ____(ENTERAGE:98=98+,99=REFUSED) [IFREFUSEDINQD7,ASK:] QD8 Isitbetween...? 118-20 2 21-24 3 25-29 4 THIRTIES(30-39) 5 FORTIES(40-49) 6 FIFTIES(50-59) 7 60-64 8 65OROVER 9 Refused(VOL)QD17 AreyouofLatinoorHispanicorigin,suchasMexican,PuertoRican,Cubanorsome

otherSpanishbackground?

1 Yes

Final12-5-14

106

2 No8 Don’tknow(VOL)

9 Refused(VOL) QD18 Areyouwhite,BlackorofAsianorigin,orareyousomeotherrace,ormulti-racial? 1 White 2 Black(acceptAfrican-American) 3 Asian 4 Hispanic/Latino/Spanish(VOL) 5 OTHER,SPECIFY:_____________________ 6 Multi-racial 8 Don’tknow(VOL) 9 Refused(VOL)

QD19 Areyoumarried,inacommittedrelationship,widowed,divorced,separated,or

haveyouneverbeenmarried? 1 Married 2 Inacommittedrelationship 3 Divorced 4 Widowed 5 Separated 6 Nevermarried 8 Don’tknow(VOL) 9 Refused(VOL)QD20Howmanyadultsandchildren,includingyourself,liveinyourhousehold?

_________[RECORDNUMBER]

QD21Howmanyoftheadultslivinginyourhomeareovertheageof60?[IFASKED,CLARIFYLIVINGINTHEHOMEATLEAST50%OFTHETIME.]

_________[RECORDNUMBER]QD23 Howmanychildrenagesages0–4arelivinginthehousehold?

_________[RECORDEXACTNUMBER][IFASKED,CLARIFYLIVINGINTHEHOMEATLEAST50%OFTHETIME.]QD24.Andhowmanychildrenages5-18arelivinginthehousehold?

Final12-5-14

107


QD25 [POPULATE$THRESHOLDSFROM#OFPEOPLEINHOUSEHOLDFROMQD20.

USETABLEBELOW,ANDUSENUMBERSFROMTHETABLEFOREACHQUESTIONBELOW]

HouseholdSize

185%of

Poverty

130%of

PovertyPovertyLevel

DeepPoverty(50%ofPovertyLevel)

1 1,800 1350 1000 5002 2,400 1700 1300 6503 3,050 2150 1650 8004 3,700 2600 2000 10005 4,300 3000 2300 11506 4,900 3450 2650 13007 5,550 3900 3000 15008 6,200 4350 3350 17009 6,800 4800 3700 185010 7,400 5200 4000 2000

Eachaddlpersonadd 625 439 338 169

Onaverage,wouldyoursayyourhousehold’smonthlyincomeis?

QD25A Morethan$___(INSERTNUMBERFROM185%ofPovertyCOLUMNBASEDONNUMBEROFPEOPLEINHOUSEHOLD)

0 No 1 Yes! SKIPTOQ27 8 Don’tKnow 9 Refused! SKIPTOQ27 QD25B Morethan$___(130%ofPoverty) 0 No 1 Yes! SKIPTOQ27 8 Don’tKnow 9 Refused! SKIPTOQ27

Final12-5-14

108

QD25C Morethan$___(Poverty) 0 No 1 Yes! SKIPTOQ27 8 Don’tKnow 9 Refused! SKIPTOQ27 QD25D Morethan$___(DeepPoverty) 0 No 1 Yes! SKIPTOQ27 8 Don’tKnow 9 Refused! SKIPTOQ27

QD27 Intermsofyourcurrentemployment,areyou:

[READ1-8]

1 Employedforwages 2 Self-employed 3 Outofworkforlessthan1year 4 Outofworkfor1yearormore 5 AHomemaker 6 AStudent 7 Retired 8 Disabled 88 Don’tKnow 99 Refused

[IFREACHEDONCELLPHONEASK:]QD34C Do you have any landline phones in your household or do you only use cell phones?

