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informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebi
pirveli Sesavali leqcia
sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle mimoxilva
ras Seiswavlis sociologia?
1. sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi. 2. sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis
sakiTxebi da Teoriuli. 3. ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? 4. socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. 5. sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. 6. neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis arsis Sesaxeb. 7. informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebi - Sesavali (frenk uebsteri )
sakvanZo sityvebi: sociologia, socialuri struqtura, saR azrze damyarebuli
warmodgenebi, socialuri kvlavwarmoeba, socialuri transformacia, socialuri
warmosaxva, faqtologiuri sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi
sakiTxebi, ganviTarebis sakiTxebi, anTropologia, pozitivizmi, empiriuli
kvlevebi, Teoriuli sakiTxebi, winaswarganusazRvreli Sedegebi, TviTSemecneba,
mniSvnelovani qmedeba, informacia da codna, informaciuli sazogadoeba.
sociologia mowodebulia Seasrulos mniSvnelovani roli Tanamedrove
inteleqtualur kulturaSi da socialur mecnierebebSi daikavos centraluri
adgili. unda dadgindes sociologiis ZiriTadi perspeqtivebi da problemebi.
pirveli Tema _ socialurisa da
pirovnulis mimarTebaa.
sociologiuri azrovneba mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa
TviTSemecnebisaTvis, romelic amave dros gvibrundeba
socialuri samyaros ukeTesi gagebiT. sociologiis Seswavla
unda iyos ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba: sociologia anviTarebs
Cvens Cvevebsa da warmosaxvas, gvisaxavs axal perspeqtivebs
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Cveni aqtiurobis wyaroebis gagebaSi da aRrmavebs Cvens unars Cveni sakuTarisagan
gansxvavebuli kulturis aRqmaSi. ramdenadac sociologiuri moRvaweoba dogmebis
gamowvevaa is gvaswavlis davafasoT kulturuli gansxvavebuloba da gvexmareba
davinaxoT socialuri institutebis Sinagani meqanizmebi. sociologiuri
moRvaweoba qmnis SesaZleblobebs adamianuri pirovnebisa da Tavisuflebis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
meore Temaa _ cvalebadi samyaro. sociologia aRmocenda dasavleTis
socialuri wyobis industriuli transformaciis Sedegad, ramac mniSvnelovnad
gamoiwvia wina sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis cvlilebebi.
industrializaciis procesiT Seqmnili samyari warmoadgens sociologiuri
analizis problemur obieqts. socialuri cvlilebebi grZeldeba da SeiZleba
Cven vdgevarT iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebebis winaSe rogorsac qonda adgili
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukuneSi. sociologiis upirvelesi valia
asaxos warsulSi momxdari cvlilebebi da daiWiros dRevandeli cvlilebebis
mimarTulebebi.
mesame, wigns axasiaTebs Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi midgoma.
sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba warimarTos mxolod romelime sazogadoebis
institutebis Seswavlis gziT. es gawonasworebulia sxva sazogadoebebisa da
kulturebis Sesaxeb moyvanili mdidari masaliT. aq igulisxmeba gamokvlevebi,
romlebic tardebodnen dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi, aseve ruseTsa da
aRmosavleTevropul qveynebTan dakavSirebul masalebs. SeuZlebelia
industriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla mesame samyarosagan damoukideblad garda
amisa vamaxvileb yuradRebas sociologiisa da anTropologiia kavSirze,
problemebze, romlebic sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. mTels
msoflioSi sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli kavSirisa da aseve tradiciuli
socialuri sistemebis mravali formebis gaqrobis gamo kavSiri sociologiasa da
anTropologias Soris ufro ganuyofeli xdeba.
meoTxe, wignSi aRiarebulia sociologiaSi istoriuli orientaciis
aucilebloba. Ees ufro mets niSnavs vidre movlenebis ,,istoriuli konteqstis”
xazgasma. aseTi saxis informacia aucilebelia, rameTu studentTa mier
istoriis, Tundac uaxlesis, codna Zalze SezRudulia. Uukanaskneli wlebis
sociologiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan tendenciad mogvevlina istoriuli
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analizis aRorZineba. is unda iqnas gagebuli ara rogorc mxolod
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnoba warsulze msjelobisas, aramed
unda ganixilebodes rogorc Tanamedrove institutebis gagebis safuZveli.
mexuTe, gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba genderis problemas. genderuli
mimarTebebis problema imdenad fundamenturia sociologiuri analizisaTvis, rom
ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas disciplinis erT qvedanayofze, amitom wignis
mravali Tavi Seicavs genderis problemisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebebs.
meeqvse, wignis ZiriTadi Temaa _ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
globalizacia. Mmzardi globalizaciis gavlena naklebadaa Seswavlili
sociologiis specialur literaturaSic ki, da ignorirebulia TiTqmis yvekla
kursebis SesavalSi. Aam wignSi aqcenti globalizaciaze mWidro kavSirSia im
mniSvnelobasTan, romelic eZleva pirvel, meore da mesame samyaroebis
urTierTkavSirs.
amgvarad, sociologia gTavazobT adamianuri qcevis gagebis cxad da naTel
perspeqtivas. sociologiis SeswavliT Cven vmaRldebiT samyaros sakuTar
interpretaciaze, raTa davinaxoT Cveni cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli socialuri
zemoqmedeba. Aamave dros sociologia arc uaryofs da arc amcirebs
individualuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas. piriqiT, Cven vcdilobT ukeT
gavigoT Cveni Tavi da sxva adamianebi, amiT sakuTar TavSi vanviTarebT im
socialuri sinamdvilis kosmosis aRqmas, romelSi Tavad varT CarTuli.
sociologiis Seswavla_ es aris TviTSemecnebis procesis nawili da amitom
SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla Tu saWiro SemTxvevaSi ar daupirispirdi sakuTar
cnobierebaSi zogierT, Rrmad gamjdar Sexedulebebs.
sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.
samyaroSi mudmivi cvlilebebia, ratom gansxvavdebian Cveni cxovrebis
viTarebebi ase Zlier Cveni winamorbedebis viTarebebisagan? ra mimarTulebiT
warimarTebian cvlilebebi momavalSi? Ees sakiTxebi pirvel rigSi ainteresebs
sociologias, disciplinas, romelic mowodebulia iTamaSos fundamenturi roli
Tanamedrove inteleqtualur kulturaSi.
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sociologia _ esaa adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, jgufebisa da
sazogadoebis Seswavla. Ees mSvenieri gamaognebeli saqmianobaa, romlis sagania
adamianebis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis qcevebis kvleva. sociologiis
samoqmedo are ukiduresad farToa, dawyebuli quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTi
Setakebebidan da damTavrebuli globaluri socialuri procsebis gamokvlevebiT.
zogierTi magaliTi mogvcems pirvel warmodgenebs misi bunebisa da miznebis
Sesaxeb.
ras ikvlevs sociologia? ramdenime magaliTi.
siyvaruli da qorwineba. ratom uyvarT adamianebs erTmaneTi da ratom
qorwindebian? erTi SexedviT pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli _ es aris adamianebis
erTmaneTTan fizikuri da sulieri urTierTltolva. SeiZleba, dRes bevri
Cvengani skeptikurad aRiqvams azrs, rom arsebobs ,,maradiuli” siyvaruli; magram
,,Seyvarebuloba” (mijnuroba) albaT ganekuTvneba adamianis yvelaze amaRelvebel
grZnobebsa da emociebs. Ppirovnuli da seqsualuri TviTgamovlenis Zieba
Seyvarebuli wyvilis urTierTobaSi aris iseTive bunebrivi, rogorc maTi
survili qondeT erTi sacxovrebeli.
Mmagram es, pirveli SexedviT savsebiT cxadi msjeloba sinamdvileSi sulac
ar aris trivialuri. siyvarauli sulac ar iyo yvela droisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli da iSviaTad iyo dakavSirebuli qorwinebasTan. axlo
warsulamde romantikuli siyvaruli sulac ar iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi da
arc sxva kulturebSi arsebobda. mxolod Cvens droSi CaTvales, rom siyvaruli,
qorwineba da seqsualoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Suasaukuneebsa
da Semdgom epoqebSi adamianebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad imitom, rom
SeenarCunebinaT tituli an sakuTreba ojaxis xelSi, an imitom, rom yolodaT
Svilebi, romlebic daexmarebodnen SromaSi. Ddaqorwinebulebi SeiZleba
gamxdariyvnen axlo megobrebni, magram es xdeboda qorwinebis Semdeg da ara
manamde. seqsualuri kavSirebi arsebobdnen qorwinebis gareSec, magram isini ar
Seicavdnen im grZnobebs, romelTac Cveulebriv vakavSirebT siyvarulTan.
siyvaruli, ,,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda garduval sisusted, uares semTxvevaSi
ki senis nairsaxeobad.”(1).
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romantikuli siyvaruli pirvlad Cndeba didgvarovnul wreebSi, rogorc
qorwinebagareSe seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebis gansakuTrebuli niSani. XVIII
saukunis bolomde is gvxvdeba mxolod aRniSnul wreebSi da araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaigivebuli qorwinebasTan. Aaristokratiul garemoSi
damokidebuleba colsa da qmars Soris ufro xSirad aris civi da
gansxvisebuli, gansakuTrebiT imasTan SedarebiT Tu ras velodebiT Cven dRes
qorinebisagan. SeZlebuli adamianebi cxovreobdnen did saxlebSi, yovel meuRles
aqvs Tavisi sawoli oTaxi da msaxurebi; erTmaneTs Zalze iSviaTad xvdebodnen.
seqsualuri Sesatyvisoba ojaxSi SemTxvevis sakiTxia da sulac ar iTvleboda
aucileblad. rogorc mdidrebs, ise Raribebs Soris qorwinebis sakiTxi wydeboda
ojaxis an naTesavebis mier, da ara TviT individebis mier, romelTa uflebebi
wyvilebis SerCevaSi Zalze mcire an sulac ar iyo. (Cvens droSi dRemde asea
zogierT aradasavlur kulturebSi).
Aamgvarad, arc romantikuli siyvaruli da arc misi kavSiri qorwinebasTan ar
unda aRviqvaT, rogorc adamianis cxovrebisaTvis ,,Tavidan mocemuli”, isini
Camoyalibdnen Zlieri socialuri gavlenis Sedegad. sociologi Seiswavlis am
gavlenis xasiaTs, da, rogorc Cans, sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelzec.
