HEFAT2014 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics

14 – 16 July 2014 Orlando, Florida

INFLUENCES OF INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA ON THE FLUID DYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER OF SINGLE DROPLETS IN MICELLAR LIQUID/LIQUID SYSTEMS

Paul, N.* and Kraume, M. *Author for correspondence

Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13407 Berlin,

Germany, E-mail: n.paul@mailbox.tu-berlin.de

ABSTRACT To improve reaction rates and separation processes of

catalysed reactions smart solvent systems can be applied. One example for smart solvent systems are micellar liquid/liquid systems. Here, amphiphilic molecules (surfactants) are used as additives. Due to their structure these molecules will adsorb at interfaces where they influence the occurring transport processes which have a huge impact on the yield and selectivity of chemical reactions. To gain a better fundamental understanding of the occurring transport processes this work focuses on transport processes in micellar liquid/liquid systems. The results of this work show that other interfacial phenomena than “just” adsorption processes have to be taken into consideration for the description of the observed transport processes. Otherwise, the mass transport will be over estimated.

NOMENCLATURE c [mol/L] Concentration C [-] Drag coefficient C [-] Counter flow cell d [m] Diameter T [K] Temperature t [s] Time R [-] Rising test cell v [m/s] Velocity Mo [-] Morton number Pe [-] Peclet number Re [-] Reynolds number Sc [-] Schmidt number Sh [-] Sherwood number We [-] Weber number Special characters [-] Volume fraction [m/s] Mass transfer coefficient [N/m] Interfacial tension [Pas] Viscosity

* [-] Viscosity ratio [kg/m3] Density Subscripts CMC Critical micelle concentration c Continuous phase D Dispersed phase SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate TX-100 Triton X-100

INTRODUCTION

Micellar liquid/liquid systems are examples for smart solvent systems, which can be applied to increase the reaction rates of multiphase systems and are able to improve the separation process [1-2]. Furthermore, these systems fulfil many principles of the “Green Chemistry” e.g. high and selective yields and using water as a solvent [3]. Nevertheless, more than one fluid phase occurs in these systems; hence transport processes cannot be neglected to understand the reaction mechanisms, completely [4]. Due to the presence of surfactants in micellar systems the complexity increases. Surfactants adsorb at the liquid/liquid interfaces where these molecules influence the occurring transport processes [5-6]. To quantify and to gain a fundamental understanding of the influences exerted by surfactants on the transport processes single droplets are observed in this work. With the simplification complex swarm effects have not to be taken into consideration.

The fluid dynamics of single droplets is a useful tool to quantify the interface’s characteristics which can be further used to predict mass transfer rates. Therefore, the fundamental understanding of the fluid dynamics in micellar systems is of great interest to understand the occurring transport processes. The surfactant molecules adsorb at the interface, where these molecules decrease its mobility [7-8]. At a certain surfactant concentration the droplets behave like rigid spheres. This

1959

surfasurfadroplof aprigidreducaque[9]. Asysteresul[10] the drigidand ta humassof threspolimitresposchem

F

surfa A

the msurfaNevesurfaconcobsersurfabecoFor tin csurfa

actant concentactants. Wegelets rising in a

pproximately 1d spheres. Whced the veloci

eous phase to Although, the ems, the interflts agree well and can be ref

different test sd spheres shearthe inner circu

uge impact ons transfer resishe surfactant monsible for a rting cases canonsible for thematically show

Figure 1 Masactant concentr

As schematicamass transferactant concentertheless, mosactant conceentration CMrved in mic

actant concentmes more cothese systems consideration actant molecul

tration dependener and Pasan aqueous SD10-3 mmol/L thhereas, a SDity of tetrachlothe velocity oSDS concentr

facial coveragwith the calc

ferred to the dsystems [11]. Ar stress is not

ulations disappn the mass trastance which amolecules the reduction of thn be defined; be reduction of wn in Figure 1

ss transfer coration (schem

ally shown in r coefficient tration. This wst authors carrientrations (bC). In this wocellar liquid/trations. At thomplex, especa change of thbesides the

les [12].

ds on the regaschedag [5] DS solution. Fhe toluene dro

DS concentratormethane droof particles wiration differs w

ge is approximculated resultsdifferent adsorAs soon as drtransported a

pear. The inneansport. Besidarises from thchange of the

he mass transfboth cases anthe mass trans

1.

oefficient as atically).

