infrastructure and ecosystem services in turkana, kenya

SEPTEMBER 2015FLORENCE LANDSBERG, GAIA LARSEN

INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN TURKANA, KENYA

TurkanaTurkana county is a highly impoverished area in northern Kenya.

In recent years, oil exploration in the region has resulted in discoveries of commercially viable amounts of oil. The discoveries were made primarily by Tullow Oil, in partnership with Africa Oil.

Turkana will likely soon be host to several infrastructure developments, including an oil pipeline to the coast.

Ecosystem servicesPeople in Turkana county depend on ecosystems for many aspects of their well-being such as food, water, construction material, sense of identity.

A first step in managing potential impacts of oil development on ecosystem services in Turkana is understanding what these impacts may look like.

Maps can show where oil development and other key developments will overlap with ecosystems important to the well-being of people in Turkana.

MapsThese slides present six maps of the Turkana area. The maps provide an overview of some of the potential conflicts between infrastructure developments and ecosystem services in Turkana. See slides 16-17 For data sources.

The slides also provide a list of information not currently available. Collection and mapping of this information could improve planning for the region.

Map 1: Oil-related infrastructure in Turkana

This map shows the location of current oil infrastructure, as well as the planned Lamu Port South Sudan Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) corridor. The various infrastructure developments are likely to have a cumulative impact on ecosystem services in the region.

Map 2: Population density and infrastructure development in TurkanaThis map shows where the population is distributed in the Turkana region and the relationship of population hubs to current oil infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET corridor.

Note that the population data is from prior to the oil developments, which may have impacted the distribution of populations.

Many people in Turkana are pastoralists. It is therefore important to depict population distribution during both dry and wet seasons.

• Updated population data and population trends

• Population data disaggregated by ethnic group, source of livelihood (pastoral, agricultural, other)

• Population data disaggregated by dry and wet season

MAP 2: INFORMATION NEEDED

Map 3: Livestock distribution and infrastructure development in Turkana

This map shows where the livestock is distributed in relation to current oil infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET corridor.


•Map of livestock density by months into the dry and wet season

•Differentiation among types of livestock and their relative need for land and water

Map 4: Range condition and infrastructure development in TurkanaThis map shows quality of pasture areas and their relation to current oil infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET corridor.

Access to pasture may be directly affected by infrastructure development and related land-use changes.

• Details of pasture use within the oil block: who is using which pasture when?

• Details on pasture condition and carrying capacity within oil blocks

• Details on options for alternative pasture respecting 1) carrying capacity to ensure sustainability and 2) current users to avoid conflicts

• Identification of opportunities for improving pasture condition and management


Map 5: Water sources and infrastructure development in TurkanaThis map shows water points and their relation to oil infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET corridor. Water is a very scarce commodity in Turkana, and so any negative impact on water access might increase the burden on families and exacerbate create tensions between water users.

• Detailed, updated mapping of water points, the extent to which they are used, and their quality

• Mapping of groundwater resources to understand which water wells could be affected by water pollution and/or abstraction (for oil, increased agricultural activity (in Ethiopia and Kenya), and domestic use)

• Mapping of water users (pastoralists, settlements, and irrigation)


Map 6: Seasonal migration and infrastructure development in TurkanaThis map shows seasonal movements of pastoralists between dry and wet season pastures. Impact on their mobility could affect the daily life and sense of identity of pastoralists. Pasture being a scarce commodity, it can also be a source of tensions between pastoralist users.

• Maps of migration routes by tribe (or any other characteristic that might be a proxy for conflict)

• Mapping of alternative migration routes in consultation with various groups


Data SourcesMAP 1:

• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015• Tullow base camps: Tullow Kenya BV• Tullow seismic camps (temporary): Tullow Kenya BV• Tullow water boreholes as of end of 2014: Tullow Oil 2015• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report

Volume One: Main Report • LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants

Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project". • Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at

www.africover.org• DEM: SRTM 2004• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004

Map 2:• Average livestock density, 1977-2010: Data collected by Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS) and compiled by ILRI in 2011.• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015 and Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report



www.africover.org

MAP 3:• Rangeland condition: German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). 1996. The North Kenya GIS Database. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/GRID-Nairobi.

Nairobi: UNEP/GRID-Nairobi.• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015 and Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report



www.africover.org

http://www.africover.org/

MAP 4:• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015• Boreholes provided by Tullow as of end 2014: Tullow Oil 2015• Springs, wells, boreholes: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One: Main Report (Map 3a)• Rivers, Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One:

Main Report• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants Ltd. October 2010

"Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project". • Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at www.africover.org• DEM: SRTM 2004• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004

MAP 5:• Migration routes: interview with staff of Friends of Lake Turkana• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015• Grazing patterns: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One: Main Report (See Map 1c)• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One: Main

Report • LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants Ltd. October 2010

"Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project". • Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at www.africover.org• DEM: SRTM 2004• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004

MAP 6:• Population density: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Planning and National Development. 2002. Kenya 1999 Population and Housing Census GIS Database. Nairobi: CBS.• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One: Main

Report • LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants Ltd. October 2010

"Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project". • Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at www.africover.org

Data Sources

FLORENCE LANDSBERG - [email protected]; GAIA LARSEN - [email protected]

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