Uumravlesoba CvenTagan samyaros xedavs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli saxeebiT.
sociologia xedavs aucileblobas ufro farTod SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom
viqceviT Cven ase da ara sxvagvarad.
janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba. Cveulebriv, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT
janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxeulis mxolod
fizikuri mdgomareoba. Aadamiani grZnobs tkivils an raRac sisustes. rogor
SeiZleba es dakavSirebuli iyos socialur zemoqmedebasTan? sinamdvileSi ki
socialuri faqtorebi Zlier moqmedeben avadmyofobis gaCenasa da mis
mimdinareobaze, imazec, Tu rogori reaqcia gvaqvs Cven, roca Tavs cudad
vgrZnobT. Cveni Cveulebrivi warmodgenebi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, rogorc
warmoqmnili sxeulis funqcionaluri darRvevebis mier, ar aris gaziarebuli da
miRebuli sxva sazogadoebebis wamomadgenlebis mier. zogierT kulturebSi
avadmyofoba da sikvdilic ki ganixileba rogorc Sedegi mtruli wyevlisa da
fizikuri mizezebis Seswavlas ar eqvemdebareba.(2) dasavleTis kulturaSi
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qristianuli moZRvreba uaryofs zogadmiRebul warmodgenebs avadmyofobaze,
varaudobs, rom adamianis buneba sulieria da gamoxatavs RvTis saxes,
avadmyofoba ki modis uvicobidan da mcdarobidan.
ramden xans icocxlebs adamiani, ramdenad realuria saSiSroeba romelic
emuqreba gul-sisxlZarRvebiT, kiboTi da pnevmoniiT daavadebul adamianebs _
yovelive es mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba socialuri faqtorebiT. rac ufro
ganviTarebulia kultura miT ufro naklebia albaToba, rom adamiani didxans
iqneba Sewuxebuli seriozuli davaadebebiT. Ggarda amisa arsebobs garkveuli
zogadmiRebuli wesebi, romlebic gvaswavlian Tu rogor unda moiqces avadmyofi.
Aavadmyofs ufleba aqvs Tavi aaridos zogierT an yvela yoveldRiur movaleobas,
magram seni unda iqnes aRiarebuli ,,sakmaod seriozulad”, rom qondes
pretenziebi am privilegiebze. is vinc mxolod sustadaa, an visi avadmyofoba
araa dadgenili SeiZleba simuliantadac ki miiRon da ar eqneba movaleobebisadmi
Tavis aridebis ufleba.(3).
sxva magaliTebi: danaSauli da sasjeli. qvemoT moTxrobili saSineli
ambavi gvamcnobs im adamianis ukansknel saaTebs, romelic sikvdiliT daisaja 1757
wels safrangeTis mefe filipes mosaklavad SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis.
ganaCeniT im ubedurs amoglijes xorci mkerdze, xelebze da fexebze da
Wrilobebze asxamdnen aduRebuli zeTis, sanTlisa da gogirdis naerTs. Semdeg
misi sxeuli daanawevres, daglijes cxenebis saSualebiT, xolo naglejebi
dawves. darajTa oficerma momxdarze Semdegi angariSi Seadgina.
jalaTma borkilebi CauSva mduRare naerTSi, romelsac blomad asxamda
yovel Wrilobaze. Semdeg xelebiT da fexebiT gamoabes cxenebze. cxenebma gaqaCes
sxvadasxva mxares. meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg cxenebs adgilebi Seucvales da
procedura ramodenimejer gaimeores. Oori Tu sami cdis Semdeg jalaTma
samsonma da misma damxmarem aiRes danebi da Zvlebamde daaWres xorcebi
barZayebze, cxenebma kvlav gaqaCes; Semdeg igive gaakeTes mklavebzec. cxenebma
kvlav Zlier gaqaCes da daaglijes jer marjvena da Semdeg marcxena xeli. (4).
Mmsxverpli cocxali iyo im wuTamde sanam kidurebi mTlianad ar mowyvites
torss.
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Tanamedrove periodamde aseTi sasjeli ar iyo uCveulo ram. Aai rogor
aRwers jon loflendi dasjis tradiciul saSualebebs.
Soreul istoriul warsulSi sasjeli gaTvlili iyo mokvdinebis periodis
maqsimalurad gagrZelebaze da ise, rom dasjils cnobiereba ar unda daekarga.
gaWyleta mkerdze dadebuli wonis TandaTanobiT momatebiT, borbalze gamobma,
jvarcma, CamoxrCoba, koconze dawva, Zvlebis dafSvna, nawilebad daxleCa,
agreTve sxva saSualebebi sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. CamoxrCobac ki istoriis
didi periodis ganmavlobaSi neli procesi iyo. rodesac dasjils gamoaclidnen
urikas an ixsneboda lukis Tavi, dasjili nel-nela igudeboda, sikvdilamde
ramodenime wuTi igrixeboda. zogjer jalaTi dasjis daCqarebis mizniT Cadioda
dabla da ganwiruls fexebze eqaCeboda. (5)
xSirad dasjaze xalxmravloba iyo _ es praqtika zogierT qveynebSi XVIII
saukunemde grZeldeboda. Gganwirulebs Ria urikebiT daatarebdnen xalxmraval
quCebSi raTa maT taSiT an stveniT gamoexataT msxverplisadmi TavianTi
damokidebuleba. jalaTebi iseve popularulebi iyvnen rogorc Cvens droSi
kinovarskvlavebi.
dRes dasjis aseTi saSualebebi sazizRrobad gveCveneba. CvenTagan cota vinme
Tu gaigebs Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRi siamovneba imis gamo, rom viRacas awameben
an sikvdiliT sjian, ra danaSaulis ar unda Caedina adamians. Ddasjis Cveni
sistema efuZneba sapyrobileSi datusaRebas da ara fizikuri tkivilis miyenebas;
dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. ratom Seicvala
dasjis formebi? ratom Secvala sapyrobilem dasjis adre arsebuli mkacri
formebi?
macdunebelia pasuxi, rom adamianebi warsulSi ufro mkacrebi iyvnen, maSir
rodesac Cven ufro humanurebi varT. Mmagram sociologisaTvis aseTi pasuxi
aradamajerebelia. Zaladobis sajaro gamoyeneba, rogorc dasjis saSualeba
evropaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. adamianebis mier aseT movlenebze
TavianTi damokidebulis gadaxedva moxda ara erTbaSad da ara SemTxveviT, aq
adgili qonda siRrmiseul socialur gavlenas, rac dakavSirebuli iyo im
periodSi mimdinare mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan. Eevropulma sazogadoebebma
daiwyes industrializireba da urbanizireba. Zveli cxovrebis sofluri wesebi
TandaTanobiT gamodevna swrafad mzardma qalaqebma TavianTi fabrikebiTa da
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qarxnebiT. Qqalaqis mosaxleobaze socialuri kontrolis uzrunvelyofa ukve
SeuZlebeli iyo daSinebis Zveli formebis saSualebebiT, romlebic misaRebi iyo
mxolod mcire zomisa da mWidrokavSirebian sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebic
cota iyo.
sapyrobileebi iqmneboda, rogorc dawesebulebaTa sistemis nawili, sadac
adamianebi eyolebodaT izolirebuli, rom gaekontrolebinaT da moewesrigebinaT
maTi qcevebi. maT Soris vinc Caketili yavdaT iyvnen ara mxolod damnaSaveebi,
aramed mawanwalebi, avadmyofebi, usaqmurebi, gonebaClungebi da giJebi.
sapyrobile gvian gamoeyo saavadmyofoebsa da sagiJeebs. varaudobdnen, rom cixeSi
damnaSaveebs wesier moqalaqeebad Camoayalibebdnen. danaSaulze sasjeli
orientirebuli iyo keTilsindisieri moqalaqis Camoyalibebaze da ara imis
demonstraciaze Tu ra saSineli Sedegi moyveba arakeTilsidisier qcevas.
sasjelis humanizireba, rasac Cven vxedavT, Sedegia socialuri cvlilebebisa da
ara maTi gamomwvevi. cvlilebebi damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi iyo im procesebis
nawili, romlebmac ukuagdes tradiciuli wesrigi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rom
icavdnen adamianebi.
Ddaskvnebi: sociologiis arsi. Cven SegviZlia aqamde ganxiluli
magaliTebis ganzogadeba. yoveliveSi im sami magaliTidan _ siyvaruli, qorwineba
da seqsualoba, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, danaSauli da sasjeli _ Cven
vnaxeT, rom grZnobebi da emociebi, romlebic Cven gveCveneba adamianisaTvis
,,bunebriv monacemebad”, sinamdvileSi eqvemdebarebian socialur faqtorebs.
Ddaxvewili, magram rTuli da siRrmiseuli saSualebebis gageba, romlebiTac
Cveni cxovreba asaxavs Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstebs, aris swored
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZveli. sociologias gansakuTrebiT
ainteresebs socialuri cxovrebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi, ukanaskneli ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi.
sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi,
ganviTarebis sakiTxebi da Teoriuli.
faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. im kiTxvaTagan, romlebsac sociologebi
ayeneben da romlebzec cdiloben gascen pasuxebi, umravlesoba aris
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faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. ramdenadac Cven varT sazogadoebis wevrebi, amdenad Cven
gvaqvs garkveuli raodenobis faqtobrivi codna mis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, yovelma
icis, rom arseboben kanonebi, maTi dacva aucilebelia, maTi darRveva niSnavs
sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls. Aamave dros codna, romlelic aqvs ZiriTad
nawils kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb, umetes SemTxvevaSi fragmentaruli da
arasrulia. samarTaldamcavebsac sWirdebaT danaSaulebis zogierTi aspeqtebis
uSualo da sistematuri sociologiuri gamokvleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daisvas
kiTxva: ra formis danaSaulia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli? damnaSaveTa ra
nawils akavebs policia? sabolood ramdeni maTgani gasamarTldeba da moxvdeba
saprobileSi? faqtologiuri kiTxvebi xSirad mosalodnelze ufro rTulia da
Znelad pasuxgasacemi. magaliTad, kriminaluri aqtiurobis realuri donis
dasadgenad oficialuri statistikis monacemebis roli sakmaod saeWvo
Rirebulebisaa.
SedarebiTi kiTxvebi. saeWvoa, rom erTi romelime sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
faqtobrivma informaciam mogvces sruli suraTi imis Sesaxeb uCveulo SemTxvevaa
Tu movlenaTa garkveuli wesrigi. xSirad sociologebi eswrafvian dasvan
SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, sadac Sedarebulia erTi sazogadoebis konteqsti
meoresTan, an moyvanialia kontrastuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebidan.
magaliTad, britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdeblobebSi mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebia. tipiuri SedarebiTi kiTxvaa: rogor gansxvavdebian am or qveyanaSi
kriminaluri qcevis modelebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebis qmedebebi?
(ramdenibe arsebiTi gansxvaveba marTlac iqna gamovlenili).
ganviTarebis kiTxvebi. sociologebisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod
arsebuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla, aseve mniSvnelovania warsulisa da awmyos
Sedareba. sociologebis mieram mizniT dasmul kiTxvebs ganviTarebis kiTxvebi
ewodeba. Tanamedrove samyaros bunebis gasagebad Cven unda CavixedoT adrindel
sazogadoebebriv formebSi, aseve SeviswavloT maTi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi. ACven amgvarad SevZlebT gamovikvlioT Tu rogor gaCndnen
pirveli sapyrobileebi _ Tema, romelsac zemoT SevexeT.
