ROCK ENGINEERING THEORY AND PRACTICE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ISRM REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM EUROCK 2004 &

53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY

EDITOR W. SCHUBERT

RO

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PRA

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W. SCHUBERTEDITOR

International Society for Rock Mechanics

c/o LNEC

Av. Brasil, 101

1700-066 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

www.isrm.net

Austrian Society for Geomechanics

Bayerhamerstrasse 14

5020 SALZBURG, AUSTRIA

www.oegg.at

ISBN

3-7

73

9-5

99

5-8

© Copyright 2004

Published by: Verlag Glückauf GmbH, P.O.Box 18 56 20, D-45206 EssenPhone: +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 20, Telefax +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 29,E-Mail vertrieb@vge.de, Internet www.vge.de

Printed in Germany: B.o.s.s Druck und Medien GmbH, D-47533 Kleve

ISBN 3-7739-5995-8

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISRM REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM EUROCK 2004 & 53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY

October 7 – 9, 2004 Salzburg / Austria

Edited by

W. Schubert Institute for Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Graz University of Technology Organized by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics

ROCK ENGINEERING THEORY AND PRACTICE

Organizing Committee

Scientific Committee

Nejad AYAYDIN Robert GALLER Andreas GORICKI Wolfgang HOLZLEITNER Max JOHN Franz LAABMAYER Harald LAUFFER Rainer POISEL Rudolf PÖTTLER Reinhard B. ROKAHR Wulf SCHUBERT (Chair) Helmut F. SCHWEIGER Arnold STEIDL Wolfgang UNTERBERGER Georg M. VAVROVSKY Horst WAGNER Gerald ZENZ

Giovanni BARLA [ITALY] Tarcisio B. CELESTINO [BRAZIL] Peter EGGER [SWITZERLAND] Herbert H. EINSTEIN [USA] Claus ERICHSEN [GERMANY] Johann GOLSER [AUSTRIA] Chris HABERFIELD [AUSTRALIA] John HUDSON [UNITED KINGDOM] Scott D. KIEFFER [USA] Frantisek KLEPSATEL [SLOVAKIA] Heinz KONIETZKY [GERMANY] Marek KWASNIEWSKI [POLAND] Jakob LIKAR [SLOVENIA] Derek MARTIN [CANADA] Nielen van der MERWE [SOUTH AFRICA] Marc PANET [FRANCE] Pekka SÄRKKÄ [FINLAND] Richard WIDMANN [AUSTRIA]

Cover photo: http://www.salzburg.info/fotos_709.htm

The texts of the various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each of the authors concerned.

© Copyright 2004

Published by: Verlag Glückauf GmbH, P.O.Box 18 56 20, D-45206 EssenPhone: +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 20, Telefax +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 29,E-Mail vertrieb@vge.de, Internet www.vge.de

Printed in Germany: B.o.s.s Druck und Medien GmbH, D-47533 Kleve

ISBN 3-7739-5995-8

Preface XIIIVorwort XIV Consistent Methods for the Geomechanical Design of Underground Structures Nachvollziehbare Methoden für die Planung und Ausführung von Untertagebauten

Basics and Application of the Austrian Guideline for the Geomechanical Design of Underground Structures

3

Schubert, W.

Geomechnical Design Prodedure for the Paierdorf Exploratory Tunnel 9Mussger, K., Steidl, A. & Harer, G.

The Q-system following thirty years of development and application in tunneling projects 15Barton, N. & Grimstad, E.

AlpTransit Gotthard -Teilabschnitt Sedrun - Vortriebskonzept in den druckhaften Zonen - Vom Projekt zur Ausführung

19

Ehrbar, H.

The Development of Sprayed Concrete Lined (SCL) - Tunnelling in the UK 25Thomas, A.H., Legge, N.B. & Powell, D.B.

Festlegung geomechanischer Daten, Rechenparameter und geomechanischer Modelle nach ÖGG-Richtlinie - ein Erfahrungsbericht

31

Gollegger, J. & Marcher, T.

Erfahrungen mit der Richtlinie für Geomechanische Planung von Lockergesteinsvortrieben

37

Eder, S., Schwarz, L. & Galler, R.