Figure 1 anddecreases witwas observed ied out their ebelow the ork the transpo/liquid, respe

hese concentracially for nonhe phase behav

adsorption

arded systemsobserved tol

For concentraoplets behavedion of 1 mm

oplets settling iith rigid interfwidely in both

mately 50%. Ts by Cuenot erption behavioroplets behaveacross the interr circulations des the additi

he adsorption le fluid dynamifer. Therefore,

nd the mechansfer coefficien

a function of

d explained abth an increasby many auth

experiments atcritical mi

ort processes ectively at

ations the situan-ionic surfactvior must be tprocesses of

s and luene ations d like mol/L in an faces h test These et al.

our in e like rface have ional layer ics is , two

nisms nt are

f the

above se of hors. t low icelle were high ation tants. taken f the

EX

tradiexarofsuglyandrPSdehigPrdytraadreaphph(4(Pquph

Ficostosofucomo

heapsathedrflose

XPERIMENTFor the det

ansfer at singlfferent test ce

xplained by We shown in Fig

f a 1000 mmurrounded by ycerine. This j

nd further ensroplet which SD/2-module evice (5a) cangh-speed camro Plus® 5.1 ynamics of sinansfer a glasdjustable in italized. At the

hase is kept; thhase is pumpea). In this w

PADA) was uuantification ohotometer (Spe

igure 2: Expeolumn with acorage disperse

olenoid deviceunnel, (9a) thontrol, (2b) glodules, (5b) g

The test cell

eight. To obsepplied. The basame. There is e droplet. But

roplet rises in ow within thelectable time.

a)

1a

2a

3a

4a

a)

1a

2a

3a

4a

TAL SETUP termination ofle droplets in ells were appl

Wegener et al gure 2. Figure

m high glass a jacket madjacket offers t

sures a good is produced (4a, syringe p

n be tracked mera. The drop

by Media Cngle droplets. ss funnel (8as height; henneck of this fhat droplets a

ed out of the twork an azo dused as transfof the mass ecord 210, Jen

erimental setucrylic glass jaced phase, (4a)e, (6a) nozzlermostat; b)lass cone, (3b

gear pump, (6b

l shown in Figerve longer cosic idea of thealso a syringe

t after the dropa cone. The g

e cone; hence

4a

5a

6a

7a

8a

9a

4a

5a

6a

7a

8a

9a

f the fluid dynmicellar liquilied. Basically[13] and by P

e 2a gives the column (dc=

de of acrylic gthe ability to toptical accessat a nozzle

pump) and looby a Photonf

plet’s path is aybernetics to For the determ

a) is used. Tnce different cfunnel a small are able to coatest cell by andye Pyridin-2ferred compo

transfer wasna Analytik).

ups a) rising cket, (2a) high) Hamilton® Ple, (7a) illum) counter flowb) nozzle, (4bb) storage disp

gure 2a has itsontact times a e test cell showe pump (4b) fplet’s release ogear pump (5bthe droplet ca

b

3a

5b

b

3a

5b

namics and thid/liquid systey, the test celPaul et al. [11schematic flow75 mm), w

glass and filletemper the setsibility. There(6a) by a Haosened by a sfocus® MV-7analyzed with

determine thmination of thThe glass funcontact times amount of dialesce. The dinother syringe

2-azo-dimethyonent. Therefos carried out

test cell: (1ah speed camePSD/2 modulemination, (8aw cell: (1b) b) Hamilton® persed phase.

s limitation dusecond test c

wn in Figure 2for the producof the nozzle (b) produces a an be kept for

b)

1b

2b

3b

4b

4bb)

