INSECTICIDE UPDATE INSECTICIDE UPDATE 20062006

Alex Latchininsky and Scott Schell Alex Latchininsky and Scott Schell UW Extension EntomologistsUW Extension Entomologists

WY Commercial Pesticide ApplicatorRecertification School, Casper, 1/18/06

DisclaimerDisclaimer

• Trade or brand names used in this Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for presentation are used only for the purpose of educational the purpose of educational

information.information. • No product endorsement is No product endorsement is implied.implied.

Safety – First!Safety – First!

Always wear protective gear when Always wear protective gear when applying pesticidesapplying pesticides

Insecticide Product Insecticide Product LabelsLabels•Learn to read the small print.Learn to read the small print.

•Look for the Look for the ACTIVE INGREDIENTACTIVE INGREDIENT, , NOT the brand name.NOT the brand name.

•One and the same One and the same active ingredientactive ingredient can be can be commercialized under multiple brand commercialized under multiple brand names.names.

•Insecticide label is THE LAW, always Insecticide label is THE LAW, always follow its instructions.follow its instructions.

Bye-bye, “good” old OPsBye-bye, “good” old OPs

Organophosphate Organophosphate insecticides are being insecticides are being

phased outphased out

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) – Sales stopped in Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) – Sales stopped in December 2001December 2001

Diazinon – Completely withdrawn from Diazinon – Completely withdrawn from stores in December 2004stores in December 2004

Malathion – Under re-registration Orthene (Acephate) – limited availability

OrganophosphatesOrganophosphatesInsecticides of this chemical class were Insecticides of this chemical class were

developed in the 1940s-50s from developed in the 1940s-50s from German nerve gases.German nerve gases.

Broad-spectrum poisons that inhibit Broad-spectrum poisons that inhibit cholinesterase. cholinesterase.

Hazardous for many groups of non-target Hazardous for many groups of non-target organisms (honey bees, birds, fish…)organisms (honey bees, birds, fish…)

Some, like ethyl parathion, are very Some, like ethyl parathion, are very hazardoushazardous to mammals.to mammals.

DiazinonDiazinonDiazinon was introduced in 1952.Diazinon was introduced in 1952.

Cheap, can use it on almost everything for Cheap, can use it on almost everything for anything. anything.

Along with related OP insecticides it was Along with related OP insecticides it was produced and sold by the millions of produced and sold by the millions of pounds per year in US. pounds per year in US.

A lot of sources of exposure for people. A lot of sources of exposure for people.

Diazinon failed to Diazinon failed to comply with FQPAcomply with FQPA

Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires re-registration of all pesticides re-registration of all pesticides

Human Exposure, via Human Exposure, via dietarydietary and and non-dietarynon-dietary sources are included in a “risk cup”sources are included in a “risk cup”

““The cup holds the total amount (100%) of a The cup holds the total amount (100%) of a given pesticide that a person could be given pesticide that a person could be exposed to every day, for 70 years, without exposed to every day, for 70 years, without additional health risks.”additional health risks.”

Most CommonMost CommonDiazinon ReplacementsDiazinon Replacements

Synthetic Pyrethroids Allethrin (1st generation – 1949s)Resmethrin (2nd generation – 1960s)Permethrin (3rd generation – 1970s)Esfenvalerate (3rd generation)Deltamethrin (4th generation – 1980s)Cyfluthrin (Newest 4th generation - 1998)

Synthetic PyrethroidsSynthetic PyrethroidsChemical analogs of the toxic substance present in Chemical analogs of the toxic substance present in

the the PyrethrumPyrethrum plant (Aster family). plant (Aster family).

Fast knock-down, low persistence (4-7d on foliage).Fast knock-down, low persistence (4-7d on foliage).

Fast break-down in soil and water.Fast break-down in soil and water.

Broad-spectrum (NaBroad-spectrum (Na++ channel blockers in CNS). channel blockers in CNS).

Generally, less hazardous for mammals.Generally, less hazardous for mammals.

Still highly hazardous for honey bees.Still highly hazardous for honey bees.

Organophosphates vs. Pyrethroids:Organophosphates vs. Pyrethroids:non-target hazardsnon-target hazards

Mammals Honey Bees Birds FishMammals Honey Bees Birds Fish

OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates*Diazinon*Diazinon HH VHVH VHVH HH*Chlorpyrifos*Chlorpyrifos HH VHVH VHVH VHVH*Methyl Parathion*Methyl Parathion VHVH VHVH VHVH VHVHMalathionMalathion LL VHVH HH MMOrtheneOrthene MM VHVH MM LL

PyrethroidsPyrethroidsPermethrinPermethrin LL VHVH LL VHVHEsfenvalerateEsfenvalerate HH HH LL VHVHCyfluthrinCyfluthrin LL HH LL HHResmethrinResmethrin MM HH LL HH

Is Sevin® (Carbaryl) a Is Sevin® (Carbaryl) a good Diazinon good Diazinon replacement?replacement?