Comparison of international and Austrian rock mechanical design procedures 41Jung, G. & Marence, M.

Examples of geomechanical design and experiences at the Ermenek Hydro Power Plant 47Jung, G. & Marence, M.

A Non-linear System Approach to Rock Engineering 53Lee, W.J.

Reproducible rock mass description in 3D using the JointMetriX3D system 61Gaich, A., Schubert, W. & Pötsch, M.

Table of contents

EUROCK 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium. Schubert (ed.) © 2004 VGE

III

Dokumentation und Kommunikation komplexer Tunnelvortriebsdaten. - Erfahrungen beim Einsatz von 2doc® im Zuge des Vortriebes Vomp-Terfens

65

Furtmüller, G., Gusenbauer, F., Scholz, M., Radauer, I. & Sedlack, Ch.

Engineering Geological and Geomechanical Reasons for Time Dependent Excessive Deformations on Hapan Tunnel / Black Sea Coastal Road Project

69

Vardar, M., Şans, G., Kocak, B. & Karaoğlan, H.

Determination of Rock Mass Behaviour Types - a Case Study 75Pötsch, M., Schubert, W., Goricki, A. & Steidl, A.

Sinnvolle und unsinnige Anwendung der Gebirgsverhaltens-typen - Ein Diskussionsbeitrag

81

John, M.

Stresses in tuffs about neighboring spherical cavities 85Senyur, M.G. & Arikan, D.

Support Methods ahead of the Tunnel Face - Function and Applications Methoden der Voraussicherung im Tunnelbau - Funktion und Anwendung

Bewertungskriterien für vorauseilende Sicherung 93Pöttler, R.

Zur Standsicherheit der Ortsbrust in Lockerböden 99Schubert, P.A. & Schweiger, H.F.

New prospects for tunnelling with the ADECO-RS approach 105Bindi, R. & Cassani, G.

Vorausinjektion, Spieße und Dielen im innerstädtischen Tunnelbau, Theorie und Praxis 113Helmberger, A. & Lackner, J.

Voraussicherungen mit Rohrschirmen oder Spießen? 119Holzleitner, W., Deisl, F., Holzer, W. & Knapp, M.

Grouting and Jetting as a means of preconsolidation of the ground in tunneling. 127Stadler, G. & Pistauer, W.

Voraussicherung mittels Baugrundvereiserung Einsatz beim Bauvorhaben Bahnsteigerweiterung U-Bahnhof Marienplatz München

135

Bayer, F., Müller, B. & Eicher, L.

Vortrieb unter einem Eisenbahndamm mit einem 35 m langen Rohrschirm als Voraussicherung

141

Ramspacher, W., Kohlböck, B., Plöderl, R., Wismayr, Ch. & Friedel, W.

Design graphs for the Pretunnel technology based on the Eurocodes 147Tonon, F. & Mammino, A.

Evaluation on the stability of tunnel face in weak rock based on the three dimensional numerical analysis

151

Shinji, M., Morimoro, S. & Nakagawa, K.

Ground deformations above a large shallow tunnel excavated using jet grouting 155Coulter, S. & Derek Martin, C.

IV

A Contribution to the Effect and Behavior of Pipe Roof Supports 161Volkmann, G.

Interpretation of Field Measurements and Numerical Analyses on Pipe Umbrella Method in Weak Ground Tunneling

167

Kim, C.Y., Kim, K.Y., Hong, S.W., Bae, G.J. & Shin, H.S.

Innerstädtischer Tunnelbau unter aussergewöhnlichen Randbedingungen 171Fässler, G. & Hessler, N.

Numerical simulation of the time-dependent behaviour of Italian clay shales at laboratory scale

177

Barla, G., Barla, M., Bonini, M. & Debernardi, D.

Geotechnical Monitoring of Engineering Structures Geotechnische Überwachung von Ingenieurbauwerken

30 Jahre geotechnische Bauwerksüberwachung der A10 Tauernautobahn-Scheitelstrecke Eben bis Gmünd

185

Brandl, H., Schnabl, R. & Karasek, P.

Langzeitüberwachung von Speicherkraftwerken - Praktizierte Geomechanik 191Gerstner, R. & Melbinger, R.

