innovave design,construconand! performance!of!hybrid
TRANSCRIPT
christophe.menezo@insa-‐lyon.fr
Innova've design, construc'on and
performance of hybrid photovoltaic-‐thermal collectors
Christophe MENEZO1,2, Patrick Dupeyrat3, Pierrick Haurant1,2
1CETHIL UMR CNRS 5008, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 2Chaire INSA/EDF “Habitats and Energy Innova'ons”, Villeurbanne
3 EDF R&D ENERBAT, Moret-‐sur-‐ Loing 1
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Reflection
Absorption
PV conversionReflected
CONTEXT HYBRID FOR BUILDING -‐ Challenge -‐
High energy efficiency building – Building integrated solar component Ø Local produc8on of energy Ø Usage conflict of the roof (electricity or domes8c hot water produc8on)
PV Conversion : 15-‐20 % while 80-‐90 % of solar radia8ons are absorbed. The remainder is dissipated into heat.
Ø PV conversion efficiency decrease Ø Available solar energy is not used
How to make use of the heat dissipated by photovoltaic modules ?
Crystalline Silicon PV cell
AM 1.5 solar spectrum
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
• PV/T with air • PV/T with water (covered or not) • CPV/T
T.T. Chow, G.N. Tiwari and Ch. Ménézo Hybrid Solar Technology for Power Polygenera5on and Energy Saving Inter. Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2012 – Hindawi Publishing Corpora8on
HYBRID PV-‐T FAMILIES
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
CLIPSOL-‐LOCIE-‐CETHIL
2004
Glass cover PV amorphous Sheet and tube heat exchanger
Hybrid collector PV-‐T with cover 2011
G. FRAISSE, C. MENEZO, K. JOHANNES, Solar Energy, Vol. 81, n° 11, p. 1426-‐1438, 2007
Heat Echanger FracTherm®: Herman, 2005 Fraunhofer ISE
EDF-‐CETHIL-‐Fraunhofer-‐
PhD Patrick Dupeyrat, INSA Lyon July 2011
Dualsun de Solaire 2G
2010
2008
Without cover Mono-‐cristalline
-‐ Without cover -‐ Poly cristalline -‐ Aluminium heat exch.: ROLLBOND ®
CETHIL-‐CSTB-‐Photowai (PhD Simon Boddaert)
P. DUPEYRAT et Al, Solar energy, 2011
DEVELOPPED WATER PV-‐T COMPONENTS
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
Descrip'on Ø Covered PV-‐T: reduc8on of the thermal losses and sufficient fluid temperature for domes8c hot water applica8on Ø Fractal exchanger ; Ø Water as heat transfer fluid, forced circula8on ; Ø 32 Crystalline-‐Si cells -‐ high efficiency ;
Glass cover Static air layer
Absorber Thermal insulation (rear)
Tube filled with water
PV cells
Solar cell PV module Collector System PN junction Building
Egap (~ 1.12 eV)
Conduction band
Valence band
Photon
Numerical / Experimental
Experimental development and simula'on inves'ga'on of a PV-‐T hybrid solar collector Mul8-‐scale and mul8-‐competence approach: a full and accurate study of the component materials and manufacturing processes
-‐ Methodology -‐ WATER PV-‐T COLLECTOR DEVELOPMENT (Project PVTCol 2008-‐11)
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
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(Tm - Tamb) / G [m².K/W]
Ther
mal
effici
ency
[-]
Performance:
Related to
Unprecedented performance Ø PV conversion yield: >11 % (+1) Ø Thermal conversion yield: >78 % (+10)
Thermal proper'es: New lamina'on process of the PV cell and the exchanger → Thermal exchanges improvement
Op'cal and electrical proper'es: New encapsula'on process and new materials → Op8cal parameters improvement
PV efficiency
Reference PV module 11.9 ± 3.5%
Reference PV-T collector 11.1 ± 3.5%
PV-T prototype* 11.8 ± 3.5%
according to IEC 60904
DEVELOPPED PV-‐T COLLETOR
Exemple of improvements : Electrical Measurements (E.Q.E)
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E.Q
.E [-
] Solar cell in improved module (A)
� Solar cell
in module (A)
� Low reflection losses due to FEP
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Wavelength [nm]
E.Q
.E [-
] Solar cell in improved module (C)
�
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� No absorption in encapsulant
� Low reflection losses due to FEP
Solar cell in module (A)
EVA Silicon
ARC
FEP Encapsulant Silicon
ARC
FEP
* Dupeyrat, P., Ménézo, C., Wirth, H., Rommel, M., 2011. Improvement of PV module op8cal proper8es for PV-‐thermal hybrid collector applica8on. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, 2028–2036. * Dupeyrat, P., Ménézo, C., Rommel, M., Henning, H.-‐M., 2011. Efficient single glazed flat plate photovoltaic–thermal hybrid collector for domes8c hot water system. Solar Energy 85, 1457–1468.