Many carbaryl products are available for insect control:Many carbaryl products are available for insect control:Sevin Lawn granules®Sevin Lawn granules®Sevin Dust (EliminatorSevin Dust (Eliminator®®))Sevin Bug Killer®Sevin Bug Killer®Sevin Ant Bait®Sevin Ant Bait®Sevin XLR Plus®Sevin XLR Plus®

Same mode of action as OP. Re-registration changes?Same mode of action as OP. Re-registration changes?

Non-target hazardsNon-target hazards

Mammals Mammals Honey Bees Birds FishHoney Bees Birds FishDiazinonDiazinon H H VHVH VHVH HHCarbarylCarbaryl M/H M/H VHVH M M L L

Insect pest control Insect pest control products for the 21products for the 21stst

centurycentury

BIORATIONAL BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES:INSECTICIDES:

WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?

No single, clear definition. EPA No single, clear definition. EPA identifies identifies biorationalbiorational pesticides as pesticides as having “fundamentally different having “fundamentally different modes of action” and “lower risks modes of action” and “lower risks of adverse effects” than of adverse effects” than conventional (i.e. neurotoxin) conventional (i.e. neurotoxin) pesticides.pesticides.

Types of Biorational Types of Biorational PesticidesPesticides

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) • Juvenile Hormone AnalogsJuvenile Hormone Analogs• PrecocenesPrecocenes• Chitin Synthesis InhibitorsChitin Synthesis Inhibitors

– Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but effects non-target arthropods and insects.effects non-target arthropods and insects.

– Only immature pests are killed.Only immature pests are killed. IGR can also effect arthropod eggs and IGR can also effect arthropod eggs and embryogenesis. embryogenesis.

Diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron (Dimilin(Dimilin®® 2L)2L)

PROS: PROS: Safety (bees, people, etc.)Safety (bees, people, etc.)

Residual (strips)Residual (strips)

Reliable resultsReliable results

Temperature rangeTemperature range

CONS: CONS: Timing!!! (IGR = nymphs) Timing!!! (IGR = nymphs)

Less familiar (since ‘97) Less familiar (since ‘97)

High cost/unitHigh cost/unit

Harm to aquatic invertebrates – R.U.P.Harm to aquatic invertebrates – R.U.P.

Benzoyl-Urea; IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)Benzoyl-Urea; IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)

$230$230

Insects are killed when Insects are killed when they grow to a next they grow to a next developmental stagedevelopmental stage

Normal moltNormal molt

Unsuccessful molt after Dimilin applicationUnsuccessful molt after Dimilin application

I

II

III

IV

V

recommendedrecommended

TIMINGTIMING is critical is critical

when when applying applying DimilinDimilin

not recommendednot recommendedineffectiveineffective

Pyriproxyfen (KnackPyriproxyfen (Knack®®))sub-lethal effectssub-lethal effects

Treated Treated UntreatedUntreated

Other Types of Other Types of Biorational PesticidesBiorational Pesticides

• BotanicalsBotanicals

• Natural toxicants like nicotineNatural toxicants like nicotine

• Neem (azadirachtin is less toxic but Neem (azadirachtin is less toxic but still useful in greenhouses, UV light still useful in greenhouses, UV light breaks it down)breaks it down)

• Bacterial Fermentation ProductsBacterial Fermentation Products

SpinosadSpinosad

(has certified organic formulations)(has certified organic formulations)

AvermectinAvermectin

Other Types of Other Types of Biorational PesticidesBiorational Pesticides

SPINOSADSPINOSADSpinosad– a toxin mixture produced from Spinosad– a toxin mixture produced from fermentation of a soil bacterium, fermentation of a soil bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosaSaccharopolyspora spinosa

Disrupts binding of acetylcholine receptorsDisrupts binding of acetylcholine receptors

Brand names: Brand names: Ferti-lome Borer, Bagworm, Ferti-lome Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer Leafminer & Tent Caterpillar Spray®; & Tent Caterpillar Spray®;

Intruder®; Success®Intruder®; Success®

Rapid contact and ingestion activityRapid contact and ingestion activity

• MicrobialsMicrobials• Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)• Fungi (Fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae andand

Beauveria bassianaBeauveria bassiana))• VirusesViruses• NematodesNematodes• Genetically modified plants (produce Bt Genetically modified plants (produce Bt

toxins)toxins)

– High selectivityHigh selectivity– Low toxicity for non-target animalsLow toxicity for non-target animals– Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have failed Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have failed

commercially commercially

Other Types of Other Types of Biorational PesticidesBiorational Pesticides

Fungal pathogensFungal pathogens

White Satin Moth in WyomingWhite Satin Moth in Wyoming

DamageDamage PupaPupa

Biological control with Biological control with BtBtPros: Safe for humans and non-target organisms Pros: Safe for humans and non-target organisms selectiveselective

repeated applications possiblerepeated applications possible

Cons: May be slowCons: May be slowNeeds UV protectionNeeds UV protectionOne week persistenceOne week persistenceLimited shelf-lifeLimited shelf-lifeMay cause resistance if applied frequentlyMay cause resistance if applied frequently