1 Landline in Household (reached on Cell) 2 Only use Cell 9 Refused (VOL)

[IF REACHED ON CELL PHONE ASK:] QD35C Do you share your cell phone for personal use (at least one-third of the time) with other

adults?

1 Yes 2 No 9 Refused

[ASK ONLY IF QD35C = 1]

Final12-5-14

109

QD40C How many adults – including you – share the cell phone?

____[ENTERNUMBER:99=REFUSED] [IFREACHEDONLANDLINEPHONEASK:]QD34L Do you have any cell phones in your household or do you only use landline phones?

3 Cell in Household (reached on LL) 4 Only use landline 9 Refused (VOL)

[IF REACHED ON LANDLINE PHONE ASK:] QD35L How many adults – including you - are in your household?

____[ENTERNUMBER:99=REFUSED] [ASK ONLY IF QD34C = 1 OR QD34L = 3] QD41 Whichtypeofphonedoyoucurrentlyplaceandreceivethemostphonecallsfrom?

Isitacellphone,alandlinephone,ordoyouusebothequally?1 Cellphone2 Landlinephone3 BothEqually8 Don’tKnow9 Refused

Closing and Additional Informed Consent Language Thatcompletesoursurvey.Thankyouverymuchforyourtimeandcooperation.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,youmaycontactDr.DavidRedlawsk(pronouncedRED-losk)at732-932-9384.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutyourrightsasaresearchparticipant,youmaycontacttheadministratoroftheRutgersInstitutionalReviewBoardat848-932-0150.Haveagoodday/evening.

Final12-5-14

110

SpanishLanguageVersionofSurveyInstrumentEagletonCenterforPublicInterestPolling

SurveyofUnmetNeedforFoodAssistanceinMarionCountyJune2014

Introduction-LANDLINEHola,minombrees__________delCentrodeEncuestasdeInterésPúblicoEagleton.EstamosrealizandounestudiodeinvestigaciónenelCondadodeMarionennombredelIndyHungerNetwork.Megustaríapreguntarlealgunaspreguntasalapersonade,omayorde18añosensucasa,lacualestámásenvueltaenlacompraypreparacióndecomidaensucasa.¿Seríausted?O¿alguienmás?

2 Respondentiscorrectperson2 Someoneelseiscorrectperson! ASK:Porfavor,¿podríadialogarconesta

persona?

Correctpersonavailable,wait,thencontinuewithreintroduction.Correctpersonunavailable! ATTEMPTRESCHEDULE

[REINTROASNEEDED]Hola,minombrees__________delCentrodeEncuestasdeInterésPúblicoEagleton.EstamosrealizandounestudiodeinvestigaciónenelCondadodeMarionennombredelIndyHungerNetwork.Yonoestoyvendiendonada,ytansolonecesitoalgunosminutos.¿Podríahablarconmigoporunratico? 1 SI,CONTINUE 0 REACIO(A)/NODISPUESTO(A),TERMINARENCUESTAIntroduction–CELLPHONEHola,minombrees__________delCentrodeEncuestasdeInterésPúblicoEagleton.EstamosrealizandounestudiodeinvestigaciónenelCondadodeMarionennombredelIndyHungerNetwork.Yonoestoyvendiendonada,ytansolonecesitoalgunosminutos.Tengoentendidoqueestoycontactándolo(a)aunteléfonocelular.Necesitamoshablarconpersonasconcelularesparaasegurarnosdequeestamosrepresentandotodaclasedegente.¿Estáustedmanejando,caminando,oenalgúnotrolugarpublicóquelo(a)puedadistraer?

Final12-5-14

111

0 DISTRAIDO(A)! INTENTARREPROGRAMARENCUESTA/TERMINAR 1 NODISTRAIDO(A),buentiempoparahablar.Esustedeladultoensucasa,elcualestámásenvueltoenlacompraypreparacióndecomidaensucasa.

3 Respondentiscorrectperson1 Someoneelseiscorrectperson! ASK:¿Estaestapersonadisponiblepara

dialogarconmigo?

