infrastructure interdependencies overview paula l. scalingi, ph.d
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Infrastructure Interdependencies Overview Paula L. Scalingi, Ph.D. Executive Director, Bay Area Center for Regional Disaster Resilience Bay Area Regional Disaster Resilience Action Plan Initiative Infrastructure Interdependencies Workshop I January 31, 2012. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Infrastructure Interdependencies Overview
Paula L. Scalingi, Ph.D.Executive Director, Bay Area Center for Regional Disaster Resilience
Bay Area Regional Disaster Resilience Action Plan InitiativeInfrastructure Interdependencies Workshop I
January 31, 2012
Highly complex and difficult to address—outside organizational control
A major determinant of vulnerabilities, consequences, what is critical and risk
Have significant implications for prevention, protection, preparedness, mitigation, response/recovery and long-term restoration
Extend well beyond a region, crossing state, national, and international borders
Why Infrastructure InterdependenciesAre Fundamental to Disaster Resilience
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Water and Waste water Healthcare/Public Health Emergency Services and Law
Enforcement Defense Industrial Base Information Technology Telecommunications Manufacturing Government Facilities Commercial Facilities Community Institutions/Social
Services* People*
Energy (electric power, natural gas, fuels)
Transportation Systems (all modes) Banking and Finance (includes insurance) Chemical Postal and Shipping National Monuments and Icons
and Tourism* Agriculture/Food Commercial Nuclear Reactors Dams and Levees
Critical Infrastructures & Service Providers That Underpin Health/Safety, the Economy & Society
* Not included in the critical infrastructures defined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)
Interdependencies Fundamentals
Interdependencies operate at multiple levels Facilities and assets Networks (physical, cyber) End-to-end systems Communities, regions, and states Between states and multi-state Cross-national border, global
Can cause cascading failures with significant public health and safety, economic, environmental, and national security impacts
Can impede emergency response and recovery
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System of Systems Approach Needed for Understanding Interdependencies
5Graphic: Argonne National Laboratory Infrastructure Assurance Center
Types of Infrastructure Interdependencies
Physical (e.g., output of one infrastructure used by another)
Cyber (e.g., electronic, informational linkages)
Geographic (e.g., common corridor)
Logical (e.g., dependency through financial markets)
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Natural Gas Pipeline into Electric Power Plant
Pipeline & Highway
Types of Interdependency Failures
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Cascading failure – a disruption or unavailable product or service in one infrastructure or organization causes a disruption in a second
Escalating failure – a disruption in one infrastructure exacerbates, or impedes recovery of an independent disruption elsewhere
Common cause failure – disruption of two or more assets simultaneously because of co-location (e.g., right-of-way corridor)
Types of Disasters and Disruptions Natural Disasters
Wildfires Drought Major flood Tornado Earthquake Hurricane Heat wave Wind, dust, and ice storms
Manmade Cyber disruption or attack Fuel disruptions – Shortages, price spikes Technological disasters Physical attacks Weapons of Mass Destruction (Chemical, biological, or radiological)
Aging, deteriorating infrastructure The “Black Swan” Event—the unexpected disaster 8
Some Examples of Interdependencies Challenges
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Southwest Blackout – September 2011 Blackout of 7 million people in western Arizona, southern California, and parts
of Mexico Outage knocked out traffic lights, causing gridlock on the roads in San Diego
area Nearly 3.5 million gallons of sewage spilled into the water off San Diego, closing
beaches
San Diego Wildfires – October 2007 Series of wildfires that began burning across Southern California on October 20 Many major roads closed as a result of fires and smoke Communication equipment and electric lines destroyed Necessitated power imports from Mexico to sustain the grid
Los Angeles Region and Broader Western Windstorms – December, 2011 Severe damage and destruction Power outage, including at Los Angeles International Airport diverted flights Damaging high winds extended into other regions of the West--tractor-trailer trucks
were tipped over by crosswind gusts north of Salt Lake City
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Need to identify:
What threats and impacts are of greatest concern
Assets and services that, if destroyed, damaged, or disrupted, could adversely affect other systems or services Under normal and stressed operations, and during recovery and restoration
How interdependencies change with the length of a disruption, outage frequency, and other factors
How backup systems or other mitigation measures can reduce interdependence problems and create resilience
Interconnections between critical infrastructures and community assets and services
In Sum, What We Need to Do toDeal with Interdependencies
What We Need to Do to Deal with Interdependencies
Take a Comprehensive, Collaborative Approach--which is what the Bay Area Regional Resilience Initiative is Designed to Do
For organizations, communities, and regions
Requires individual and collective efforts
Includes: prevention, protection, vulnerability assessment, mitigation, response/recovery, restoration, training, exercises, education
Focus on all-hazards—physical, cyber, chemical, biological/pandemics, radiological threats and disruptions, aging and deteriorating infrastructures, natural disasters, systems failure, and human error)
Information sharing essential
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Where We are in Our Bay AreaRegional Disaster Resilience Initiative
We Have:1. Identified and convened the Bay Area Resilience Coalition and stakeholder Work Group
2. Conducted two workshops to explore resilience challenges, identify focus areas and priority issues, and now examine interdependencies
3. Have our gap analysis of current resilience needs underway
4. Developed an initial draft Action Plan framework
Yet to Do1. Will simultaneously start planning a regional tabletop exercise and Interdependencies
Workshop II focusing on remaining infrastructures/service providers
5. Hold a post-exercise Action Planning Workshop
6. Develop and coordinate the regional resilience Action Plan
7. Develop the implementation strategy to determine project requirements, milestones, funding and other assistance
Questions for Today’s WorkshopBreakout Session 11. Looking at past disruptions of energy, water, transportation, and
communications/IT systems from disasters and other causes, what were some of the infrastructure interdependencies challenges you saw as the most significant?
2. How would your organization get information to assess the impacts of these disruptions on its service providers, in terms of the magnitude and duration?
3. Which agencies or organizations would you expect to be able to provide this information; how and how soon?
4. What role do you believe utilities and other private sector stakeholders should play with local, state, and federal agencies in recovery efforts to restore services?
5. How is movement of utility restoration resources (personnel and materials) into and out of regions — including cross-state—handled and how would these decisions be made?
6. How are recovery and restoration decisions made when they involve interconnected infrastructures and local, state, and federal governments, infrastructure operators, businesses, community institutions and social services?
Questions for Breakout Session 2 on Interdependencies
Questions for Breakout Session 21. What dependencies and interdependencies does your organization have with other
infrastructures and service providers with focus on those that are of greatest concern?
2. What is your organization is doing to address interdependencies challenges?
3. What are priority gaps your organization faces related to gaining information and awareness on, and mitigating potential interdependencies-related impacts affecting disaster recovery
4. What actions or activities do you feel should be undertaken to address these gaps
5. What is the level of your organizational dependencies on utilities, transportation, and communications and IT?