Kosten von geotechnischen Langzeitmessungen anhand von praktischen Beispielen 197Hofmann, R. & Fischer, C.M.

Twenty Years of Observation and Monitoring of a Surface Mining Excavation Interacting with a Hydroelectric Tunnel

203

Barla, G. & Vai, L.

The second Vienna water main - 94 years of monitoring 209Kreysler, D., Nowy, W. & Poisel, R.

Langzeitbeobachtungen von Eisenbahn-Tunnelbauwerken 215Huber, R.

Stand der Technik bei der Langzeitüberwachung im Untertagebau in der Schweiz 221Stadelmann, R. & Rausch, M.

Taiwan HSR C220 - The Underpass of the Second Freeway 225Atzl, G. & Ando, S.

Geometry and deformation mechanisms of a deep seated gravitational creep in crystalline rocks

229

Brückl, E., Zangerl, C. & Tentschert, E.

Interpretation of Pressure Cells in Sprayed Concrete Tunnel Linings 233Jones, B., Clayton, C. & Thomas, A.

Origin and significance of steps in tunnel convergence diagrams 237Kontogianni, V., Pytharouli, S., Psimoulis, P. & Stiros, S.

V

Expansive phenomena in an instrumented tunnel excavated in anhydritic-gypsiferous argillaceous rock

241

Alonso, E.E., Berdugo, I.R., Gens, A. & Romero, E.E.

How to Predict Surface Movements & Prevent Damages of Surface Structures 245Sellner, P., Grossauer, K. & Leitner, R.

A method for continuous monitoring of tunnel deformations during construction and service phases

251

Dinis da Gama, C.

Neue automatisierte geotechnische Überwachung des Pumpspeicherkraftwerks Waldeck II

255

Lege, Ch., Sprado, K.H., Gras, J. & Glötzl, A.

Long-term monitoring in rock engineering with acoustic emission measurements 261Hesser, J. & Spies, T.

Sohlbruch 267Stärk, A. & Fügenschuh, N.

Geotechnical control of critical construction phases in the complex mining system of the repository for radioactive waste in Morsleben (ERAM)

271

Mauke, R., Stielow, B. & Mohlfeld, M.

New Evaluation Methods in Pipe Roof Supported Tunnels and its Influence on Design during Construction

277

Likar, J., Volkmann, G. & Button, E.

The Influence of Shallow Tunneling under Trojane Village on Surface Movements and Stability

283

Logar, J., Štimulak, A. & Ajdič, I.

Strain Control Base on Using Triangle Element in Underground Structures 287Khazaei, S., Shimada, H. & Matsui, K.

Eighteen years of riverbank monitoring – do we understand the processes and can we model them realistically?

291

Chugh. A.K.

Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Underground Structures Ertüchtigung und Sanierung von Hohlraumbauten

Katalog zur Instandsetzung und Modernisierung alter Eisenbahntunnel 297Bonapace, P.

Schäden an Untertageanlagen - Erscheinungsbilder und Ursachen 303Bergmair, M. & Weber, L.

Schadensermittlung für den Bosruck Eisenbahntunnel 309Grossauer, K., Klima, K., Wittner, R. & Bretterebner, H.

Schadensverfolgung und Sanierung von alten gemauerten Tunneln 315Fröhlich, B. & Schlebusch, M.

VI

Erneuerung des Tunnel San Bernardino 321Nöthinger, M. & Schmid, R.

Experimental investigation of the effect of reinforcement of internal structure on loadbearing capacity of damaged tunnel linings

327

Mashimo, H., Hakoishi, Y. & Ishimura, T.

Seismic Retrofit of the Claremont Tunnel 333Kieffer, D.S., Caulfield, R.J. & Tsztoo, D.F.

Sanierung alter Triebwasserstollen mit Fertigteil-Technologie am Beispiel der Druckstollen Lünersee und Vermunt

339

Pürer, E. & Vigl, A.

Methodik der Zustandserfassung von Hohlraumbauten 345Ackermann, A.W.

Leiden und Therapie des Triebwasserstollens Landl in der Steiermark 349Burger, D.