Correctpersonavailable,wait,thencontinuewithreintroduction.Correctpersonunavailable! ATTEMPTRESCHEDULE/GETPHONENUMBERIFDIFFERENT

CONTINUEWITHINTERVIEW–ALLRESPONDENTS QD5A Solo para confirmar, vive usted en el Condado de Marion. Indiana? 1 Si 0 No! TERMINATE 8 Nosabe! TERMINATE 9 Serehusó! TERMINATE

IFNOTMarionCountyTERMINATE:Gracias,estamoshablandohoytansoloconresidentesdelCondadodeMarion.

QD5 A¿Me podría dar su código postal? ¿Por favor?

___________________ (RECORD)

8 No sabe ! TERMINATE 9 Se rehusó ! TERMINATE

IF NECESSARY: We are not selling anything, not asking for money, and all your answers will be completely confidential. IFRESPONDENTDECLINESTOPARTICIPATE,POSSIBLEPROBES:--Yourparticipationisveryimportantbecauseonly850peopleinMarionCountyhavebeenrandomlyselectedforthissurveyandyourviewswillrepresentmanypeoplethroughoutthecounty.

Final12-5-14

112

IF"DON'TKNOWENOUGH":--Therearenorightorwronganswers.Weareonlyinterestedinyouropinions.Theyarejustasimportantasanybodyelse's.IFNOTINTERESTED,DON’TWANTTO:--Canyouhelpme;wecouldreallyuseyourcooperationandweareinterestedinwhatyouthink. [CONSENT]Muybien,gracias.EstamoshablandoconresidentesdelCondadodeMarionsobreunestudiodeinvestigaciónsobreelniveldehambreentrelosresidentesdeIndianápolis.LaReddeHambreIndy,(IndyHungerNetwork)estápatrocinadoelestudioparasatisfacermayorlasnecesidadesalimenticiasdelosresidentesaquí..Suparticipaciónesmuyimportanteyaquetansoloseleccionaremos850personasparaesteestudio.Estotansolotomaraalrededorde13minutos.Todassusrespuestassoncompletamenteconfidencialesyseránsolamentereportadasencombinaciónconotras.Suparticipaciónesvoluntaria,ustedpuedeterminarsuparticipaciónencualquiermomento,yustedpuedesaltarpreguntasquenodeseecontestar.¿Lepuedehacerlaprimerapregunta?[SIRESPONDESI=Gracias].

2 No! AttemptConvert3 SI

[CODEGENDERBYOBSERVATION] QD26 Entrevistado(a)

1 Masculino 2 Femenino

FOOD INSECURITY Q1 Primero,delassiguientesafirmaciones,¿cuáldescribemejorlasituaciónalimenticia

ensucasaenlosúltimos12meses?[READ1–4] 1 Siemprepodemoscostearbuenascomidasnutritivas.

2 Siemprepodemoscostearsuficienteparacomer,peronosiemprelaclasedealimentsquedeberíamosconsumir.

3 Algunasvecesnopodemoscostearlosuficienteparacomer 4 Muyconstantenopodemoscostearlosuficienteparacomer

Final12-5-14

113

8 NoSabe 9 SerehusóQ2 Asimismo,durantelosúltimosdocemeses,¿usteduotromiembrodelafamiliaque

vivenconustedharecibidoalgunavezasistenciaalimentariaenformadecuponesdealimentos,WIC,comidasdeescuelaapreciobajooalimentosdeunadespensaocomedordebeneficencia?

1 No! SKIPTOQD6forfirst425respondents,AFTER425COMPLETESTERMINATEQUOTAFILLED

2 Si10 Nosabe/Noestaseguro(a)! SKIPTOQD6forfirst425respondents,

AFTER425COMPLETESTERMINATEQUOTAFILLED11 SeRehusó!TERMINATE

Q3 ahoraleleerédosafirmacioneslascualeshansidopronunciadasporgenteen

relaciónalasituaciónalimenticiaenlosúltimosdocemeses.Porcadauna,porfavordígameyaseaquelaafirmaciónamenudofueverdadera,algunasvecesverdadera,onuncafueverdaderaenlosúltimosdocemesesparaustedysuhogar.