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Teoriuli kiTxvebi. faqtologiuri aru, rogorc sociologiaSia
miRebuli empiriuli gamokvlevebi dakavSirebulis imis analizTan Tu rogor
mimdinareobs movlenebi. magram sociologiis amocana gana mxolod faqtebis
Segrovebaa, rac ar unda saintereso iyon isini. Cven gvinda aseve vicodeT ratom
aris ase da amitom Cven unda viswavloT Teoriuli sakiTxebis dayeneba. isini
dagvexmarebian mizezebis Ziebis dros im faqtebis sworad interpretaciaSi,
romlebic eqcevian konkretuli kvlevis fokusSi. Cven viciT, rom
industrializaciam bevrad ganapiroba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis formireba.
Mmagram rogoria industrializaciis wyaroebi da wanamZRvrebi? ratom vavlenT
gansxvavebebs im sazogadoebebSi, romlebmac ganicades industrializaciis
procesi? ratom iwvevs industrializacia cvlilebebs damnaSavepbisa da
sasjelis sferoSi an ojaxisa da qorwinebis kuTxiT? Aam kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad maT unda mivudgeT Teoriulad. Teoria gulisxmobs abstraqtuli
interpretaciebis konstruirebas, romlebic SeiZleba gamogvadgnen sxvadasxva
empiriuli situaciebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, industrializaciis Teoriam unda
gansazRvros is ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs industriul ganviTarebas
da aCvenos Tu romeli maTgania ufro mniSvnelovabi sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda araa saWiro faqtologiuri da Teoriuli
sakiTxebis erTmaneTisagan dacileba. Teoriuli midgoma dafuZnebulad CaiTvleba
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven SevZlebT mis Semowmebas empiriuli gamokvlevebiT.
Teoria gvexmareba faqtebis gaazrebulad aRqmaSi. mcdaria Ggavrcelebuli
Tvalsazrisi, rom ,,faqtebi Tavad metyveleben TavianT Tavze”. sociologTa
umravlesoba, pirvel rigSi, dakavebulia empiriuli gamokvlevebiT, magram Tu
Tavis ZiebebSi isini ar xelmZRvaneloben TeoriiT, maTi Sroma ar iZleva
Sesaswavli obieqtis mizezebis SesaZlo axsnas. amasa aqvs adgili maSinac,
rodesac gamokvleva tardeba wminda praqtikuli miznebiT.
adamianis qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da winaswarganusazRvreli
Sedegebi. sociologebi aRniSnaven qmedebis miznebs Soris gansxvavebis
mniSvnelobas _ rodesac Cven raimes vakeTebT winaswarganzraxulad _ da
winaswarganusazRvrel Sedegebs, rasac qmedeba gvaZlevs. Aam gziT siaruliT
SeiZleba bevri ram gavigoT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,
11
skolebi arseboben imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs miscen axali codnis miRebis
SesaZlebloba. magram skolebis arsebobas aqvs Sedegebi, romelTa prognozireba
SeuZlebelia. Ggarkveul asakamde skola ukrZalavs bavSvebs Sromis bazarze
gasvla. saskolo sistema, gansazRvravs ra mowafeTa momaval samuSao adgilebs
maTi akademiuri moswrebebis Sesabamisad xels uwyobs uTanasworobs zrdas.
ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? rogorc individebma Cven
sakmaod bevri viciT sakuTari Tavisa da im sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelSic
vcxovrobT. Cven miveCvieT fiqrs, rom kargad gvesmis Tu ratom viqceviT ase da
ara sxvagvarad, da ar vsaWiroebT sociologebis karnaxs! Ggarkveuli doziT es
sworicaa. Uumravlesoba Cveni yoveldRiuri Mnabijebidan efuZneba arsebuli
socialuri SeTanxmebebis Cvens gagebas. da mainc arsebobs aseTi TviTSemecnebis
garkveuli sazRvrebi da sociologiis erT-erTi amocanaa _ aCvenos, rom isini
arian.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebi dagvexmareb ganvsazRvroT Cveni socialuri
msjelobebis sazRvrebi da Tan Segvisworos Cveni codna Cvensa da socialuri
garemos Sesaxeb.
sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani wvlili mdgomareobs mtkicebaSi, rom
Tumc Cven viciT udidesi nawili imisa rasac vakeTebT an ar vakeTebT, magram
xSirad gvaqvs sakmaod bundovani warmidgena Cveni saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi zemoqmedeben
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtsa da konteqstze.
sociologiuri analizi ikvlevs socialuri samyaros gaTvaliswinebul da
gauTvaliswinebel movlenaTa Soris ZneladSesamCnev kavSirebs.
socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. mniSvnelovani koncefcia,
romelic gvexmareba socialuri kavSirebis gagebaSi aris socialuri struqturis
koncefcia. Cveni socialuri garemo ar aris movlenebisa da qmedebebis
mouwesrigebeli jami. adamianTa qcevebSi, urTierTobebSi, romlebSic isini
Sedian, SeimCneva siRrmiseuli regularoba. Aam regularobasTanaa dakavSirebuli
socialuri struqturis idea. Ggarkveuli azriT sazogadoebis struqturuli
maxasiaTeblebi samarTliania aRiweros SenobebTan analogiiT. Senobas aqvs
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iataki, kedlebi, saxuravi, romlebic aZleven mas garkveul formas. moyvanili
metafora ar unda aRviqvaT nametani sizustiT, SeiZleba sakiTxis arsi
dagvekargos. socialur struqturas qmnis adamianis qmedebebi da urTierTobebi;
struqturis mdgradoba, maTi sisrule gapirobebulia maTi drosa da sivrceSi
ganmeorebadobiT. Aamgvarad, sociologiuri midgomis CarCoebSi socialuri
kvlavwarmoebisa da socialuri struqturis ideebi mWidro kavSirSia. Aamitom
SegviZlia Cven sazogadoeba SevadaroT nagebobebs, romlebic yovelTvis
kvlaviqmnebian imave agurebiT, romelTaganc Tavad Sedgebian. Yyvela Cveni
qmedebebi eqvemdebarebian sazogadoebis struqturul maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic
Cven gavizardeT da vcxovrobT, amave dros Cvenive qmedebebiT Cven TviT vqmniT (da
garkveuli doziT vcvliT) am struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. sociologiuri
azrovnebis Seswavla niSnavs warmosaxvis gaZlierebas. sociologiis Seswavla
SeuZlebelia mimdinareobdes, rogorc codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi.
sociologi _ es aris adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia ganTavisufldes uSualo
pirovnuli viTarebebisagan. sociologis Sroma, Carlz rait milsis cnobili
frazis Tanaxmad damokidebulia ,,sociologiur warmosaxvaze”.
sociologiuri warmosaxva, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs unars ,,ganudge”
Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul rutinas, raTa mis miRma axleburad
gadaixedo. ganvixiloT umartivesi aqti _ finjani yavis daleva. ra unda Tqva
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT am, Cveni qcevis umniSvnelo fragmentze? Ppasuxi
Zalze bevria.
pirvel rigSi SegviZlia mivuTiToT, rom es aris dasalevi, romelic xels
uwyobs organizmSi siTxis aucilebeli dozis SenarCunebas. Mmas, rogorc
yoveldRiur socialur rituals aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba. Tanac yavis
smasTan dakavSirebul rituals meti mniSvneloba aqvs vidre TviT yavis dalevis
aqts. magaliTad, or adamians, romlebic apireben ,,finjani yavis dalevas” ufro
Sexvedra da Woraoba izidavT, vidre yavis sma. sakvebi da dasalevi yvela
sazogadoebaSi _ es aris ritualebis Sesruleba da socialuri urTierTqmedeba
da amitom aris mdidari Tema sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
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meore, yava _ es aris tvinis mastimulirebeli kofeinis Semcveli
narkotiki.
mesame, yavis finjanis miRma dgas mTeli msoflios momcveli socialuri
da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTulesi sistema.
bolos, yavis dalevis siamovnebis MmiRma dgas socialuri da ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dasrulebuli procesi.
sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTareba niSnavs ara mxolod
sociologiuri, aramed anTropologiisa (tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla)
da istoriis masalebis gamoyenebas. anTropologiuri mimarTuleba Zalze
mniSvnelovania sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan gvaZlevs
saSualebas davinaxoT socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli formebis
kaleidoskopi. maTi SedarebiT Cvens cxovrebasTan Cven vigebT Cveni qcevis
unikalurobis Sesaxeb. aseve fundamenturia sociologiuri warmosaxvis
istoriuli mimarTuleba: Cven SeiZleba CavwvdeT dRevandelobis bunebas mxolod
misi warsulTan SedarebiT. warsuli _ es aris sarke, romelSic CaxedviT
sociologi SesZlebs dainaxos Tanamedroveoba. orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba
Cveni ,,gandgoma” sakuTari Cvevebisagan _ maTi ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad.
sociologiuri azris Tavisufali swrafva SesaZleblobaa Cawvde ara
mxolod imas, rac xdeba, aramed imasac rac moxdeba, rodesac Cven ase Tu ise
moviqceviT. Cveni mcdeloba gavlena viqonioT momavalze uSedego iqneba Tu ar
daveyrdnobiT arsebuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis sociologiur gagebas.
sociologiis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
socialuri situaciebis gageba. sociologia mravali kuTxiT axdens
gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. sociologiuri azrovnebisa da gamokvlevebis CarTva
praqtikul politikasa da socialur reformebSi ramodenime gziT xorcieldeba.
yvelaze uSualo saSualebaa _ socialuri situaciis ufro naTeli da ufro
swori gagebis uzrunvelyofa. Ees SeiZleba gakeTdes faqtobrivi codnis doneze
an ufro swori gagebis miRweviT, Tu ratom xdeba raRac (sxva sityvebiT,
Teoriuli dasabuTebis gziT). magaliTad, gamokvlevam SeiZleba aCvenos, rom
siRaribis zRvarze cxovrobs mosaxleobis ufro meti nawili, vidre iTvleba.
cxovrebis nebismieri standartebis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas warmateba eqneba im
14
SemTxvevaSi Tu is efuZneba zust da ara mcdar informacias. rac ufro meti
viciT Cven imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom rCeba siRaribe ase gavrcelebuli, miT ufro
albaTuria rom ganxorcieldeba efeqturi qmedebebi.
kulturuli gansxvavebebis aRqmadoba. Mmeore gza, romliTac sociologi
SesZlebs daexmaros praqtikul politikas _ es aris daxmareba sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT meti kulturuli aRqmadobis formirebaSi.
sociologiuri gamokvleva qmnis SesaZleblobas socialur samyaros Sexedo,
rogorc kulturuli perspeqtivebis nairsaxeobas da es waadgeba sxvadasxva
jgufebis urTierTobebSi crurwmenebis daZlevis process. ar SeiZleba CaiTvalo
ganaTlebul politikosad, Tu ara gaqvs daxvewili warmodgena kulturuli
Rirebulebebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. praqtikul politikas, romelic ar efuZneba
maTi cxovrebis wesis codnas, vizec aris orientirebuli, warmatebis naklebi
Sansi aqvs. magaliTad, socialuri sferos TeTrkaniani mosamsaxure, romelic
muSaobs britanuli qalaqis dasavleTindur seqtorSi, ver daimsaxurebs
mcxovrebTa ndobas, Tu ar aRiqvams arsebul kulturul gansxvavebas, romelic
britaneTSi xSirad ganasxvavebs TeTr da Savkanianebs.