1b

2b

3b

4b

4b

he mass ms two ls were ]. Both w sheet

which is ed with tup (9a) efore, a amilton olenoid

752-160 Image-

he fluid he mass nnel is can be spersed spersed e pump laniline

ore, the t by a

a) glass ra, (3a) es, (5a)

a) glass heating PSD/3

ue to its cell was 2b is the ction of (3b) the counter r a free

6b

6b

6b

6b

1960

InoctansurfaTritomice100 0

REST

the tusefupresefromcorretime prediin ththe dtwo l

Fthe d

T

be derise v

d

wherambicharamovadrag [16] the contigivenSDS 1-oct

n this work wnol was applactants were uon X-100 was elle concentrat0.2 mmol/L [1

SULTS: FLUIThe fluid dyntest cell showul tool to dence of surfac

m these resultselation for the

in a column iction of drop e work of We

drop rise veloclimiting cases

Figure 3 Dropdroplet diamete

The velocity oerived from thvelocity is giv

cd

p

dt

dv

re represenient fluid by tacterizes the able interfacecoefficients bwere applied droplet traveinuous phase.n as a functioconcentration

tanol droplets

water was usedlied as the dused. SDS wapplied as a n

tion for SDS i1].

IDDYNAMICnamics of sing

wn in Figure 2determine the ctants the intes and can be e prediction etc. A large o rise velocitie

egener et al. [1city shown in described in F

p rise velocityer for various

of a droplet frhe force balanven by:

dD

c

Cg4

3

nts the volumthe droplet. Cinterface. Fo

e and rigid intby Feng and Mto Eq. 1. Afte

els with a c The drop risn of droplet d

ns. In the pure rising in wat

d as the contindispersed phas

was used a ionnon-ionic surfais 8.2 mmol/L

S gle droplets w2a. The drop

interfacial crfacial coveraused to chooof mass transoverview of ces or mass tran14]. The expeFigure 3 are c

Figure 1.

y at steady staSDS concentr

freely rising innce [14]. The i

p

p

c

c

d

v2

me fraction oCD is the drag or the two limterface) the coMichaelides [er the acceleraconstant velose at steady sdiameter in Fi system the drter is describe

nuous phase anse. Two diffenic surfactant

factant. The cri and for Trito

was determinerise velocity

characteristicsage can be derse the appropsfer rates, co

correlations fonsfer rates is gerimental resulcompared with

ate as a functiorations.

n a continuousinstantaneous

(1)

of the accelercoefficient, w

miting cases orrelations fo15] and by Mation of the droocity throughstate conditionigure 3 for varrop rise velocied well with E

nd 1-ferent t and itical

on X-

ed by is a

s. In rived priate ntact

or the given lts of h the

on of

s can drop

)

rated which

(free r the

Martin oplet the ns is rious ity of Eq. 1

anMdrshreThnothitendr

vespto FivedeinhrisintMdrexexdrsusyco

the

sta10deadremmrecmmthe

nd the correlMichaelides [1roplets. For drhape is lost asults and the horsen et al. [on-spherical dis setup had nsion of 8.1 mroplets.

With an inelocity decrepherical shape

the lower inigure 3. For SDelocity hardlyeformation. SDhibition of thse velocity is terface. This

Martin [16]. Froplet diametexplained by xceeding an inroplets behavurfactants the ystems a chanonsideration [1

Figure 4 De droplet diam

Figure 4 giv

ate for 1-octan00 solutions. Tescribed in Figdsorption behasults look simmol/L there wcognized. Exmol/L the rigie droplets b

ation for the15]. This coroplets that arand the devicalculated va

17] can be usdroplets [14]. T

a diameter omN/m [11] it w

ncrease of Sases. Furtherat lower drop

nterfacial tenDS concentraty changed. DS concentra

he mobility ofdecreased to tis well desc

urthermore, ters. The changadsorption pnterfacial covve like rigid

situation benge of the ph18].