Maintenance and repair of underground structures: Case studies in Portugal 355Ribeiro e Sousa, L., Oliveira, M., Nolasco Lamas, L. & Silva Domingues, C.

Sanierung eines Lehnentunnels durch Veränderung des Bergwasserspiegels - Varianten und Ausführung

361

Pittino, G. & Golser, J.

Vergrößerung zweier Straßentunnel durch Sohlabsenkung 367Tschernutter, P., Pils, F. & Adunka, M.

Methods of Rehabilitation of Tunnel Linings 371Machon, R.J., Howard, A.J., Richards, J.A. & Russel, H.A.

Beskyd Tunnel: Sanierung oder Neubau 375Klima, K. & Srb, M.

Determination of Rock Mass Properties Bestimmung von Gebirgseigenschaften

The rock property information required from a site investigation 381Hudson, J.A. & Harrison, J.P.

Engineering Properties of Sydney Hawkesbury Sandstone 387Gu, X.F., Seidel, J., Haberfield, C. & Bouazza, A.

Time-Dependent Behaviour of Gypsum and Anhydrite Rocks: Preliminary Results 393Giambastini, M., Celestino, T.B. & Bortolucci, A.A.

Statistical evaluation of the rock mass properties at TBM driving 399Ivanicova, L.

Estimation of the deformation moduli of jointed rock masses in three dimensions 403Moon, H.K. & Baek, S.H.

Rock mass (ground) characterization methodology applied in Dez-Ghomrood water conveyance tunnel project

409

Hassanpour, J. & Shamsi, G.

VII

Engineering geological rock mass characterisation of granitic gneisses based on in-situ measurements during tunnel excavations

415

Klose, C.D. & Loew, S.

Detailed characterization of fractures in the rock mass using engineering geology methods, ultrasonic and permeability measurements

421

Budzinski, D., Spies, Th., Alheid, H.J., Weber, J.R. & Eisenblätter, J.

Characterization of Bimrocks (Rock/Soil Mixtures) with Application to Slope Stability Problems

425

Medley, E.W. & Sanz Rehermann, P.F.

Computer based stability analysis of rock slopes in a blocky rock mass 431Pötsch, M., Schubert, W. & Gaich, A.

A field application of laser scanning technology to quantify rock fracture orientation 435Lemy, F. & Hadjigeorgiou, J.

Automated identification and characterisation of discontinuity sets in outcropping rock masses using 3D terrestrial laser scan survey techniques

439

Slob, S., Hack, R., Van Knapen, B. & Kemeny, J.

Fracture system modelling based on input data from line mapping and image analysis 445Grenon, M., Lemy, F. & Hadjigeorgiou, J.

Observed rock mass degradation and resulting slope instability 449Huisman, M., Hack, H.R.G.K & Nieuwenhuis, J.D.

The long-term performance of Mt. Shaughnessy tunnel support in graphitic phyllites 453Martin, C.D., MacKay, C.H. & Bunce, C.

Characterization of Phyllitic and Schistose Rock Masses: from System Behaviour to Key Parameters

459

Button, E. & Blümel, M.

Application of geological strength index (GSI) for the classification of underground limestone mines

465

Sunwoo, C., Jung, Y.B. & Rao, K.U.M.

Creep of Granite at Low Stress Level 471Hashiba, K., Okubo, S. & Fukui, K.

Crack Coalescence in Brittle Materials: An Overview 475Bobet, A. & Einstein, H.H.

Non-homogeneity and Anisotropy Evaluation of Rock Media 479Sadrnejad, S.A.

Optimal Estimation of Rock Mass Parameters using Genetic Algorithm and Conditional Simulation

483

Hong, C.W., Jeon, S.K. & Lee, H.K.

Experimental study on subcritical crack growth in granite 487Nara, Y., Imai, Y. & Kaneko, K.

Estimation method for weathering thickness of man-made weathering rocks by using the Equotip hardness tester

491

Kawasaki, S. & Kaneko, K.

VIII

Description of chemo-mechanical interaction in chalk 495Pietruszczak, S., Lydzba, D. & Shao, J.F.

Prediction of p-wave by simple field observations 499Singh, T.N., Saigal, K., Kanchan, R. & Verma A.K.