Ppolitikuri qmedebebis Sedegebis Sefaseba. Mmesame, sociologiur
gamokvlevas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri iniciativebis Sedegebis
Sefasebisas. SeiZleba politikuri gardaqmnebis programam ver miaRwios dasaxul
miznebs, an gamoiwvios gauTvaliswinebeli arasasurveli xasiaTis Sedegebi.
magaliTad, omis Semdeg, mravali qveynis qalaqebis centralur ubnebSi aSendnen
didi komunaluri saxlebi. varaudobdnen cud pirobebSi myofi
dabalSemosavliani jgufebisaTvis aemaRlebinaT cxovrebis standartebi; aqve
apirebdnen ganeTavsebinaT savaWro da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis centrebi.
Mmagram gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom TavianTi sacxovreblebidan maRal saxlebSi
gadasaxlebulebi Tavs izolirebulad da ubedurebad grZnobdnen. maRlivebi da
savaWro raionebi male moiSalnen da kargi niadagi Seuqesn jgufur xulignobsa
da sxva seriozuli danaSauls.
TviTSemecnebis gaRrmaveba. meoTxe, da es albaT yvelaze mTavaria,
sociologias SeuZlia sazogadoebriv jgufebs misces seriozuli codna
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sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, gazardos maTi TviTgageba. rac ufro meti ician
adamianebma sakuTari moRvaweobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor
funqcionrebs sazogadoeba, metia imis albaToba, rom isini SesZleben gavlenas
sakuTar cxovrebiseul viTarebebze. araswori iqneba sociologiis praqtikuli
roli gavaigivoT asistentis rolTan politikosisa da politikuri
jgufebisaTvis dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. Zalauflebis
mflobelTagan yovelTvis ar aris mosalodneli araprivilegirebul fenebze
zrunva. maRali donis TviTcnobierebis jgufebs SeuZliaT samTavrobi
Cinovnikebisa da sxva gavleniani personebis qmedebebze efeqturi reagireba,
SeuZliaT win wamoswion sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. urTierTdaxmarebebis
jgufebi (msgavsad ,,anonimuri alkoholikebisa”) da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi
(magaliTad, qalTa moZraobebi) im sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis magaliTebia,
romlebic pirdapir moiTxoven praqtikul reformebs (ix. Tavi 9, ,,jgufebi da
organizaciebi”).
sociologis roli sazogadoebaSi. valdebuli arian Tu ara sociologebi
Tavadve daicvan da propaganda gauwion praqtikuli gardaqmnebisa da socialuri
cvlilebebis programebs? zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom sociologias SeuZlia
SeinarCunos obieqturoba Tu sociologi SeinarCunebs neitralitets moralur da
politikur sakiTxebSi, magram ara gvaqvs araviTari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom
moZRvrebebi, romlebic Tavs arideben sazogadoebriv diskusiebs aucileblad
ufro obieqturebi iqnebian socialuri problemebis SefasebaSi. Aarsebobs
arsebiTi kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da socialuri TviTcnobierebis
gamoRviZebas Soris. arcerTi sociologiasTan axlo mdgomi adamiani ar darCeba
gulgrili uTanasworobis mimarT, romelic dRes aris msoflioSi, bevr
situaciaSi socialuri uTanasworobis mimarT, an milionobiT adamianis
uuflebobasTan dakavSirebiT aimaRlebs xmas. sakvirveli iqneba Tu sociologi
ar miiRebs monawileobas praqtikul RonisZiebebSi da aralogikuri da
arapraqtikuli iqneba Seecado aukrZalo maT gamoiyenon TavianTi sociologiuri
gamocdileba.
16
daskvniTi komentarebi.
Aam TavSi Cven ganvixileT sociologia, rogorc disciplina, romelsac
axasiaTebs Cveni da sxva adamianebis yofis ganmsazRvreli mvlenebis detaluri
SeswavlisaTvis, samyaros pirovnuli, subieqturi xedvis ukugdeba. sociologia,
rogorc gansakuTrebuli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba aRmocenda Tanamedrove
industriuli sazogadoebis Casaxvis adrindel etapebze da aseTi sazogadoebebis
Seswavla principulia. Mmagram sociologias saqme aqvs socialuri
urTierTqmedebebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
farTo wresTan. Semdeg TavSi Cven SevexebiT adamianuri kulturis nairsaxeobebs
da vnaxavT saocar gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva xalxebis Cvevebsa da tradiciebSi.
amisaTvis Cven dagvWirdeba eqspedicia msoflios irgvlis samogzaurod.
inteleqtualur doneze Cven gavimeorebT qristefore kolumbis, kapitan kukisa da
Tavgadasavlebis sxva maZiebelTa mogzaurobebs msoflios irgvliv. Mmagram,
rogorc sociologebi Cven ver SevZlebT SevxedoT amas mxolod mogzauris
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc pirvelgzamkvlevTa swrafvebs, radganac am eqspediciebma
gamoiwvies dasavluri eqspansiis procesi, rasac sxva kulturebisaTvis
dramatuli Sedegebi moyva da gavlena iqonia msoflios Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
mokle Sinaarsi.
1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis
Seswavla, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba Tanamedrove industriul
sazogadoebebs.
2. sociologia aRmocenda, rogorc bolo 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxdari
Rrma cvlilebebis gagebis mcdeloba. Tanamedrove socialuri samyaros
mniSvnelovan niSnebs Soris ariniSneba industrializacia, urbanizmi da
politikuri sistemebis axali tipebi.
3. momxdari cvlilebebi gamoirCevian ara mxolod masStabebiT. Ddidi
cvlilebebi iyo agreTve adamianuri cxovrebis pirovnul da intimur
aspeqtSi. amis magaliTad gamodgeba romantikuli siyvaulis rolis zrda
qorwinebis safuZvelze.
17
4. sociologebi ikvleven sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ayeneben garkveul kiTxvebs
da sistematuri gamokvlevebis procesSi cdiloben pasuxebis Camoyalibebas.
Ees sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis an
Teoriuli sakiTxebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul unda
iqnas adamianTa qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da wanaswarganusazRvreli
Sedegebi.
5. sociologiuri saqmianoba gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis unars da
socialur urTierTobebze winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisagan
ganTavisuflebas.
6. sociologia mWidro kavSirSia sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. Yyvela
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi ikvleven adamianTa qcevas, magram yuradRebas
amaxvileben mis sxvadasxva aspeqtebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
kavSirebi sociologias, anTropologiasa da istorias Soris.
7. sociologia aris mecniereba im azriT, rom iyenebs kvlevis sistematur
meTodebs da Teoriebs ayalibebs arsebul faqtebsa da logikur
argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT. magram SeuZlebelia misi gaigiveba
bunebaTmecnierebebTan, imitom, rom adamianTa qcevebis Seswavla
fundamenntalurad gansxvavdeba bunebrivi samyaros Seswavlisagan.
8. socialuri samyaros SeswavlaSi sociologebi miiswrafian obieqturobisaken,
cdiloben kvlevebSi iyon miukerZoebelni. Oobieqturoba damokidebulia ara
konkretuli mkvlevaris midrekilebebze, magram damokidebulia gamokvlevisa
da Teoriis sajaro Sefasebaze da es aris sociologiis, rogorc
mecnieruli disciplinis arsebiTi niSani.
9. sociologia _ es aris praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani disciplina,
aqvs praqtikuli gamoyeneba. Mmisi wvlili socialur kritikasa da praqtikul
socialur reformebSi vlindeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. jer-erTi,
socialuri viTarebis ukeT codna gvaZlevs misi kontrolis met Sanss.
Mmeore, sociologia xels uwyoba Cveni kulturuli aRqmadobis zrdas,
saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier politikur aqciebSi gaviTvaliswinoT
kulturuli Rirebulebebis gansxvaveba. mesame, Cven SegviZlia garkveuli
politikuri programebis miRebisas vivaraudoT misi (winaswargansazRvruli
da winaswarganusazRvreli) Sedegebi. bolos, da es SeiZleba yvelaze
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mniSvnelovania, sociologia xels uwyobs TviTSemecnebis ganviTarebas,
aZlevs jgufebsa da individebs TavianTi cxovrebis Secvlis did
SesaZleblobebs.
neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis
arsis Sesaxeb
1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavla. is
monacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan da
cdilobs maT axsnas mecnierul analizze dayrdnobiT.
sociologiam mecnierebad Camoyalibeba daiwyo
daaxloebiT ori saukunis ukan.
2. sociologebi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTad
midgomas. Demografiuli midgoma gvaZlevs
sazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis
da migraciis Seswavlis gziT. fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTa
qcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgoma
gamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas. meoTxe midgoma
gulisxmoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbs
kulturis iseT elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi normebi
da Rirebulebebi.
3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze.
mikrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiur
urTierTobebs, makrosociologia ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTad
struqturebs.
4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis
(interaqcionizmis) Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi
garkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs) aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas da
metwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT zemoqmedebaze. warsulis
19
gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad gagebuli simboloebi
aadvileben urTierTobebs.
5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi da
konfliqtis Teoria. funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc
urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdens
gavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva nawilebis normaluri
funqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.
konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens marqsis debuleba, rom
adamianebi ekonomikur sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arian
klasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis Teoriis
zogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebis
danawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.
6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelic
varaudobs, rom erTi faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebulia
meoresTan. Teoria aris urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebis
sistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris wesebi da saSualebebi,
romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.
7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba.
sociologiis umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelime
garkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es aris damokidebuli cvladi, xolo
Semdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi, es aris
damoukidebeli cvladi.
8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva,
savele gamokvleva, istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebis
gamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvela
SesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke. Eqsperimentis an sxva
meTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli cvladebis
raodenobas.
9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelic
xels Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sedegebis publikaciis
SesaZleblobas da gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiis
ganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis
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mxriv, sociologebis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas problemebis
dadgenasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.
10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:
1. specialisti sociologebi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo
organizaciebSi;
2. sociolgebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;
3. sociologebs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebuleba
movlenebisadmi, aseve miawvdian informacias socialuri politikis
sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;
4. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli socialuri politikis
qmediTobis SemowmebaSi.
kultura: ZiriTadi elementebi.
1. kultura aris cxovrebis erTiani wesiT Sekruli adamianebisaTvis saerTo
qcevis wesebisa da samyaroze Sexedulebebis RirebulebaTa sistema.
cxovelTa qceva ZiriTadad gapirobebulia instinqtebiT an genetikuradaa
daprogramebuli, maSin, rodesac adamianTa qcevebi mniSvnelovanwilad
Seswavlis rezultatia. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi kultura asrulebs igive
rols, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi instinqturi qceva. Kkultura erTi
Taobidan meores gadaecema socializaciis procesSi.