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING -‐ Model presenta'on -‐
3D dynamic thermal modelling – Heat balance for each control volume
LWSWcondconvp +++=TVρC ΦΦΦΦ∂
∂
tØ Convec8ve flux:
• With the exterior:
• Air layer:
Ø Conduc8ve flux:
Ø Short wavelength radia8ons (SW):
with
Ø Long wavelength radia8ons (LW):
• With the exterior:
• Air layer:
( )airlayerconvconv TTh −=Φ
( )T∇∇=Φ .cond λ
SWαSW ESτ=Φ
( )PVSW η1GE −=
( ) ( )( )4glass
4groundrs
4glass
4skypcLW TTFTTFSε −+−=Φ σ
( )4glass
4PV
glassPVglassPV
glassPVLW TT
εε-εεεε
S −+
=Φ σ
airairconv Nu/δ kh =
windconv v2.8h +=
Absorbsion
Wind Convec'on
Free Convec'on PV
conversion Conduc'on Conduc'on
Diffuse radia'on
Thermal radia'ons
Thermal radia'ons
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
-‐ Model presenta'on -‐
Fluid flow modelling
wflow,wconv,w
www +=TVCρ ΦΦ∂
∂
tØ Conduc8ve convec8on:
Ø Heat transmission during the flow:
( )wabswwwconv, TTLπkNu −=Φ
( )iw,1-iw,wp,wflow, TTCtmΦ −∂
∂=
Tw,i
water m
Tabs,i
Tabs,i-1 Φflow,w
Tw,i-1 Φconv,w
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
-‐ Model presenta'on -‐
Electrical modelling by a Current – Voltage model
* Chan, D.S.H., Phillips, J.R., Phang, J.C.H., 1986. A comparative study of extraction methods for solar cell model parameters. Solid-State Electronics 29, 329–337. * Picault, D., Raison, B., Bacha, S., de la Casa, J., Aguilera, J., 2010. Forecasting photovoltaic array power production subject to mismatch losses. Solar Energy 84, 1301–1309. * De Soto, W., Klein, S.A., Beckman, W.A., 2006. Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance. Solar Energy 80, 78–88.
Ø Single diode model: with
Using W-‐Lambert func8on :
Determining the parameters ( , , ) at reference temperature from flash tests (Chan et al., 1986)*
Parameters at temperature from correla8ons (De Soto et al., 2006)*
Ø I-‐V curve for a given solar radia8on at temperature (Picault et al., 2010)*
( ) ( ) ( )( ) sh
s
t
s0PH R
IRV1TVIRVqexp.TITII +
−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +−= ( ) ( )
qkTTnTVt =
( )0PH TI ( )00 TI ( )0Tn 0T
T
TG
( ) ( ) ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
refref G
G.T,GITG,I
( ) ( ) ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+=
refref G
Glog1T,GVTG,V
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
3D Finite elements method • Two meshing modes:
• In plane -‐ conduc'on is not taking into account • Mismatch effects of linked to cells temperatures differences tacking into account • Differen8al equa8ons are solved by numerical method of trapezoidal rule (ode23t, matlab®)
Thermal model Electrical model
Voronoi tessella8on adapted to the heat exchanger geometry
Square meshing corresponding to PV cells
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING -‐ Implementa'on methods -‐
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
-‐ Implementa'on methods -‐
PV produc'on and mismatch effects Modelling principle I-‐V computa8on for each cell. A module composed of N PV cells in series and N-‐1 electric nodes. For two successive cells i et i+1,
else and
N equa8ons for N unknowns, solved by Newton-‐Raphson itera8ve method
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING
Voltages mapping
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
Experimental condi'ons Ø Following EN12975 standards Ø Collector 8lt : 45 ° – Text = 29 °C – Wind speed : 3m/s – G = 956 W/m2 (Ar8ficial light – AM1.5 spectrum) – Ar8ficial sky – Mass flow : 72 kg/h
PV-‐T COLLECTOR TESTING & NUMERICAL COMPARISON