Experimental evaluation of anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties of a granite 503Lin, W., Takahashi, M., Kwasniewski, M. & Hirono, T.

Characteristics of Hydraulic Conductivity along the final fault plane under true triaxial stress

507

Takahashi, M., Li, X. & Kwaśniewki, M.

A new objective approach for fracture grouping-theory and advantages 511Klose, C.D.

Dependence of the pre-failure deformational characteristics and of macrofracturing mode of rock samples on the height-to-diameter ratio

515

Kwaśniewski, M. & Fernández Álvarez-Santullano, F.

Fracture Propagation in Mortar Models with Rough Non-Persistent Joints 521Gaitan, V.H., Bortolucci, A.A. & Celestino, T.B.

Comparison of fracture toughness testing methods on basalt and granite 525Pehovaz-Alvarez, H.I., Bortolucci, A.A. & Celestino, T.B.

A laboratory prototype for rock joint testing 529Quintanilha de Menezes, J.E.

How well do Mohr-type criteria represent rock strength? 533Haimson, B. & Chang, C.

Experimental study of damage in a sandstone 539Jalbout, A., Sibai, M. & Shao, J.F.

The Modified Tension Test (MTT) - Evaluation and Testing Experiences with a New and Simple Direct Tension Test

545

Plinninger, R.J., Thomée, B. & Wolski, K.

Estimation of engineering properties of rocks from petrographical properties 549Ozcelik, Y., Polat, E., Bayram, F. & Ay, A.M.

Direct measurement of flow in fractures 553Grasselli, G. & Fredrich , J.T.

Determination of rock mass properties from TBM tunnelling process parameters 557Krupa, V., Lazarova, E. & Ivanicova, L.

Prediction of elastic properties of jointed rocks using neural networks 561Madhavi Latha, G., Sitharam, T.G. & Madhusudhan, N.

Development of Evaluation Method of Rock Joint Aperture Distribution 565Sharifzadeh, M., Mitani, Y., Esaki, T. & Urakawa, F.

Stand-up time for unsupported span in underground openings 569Öztürk, C.A.

Impact of CO2 Injection on Permeability of Coal - An Experimental Study 575Zutshi, A., Harpalani, S. & Srivastava, M.

IX

Rock Excavation Felslösemethoden

The breakage behavior of rock in excavation processes 583Moser, P. & Grasedieck, A.

"Metro Montreal" - Successful operation of a state-of-the-art roadheader - ATM 105-ICUTROC - competing with drill & blast operation in urban tunnelling

589

Restner, U. & Reumüller, B.

The role of rock mass geology filtering the dominant frequency resulting from the use of explosives in rock excavation

595

Bernardo, P.M.

Wear Prediction in Hardrock Excavation - Using the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI)

599

Plinninger, R.J., Käsling, H. & Thuro, K.

The influence of rock mass parameters on the TBM performance 605Krupa, V., Lazarova, E. & Ivanicova, L.

Performance Analysis of Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Machine at KCRC D320 tunnel (Hong Kong)

609

Ramezanzadeh, A., Rostami, J. & Kastner, R.

Influence of rock mass parameters on blast induced damage in muckpile blocks 615Hamdi, E., Du Mouza, J. & Billiotte, J.

Development of an experimental device to simulate the drilling process of impregnated segments

621

Deschamps, B., Tshibangu, K.J.P., Sillen, V. & Da Silva, N.

A Case Study on the Excavation of a Large Unlined Storage Cavern in Rock 627Ryu, C.H., Choi, B.H. & Hong, K.P.

Finite element modelling of rock cutting experiments 631Seifabad, M.C.

Strength Logging of Geomaterials from Scratch Tests 635Dagrain, F., Poyol, E. & Richard, T.

The use of mining technologies in the underground non-mining construction in Poland 641Wichur, A., Tokarz, A. & Żyliński, R.

A systemmatic and interdisciplinary approach for the assessment of excavation optimization of rock tunnels - Istanbul Metro case

645

Köksal, M.D. & Vardar, M.

Rock Abrasivity from the exploration gallery for Višňové tunnel in Slovakia 649Vavrek, P.

