injuries syndesmosis injuries manny moore ats. injuries syndesmosis injuries 11-18% of all ankle...
TRANSCRIPT
Syndesmosis InjuriesInjuriesSyndesmosis InjuriesInjuries
11-18% of all ankle sprains
Longer recovery v.s. Lateral sprains
Men v.s. Women?
BoneBone Anatomy AnatomyBoneBone Anatomy Anatomy
• TibiaArticular Surface
• FibulaArticular Surface
• Talus Dome
Articular Surface
Provides Stability & Proper Ankle Function
SnydesmosisSnydesmosis Ligaments LigamentsSnydesmosisSnydesmosis Ligaments Ligaments
• AIFL- Chaput’s Tubercle Most Vulnerable
• PIFL- Wagstaffe’s Tubercle Strongest
• ITFL- Thickening of PIFL
• IM- Fibrous tissue Transmit force
• IL- Thickening of IM
BioBiomechanicsmechanicsBioBiomechanicsmechanics
• Mechanism of Injury Eversion
Dorsiflexion Pronation
• Closed Pack Position Forces the talus against the fibula
Widening of mortise
1mm lateral shift increases joint surface pressure by 42%
Associated injuries?
ClinicalClinical Examination ExaminationClinicalClinical Examination Examination
• History ER with DF Contact None Contact
Acute v.s. Chronic
• Observation Edema Eccymosis Antalgic gait Possible Deformity?
ClinicalClinical Examination ExaminationClinicalClinical Examination Examination
•Palpation Tenderness Length
•Special Test
Nussbaum et al.
Squeeze TestDorsiflexion Test Kleigers Test Cross-leg Test
Imaging Imaging TechniquesTechniquesImaging Imaging TechniquesTechniques
X-RAY• Radiographs
AP, Lateral, Mortise Views
• AP View Fractures Tibiofibular clear space widening of 6 mm Tibiofibular overlap > 42% Fibula Width
Medial clear space widening > 4mm• Lateral View
Non weight bearing ER Fractures
Imaging Imaging TechniquesTechniquesImaging Imaging TechniquesTechniques
X-RAY
Tibiofibula clearance space
Tibiofibula overlap
Medial clear space
Imaging Imaging TechniquesTechniquesImaging Imaging TechniquesTechniques
X-RAY
Tibiofibula clearance space
Tibiofibula overlap
Medial clear space
Imaging Imaging TechniquesTechniquesImaging Imaging TechniquesTechniques
X-RAY
•AP View
Heterotopic Ossification
Imaging Imaging TechniquesTechniquesImaging Imaging TechniquesTechniques
MRI & CT
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Frontal, Axial, Saggital Views
High sensitivity and specificity More reliable detecting disruptions
• CT (Computed Tomography) More effective detecting minor disruptions
Less Cost v.s. MRI
West PointWest Point Instability ScaleInstability Scale West PointWest Point Instability ScaleInstability Scale
Edema &
Ecchymosis
Localized
Mild
Localized
Moderate
Diffuse
Severe
Weight Bearing Ability
Full or Partial Without Significant Pain
Difficult Without Crutches
Impossible Significant Pain
Ligament Damage
Ligament Stretch Partial Tear Complete Tear
Ligament Involvement
+AIFL +AIFL
+IL
Possible AD
+AIFL/PIFL
+IL
+AD
Grade IGrade I Grade IIGrade II Grade IIIGrade III
TreatmentTreatment CriteriaCriteriaTreatmentTreatment CriteriaCriteria
• Conservative • Non Conservative
Grade INon-FracturesStable Grade II
Grade IIIUnstable Grade IIFracturesChronic Injury
Based on Patients GoalsLength of SymptomsSeverity of Injury
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
Results vary patient to patient
• Grade I Injuries: 2-4 Weeks RTP
• Grade II Injuries: 6-8 Weeks RTP WithoutWithout Instability or Fractures
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase I (0-5 Days) or (5-14Days)Phase I (0-5 Days) or (5-14Days)
•ImmobilizeImmobilize•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Reduce InflammationReduce Inflammation•Cryotherapy Cryotherapy •E-StimE-Stim•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Manual 30* PF StretchManual 30* PF Stretch•Ankle PumpsAnkle Pumps•Toe CurlsToe Curls•Towel StretchTowel Stretch
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase II (6-10 Days) or (2-4 weeks)Phase II (6-10 Days) or (2-4 weeks)
•Immobilize Grade IIImmobilize Grade II•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Reduce InflammationReduce Inflammation•ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase FlexibilityIncrease Flexibility•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Increase StrengthIncrease Strength•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase III (18-25 Days) or (4-8 Weeks)Phase III (18-25 Days) or (4-8 Weeks)