PRODUCT:PRODUCT:

ForayForay®® 48B 48B – flowable concentrate (Valent BioSciences) – flowable concentrate (Valent BioSciences)Dose rate: 16-43 oz./acreDose rate: 16-43 oz./acreCan be mixed with chemical insecticidesCan be mixed with chemical insecticides

• Neonicotinoids - related to nicotine Neonicotinoids - related to nicotine and acts on the acetylcholine and acts on the acetylcholine receptorsreceptors

– Imidacloprid most used worldwideImidacloprid most used worldwide– ClothinidinClothinidin– ThiamethoxamThiamethoxam– AcetamipridAcetamiprid– Dinotefuran* armored scales SafariDinotefuran* armored scales Safari®®

Other Types of Other Types of Biorational PesticidesBiorational Pesticides

Systemics for control of Systemics for control of insect pests of trees and insect pests of trees and

shrubsshrubs

IMIDACLOPRIDIMIDACLOPRIDTrade namesTrade names

ConfidorConfidorMeritMeritAdmireAdmireGauchoGauchoMarathonMarathonPremierPremierPremisePremiseProvadoProvadoGrub-exGrub-exImicideImicideBayer Advanced Garden Tree and Bayer Advanced Garden Tree and Shrub Insect ControlShrub Insect Control

IMIDACLOPRIDIMIDACLOPRIDIs it safe for non-target organisms?Is it safe for non-target organisms?

•Moderate to low mammalian toxicityModerate to low mammalian toxicity•Toxic to game birdsToxic to game birds

But: birds learn to avoid it; But: birds learn to avoid it; may be may be used as bird repellent seed used as bird repellent seed

treatmenttreatment•Moderately toxic to fishModerately toxic to fish•Highly toxic to aquatic invertebratesHighly toxic to aquatic invertebrates•Highly toxic to honey bees if used as a Highly toxic to honey bees if used as a

foliar spray; not a hazard if foliar spray; not a hazard if used as used as a seed treatment a seed treatment

IMIDACLOPRIDIMIDACLOPRIDVery effective against pests with Very effective against pests with piercing-sucking mouthparts piercing-sucking mouthparts (aphids, soft scales, etc.)(aphids, soft scales, etc.)

Easy to use: mix with water and Easy to use: mix with water and pour at tree basepour at tree base

Dose rate: 1 oz/inch of tree Dose rate: 1 oz/inch of tree circumference or 3 oz/ft of shrub circumference or 3 oz/ft of shrub heightheight

Timing: apply in the fall for a Timing: apply in the fall for a year-long controlyear-long control

32 oz. - $18-$3232 oz. - $18-$32

IMIDACLOPRIDIMIDACLOPRIDProblemsProblems

•May be phytotoxic – do not overdose!May be phytotoxic – do not overdose!

•May May NOTNOT work against armored scale insects or mites work against armored scale insects or mites

•Another neonicotinoid product - SafariAnother neonicotinoid product - Safari® - works!® - works!

•Documented cases of resistance (Colorado potato Documented cases of resistance (Colorado potato beetle, whiteflies in greenhouses)beetle, whiteflies in greenhouses)

•Mobile in soil – potential water contaminantMobile in soil – potential water contaminant

•Extreme care is needed to protect honey beesExtreme care is needed to protect honey bees

Other new products?Other new products?

FIPRONILFIPRONIL

CombatCombat® (cockroach and ant control) ® (cockroach and ant control) RegentRegent® (agricultural pests)® (agricultural pests)FrontlineFrontline®® (pet pests)(pet pests)

Blocks GABA chloride channel in the insect CNSBlocks GABA chloride channel in the insect CNS

Both contact and stomach action, long residual Both contact and stomach action, long residual

Very effective at extremely low dose rates; insect Very effective at extremely low dose rates; insect trophic transfer; very low mammalian trophic transfer; very low mammalian

toxicitytoxicity

Keeping up with Keeping up with changes*changes*

• Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. Crop Data Management Systems, Inc.

(they cover turf and ornamental products (they cover turf and ornamental products also)also)

www.cdms.net

• GreenbookGreenbook

www.greenbook.net

*Also make sure your state approves of the federal label use (FIPRA). *Also make sure your state approves of the federal label use (FIPRA). Some state labels are more strict than the federalSome state labels are more strict than the federal

QuizQuiz

This guy is a Wyoming certified commercial pesticide applicatorThis guy is a Wyoming certified commercial pesticide applicator

a. Truea. True b. False b. False

Questions?Questions?Contact Alex Latchininsky or Scott SchellContact Alex Latchininsky or Scott SchellPhone 766-2298 or 766-2508Phone 766-2298 or 766-2508Email: Email: latchini@uwyo.edu or or sschell@uwyo.edu