2. kulturas aqvs gavlena pirovnebis formirebaze, e.i, is aregulirebs
pirovnebis qcevas. Ggarda sxva funqciebisa, kultura gansazRvravs pirobebs
sadac SesaZlebelia midrekilebebis dakmayofileba. adamianis qcevaze
kulturis gavlenis SemzRudveli faqtorebia _ adamianis organizmis
biologiuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari, garemomcveli sinamdvilis pirobebi
da socialuri wesrigis mxardaWera.
3. zogierTma mkvlevarma, gansakuTrebiT merdokma, meti yuradReba miaqcia
kulturul universaliebs (Tvisebebs, romlebic yvela kulturas
axasiaTebs). xSirad miaCniaT, rom kulturuli universaliebi gapirobebulia
biologiuri faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa, ZuZumwovarTa ususuroba, sakvebis
moTxovnileba da a.S. magram adamianis qcevaze met gavlenas axdens
21
kulturuli Rirebulebebi da normebi, romelc araferi aqvT saerTo
biologiur moTxovnilebebTan, amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom
kulturis specifikuri aspeqtebi Seesabamebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.
4. adamianebs axasiaTebT midrekileba sxvisi kulturis SefasebaSi daeyrdnon
TavianT kulturas, am tendencias eTnocentrizmi ewodeba. sapirispiro
tendencias kulturuli relativizmi ewodeba, romlis TvalsazrisiT
nebismieri kultura SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod misi sakuTari
Rirebulebebis analizis safuZvelze da misi sakuTar konteqstSi.
5. kultura iwvevs erTianobis, jgufis wevrebis identurobis, erTi
Tanamegobrobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas. kultura SeiZleba gaxdes
erTi jgufis sxvadasxva qvejgufebsa da pirovnebebs Soris konfliqtis
mizezi, Tu jgufis erT-erTi wevri emxroba SedarebiT gansxvavebul
normebs.
6. gudenaus azriT kultura oTxi elementisagan Sedgeba:
1. cnebebi, aRniSnaven adamianis gamocdilebis organizebis wess;
2. mimarTeba anu warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs adamianTa gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi;
3. Rirebulebebi anu zogadi Sexedulebebi miznebze, romliskenac
adamianebi unda miiswrafodnen;
4. wesebi da normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevebs da moyavT
isini maTi kulturis RirebulebebTan SesabamisobaSi. individebi icaven
normebs, e.i. adamianuri urTierTobebis molodini an moTxovnebi, romlebic
sanqciebiT aris gamagrebuli (mxedvelobaSia socialuri dasja an
waxaliseba).
7. ena aris xmebisa da simboloebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli
komunikaciis, romelTac aqvT pirobiTi, magram mkacrad struqturirebuli
mniSvneloba. enis daufleba SeuZlebelia socialuri urTierqmedebebis
gareSe; mas aqvs garkveuli wesebi; is qmnis da awesrigebs gamocdilebas da
fuqcionirebs im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze, romelic miRebulia am enaze
molaparake adamianebis mier.
8. ideologia aris garkveuliRirebulebebisa da faqtebis damfuZnebeli
sistema. ideologia anxorcielebs mraval funqcias. magaliTad, emsaxureba
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socialuri daZabulobis Senelebas, romlebic Tavs iCenen maSin, rodesac
adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom zogierTi, maT mier gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi
ar Seesatyvisebian maT realur cxovrebas. ideologiebs SeuZliaT agreTve
gamoxaton an daicvan romelime socialuri jgufebis interesebi.
Mmarqsizmis TvalsazrisiT ideologia an amarTlebs romelime jgufis
arsebobas an ibrZvis mis winaaRmdeg. ideologia aniWebs sazriss da
kanonierebas adamianTa qcevebs.
9. erTianobis garkveuli niSnebis garda kulturebs Soris SesaZlebeli
gansxvavebebi da Tavs iCenen konfliqtebi. sociologebma gamoavlines
kulturis konfliqtebis ramodenime saxe. Aanomia ewodeba socialuri
normebis bundovani xasiaTis gamo kulturis erTianobis rRvevas.
kulturuli Seyovneba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac cvlilebebi
materialuri kulturis sferoSi win uswreben aramaterialuri kulturis
SesaZleblobebs SeinarCunon Sesabamisoba materialuri kulturis donesTan.
Uucxo kulturis batonobas mivyevarT kulturebis Sejaxebis formiT
gamovlenili sxvadasxva struqturis mqone konfliqtebisaken.
5. me XX saukunisaTvis Camoyalibda kulturis ori ZiriTadi forma: maRali
kultura, gulisxmobs daxvewil xelovnebas, klasikur musikas da
literaturas, is iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda elitis warmomadgenlebis mier;
ubralo xalxis kulturas ganekuTvneboda zRaprebi, folklori, simRerebi,
miTebi. Mmasobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebam Seqmna masobrivi
kulturis gaCenis SesaZleblobebi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs
regionalur, religiur an klasobriv subkulturebs.
6. normebisa da Rirebulebebis sistemas, romelic ganasxvavebs romelime
jgufs ufro farTo erTobisagan, ewodeba subkultura. subkultura ar
uaryofs umravlesobis kulturas, magram garkveuli saxiT ganze dgas
misgan. kontrkultura aris subkulturis nairsaxeoba, romelic
upirispirdeba gabatonebul kulturas. Kkontrkultura miiswrafvis
Camoayalibos normebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic upirispirdebian
gabatonebuli kulturis ZiriTad aspeqtebs.
7. tradiciul amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris unda aRiniSnos swrafva
pirovnuli warmatebebisaken, aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma, efeqturoba
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da sargeblianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildreoba da mecnierebis
pativiscema. rismansa da mis kolegebs miaCniaT, rom es Rirebulebebi
eqvemdebarebian cvalebadobas, rom adamianebi scildebian tradiciul
,,Sinagan kulturas” da TandaTanobiT SeimuSaveben ,,gareSe Rirebulebebis”
sistemas. Bbelma Seiswavla Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris
egocentrozmis zrda, rac imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom cxovrebis mravali
aspeqti regulirdeba institutebis mier, rac ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTari
,,me”-s dadgenas.
8. amerikelTa zogierTi Rirebulebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian teqnologiaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebTan, resursebis gamofitvasTan, mrewvelobisa da
adamianebis keTildReobis donis klebasTan. Mmagram, Cven darwmunebuli
varT, rom iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa swrafva warmatebisaken,
optimizmi da Tavdadebuli Sroma, Rrmadaa gamjdari amerikul kulturaSi.
socialuri struqtura:
1. statusi ewodeba adamianis pozicias sazogadoebaSi garkveuli uflebebiTa da
movaleobebiT. Aadamians SeiZleba qondes ramdenime statusi, magram erT-erTi
maTgani, romelic mTavaria, gansazRvravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi.
dabadebidan miRebul statuss miwerili (Tandayolili) ewodeba; statuss,
romelsac SeiZens raimes ganxorcielebis Sedegad ewodeba miRweuli.
2. roli _ es aris garkveul statusTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli qceva.
mocemuli statusisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebis erTobliobas roluri
sistema ewodeba. Cveni rolebi gansazRvrulia sxva adamianebis molodiniT.
zogierTi mosalodneli, magaliTad, kanoni, aris formaluri, sxva, vTqvaT,
magidasTan qcevis normebi _ araformaluria. rodesac adamianis qceva
Seesabameba roliT mosalodnels, is Rebulobs socialur waxalisebas (fuls
an pativiscemas 3.parsonsma, xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa
rolebis klasifikacia. 1.zogierTo rolebi moiTxoven emociur TavSekavebas,
maSin, rodesac sxva roli uSvebs grZnobaTa aSkarad gamoxatvas. 2.arseboben
miwerili rolebi, arsebobs miRweulic.
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3. zogierTi roli SezRudulia, sxvebi difuzuri xasiaTisaa..zogierTi roli
gulisxmobs adamianebTan urTierTobas formaluri wesebiT, sxvebi nebas
rTaven daamyaron araformaluri piradi urTierTobebi 5.gansxvavebuli
rolebi dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul motivaciasTan.
4. arc erTi roli (formaluri Tu araformaluri) ar warmoadgens qcevis
mkacrad fiqsirebul models. ufro ki qceva aris Sedegi mocemuli pirovnebis
mier roluri molodinis gagebisa. simboluri interaqcionizmisa da
eTnomeTodologiis momxreni xazs usvamen roliT mosalodnelsa da individis
qcevas Soris kavSiris moqnil xasiaTs.
5. rodesac adgili aqvs ori an meti Seusabamo rolebis
urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnebs, Cndeba roluri konfliqti. erTi da
igive roliT Seqmnili dapirispirebuli moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaxdes roluri
daZabulobis mizezi. Aarsebobs roluri konfliqtis daZlevis ramdenime
saSualeba: zogierTi rolebi unda CaiTvalos sxva rolebze mniSvnelovnad;
ganacalkevo saxli da samuSao adgili da aseve rolebi aq; konfliqturi
situaciis ganmuxtvas xels uwyob xumroba.
6. institutebi ewodeba garkveuli socialuri moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad gamiznuli rolebisa da statusebis erTobliobas.
adamianebi ver iarsebeben grZelvadiani koleqtivebis Seqmnis gareSe. marqss
miaCnda, rom TavianTi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
adamianebi qmnian pirobebs erToblivad organizebuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT,
amis gareSe sazogadoeba ver iarsebebda. gamoyofen sazogadoebis
arsebobisaTvis aucilebel eqvs elements: 1.urTierToba mis wevrebs Soris;
2.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba; 3.ganawileba; 4.sazogadoebis wevrTa
dacva; 5.gamoklebul wevrTa Secvla; 6.maTi qcevis kontroli.
7. saqonlis warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia oTxi saxis sazogadoebrivi resursi:
miwa, Sroma, kapitali da organizacia. erTi an ramdenime socialuri
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moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad sazogadoebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis
mizniT, institutebi qmnian adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis mdgrad formebs.
institutebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa adamianTa moRvaweobis
stabilizacia, romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba roluri qcevis metnaklebad
myari modelebi.
8. sityva ,,sazogadoebas” aqvs bevri gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. marSi Seecada
gaerkvia pirobebi, rodesac socialuri gaerTianeba iqceva sazogadoebad. es
pirobebia: 1.mudmivi teritoria; 2.sazogadoebis Sevseba ZiriTadad Sobadobis
xarjze; 3.ganviTarebuli kultura; 4.,,politikuri” damoukidebloba. Gg.lenski
da j.lenski gvaZleven sazogadoebis klasifikacias, dafuZnebuls arsebobis
saSualebebis mopovebis formebze: monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba,
mebaReobis, agraruli da samrewvelo.
9. tionisi ikvlevda adamianTa kavSirebis Taviseburebebs tradiciul da
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da Semoitana ,,gemainSaftisa” da ,,gezelSaftis”
cnebebi. Ppirveli niSnavs glexTa Tems, meore ki industriul, qalaqur
sazogadoebas. maT Soris Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia:
1. ,,gemainSaftis” tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi cxovroben Temuri
aucileblobebiT, ,,gezelSaftSi” _ yoveli efuZneba pirad mogebas;
2. pirveli efuZneba tradiciul zne-Cveulebebs, meore _ formalur kanonebs;
3. pirvelSi SezRudulia specializacia, meoreSi yalibdeba
specializirebuli profesionaluri rolebi;
4. pirveli efuZneba religiur, meore ki saero Rirebulebebs;
5. pirveli tipis sazogadoebis mTavari institutebia ojaxi da Temi, meore
tipis sazogadoebis safuZvelia didi korporaciebi, adamianTa
asociaciuri gaerTianebebi.