Primero,lacomidaquecompramossimplementenoalcanzo,ynotuvimosdinero

paramás.[PROMPTASNEEDED:Wasthisstatementoftentrue,sometimestrue,ornevertrue?]4 Amenudoverdadera5 Algunasvecesverdadera6 Nuncafueverdadera9 Nosabe(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q4 Siguienteafirmación,nopudimoscostearnoscomercomidabalanceada.

[PROMPTASNEEDED:Wasthisstatementoftentrue,sometimestrue,ornevertrueinthelast12months?]2 Amenudoverdadera3 Algunasvecesverdadera4 Nuncafueverdadera8 Nosabe(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Final12-5-14

114

Q5 Enlosúltimosdocemeses,esdecir,desdejuniopasado,¿ustedoalgúnotroadultoensuhogarhaacortadoeltamañodesuscomidasosalteadolascomidasdebidoaquenohabíasuficientedineroparacomprarlosalimentossuficientes?2 No! SKIPTOQ73 Si8 Nosabe/noestáseguro(a)(vol)! SKIPTOQ79 Serehusó(vol)! SKIPTOQ7

Q6 ¿Conquefrecuenciasucedióesto?¿Fueestocasitodoslosmeses,algunosmeses

peronocadames,ounodosmesesduranteelaño?

1 Casitodoslosmeses2 algunosmesesperonocadames3 Tansolo1o2mesesduranteelaño10 Nosabe(vol)11 Serehusó(vol)

Q7 Enlosúltimosdocemeses,¿algunavezcomiómenosdeloquesintióquedebería,

porquenohabíasuficientedineroparacomprarcomida?

2 No3 Si8 Nosabe/Noestáseguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q8 Enlosúltimosdocemeses,¿estuvoustedhambrientoperonopudocomerporque

nohuboeldinerosuficienteparacomida?0 No1 Si8 Noestáseguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

SOURCES OF FOOD/MONEY FOR FOOD Cuandolaspersonasnotieneneldinerosuficienteparacomprartodoslosalimentosparasuplirlasnecesidadesdesusfamiliares,ellospuedenutilizarlosprogramasdeasistenciaalimentariaparaconseguirmáscomida.Aveces,entreloqueellospuedencompraryloqueobtienendeprogramasdeasistenciaalimentariaessuficiente.Aveces,inclusoconcomidaextradelosprogramasdeayudaalimentariaaunnotienenlasuficientecomida.Megustaríaahorahacerlealgunaspreguntasacercadelosprogramasdeasistenciaalimentaria.

Final12-5-14

115

Q9 Durantelosúltimosdocemeses,¿ustedoalguienmásensuhogarharecibidocuponesparaalimentosobeneficiosdeSNAP?

2 No3 Si8 Noestáseguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q10 ¿Estáustedoalguienmásensuhogarrecibiendoactualmentecuponespara

alimentosoSNAP?

2 No3 Si8 NoestáSeguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q11 Ahora,megustaríapreguntarlesobreotrosbeneficiosqueustedosufamiliaha

estadorecibiendoactualmente.Procadaunodeestos,tansolodígamesiono.

Q11AAlmuerzoodesayunodeescuelagratisoaprecioreducido.Q11B WIC,conocidotambiéncomoElProgramaEspecialdeNutrición

SuplementariaparaMujeres,InfantesyNiños.Q11C Comidadeunadespensadealimentos,dealgunaiglesiaubancoalimenticio.Q11D Porcionesdeverano,lascualessoncomidasenelveranoparaniños.Q11E PlatodecomidacalienteviniendodeunaIglesia,centrocomunitarioo

comedordebeneficencia. Q11F ComidaadomiciliodelaCICOAodeMealsonWheels.

2 No3 Si8 Noestáseguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

[BRIEFVERSIONSTOBEUSEDINQ14,Q15ASAPPROPRIATE]Q9 SNAPQ11A AlmuerzodeescuelaB WICC despensadealimentosD comidasdeveranoE comidascalientesF comidaadomicilioSEEBELOW]

Final12-5-14

116

[IFQ1=1ANDQ2=1! SKIPTOQD6]MISSING MEALS Q12 Despuésdeaccederatodosestosrecursos,¿huboalgúnmomentoenlosúltimos12

mesesenelcualustednotubotodalacomidaqueustedysufamilianecesitaba?