Drop rise velocmeter for vario

ves the resultsnol droplets riThe pure systegure 3. Althouavior in the

milar. Below Trwas hardly anyxceeding Tritoidity of the liq

behaved like

e drag coeffiorrelation is re larger thanations betweealues increaseed to calculatThe largest dr

of 4.5 mm. Dwas not possib

SDS concentrrmore, the p diameters w

nsion. Both etions of 0.01 m

Neither chations of 0.1 f the droplet’sthe value of a

cribed by the the droplets dge in the droprocesses at

verage of appd spheres [ecomes more hase behavior

city at steady ous Triton X-1

s of the drop rising in variouem (without suugh, both surfa

regarded testriton X-100 coy change in thon X-100 coquid/liquid int

rigid sphere

icient by Fenvalid for sp

n 3 mm the spen the exper

e. The correlate the rise veloroplet produceue to the intble to observe

ration the drodroplets lose

which can be rffects are shommol/L the dr

hanged the mmol/L lead

s interface. Tha particle with

drag coefficdeformed at

p rise velocity the interface

proximately 5011]. For no

complex. Inmust be tak

state as a func00 concentrati

rise velocity atus aqueous Trurfactants) is actants have dt system [11oncentrations he drop rise voncentrations terface increases. This resu

ng and pherical pherical imental

ation by ocity of ed with erfacial e larger

op rise e their referred own in rop rise droplet

d to an he drop

h a rigid cient of smaller can be

e. With 0% the

on-ionic n these

ken into

ction of ions.

t steady riton X-already

different ], both of 0.01

velocity of 0.1

sed and ult was

1961

unexcompcoeff5 for

FnumbX-10

N

drag spherFurthHarpfour.

C

wheronsetcalcuReynThis tensiof Trthe indeforpresevalueis prdeviaand droplTritounexchanX-10mmointerinfluproce

xpected due topare both suficient is givenr surfactant con

Figure 5 Drber for 1-octan00 solutions w

Next to the excoefficient

rical gas bubhermore, the pper [19] the c Therefore, th

48

Re4

MoCD

re Mo is the Mt of the defoulated onset onolds number

behavior is ion. As shownriton X-100 onfluence of SDrm at lower Rence of Tritone of the droplredicted well ations can bethe predictedlets have slig

on X-100 thxpected. By apnge of the drop00 at the interfol/L. For Tritfacial coverag

uence observedess. The chan

o the differenurfactants obsn as a functionncentration 1

rag coefficiennol droplets ri

with similar con

xperimental reof rigid sph

bbles by Braupoint of deforritical Weber

he drag coeffic

Morton numbormation is dof the deformrs with increa

referred to tn in the work on the interfacDS. Therefore

Reynolds numbn X-100 (samelet deformatio by Eq. 2.

e observed bed value. In tghtly higher dhan in presepplying the resp rise velocityface was not eton X.100 coge of less thand cannot be e

nge of the pha

nt adsorption served in thin of Reynoldsmmol/L.

nt as a functising in aqueouncentrations.

esults the limeres by Mar

uer [19] are grmation is sho

number is gicient can be ca

ber. In the pudescribed wel

mation is shiftasing surfactathe decrease of Paul et al.

cial tension ise, the 1-octanobers in presene concentratio

on influenced bFor Triton X

etween the exthe spherical drag coefficiennce of SDSsults gained byy caused by adexpected at a oncentrations n 1% was calexplained by ase behavior m

behavior [11]s work the

s number in Fi

tion of Reynus SDS and T

miting cases fortin [16] andgiven in Figurown. Accordiniven at a valualculated by:

(2)

ure test systemll by Eq. 2. ted towards loant concentraof the interf[11] the influ

s not as distinol droplets sta

nce of SDS thaon). The calcuby 1 mmol/LX-100 the laxperimental re

regime 1-octnts in presencS. This resuly Paul et al. [dsorption of Tconcentrationof 1 mmol/L

culated, hencesimple adsorp

must be taken

]. To drag

igure

nolds

Triton

or the d for re 5. ng to ue of

)

m the The

ower ation. facial uence nct as art to an in lated SDS

argest esults tanol ce of lt is 11] a

Triton n of 1 L an e the ption

n into

commhigfrointTr[1ocmiobbeco[1ocshusTrmorepdrrenefoex

[1intmideTrneincdefotheexdeliqprneeffint

prapsponsuprby

exthecoratSDveTr

onsideration. Amol/L the CMgh enough thaom. Nevertheterface is notriton X-100 co2] a phase

ctanol/Triton icroemulsions

bserved in thehavior were oncentration th2] was shown

ccur at lower chown by applysed to determiriton X-100 codulus was presents the f

roplet. With spectively a

eeded to deforrce needed t

xplained by theSimilar r

1]. In this wterface was dicroscopy tec

eform a waterriton X-100 ceeded for thecrease of th

ecreased and llowed. For Te interfacial t

xceeded. The eform the droquid/liquid inroportionality eeded to defoffect was also rterface.

The dropredict the intepproximately pheres. This isnly processesurfactant the sredictable. Sphy the given cor

Besides xtraction colume interfacial c

orrelation shoutes, for instanDS concentratelocity to the riton X-100. T

At Triton X-1MC is exceedat microemulseless, the cot known and oncentration i

diagram foX-100 is

s or even liqhe bulk phase

observed fhan in this won that at the inconcentrationsying the osciline the interfaconcentration

observed [1force which stan increase decrease of

rm a droplet to deform a e change of thresults were owork the forcdetermined bychnique. A smr/1-octanol intconcentration.

e deformationhe SDS conc

the force nTriton X-100 tension remaisame was o

oplet’s interfacnterface becam

between the orm the liquidreferred to a c

p rise velocityerfacial covera50% dropletss valid as lons which musituation becoherical 1-octanrrelations in thfor the calcu

mn the fluid dcharacteristicsuld be used fonce. In the retion of 0.1 mvalues of a r

Therefore, the

100 concentraded. But this sion phases inoncentration compared to is high. In the

or the ternarshown. Th

quid crystallies. These chfor much hiork. But in thenterface, phases than in the bllating drop mcial rheology.an increase

12]. The vistets up aginst of the surfathe interfaciashould decreadroplet was

he phase behavobtained in thece needed to y a colloidal mall silica pterface in depe. In presence

n behaved as centration theneeded to dethe situation

ined constant observed for tce. With exceme blurry aninterfacial te

d/liquid was nchange of the p

y of single droage. At an ints and bubble

ng as adsorptist be observmes more conol droplets che literature. ulation of thedynamics can bs which is usefor the predictegarded syste

mmol/L is neerigid sphere, e mass transfe

ation higher thconcentration

n the bulk are at the liquidthe bulk pha

e work of Paury system whe formatioine condition

hanges of thegher Triton e work of Paues of microembulk phase. Th

method which . With an incrof the visco

sco-elastic mthe deformati

actant concenal tension thease. In this wincreased, w

vior at the intee work of Pau

deform a drprobe atomi

particle was uendence of SDe of SDS the

expected. We interfacial eform the inwas differentuntil the CM

the force neeeeding the CMnd further a

ension and thnot recognizephase behavio

oplets can be terfacial covees behave likon processes ved. For nomplex and isan be well de

e contact timebe used to deteful to decidetion of mass tm water/1-oc

eded to decrethe same is t

fer coefficient

han 0.1 n is not

able to d/liquid ases the ul et al. water/1-ons of ns were e phase

X-100 ul et al.

mulsions his was can be

rease of o-elastic modulus ion of a ntration, e force

work the which is erface. ul et al. roplet’s c force used to DS and e force

With an tension

nterface t. Here,

MC was eded to MC the a direct he force d. This

or at the

used to rage of

ke rigid are the

on-ionic not as

escribed

e in an termine

e which transfer

ctanol a ase the true for should

1962

decre0.1 m

REST

cells contacontaconcobserwhiccoefftransdispeFigurdropldetersurfaare s

Fwatebetwcases

T

in Fiwerehigh obsercalcu[21]:

c

weretime-systecorre

S

ease until surfmmol/L are set

SULTS: MASThe mass transhown in Fig

act times and tact times. Lerning the rved in variou

ch was used aficient of appsfer direction wersed phase. Fre 2 failed. Wlets in the furmine the realactant Triton Xhown in Figur