Technical Comparison between Light Emulsions and ANFO 655Bernardo, P.M., Pereira, P.S. & Calado, J.M.

X

Numerical Modelling - Continuum versus Discontinuum Models Numerische Modellierung - Kontinuums versus Diskontinuumsmethoden

Back analysis through numerical modelling of a sandstone cave roof failure 663Swift, G.M.

A Study on the Assessment of Safety of Tunnels 669Park, Y.J., You, K.H., Park, J.W. & Park, C.W.

Modelling yielding support by programming FLAC2D/ FLAC3D 673Fellner, D. & Amann, F.

Numerical modelling of nailed wire and cable metallic meshes for rock slope stabilization 679Cardoso, A.I.S. & Quintanilha de Menzes, J.E.

Large scale 3-D numerical analysis of Masjed-e-Soleiman Powerhouse Caverns in Iran 683Duenser, Ch., Beer, G. & Stabel, B.

Application of a mechanical constitutive model of rock joint to the study of the scale effect

689

Vallier, F., Mitani, Y., Boulon, M. & Esaki, T.

Influence of block size and shape on the deformation behaviour and stress development around the tunnels

695

Solak, T. & Schubert, W.

Time dependent continuous damage model for brittle failure of rocks 701Golshani, A., Okui, Y., Takemura, T. & Oda, M.

FRACOD for continuum, discontinuum and fracture modelling of rocks 707Shen, B., Stephansson, O., Rinne, M., Lee, H.S. & Kobayashi, A.

Modeling Fracture Contribution in Reservoir Compaction 713Bagheri, M. & Settari, A.

Rock as a continuous material and as a discontinuous material - are clear definitions possible?

717

Poisel, R., Preh, A. & Zettler, A.H.

A novel approach to studying rock damage: the three dimensional Adaptive Continuum / Discontinuum Code

723

Billaux, D., Dedecker, F. & Cundall, P.

Optimal Cross-section Shape for Non-pressurized Water Tunnels In Soft Rocks 729Zertsalov, M. & Privalov, A.

Application of existing numerical models of continua for representing rock masses with stepping joint systems

733

Yufin, S.A., Kursova, E.V., Vlasov, A.N. & Zimmermann, Th.

Analysis of the tunnel construction sequences using rheological parameters of carboniferous soft rocks

739

Likar, J. & Merhar, B.

The swelling phenomenon of soils - Proposal of an efficient continuum modelling approach

743

Heidkamp, H. & Katz, C.

XI

Numerical modelling of top coal caving in thick seam coal mining 749Yasitli, N.E. & Unver, B.

Numerical calculations of support loading due to long-term rock mass behaviour 753Krenn, F. & Golser, J.

Ground Stability above the Old Mined Cavities 759Song, W.K. & Kim, J.H.

The Deformation Behaviour of Tunnels passing through Rock Mass with different Stiffness

765

Peng, Y.R. & Chen, Y.C.

Seismically induced pore pressure around underground caverns: A numerical model 771Yamamoto, K.

Analysis of the Support System Behaviour for Underground Structures by Numerical Modelling

775

Fialho, J.R.R., Assis, A.P. & Pastore, E.L.

Creep Behaviour of Shotcrete and its Impact on the Stability of Deep-seated Rock Drifts 779Lux, K.H. & Hou, Z.

Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes using the Finite Element Method 783Hammah, R.E., Curran, J.H., Yacoub, T. & Corkum, B.

Compensation of settlements due to tunnel driving by grouting cement suspensions 789Krajewski, W. & Wawrzyniak, Ch.

A parametric study on groundwater flow towards a tunnel: Using Finite Difference Method

793

Ranjith, P.G., Haque, A., Bouazza, A., Chong, Y.D., Hefney, A.M. & Tan, W.L. Authors Index 797

XII

The ISRM Regional Symposium EUROCK 2004 is organized in conjunction with the 53rd Geomechanics Colloquy in Salzburg by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics.

The traditional Geomechanics Colloquy in Salzburg always attracts quite a number of participants due to the combination of high quality contributions, the possibility to meet colleagues and friends and the magnificent scenery of the city.