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
The calculated outlet temperatures of the fluid are very closed to experimental measured temperatures :
Thermal performance Ø Errors < 0.2°C – Mean error = -‐0.16 °C Ø Error at transi8ons < 1 °C
PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING
( ) ( ) GSTηTP PVPVPV =(Zondag 2002 ; Cristofari, 2009)*
Electrical performance Ø Maximal error < 2 W – 2% (> 3W – 3.75 % for usual model)
-‐ Steady state and controlled condi'ons valida'on -‐
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
A high efficiency PV-‐T module as been developed end tested
Efficiencies in controlled condi'ons Ø PV conversion yield : >11 % (+1) Ø Thermal conversion yield: >78 % (+10)
A PV-‐T model has been implemented In steady state controlled condi8ons :
Thermal performance Ø Errors < 0.2°C – Mean error = -‐0.16 °C Ø Error at transi8ons < 1 °C
Electrical performance Ø Maximal error < 2 W (> 3W for usual model)
FUTURE WORK ON THE WATER PVT
Efficiencies in real condi'ons Ø PV conversion yield : 8.5 % Ø Thermal conversion yield: 36 %
On going work: OBJECTIF : GENERAL STATEMENT ON PVT COVERED COLLECTOR
PV-‐T model valida8on in dynamic mode Complete Domes8c Hot Water system modeling – op8mizing – inves8ga8ng other type of couplings
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
Experimental installa'on PV-‐T collectors integrated to Domes8c Hot Water produc8on (BESTLAB EDF R&D tes8ng facili8es ) : Study of the dynamic regime under real condi8ons.
Pump
inverters
PV-‐T collectors
Tank
Extra hea'ng
Ø A pump drives the circula8on of glycolic water from the heat exchanger in the tank to the PV-‐T collectors Ø micro-‐inverters inject electricity produced by the PV-‐T modules into the local grid. Ø An extra hea'ng element in the tank allows studies at set point temperatures
-‐ Monitoring in real condi'ons -‐ PV-‐T FOR DHW SYSTEM TESTING
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
First results Measurements between 01/09/2012 and 10/09/2012
01Sept 03 Sept 05 Sept 07 Sept 09 Sept
500
1000
1500
Pow
er (W
)
Total radiation PV production
1 Sept 3 Sept 5 Sept 7 Sept 9 Sept
25
50
75
100
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Tambient Toutlet Tinlet
Total PV energy: 29.5 kWh for 6 kWh/m²/day of total radia8on : mean electrical yield of 8.5 %
Thermal energy : 129 kWh, 36 % of the incoming solar energy
-‐ Monitoring in real condi'ons -‐ PV-‐T FOR DHW SYSTEM TESTING
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
Robles-Ocampo et al. 2007
PV Cells
Glass Cover
Water Water
reflector
Incident Radiation
PV cells
Surface réfléchissante incurvée
Heat carrier fluid
Coventry et al., 2005
Principle : Parabolic Reflectors (concentration : 37x) + Water circulation
High thermal efficiency Low electrical efficiency (non uniform PV
irradiation and high temperature)
Bi-facial collector
Active area x 2 for PV
Reflector for back-side
Concentrators: Fresnel lens, treatment of the glass,…
Ø Water: good optical properties Ø High PV efficiency per unit of area
PV/T collector + reflector or concentrators FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS : CPVT COMPONENTS
Star5ng collabora5on CETHIL/UMI-‐LN2 (Sherbrooke)
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17
Thanks for your aren'on
Innova've design, construc'on and performance of hybrid photovoltaic-‐thermal collectors
Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings
Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17