Figure 6 Comer/1-octanol fween experimes mobile interf

The experimeigure 6 were e predicted by

partition coefrved. The tulated by appl:

dPADA tc , 1)(

The limitine calculated by-dependent prem (mobile ielation of Clift

2c PefSh

factant (SDS ot up.

SS TRANSFEnsfer at single gure 2. The risithe counter floLike in thefluid dynamus aqueous soas the transferproximately was chosen fr

For SDS the mWith an increasunnels was hil contact timeX-100 the coare 6.

mparison of tfor various ental and calcface [21] and r

ntal results focompared wi

y correlations fficient of PADtime-dependenlying the corre

c

SFo

23exp

ng cases mobiy using differogress of the Pnterface) was

ft et al. [21]:

2/1c

or Triton X-10

ER droplets is obing test cell (Row cell (C) is e experiment

mics 1-octanoolutions. The rred compone60 [12]. Therom the contin

measurement tese of SDS the indered. It wae. In presencealescence did n

the mass transTriton X-10

culated resultrigid interface

or 2 mm 1-octaith the calculafrom the liter

DA an externant PADA celation develo

PADc cK

K

Sh **

ile interface arent SherwoodPADA concens calculated b

00) concentra

bserved in bothR) is used for sapplied for lo

tal investigaol droplets

azo dye (PAent had a parterefore, the mnuous phase toechnique showcoalescence oas not possibe of the non-inot fail the re

sfer in the sy00 concentras for the lim

e [21,22].

anol droplets gated results wrature. Due to

al problem muoncentration

oped by Clift e

cDA, (3)

and rigid interd correlations.ntration in the by the Sherw

(4)

ations

h test short

onger ations were

ADA) tition mass o the wn in of the le to ionic

esults

ystem ations miting

given which o the ust be

was et al.

)

rface The pure

wood

)

whinnfuvaspShan

thepocothaextimorreRethewaunofwammredexcotraobcaMdeliqexcoredrigredthecacoag[1AsliqFito theditheoccopr

vathe

here f is a coner circulation

unction of Reyalue of f apprpheres the inherwood numbnd Calderbank

84.0Shc

The exponeeory. By app

ossible to calconcentration foat is transport

xperimentally mes; hence thrigin of the dsults and the eferring to thee mass transfeas observed innexpected. Ref single dropleas expected mol/L. Exceeduction of th

xperimental reoncentration oansfer. Althoubserved (see Falculated prog

Marangoni conesorption proquid/liquid intxpected to oncentrations oduced and cangid sphere. Foduction of these concentrat

alculated progoncentrations gglomerate at 1]. This layers described abquid/liquid intigure 5). Furth

characterize e result that a stinctive chane CMC. In

ctanol/Triton onsideration. redicted.

Figure 7 giarious Triton Xe phase beha

orrection factons into considynolds numberroaches a vau

nner circulatiober can be des

k [22]:

5.033.0Re Sc

ents were deplying the Shculate the instfor both limitited during the

by interpolathe instantaneodiagram. For t

calculated vae fluid dynamfer is decreasen this work, buegarding the rets (Figure 4) up to a Tri

eding this suhe mass transsults show dif

of 0.1 mmol/Lugh, the drop rFigure 4) the mgress for a rnvection whicocesses of Tterface. Therefbe further of 1 mmol/L tn be well desor surfactant e mass transftions the mass

gress for a riabove 0.1 the interface

r creates an above the formterface was obhermore, specthe liquid/liquchange of ph

nge of the inten ternary syX-100 these Otherwise, t

ves the dynaX-100 concenavior on the

or which takederation. Therer. For large Rule of one [1ons disappearscribed by a co

erived from erwood correltantaneous proing cases. Thdroplet formating the mas

ous progress dthe pure systealues agree w

mic and the phed in presenceut the amount results gained a reduction oton X-100 c

urfactant concsfer rate wasfferent behavi

L lead to a rerise velocity o

mass transfer rrigid sphere. ch is exertedTriton X-100 fore, the mass decreased.