2 No! SKIPTOQD63 si8 NoestáSeguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q13 ¿Cuándousteddicequeustedosufamilianoteníatodalacomidaquenecesitaba?

¿Fuedurantelaprimavera,verano,otoñooinvierno?Porfavor,dígametodoslostiemposenqueestofuecierto.

[RECORDALLTHATAPPLY]

5 Primavera6 Verano7 Otoño8 Invierno9 Noestáseguro(a)oNosabe9 Serehusó

Q14 Enlaúltimasemana,¿diríaustedqueustedysufamiliahatenidotodalacomida

necesaria?

2 No3 Si! SKIPTOQ188 Noestáseguro(a)(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

Q15 Usteddijoquerecibeasistenciaalimenticiade__,__y___.[INSERTSHORT

VERSIONSFROMQ9/Q11,UPTOTHREEITEMS,IFRESPONSEWASYESFORTHATITEM]Durantelasemanapasada,¿diríaustedquealrededordecuántodineromásnecesitoparaasegurarquecadaquienensuhogarobtuvieraunaalimentacióncorrecta?[PROBEIFNEEDED,JUSTESTIMATEHOWMANYDOLLARSFORTHEWEEK]

_________[RECORDRESPONSEINWHOLEDOLLARSFORTHEWEEK]

Q16 Apesarderecibirasistenciaalimentariaapartirde__,__y___.[INSERTSHORT

VERSIONSFROMQ9/Q11,UPTOTHREEITEMS,IFRESPONSEWASYESFOR

Final12-5-14

117

THATITEM]Enlaúltimasemana,¿cuántascomidasindividualesensuhogarsehanomitidoporcompletodebidoalafaltadealimentos?Porejemplo,sihaytrespersonasensuhogarytodosomitendeunacena,queseríatrescomidas.

_________Numerodecomidas[RECORDRESPONSE]

Q17 Enlaúltimasemana,¿cuantascomidasparcialesfueronservidasporrazóndefalta

dealimentos?[PROBEIFNEEDED:JUSTTELLMETHEAPPROXIMATENUMBER]

_________Numerodecomidasparciales[RECORDRESPONSE]Q18 enunasemanatípica,¿diríaustedquecadacuantoustedysuhogarconsumeun

platodecomidanutritiva?Diríaustedquees:[READ1-4]

1 Siempre2 Algunasveces3 Raravez,o4 Nunca8 Nosabe(vol)9 Serehusó(vol)

[ASKQ19IFQ9=0(NO);OTHERWISESKIPTOQ20]Q19 Siustednohatenidotodalacomidaquenecesita,puedeusteddecirme¿porqué

ustedoalguienensuhogarquenohasolicitadoCuponesparaAlimentos/SNAP?

[CODETOLIST;DONOTREAD]

1 INELEGIBILIDAD(losejemplosincluyen,peronoselimitana:)NopiensaqueeselegiblepararecibirbeneficiosdebidoasusingresosoactivosNopiensaqueeselegiblepararecibirbeneficiosdebidoasuestadodeciudadanía

Elegibleparasolounacantidadpequeñadebeneficio.

2 NOHAYNECESIDAD(losejemplosincluyen,peronoselimitana:)Puedesostenerseporsísolo(a)sinnecesidaddecupones

alimenticios/SNAP Otrosnecesitanmásdeestosbeneficios

3 INCOMODIDADES(losejemplosincluyen,peronoselimitana:)NosabeadóndeiroaquiéncontactarparasolicitarEsdifícilllegaralasoficinasdecuponesdealimentos/SNAPLaoficinadecuponesdealimentosnoestáabiertacuandoestoy

disponibleElprocesodeaplicaciónesdemasiadolargoycomplicado

Final12-5-14

118

LaspreguntassonmuypersonalesPersonaldelaoficinadecuponesparaalimentosfaltaalrespetoOficinadecuponesdealimentosesdesagradableoestáenunazona

insegura

4 ESTIGMASOCIAL(losejemplosincluyen,peronoselimitana:)SientevergüenzadesolicitarbeneficiosAmigosofamiliaresnoapruebanqueyorecibabeneficiosNomegustaconfiarenelgobiernoparalaasistenciaSesentiríaavergonzadodeusarlosbeneficios