The idea to host the EUROCK 2004 in Salzburg came up only in September 2003 at the ISRM Congress in Johannesburg. A good deal of extra hours was required to get the conference organized on that short notice. Without the Internet this would be simply impossible. The format of the conference has been slightly adapted to meet the needs of a EUROCK conference by adding three sessions to the traditional four. We have restrained from organizing a vast number of parallel sessions. This has the disadvantage that only a limited number of the submitted papers can be presented orally, but ensures a reasonable number of participants in each session. We are quite sure that also the poster presentations will be very well accepted.

The session topics cover underground design methods, supports ahead of the tunnel face, long term monitoring, rehabilitation of old tunnels, rock mass characterization, rock excavation, and numerical methods in rock engineering. More than 150 papers from 26 countries have been accepted for publication in these proceedings, demonstrating the high interest in the conference.

The organizers of the traditional Colloquium in Salzburg have always tried to bring theory and practice together. This line has been followed also this year, and it is hoped that this mix will contribute to a further advance in rock engineering.

I would like to thank everyone who has made these proceedings possible. I am especially grateful to the authors of the papers, as well as the session chairmen for all their work. My thanks also for the time consuming process of final editing and compiling of the papers to staff of the Institute of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling at the Graz University of Technology.

Wulf Schubert Chairman of the Organizing Committee EUROCK 2004 & 53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY

Preface

EUROCK 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium. Schubert (ed.) © 2004 VGE

XIII

Das regionale ISRM Symposium EUROCK 2004 wird gemeinsam mit dem 53. Geomechanik Kolloquium von der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Geomechanik in Salzburg veranstaltet.

Das traditionelle Geomechanikkolloquium hat wegen der Kombination von ausgezeichneten Beiträgen, der Möglichkeit Kollegen und Freunde zu treffen und der Atmosphäre der Stadt immer eine große Teilnehmerzahl.

Die Idee die EUROCK Konferenz 2004 in Salzburg zu veranstalten wurde erst im September 2003 beim ISRM Kongress in Johannesburg geboren. Ohne Internet wäre eine solch kurze Vorbereitungszeit wohl nicht möglich.

Der Ablauf der Tagung wurde gegenüber den vorherigen leicht an die Bedürfnisse der EUROCK Konferenz angepasst, indem drei Halbtage zu den üblichen vier hinzugefügt wurden. Um eine rege Beteiligung bei den einzelnen Sitzungen zu erreichen haben wir darauf verzichtet viele Parallelveranstaltungen zu organisieren. Dies hat naturgemäß den Nachteil, dass nur eine beschränkte Anzahl von mündlichen Präsentationen von Beiträgen möglich ist. Wir sind aber sicher, dass auch die Posterpräsentationen gut angenommen werden.

Die für die Tagung ausgewählten Themen beinhalten Planungsmethoden von Untertagebauten, Voraussicherungsmittel im Tunnelbau, Sanierung von Tunnels, Langzeitbeobachtung, Bestimmung von Gebirgseigenschaften, Felslösemethoden und numerische Methoden in der Felsmechanik. Mehr als 150 Beiträge aus 26 Ländern sind eingelangt, was das Interesse an der Konferenz eindrücklich belegt.

Die Organisatoren des Geomechanik Kolloquiums haben immer versucht, auf der Tagung einen regen Austausch von Theorie und Praxis zu ermöglichen. Dies ist auch heuer wieder das Ziel und es wird gehofft, dass diese Mischung zu einer Weiterentwicklung des Felsbaues führen wird.

Ich möchte allen, welche an der Entstehung dieses Tagungsbandes mitgewirkt haben für ihre Mühe sehr herzlich danken, insbesondere den Autoren für das Verfassen der Beiträge und den Halbtagsvorsitzenden für die Auswahl und Durchsicht. Nicht zuletzt möchte ich mich bei den Mitarbeitern des Institutes für Felsmechanik und Tunnelbau der Technischen Universität Graz für die zeitaufwändige endgültige Durchsicht der Beiträge und die Zusammenstellung des Tagungsbandes bedanken.

Wulf Schubert Vorsitzender des Organisationskomitees EUROCK 2004 & 53. Geomechanik Kolloquium

Vorwort

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