the mass transcribed with thconcentration

fer was even s transfer rateigid interface

mmol/L miand form a

dditional masmation of the mbserved by thecific experimeuid interface [

hase behavior ierfacial propeystems consphenomena

he mass tran

mic mass trantrations to undmass transfer

es the impactefore, this fac

Reynolds numb14]. Regardinr. In this caorrelation by L

the boundarylations to Eq.ogress of the

he amount of ation was detess transfer fodoes not startem the exper

well with eachhysicochemicae of surfactant

of the reductifrom fluid dy

of mass transfconcentration centration a s not expecteor. Triton X-1

eduction of thof a rigid spherate is higher t

This is refed by adsorptio molecules transfer rate w

For Triton nsfer rate was he limiting cans of 10 mmomore distinct

e was even bele. For Triton celles form microemulsio

ss transfer resimicroemulsione fluid dynamients were carr[11-12], both is responsible

erties with excsisting of wmust be takensfer will b

ansfer coefficiderline the imr. The mass t

t of the ctor is a bers the ng rigid ase the Lochiel

(4)

y layer . 3 it is PADA PADA

ermined or short t in the rimental h other. al effect ts. This ion was ynamics fer rates

of 0.1 further

ed. The 100 at a he mass ere was than the rred to on and at the

was not X-100 further

ase of a ol/L the tive. At low the X-100 which

on layer istance. n at the ics (see ried out lead to for the ceeding water/1-en into

be over

ient for mpact of

transfer

1963

coeffconcof thmmois hiwerehighetransliqui

FTritomobi

CON

liquicorreionicliquiworkof apartisituabehathe ftransternavery ratesthe tr[4] aworkmiceinterEspephas(e.g. ACK

T“Intecoord

ficient is redentration. Thehe dynamic mol/L or 1 mmoligher than thee referred to Mer surfactant sfer results frd/liquid interf

Figure 7 Dynon X -100 conile interface [2

NCLUSION In this w

d/liquid havelations and mc surfactant d/liquid interf

k match with approximately cles with rig

ation is more avior must be formation of sport processeary systems w

interesting sms and fast separansport proceand are strongk. For the fellar liquid/lifacial pheno

ecially, the inte behavior shmeasurement

KNOWLEDGThis work is

egrated Chemidinated by th

duced with aere is hardly amass transfer l/L. Furthermoe calculated v

Marangoni effeconcentration

rom the chanface.

namic mass tncentrations co21] and rigid i

work the tranve been obmechanisms g

SDS only face occur anthe expectatio

50% the 1gid interfaces. complex. In ttaken into comicroemulsio

es cannot bewater/organic pmart solvent aration can beesses have higly influenced

fundamental uquid it is

omena as wterfacial phenoould be charat of the Brewst

GEMENT part of the

ical Processeshe Technische

an increase any difference

resistance inore, the mass tvalues for rigects. The addin than 1 mmnge of phase

transfer coeffompared with interface [21,2

nsport proceserved and given in the adsorption p

nd the resultsons. For an in-octanol drop For non-ionthese ternary onsideration. Won layers at e described sphase/ non-ionsystems, beca

e achieved in tgh influences o

by surfactantunderstandingnecessary to

well as tranomena exertedacterized moreter angle).

Collaborative in Liquid Mue Universität

of Triton Xe between progn presence oftransfer coeffigid spheres witional reductio

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ficient for varthe limiting c

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esses in miccompared

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nic surfactantssystems the pWithout regarthe interface

satisfactorily. nic surfactantause high reacthese systems.on the reactionts as shown ing of reactiono understand nsport proced by the change detailed in fu

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