5 OTROS(losejemplosincluyen,peronoselimitana:) Planificacióndeaplicar,peroaúnno

8 Nosabe 9 Serehusó

[ASKQ20IFQ11C=0(NO)]Q20 Siustednohatenidotodalacomidaquenecesita,¿puedeusteddecirmeporqué

ustedoalguienensuhogarnofueaunadespensadealimentos?[CODETOBESTOPTION;DONOTREAD]

1 Nohaydespensadealimentoscercademí2 Notengotransporte3 Ladespensacercademínoestáabiertacuandopuedoir4 Elpersonaldeladespensanometrataconrespeto5 Meapartarondeunadespensadealimentosenelpasado6 Mesientoavergonzado(a)depedirayuda7 Notedansuficientecomidaparaquevalgalapena8 Nomegustalacomidaquemedanenlasdespensasdealimentos9 Lacomidaenlasdespensasdealimentosnocumpleconmisrestricciones

dietéticas(porejemplo,ladiabetes)88 Nosabe99 Serehusó

DEMOGRAPHICS Yaestamosterminando.Ahorasólounascuantaspreguntasparaayudarnosentendernuestrosresultados.QD6. ¿Cuálfueelúltimogradoqueustedcompletóenlaescuela?[CODETOLIST] [READONLYIFNEEDTOPROMPT] 1. Octavogradoomenos

Final12-5-14

119

2. EscuelaSecundariaincompleto(Grados9,10AND11) 3. EscuelaSecundariacompletada(Grado12) 4. Escuelavocacional/técnica 5. Algunosestudiosuniversitarios 6. Graduadodecolegiocomunitario(2años,GradoAsociado) 7. Graduadodeuniversidadocolegiode4años(Bachiller) 9. Serehusó QD7 ¿podríaporfavordecirmesuedad?

____(ENTREEDAD:98=98+99=REHÚSA)[IFREFUSEDINQD7,ASK:]

QD8Esentre...?

1 18a202 21a243 25a294 Treintas(30-39)5 Cuarentas(40-49)6 Cincuentas(50-59)7 60-648 65OMÁS9 Serehusó(VOL)

QD17 ¿EsusteddeorigenLatinooHispano?¿TalcomoMexicano(a),PertoRiqueño(a),

Cubano(a)odealgúnotroantecedenteEspañol?

1 Si 2 No

8 NoSabe(VOL) 9 Serehusó(VOL) QD18 ¿SeconsideraustedderazaBlanca,Negra,odeorigenAsiático,oesustedmestizo? 1 Blanca 2 Negra(acepteAfro-Americana) 3 Asiático 4 Hispano/Latino/Español(VOL) 5 OTRO,ESPECIFIQUE:_____________________ 6 Mestizo 8 NoSabe(VOL) 9 Serehusó(VOL)

Final12-5-14

120

QD19. ¿Estácasado/(a),enunarelacióncomprometida,viudo/(a),divorciado/(a),separado/(a),onuncahaestadocasado/(a)?

1 Casado(a)2 Relacióncomprometida3 Viudo(a)4 Divorciado(a)5 Separado(a)6 Nuncahaestadocasado(a)8 Nosabe(VOL)9 Serehusó(VOL)

QD20¿Cuantosadultosyniños,incluyéndose,vivenensuhogar?


QD21¿Cuantosdelosadultosquevivenensucasa,sonmayoresde60años?[IFASKED,CLARIFYLIVINGINTHEHOMEATLEAST50%OFTHETIME.]

_________[RECORDNUMBER]QD23 ¿cuántosniñosdelasedadesdeceroacuatrovivenensuhogar?

_________[RECORDEXACTNUMBER][IFASKED,CLARIFYLIVINGINTHEHOMEATLEAST50%OFTHETIME.]QD24.¿Ycuántosniñosdelasedadesdecincoadieciochovivenensuhogar?