26
სოციალური ჯგუფი და ორგანიზაცია:
jgufi ewodeba adamianTa erTobas, romlebsac axasiaTebT urTierTobis
garkveuli saxe, grZnoben TavianT mikuTvnebulobas am jgufisadmi da sxvebis
mier aRiqmebian am jgufis wevrebad. Cven xSirad vxsniT ama Tu im adamianis
qcevas misi romelime jgufis wevrobiT, amas xSirad dausabuTebladac
vakeTebT.
pirveladi jgufebi Sedgebian mcire raodenobis adamianebisagan, romelTa
erTmaneTTan uSualo urTierTmoqmedeba efuZneba maT individualur
Taviseburebebs. pirveladi jgufebis magaliTebia ojaxi, megobruli wre an
nebismieri jgufi, romlis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibda Rrma emociuri
urTierToba. misgan gansxvavebiT meoradi jgufi Sedgeba adamianebisagan
romelTa Soris Camoyalibebulia susti emociuri urTierToba; maTi
urTierToba eqvemdebareba raime miznis miRwevas. Ppirovnebis individualur,
ganumeorebel Tvisebebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvT meoradi jgufebis
funqcionirebisaTvis. zogjer pirvelad jgufebi yalibdebian meoradi jgufis
SigniT, zogierTi pirovnebebisagan.
Mmiuxedavad meoradi jgufebis batonobisa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
pirveladi jgufebi kvlav rCebian mniSvnelovan damakavSirebel Zalad
adamiansa da cxovrebis ufro formalur, organizaciul mxares Soris.
mecnierebma aRmoaCine e.w. hotornis efeqti, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom jgufis kvlevis TviT faqti, zemoqmedebs jgufis wevrebis qcevebze. Aam
da sxva aRmoCenebis wyalobiT maT gaakeTes daskvna, rom Sromis sferoSi
,,adamianuri faqtori” mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
jgufi _ es aris yvelaze maRalorganizebuli primtebis, adamianis
CaTvliT, gadarCenis safuZveli. socializaciis garda jgufSi sxva mravali
funqciacaa. instrumentaluri jgufi iqmneba garkveuli samuSaos
Sesasruleblad, maSin, rodesac eqspresiuli jgufi iqmneba misi wevrebis
emociuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs jgufis zoma. Ddiadebi (ori adamianisagan
Semdgari jgufebi), triadebi (sami adamianisagan Semdgari jgufebi), luw da
kentricxovani jgufebi gansxvavebulad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT
27
funqcionireben. xuTkacian jgufebs Cveulebriv ar awuxebT is problemebi,
romlbic sxva jgufebs sicocxles uwamlaven.
organizacia:
rTul sazogadoebebSi garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad Cndeba mravali
organizaciis an didi meoradi jgufebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
Qqarizmatuli jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc damakavSirebeli
pirvelad jgufebsa da organizaciebs Soris. Tavidan es jgufebi
xsasiaTdebian cvalebadobiT da Zlier liderze damokidebulebiT. wesebisa da
tradiciebis Camoyalibebis kvaldakval jgufi gadaiqceva ufro mowserigebul
organizaciad.
Qqarizmis rutinizacia _ es termini veberma SemoiRo organizaciis
struqturis ganviTarebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sami etapisagan Sedgeba:
kristalizacia, aRiareba da institucionalizacia. Aam procesis dasrulebis
Semdeg yalibdeba mdgradi nimuSebi, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeba
jgufis wevrebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan da sxvebTan.
nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi xasiaTdebian sami ZiriTadi niSniT:
1. maTi mizania wevrebis saerTo interesebis dacva;
2. organizaciis wevroba nebayoflobiTia;
3. organizacias ara aqvs kavSiri samTavrobo organizaciebTan.
totaluri institutebi ki piriqiT, iqmnebian saxelmwifoebrivi,
religiuri da sxva organizaciebis interesebis dacvis mizniT. gofmani
totalur institutebs dayofs ramdenime tipad:
4. saavadmyofoebi, sanatoriumebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi;
5. sakoncentracio banakebi, sapyrobileebi;
6. samxedro yazarmebi, gemebi, daxuruli saswavlo organizaciebi;
7. qalTa da mamakacTa monastrebi da TavSesafarvebi.
biurokratia aris organizacia, romlis saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia:
rolebis danawileba da Sesabamisi adgili Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi.
Sromis danawileba,
daqvemdebarebis garkveuli wesrigi,
sajaro kancelariis arseboba,
28
specialistTa da saStato TanamSromelTa momzadebis formaluri meTodebis
gamoyeneba,
garkveuli wesebis dadgena,
TanamSromelTa mxridan organizaciis aRiarebis molodini.
am Taviseburebebis gamo prognozirebadia biurokratiuli aparatis
TanamSromelTa qcevebi da iZleva saSualebas maTi saqmianobis
koordinaciisaTvis.
biurokratia gulisxmobs Sromis specializacias, romlis CarCoebSi yovel
TanamSromels naTlad aqvs dadgenili Tavisi saqme. Ees gadasvla
araspecializirebuli Sromidan specializirebulze xels uwyoba warmoebis
zrdas da konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmes. Bbiurokratiul aparatSi gavlenis
mopoveba damokidebulia informaciis flobaze; wamyvan specialistebs didi
gavlena aqvT, radgan isini akontroleben informaciis gavrcelebas.
wesebi gansazRvraven Tu ras elodeba administracia
TanamSromelebisagan; maTi gamoyenebis wyalobiT mcirdeba pirdapiri
zedamxedvelobis aucilebloba. wesebis sxva funqciebi gulisxmoben
administraciis moTxovnebis mitanas TanamSromlebamde, yvela donis
TanamSromlis saqmianobis marTvas, dasjis dasabuTebas, wesebisagan gadaxvevis
SesaZleblobas da daTmobebs xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.
organizaciis erT-erTi naklia gaurkvevloba miznebsa da maTi miRwevis
meTodebSi. organizaciaSi, romelsac saqme aqvs adamianebTan da ara usulo
sagnebTan Znelia iwinaswarmetyvelo ama Tu im qmedebis Sedegebi.
Oorganizaciis sirTuleze gavlena aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa misi
zoma, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, garemomcveli socialuri sinamdvile da
profesionalebis Sromis gamoyeneba. naklebad rTul organizaciebs axasiaTebs
Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencia da novaciebis SezRudva.
organizacia Cveulebriv xasiaTdeba sakuTari cxovrebiT. Oorganizaciis
paTologiis zogierT simptomebs Soris unda aRiniSnos wesebis gansakuTrebiT
mkacri dacva da organizaciis didmasStabiani miznebis miviwyeba.
Zalauflebisadmi brma morCilebis mTavari mizezia Aadamianebs Soris
usaxuri mimarTeba. maTi Sromis Sedegebisagan muSakebis gansxvisebis gziT,
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biurokratias SeuZlia Seqmnas raRac neitraluri sivrce, Zalze xelsayreli
adamianebis dasamorCileblad.
iracionalur konfliqts organizaciis SigniT maSin aqvs adgili,
rodesac muSakebis individualuri Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdenen maT
saqmian kontaqtebze yvela rangis Tanamdebobebis pirebTan. Pracionaluri
konfliqtis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia yvela organizaciis struqturaSi;
racionaluri konfliqti arsebobs sami ZiriTadi formiT:
1. konfliqti iribad konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;
2. konfliqti uSualod konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;
3. konfliqti ierarqiis SigniT, rasac iwvevs dasajildoebelTa SerCeva.
aseTi konfliqtebis regulireba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:
TanamSromlebTan normaluri, adamianuri urTierTobebis aRdgeniT;
kooptaciis safuZvelze, anu zogierTi konfliqturi TanamSromlis miwveva
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; organizaciis struqturis Secvla.
Oorganizaciis cxovreba asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas mTlianad.
iseTma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa kanis feri, sqesi da eTnikuri warmomavloba,
SeiZleba iseTive gavlena iqonios adamianebze organizaciis SigniT, rogorica
aqvs mis gareT.
miuxedavad biurokratiis naklovanebebisa, Cven imdenad gavxdiT masze
damokidebuli, rom, albaT, SeuZlebelia uimisoba. amitom momavalSi Cven
gvelodeba biurokratiuli sivrcis ufro gafarToeba.
სოციალიზაცია, რესოციალიზაცია:
socializacias e.i. gzebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
adamianebi iZenen gamocdilebas da iTviseben maTi socialuri rolebis
Sesabamis ganwyobebs, normebs da Rirebulebebs, ori mizani aqvs: xeli Seuwyos
socialuri rolebis safuZvelze Cvens urTierTobebs, da uzrunvelyos
sazogadoebis arseboba am sazogadoebis sxva wevrTa mier masSi arsebuli
qcevisa da moqmedebis wesebisa da nimuSebis aTvisebis wyalobiT.
adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT qcevis TanSobili modelebi, magram maT yvela
cocxal arsebaze metad axasiaTebT rTuli Cvevebi (magaliTad enis) aTvisebis
unari. kulturuli Rirebulebebi – dawyebuli kanonebidan kargi tonis
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dauwereli wesebiT damTavrebuli – aregulireben adamianTa qcevebsa da
miswrafebebs.
sociologebi amtkiceben, rom genetikuri midrekilebebis erToblioba
xels uwyoben an akaveben Cveni qcevebis mimdinareobas. am Tvalsazrisis
Sesabamisad qcevis iseTi tipebi, rogorebicaa altruizmi, gapirobebulia imiT,
rom isini xels uwyoben saxeTa gadarCenas, arsebobas, maSin rodesac sisxlis
aRreva amas zians ayenebs. kritikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom ar arsebobs
raime dasabuTeba imisa, rom qcevis gansazRvruli saxeebi genetikurad arian
ganpirobebulni. es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom adamianTa qcevebze did
gavlenas axdens simboloTa gamoyenebisa da bWoba-gaazrebis unari.
iseT faqtorTa urTierToba, rogorebicaa adamianis fizikuri Tvisebebi,
garemo, individualuri gamocdileba da kultura qmnian kidec unikalur
pirovnebas. C. kuli Tvlida, rom pirovneba yalibdeba `sarkiseburi me~-s
wyalobiT, anu imis interpretaciis meSveobiT, rasac Cvenze fiqroben, amboben,
grZnoben sxvebi. j. midis Tanaxmad pirovnebis formirebis procesi moicavs sam
stadias: 1) imitacia, anu bavSvebis mier zrdasrulTa qcevebis kopireba, 2)
TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi adamianebis qcevebs aRiqvaven rogorc
rolebis Sesrulebas, 3) jgufuri TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi
acnobiereben adamianTa mTeli jgufis molodinebs.
froidis mier SemoTavazebuli, pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
pirovneba moicavs sam elements: id-s _ energiis wyaros romelic
siamovnebisaken miswrafebiT ikvebeba; ego-s, romelic `realobis principis~
safuZvelze akontrolebs pirovnebis qcevebs da `superegos~ _ romelic
zneobriv da SefasebiT funqciebs asrulebs. pirovnebis am sami elementis
formireba oTxi stadiis Tanmimdevrul gavlas gulisxmobs: oraluris,
analuris, falosurisa da sqesobrivi simwifis stadiebisas. TiToeuli
maTgani dakavSirebulia sxeulis gansxvavebul nawilTan, romelsac
erogenulobas uwodeben.
6. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi gadian
Tanamedrove stadiebis rigs, romelTa procesSi isini im axal unarebs
iTviseben, romlebic gansazRvraven maTTvis SesaZlebeli Semecnebis sazRvrebs.
stadiebi erTmaneTis mkacri TanmimdevrulobiT cvlian:
31
a) sensomotoruli (dabadebidan or wlamde);
b) operacionaluri (oridan Svid wlamde);
g) konkretuli operaciebis stadia (Svididan TerTmet wlamde) da
d) formaluri operaciebis stadia (Tormetidan TxuTmet wlamde).
resocializacia
principi, romlis Tanaxmadac pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze aRmavali xaziT miemarTeba da igeba gavlilis damagrebisa da
ganmtkicebis safuZvelze, ar aris gadaulaxavi. magram pirovnebis adre
Camoyalibebuli Tvisebebi, ar aris gamaradisebuli qvaSi. resocializacia
ewodeba axali Rirebulebebis, rolebis, unar-Cvevebis aTvisebas Zveli,
adrindeli, arasakmarisad aTvisebuli an ukve moZvelebuli rolebis nacvlad.
resocializacia saqmianobis mraval saxes moicavs – kiTxvis unaris
gaumjobesebidan dawyebuli da muSaTa profesiuli gadamzadebiT damTavrebuli.
fsiqoTerapiac aseve resocializaciis erTerTi formaa. misi zemoqmedebis qveS
adamianebi cdiloben gaerkvnen TavianT konfliqtebSi da am gagebis safuZvelze
Secvalon TavianTi saqcieli da qceva.
11. socializaciis agentebs Soris aRsaniSnavia masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebisa da skolebis roli. zogierTi satelevizio programa afarToebs
bavSvebis SemecnebiT unarebs, maSin rodesac zogierTma gadacemam SeiZleba
uaryofiTi qcevebis stimulireba gamoiwvios. aziarebs ra iseT Rirebulebebs,
rogoricaa patriotizmi, skola amzadebs maT sazogadoebis sxva Rirebulebebis
asaTviseblad.
დევიაცია, ანომია,
vcadoT deviacia ganvsazRvroT rogorc jgufuri normebisagan gadaxra,
romelsac mosdevs izolacia, mkurnaloba, dapatimreba an sxva sasjeli.
mocemuli gansazRvrebis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia deviaciis sami ZiriTadi
komponenti gamovyoT:
adamiani, romelsac gansazRvruli qceva axasiaTebs;
molodini, anu norma, romelic devianturi qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumia, da
romeliRac meore adamiani, jgufi an organizacia, romlebic qcevaze reagireben.
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adamianTa cxovrebis regulaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols socialuri wesebi da
normebi TamaSoben. normebi marTaven maT qcevebs, maT ician Tu ras unda
moelodnen sxvebisgan da maTgan ras moelian. adamianTa cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba (e.i. maTi kmayofileba Tu imedis gacrueba), metnaklebad
Seesatyviseba socialuri normebiT ganpirobebul molodinebs. magram
radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis, magaliTad saqmiani aqtiurobis dacemis
an Seukavebeli inflaciis dros cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ukve aRar
Seesatyviseba socialur normebSi ganxorcielebul - gamoxatul idealebs.
yovelive amis Sedegad adamianebi dabneulobisa da dezorientaciis
mdgomareobas ganicdian.. moulodneli dacema an aRmasvla dakavSirebulia
“wesrigis darRvevasTan”. socialuri normebi ingreva, adamianebi kargaven
orientacias da - yvelaferi es xels uwyobs deviantur qcevas.
socialuri dezorganizacia devianturi qcevebis mizezia, sayovelTaod
aRiarebul raimed iTvleba. termini “socialuri dezorganizacia” aRniSnavs
sazogadoebis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac kulturuli Rirebulebebi, normebi da
socialuri
urTierTkavSirebi ufasurdebian, sustdebian an erTmaneTs ewinaamRdegebian
სტრატიფიკაცია და სოციალური მობილობა,
ganzogadebuli saxiT es gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:
uTanasworoba _ esaa pirobebi, romlis drosac adamianebs araTanabari
xelmisawvdomoba aqvT iseTi socialuri sikeTeebisadmi, rogorebicaa: fuli,
Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
stratifikacia _ dakavSirebulia im wesebTan, romelTa meSveobiTac
uTanasworoba erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema. am dros yalibdeba sazogadoebis
gansxvavebuli fenebi.
klasi _ ganpirobebulia im jgufTa arsebobiT, romelsac araTanabrad
miuwvdebaT xeli simdidresa da Zalauflebaze, romlebic aseve araTanabari
prestiJiT sargebloben. sazogadoebaSi dakavebuli adgili da mdgomareoba
klasebs zogjer Zlieri gavlenis mqone politikur jgufebad aqcevs.
vertikaluri an horizontaluri mobiloba.
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vertikaluri mobiloba aris individis socialuri mdgomareobis cvlileba,
romelsac Tan axlavs statusis momateba an misi daqveiTeba. rodesac adamiani
SedarebiT maRal statuss iZens, es aris aRmavali vertikaluri mobiloba; Tu
misi daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin daRmaval vertikalur mobilobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
(mdivnis xelmZRvanel postze daniSvna da piriqiT).
rac Seexeba horizontalur mobilobas, es aris socialuri mdgomareobis
cvlileba ise, rom statusi ar icvleba (erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadayvana
igive Tanamdebobaze).
Ppolitikuri wyoba
politikuri wyoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ideologiisa da
institutebis erToblioba, romelic axdens politikuri moRvaweobis formirebas
sazogadoebis SigniT. politikuri sistemis safuZvelSi devs Zalauflebis cneba.
Zalaufleba gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas, sakuTari neba ganavrco sxvaze, da
moaxdino resursebis mobilizeba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.
Zala es aris fizikuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba sxvebze sakuTari nebis gavrcobis
mizniT. Zlieri avtoriteti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc legitimuri da
institucionalur-samxedro Zalaufleba.
veberma gamoyo batonobis sami tipi:
xarizmuli,
tradiciuli da
racionalur-legaluri.
saxelmwifo - es aris sazogadoebis nawili, romelic flobs resursebisa da
saSualebebis gadanawilebisaTvis saWiro Zalauflebas, Zalas da avtoritets.
socialuri konfliqtis momxreebi saxelmwifos ganxilvis dros ZiriTad
yuradRebas amaxvileben sxvadasxva jgufebis brZolaze SuzRuduli
resursebisaTvis, maSin roca funqcionalizmis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba
eniWeba politikuri Zlauflebis im aspeqtebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia
TanamSromlobaze. marqsi saxelmwifos ganixilavda rogorc mmarTveli klasis
Zalauflebis dacvisa da gaZlierebis saSualebas. funqcionalisti parsonsi
gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoeba axdens adamianuri bunebis civilizirebas da
moralur srulyofas. misi azriT politikuri cxovreba warmoadgens ufro
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koordinaciis process da ara klasebs Soris brZolas resursebis
gakontrolebis mizniT.
totalitaruli saxelmwifos liderebi iswrafvis qveynis da xalxis sruli
kontrolisaTvis. isini cdilobs gza gadauRobos Zalauflebisaken nebismier
jgufs da xeli SeuSalos gaxdes Suamavali mTavrobasa da qveynis moqalaqeebs
Soris. totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqvsi ZiriTadi
Tavisebureba.: ideologiis farTo gamoyeneba, erTpartiuli sistema, teroris
gamoyeneba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa kontroli, iaraRis gankargva da
ekonomikis marTva. amgvarad totalitaruli sistema Slis zRvars sazogadoebriv
da pirovnul sferos Soris da Trgunavs individualur iniciativas. saxelmwifo
cdilobs absoluturad daimorCilos moqalaqeebi sazogadoebaSi yvela sxva
institutis kontrolisa da daTrgunvis gziT.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia monarqis an
diqtatoris xelSi, romelic marTavs Zalis gamoyenebiT. politikuri partiebi da
ideologia TamaSobs gansazRvrul rols, magram totalitarul sazogadoebaSi
ganxorcielebulia ufro mkacri kontroli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtTan
mimarTebaSi.
warmomadgenlobiT demokratia, es aris saxelmwifos forma, romlis pirobebSic
xalxi axdens gansazRvruli vadiT sakuTari Zalauflebis delegirebas arCeul
pirebze, romlebic raRac periodis Semdeg gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian. aseTi
saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tavisebureba: individualizmis
didi mniSvneloba, konstitucionaluri mmarTvelobis arseboba, marTulTa
mmarTveloba, loialuri opozicia.
politikuri socializacia wamoadgens evoluciur process, romlis
ganmavlobaSic bavSvebi da mozardebi iTviseben ideebs, cxovrebiseul poziciebs
da qcevis modelebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maT garSemo arsebuli
politikuri garemosaTvis. socializaciis ZiriTadi agentebia _ ojaxi, skola da
Tanatolebi.
35
informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebi
Sesavali (frenk uebsteri )
adamianTa umravlesobas adre Tu gvian uCndeba kiTxvebi:
ras warmoadgens is sazogadoeba, romelSic Cven
vcxovrobT? rogor gaviazroT is, rac msoflioSi
xdeba? saiT mivdivarT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis moZieba
grandiozuli amocanaa, radgan igi Zalian rTuli da
mudmivad cvalebadi pirobebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
gansazRvrebis aucileblobas gulisxmobs. sxvadasxva
sazogadoebis da xdomilebebis ZiriTadi niSnebis
gaazrebis miswrafeba ganmazogadebeli cnebebis miRebas
gvaiZulebs. analitikosebi sul ufro metad da metad
laparakoben informaciis rogorc Tanamedrove samyaros
(msoflios) mTavari ganmasaxvavebeli (specifiuri) niSnis Sesaxeb.
gveubnebian, rom SevdivarT informaciul eraSi, rom ,,informaciis axali wesebi”
iwyeben prevalirebas, rom vcxovrobT ,,eleqtronul sazogadoebaSi”, da
vuaxlovdebiT ,,virtualur ekonomikas”, romlis mamoZravebeli Zala informacia
gaxda, rom ukve vcxovrobT ,,globaluri informaciuli ekonomikis”pirobebSi.