•Protect InjuryProtect Injury•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Increase Pain free ActivityIncrease Pain free Activity•Sports Specific Sports Specific •ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase StrengthIncrease Strength•Increase FlexibilityIncrease Flexibility•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase III (18-25 Days) or (4-8 Weeks)Phase III (18-25 Days) or (4-8 Weeks)
•Sports Specific Sports Specific
Drill#1 Drill#2
ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols ConservativeConservative ProtocolsProtocols
Return To Play Criteria
•Full Strength•Full ROM•Functional Test•Physician Clearance•Protect Injury
Operative Operative TreatmentTreatment Operative Operative TreatmentTreatment
Arthroscopy
• Goal is to restore structures, and mobility
Open Reduction & Internal FixationsAutographsModified Brostrum Technique4.5 mm Cortical Screws
• Complications
Screw BreakageScrew TypeInfectionCalcification & Joint Stiffness
Operative Operative TreatmentTreatment Operative Operative TreatmentTreatment
Arthroscopy
Before After
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
Arthroscopy
Results vary patient to patient
• Grade III Injuries: 4-8 Months RTP
• Non Weight Bearing 6-8 Weeks
• Screw Removal @ 3 Months
• Follow-up Imaging every 2 weeks
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase I (1-3 Weeks)Phase I (1-3 Weeks)
•Phase I- Conservative RehabilitationPhase I- Conservative Rehabilitation•Immobilize & Non Weight BearingImmobilize & Non Weight Bearing•Protect WoundProtect Wound•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Reduce InflammationReduce Inflammation•ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Maintain FlexibilityMaintain Flexibility•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase II (3-8 Weeks)Phase II (3-8 Weeks)
•Phase I- Conservative RehabilitationPhase I- Conservative Rehabilitation•Immobilize & Partial Weight BearingImmobilize & Partial Weight Bearing•Protect WoundProtect Wound•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Reduce InflammationReduce Inflammation•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Increase StrengthIncrease Strength•ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase FlexibilityIncrease Flexibility•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase III (8-12 Weeks)Phase III (8-12 Weeks)
•Phase II- Conservative RehabilitationPhase II- Conservative Rehabilitation•Full Weight Bearing & Cam-walkerFull Weight Bearing & Cam-walker•Remove ScrewsRemove Screws•Reduce PainReduce Pain•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Increase StrengthIncrease Strength•ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase FlexibilityIncrease Flexibility•Sports SpecificSports Specific•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
•Phase IV (4-8 Months)Phase IV (4-8 Months)
•Phase III Conservative RehabilitationPhase III Conservative Rehabilitation•Protect InjuryProtect Injury•Increase Pain Free ActivityIncrease Pain Free Activity•Increase ROMIncrease ROM•Increase StrengthIncrease Strength•ProprioceptionProprioception•Increase FlexibilityIncrease Flexibility•Sports SpecificSports Specific•CV EnduranceCV Endurance
Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols Post-Operative Post-Operative ProtocolsProtocols
Return To Play Criteria
•Full Strength•Full ROM•Functional Test•Physician Clearance•Protect Injury
ConclusionConclusion
• Early Recognition
• Determine Extent of Injury
• Rule out Associated Injuries
• Conservative Treatment (2-8 Weeks)
• Surgical Intervention (4-8 Months)
• Complications
ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences
• Eric Nussbaum, Timothy M. Hosea, Shawn Sieler, Brian Incremona, Donald Kessler. Prospective Evaluation of Syndesmotic Ankle Sprains Without Diastasis. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001; 29:31-35.
• David A. Porter. Evaluation and Treatment of Ankle Syndesmosis Injuries. [Editorial]. 2009; 58:575-581.
• Cyrus M. Press, Asheesh Gupta, Mark R. Hutchinson Management of Ankle Syndesmosis Injuries in the Athlete. American Academy of Sports Medicine.2009; 8:228-233.
• Marc L Wagener, Annechien Beumer, Bart A Swierstra. Chronic instability of the anterior tibiofibular syndesmosis of the ankle. Arthroscopic Findings and Results of Anatomical Reconstruction. Bio Med Central Musculoskeletal disorders 2011; 12:1-7.
• Albert Alonso, Lynette Khoury, Roger Adams. Clinical Tests for Ankle Syndesmosis Injury: Journal of Sports and Physical Therapy. 1998; 27:276-284.