_________[RECORDNUMBER]QD25 [POPULATE$THRESHOLDSFROM#OFPEOPLEINHOUSEHOLDFROMQD20.

USETABLEBELOW,ANDUSENUMBERSFROMTHETABLEFOREACHQUESTIONBELOW]

HouseholdSize

185%of

Poverty

130%of

PovertyPovertyLevel

DeepPoverty(50%ofPovertyLevel)

Final12-5-14

121

1 1,800 1350 1000 5002 2,400 1700 1300 6503 3,050 2150 1650 8004 3,700 2600 2000 10005 4,300 3000 2300 11506 4,900 3450 2650 13007 5,550 3900 3000 15008 6,200 4350 3350 17009 6,800 4800 3700 185010 7,400 5200 4000 2000

Eachaddlpersonadd 625 439 338 169

Enpromedio,¿diríaustedquesuingresomensuales?

QD25A Masde$___(INSERTNUMBERFROM185%ofPovertyCOLUMNBASEDONNUMBEROFPEOPLEINHOUSEHOLD)

0 No 1 Yes! SKIPTOQ26 8 Nosabe 9 Serehusó! SKIPTOQ26 QD25B Másde$___(130%ofPoverty) 0 No 1 Si! SKIPTOQ26 8 Nosabe 9 Serehusó! SKIPTOQ26

QD25C Másde$___(Poverty) 0 No 1 Si! SKIPTOQ26 8 Nosabe 9 Serehusó! SKIPTOQ26 QD25D Másde$___(DeepPoverty) 0 No 1 Si! SKIPTOQ26 8 Nosabe 9 Serehusó! SKIPTOQ26

Final12-5-14

122

QD26 Entérminosdeempleoactual,estáusted:

[READ1-8]

1 Empleadoconsalario 2 Autónomo 3 Sintrabajopormenosdeunaño 4 Sintrabajoporunañoomás 5 Amo(a)decasa 6 Un(a)estudiante 7 Unjubilado(a) 8 Unapersonadeshabilitada 88 Nosabe 99 Serehusó

[IFREACHEDONCELLPHONEASK:]QD34C ¿Tiene usted alguna línea fija Telefónica en su casa? O ¿solamente usan teléfonos

celulares? 1 Teléfono fijo en casa (reached on Cell) 2 Solo celular 9 Se rehusó (VOL)

[IF REACHED ON CELL PHONE ASK:] QD35C Comparte usted su teléfono celular para uso personal (al menos un tercio del tiempo)

con otros adultos? 1 Si 2 No 9 Se rehusó

[ASK ONLY IF QD35C = 1] QD40CCuantosadultos-incluido(a)usted-compartenelcelular?

____[ENTERNUMBER:99=REFUSED] [IFREACHEDONLANDLINEPHONEASK:]QD34L Tiene usted algún teléfono celular en su casa? O solamente usan teléfono fijo?

1 Tiene Celular en casa (reached on LL) 2 Solo teléfono fijo 9 Se rehusó (VOL)

[IF REACHED ON LANDLINE PHONE ASK:] QD35L¿Cuantosadultoshayensucasa?

____[ENTERNUMBER:99=REFUSED]

Final12-5-14

123

[ASK ONLY IF QD34C = 1 OR QD34L = 3] QD41¿Desdequétipodelíneatelefónicaustedllamayrecibellamadasmásamenudo?¿Delcelular,delfijo,ousaambosigualmente?

1Celular2Líneafija3Ambosigualmente8NoSabe9Serehusó

Closing and Additional Informed Consent Language Conestocompletamosnuestraencuesta.Muchasgraciasporsutiempoycooperación.Sitienecualquierpregunta,puedecontactaralDr.DavidRedlawsk(pronunciado“Red-losk”)llamandoal732-932-9384.Sitienecualquierpreguntaacercadesusderechoscomounparticipantedeinvestigación,puedecontactaraladministradordeLaJuntadeRevisiónInstitucionaldeRutgersllamandoal:(848)932-0150.Quetengabuendía/buenasnoches.

indy hunger network survey of food assistance need in ...€¦ · nutritious food. food insecurity...

Documents