Zalian bevri eqsperti kidev ufro Sors midis da msoflios iseT iseT
dawinaurebul qveynebs, rogorebicaa: aSS, didi britaneTi, iaponia, germania,
safrangeTi da sxva cxovrebis wesiT msgavs qveynebs informaciul sazogadoebas
uwodeben. informaciuli sazogadoebis idea moswonT politikosebs da imaT, vinc
politikas gansazRvravs, aseve wamyvan biznesmenebs, miT ufro, rom evrokavSiri
Cqarobs iaponiis msgavsad Sevides ,,globalur informaciul sazogadoebaSi”,
romelmac es koncefcia jer kidev XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi miiRo.
kamaTs mxolod is iwvevs, Tu ra moaqvs am cvlilebebs: erTni Tvlian, rom
yalibdeba namdvilad profesionaluri, Tavis wevrebze mzrunveli sazogadoeba;
meoreni ki miiCneven, rom Zlierdeba kontroli moqalaqeebze; mesameni ki Tvlian,
rom es cvlilebebi moaswavebs maRali ganaTlebis mqone fenis warmoSobas, da a.S.
politikuri ekonomistebi bWoben imis Sesaxeb, rom axal ,,eleqtronul
ekonomikaSi” upiratesobas moipovebs mewarme, romelic codnas flobs, rac mas
,,swrafi moazrebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis” SesaZleblobas miscems.
36
maTTvis ki, visac aRelvebs kultura, kiber sivrce da virtualuri realoba
warmosaxvisa da gamomgonebluri saqmianobisaTvis Seuferebeli da aramyudro
adgilia.
gasaocaria is, rom am Tvalsazrisebis dapirispirebulobis miuxedavad, yvela
mecnieri erT rameSi eTanxmeba erTmaneTs: informacia esaa raRac gansakuTrebuli.
avtorTa umravlesoba, romlebic informaciuli sazogadoebis problemebze weren,
iSviaTad eTanxmebian erTmaneTs misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebisa Tu sazrisis
Sesaxeb, magram erT raimeSi yvela erTmaneTs eTanxmeba: informacia
gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi. rac ar unda
dapirispirebuli iyos maTi Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs, isini erT rameSi
eTanxmebian: informacias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs.
informaciis sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba mravali avtoris kvlevis sagania. magram
isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rodesac aanalizeben imas, Tu rogori
formebi SeuZlia miiRos informaciam, ratom ikavebs informacia centralur
adgils Tanamedrove sistemebSi, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens socialur,
ekonomikur da politikur urTierTobebze. am problemebze diskusia mTeli ZliT
gaiSala 1991 wels, ZiriTadad teqnologiuri cvlilebebisa da siaxleebis gamo.
meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gamocxadebulma ,,mikroeleqtronulma revoluciam”
dRis wesrigSi daayena mTeli rigi mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs
yvela CvenTaganisTvis informaciuli teqnologiebi (it): Sromis dasasruls,
usaqmurobis eris dadgomas, srulad avtomatizirebul warmoebas. teqnologiebiT
gamowveuli cvlilebis aRtaceba ar neldeba. axla dRis wesrigSia _ interneti,
informaciuli ,,supermagistralebi” da kibersivrce, anu informaciuli da
komunikaciuri teqnologiebis (ikt) imer warmoqmnili sakiTxebi. bWoba-ganxilvis
pirvelxarisxovan Temebad iqceva: eleqtornuli demokratia, kiborgi da
onlainuri gaerTianebebi (Tanasazogadoebebi). miuxedavad amisa, zogierT sferoSi
Zalian saintereso mobruneba moxda teqnologiebidan sxva informaciis
Sinaarsobrivi Semadgenlobisaken. wamyvan politikosTa da inteleqtualTa
garemoSi izrdeba interesi informaciuli Sromisadmi, simboluri
analitikosebisadmi, romlebic yvelaze metad momzadebulni arin imisaTvis, rom
Tan ataron da win waswion is momavali, sadac adaptaciuroba da mudmivi
gadamzadeba (axali codnis daufleba) normaa. es adamianebi mTavari moTameSenia
37
informaciul sazogadoebaSi, maT bedad ergoT pirvelxarisxovani ganaTlebis
miReba, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT informaciuli SesaZleblobebiT, rac Tavis
mxriv saSulebas aZlevs maT kargad moergon axal globalizirebul ekonomikas.
dRes, Suamavlebi, menejerebi, porgramistebi, masmediis kreatiuli muSakebi da
yvela is, vinc kreatiul sferoebSi muSaoben, ganixilebian rogorc
informaciuli sazogadoebis megzurni. teqnologiebidan adamianisaken
mimarTulebis Secvlam aseve informaciisadmi dauokebelma interesma am wignis
avtors gadaawyvetina ,,informaciuli sazogadoebis” meore gamocemis momzadeba.
miznad isaxavs ra informaciuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva saxeebisa da formebis
kvlevas, romelic saSualebas iZleva gamovarkvioT interesebis gadakveTis sfero,
miuxedavad amisa, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT am sferos, sadac TiTqos
SexedulebaTa erTianoba arsebobs, miT ufro nakleb vxedavT Tanxmobas
gansamartavi sagnis Sesaxeb.
isaxavs ra am mizans, avtori cdilobs aagos es wigni ise rom masSi moeqces
yvela is Teoria, romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes Tanamedrove
samyaroSi informaciis raobis gagebaSi. am mizezis gamo informaciis definiciis
Semdeg (Tavi meore) yovel momdevno TavSi ganixileba calkeuli Teoriebi da
misi yvelaze gamoCenili momxreebi, agreTve nacadia misi dadebiTi (Zlieri) da
susti mxareebis Sefaseba.
TandaTanobiT win wawevisas, Tqven gaecnobiT deniel
belis (Tavi mesame) postindustriuli sazogadoebis
koncefcias, gavecnobiT diskusias imis Taobaze xdeba
Tu ara gadasvla fordistuli sazogadoebidan
postfordistul sazogadoebaze, romlis warmatebis
safuZvels informaciis marTva warmoadgens (Tavi
meoTxe) manuel kastelsis gavlenis mqone Teorias
informacionalur kapitalizmze qselur
sazogadoebaSi. (Tavi mexuTe). aseve gavecnobiT herbert
Sileris Sexedulebebs informaciis da misi
manipulirebis moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb ganviTarebul
kapitalizmSi (Tavi meeqvse).
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gavecnobiT iurgen habermasis argumentebs, romelic
Tvlis, rom sajaro sfero da masTan erTad informaciis
WeSmariteba dacemis gzazea (Tavi meSvide), entoni
gidensis ganazrebebs ,,refleqsuri modernizaciis”
Sesaxeb, romelmac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo
informaciis rols, romlis mopovebac dakvirvebisa da
kontrolis mizniT xdeba (Tavi merve) da azrebs
postmodernizmis, agreTve Jan bodriaris da zigmunt
baumanis postmodernizmis epoqas, mecnierTa
Sexedulebebs, romlebic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
Tanamedrove samyaroSi niSnebis afeTqebas uTmoben.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es mecnierni iseTi disciplinebis gadakveTaze muSaoben,
rogorebicaa: sociologia, filosofia, ekonomika da geografia da socialur
mecnierebebSi arsebuli Tanamedrove diskusiebis centrSi imyofeba. aq araferia
gasaocari, socialuri moazrovneebi imitomac arseboben, raTa ecadon gaigon da
axsnan msoflio, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, xolo am samyaros mniSvnelovani
niSania cvlilebebi informaciis sferoSi. SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom vinme
cdilobdes msoflios suraTis aRweras ise, rom ar Seexos cvlilebebis
uzarmazar sferos, romelic exeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs,
informaciis gavrcelebas, komunikaciur teqnologiebs, dasaqmebis axal formebs
da saganmanaTleblo sistemebsac ki.
CemTvis cnobilia, rom moxda radikaluri, TviT
revoluciuri garRveva informaciis sferoSi, Cven
bunebrivia, gvsurs vicodeT, rogor ekonomikur da
socialur SedegebTan migviyvans aseTi ganviTareba. amaze
pasuxebi SeiZleba popularuli broSurebidanac miviRoT.
Tu gvinda kvalificiuri pasuxi gavceT informaciuli
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb dasmul kiTxvebs, maSin unda
mivmarToT gamoCenil, Zlier socialur Teoretikosebs.
Zalian bevrma ,,praqtikosma”, romlebic STagonebulni
arian informaciul teqnologiuri revoluciiT,
aRtacebulni arian internetiT, cxovreba rom ar
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warmoudgeniaT eleqtronuli fostis gareSe, miwier realobaze amaRlebul
virtualur realobaSi mcxovreblebma, gadawyvites, rom ZaluZT swrafad
gaacnobieron is socialuri da ekonomikuri Sedegebi, romlebic aucileblad
moyveba am revolucias: Sroma transformirdeba, ganaTlebis sferoSi moxdeba
gadatrialeba, korporaciuli struqturebi xelaxla daibadebian, demokratia
gadafasdeba _ da yvelaferi es informaciuli revoluciis Sedegad. Cven Tavidan
unda aviciloT am rTuli problemis zedapiruli ganxilva. aseT rames adgili
aqvs iseT iaffasian wignebSi, rogorebicaa: ,,mikro, abadamacade”, ,,sazogadoeba,
(sadenebiT moculi) gaxlarTuli sadenebSi”, ,,cifrebad qceuli cxovreba” da ,,ra
iqneba Semdeg?” aseTive SemTxvevebs aqvs adgili sauniversiteto kursebSi Temebze
,,kompiuteruli revoluciis socialuri efeqtebi”,
aseve politikuri da saqmiani wreebis uamrav
gamosvlebSi, da uTvalav Jurnalistur masalebSi,
romlebsac mxolod sagangaSo ganwyobilebis
gamowveva ZaluZs.
avtorTa umravlesobis argumentebi informaciis
rolis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis wyobis SecvlaSi,
SeiZleba or jgufad davalagoT:
1. raodenobrivi cvlilebebi informaciis sferoSi
iwvevs socialuri wyobis Tvisebrivad axali tipis _
informaciuli sazogadoebis warmoqmnas. msjelobis
logika martivia: Cven droSi Zalian bevri informacia iwarmoeba, maSasadame
sazogadoeba, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, informaciulia.
2. aseve arsebobs kidev erTi definicia, romelic kardinalurad gansxvavdeba
pirvelisagan; igi imisagen ki ar amodis, rom Cvens epoqaSi didZali informacia
iwarmoeba da mimoqcevaSia, aramed imisagan, rom informaciis ara raodenobam,
aramed informaciis xasiaTma Secvala Cveni cxovrebis wesi. am gansazRvrebaSi
igulisxmeba, rom dRes Cveni qmedebebis safuZvelSi Zevs Teoriuli codna
(informacia); d. belis azriT ,,kardinaluri siaxle dRes _ esaa Teoriuli
codnis kodifikacia da misi sakvanZo ZiriTadi roli novaciebSi, rogorc axali
codnis mopoveba qmnadobis, ise saqonlisa da momsaxureobis sferoSi” anu
siaxleebis wyaro xdeba mecnieruli kvlevebi da ganviTarebis analizi.